cuo'i thdi ky Bac thupc eiing nhU viee ngiidi Viet gianh dUde dpc lap vao the ky X khong ddng nghia vdi viec phii nhan vi tri ciia mien Bac niidc ta trong h$ tho'ng thUdng mai khu vi[r]
Trang 1Vl TRI CUA VIET NAM TRONG HE THONG
THl/dNG MAI BIEN DONG T H 6 | CO TRUNG OAI
HOANG ANH TUAN*
Hai s\i noi ehung va hai thUdng axi
noi rieng khong phai la huf6ng
nghien ciiu qua mdi me cl nxidc ta, du thanh
tiiu tren linh viic nay chUa thUc sU ndi b^t
(1) Trong khi do, nghien ciiu nhiing khia
canh cu the cua lich sii dan toe nhin ivt
phUdng dien bien lai chUa phai la phUdng
phap tiep c^n phd bien PhUdng phap nay
CO nhiing ldi the nha't dinh, cho phip chiing
ta CO cai nhin doi sanh va dinh vi lich s\l
dan toe trong bdi canh rong ciia hai st( khu
viic va qud^c te Tuy nhien, no ddng thdi doi
hoi sU than trong tiif ngiidi viet khi xac dinh
pham vi nghien ciiu, die bi$t la viec phan
lap mot so' khai ni^m cu the, nha't la nhiing
khai niem lien quan den dan toe va toe
nguoi (2)
Trong mot so' bai viet trU6c day, khi
diem qua vi tri cua Viet Nam trong he
thdng hai thUdng khu viic thdi Co Trung
dai, chiing toi da ra't can nhac khi phan lap
va sii dung mot sd^ thuat ngii nhU "Vi^t
Nam/Dai Viet", "ngiidi Vi^t" nham tranh
nhiing each hieu khong sat thiie v6i boi
canh lich sii ehung ciia quoc gia Dai Viet va
ca khu viic (3) Mot each khai quat, vriee
phan lap cu the noi iidm mot sd khai niem
se giiip nggdi viet tranh difd:; nhiing each
hieu thai qua (hoac qua tich ciic, hoiic qua
tieu ciic) ve vi tri ciia Viet Nam trong he
thdng hai thiidng kliu viic qua eae thdi ky lich sii Tren quan diem do, bai viet nay tiep tuc thao luan ve vi tri eiia Viet Nam trong he thdng thUdng mai Bien Dong thdi
Co Trung dai, dac biet la vai tro ciia mot sd hai eang ehinh yeu eua quoc gia Dai Vi^t du6i thdi Ly - Trdn - Le sd - Mae, du6i tae dong eua qua trinh bien doi, chuyen dieh eua mang ludi hai thiidng khu vUc va quoc te'(4)
Giao Chi/Giao C h a u t r o n g he t h o n g
h a i thiftfng V i n h Bac B9 d e n trifdc t h e
k y X Trai vdi cac quan diem sii hpc truyen thong von co xu hudng ha tha'p vi tri cua mien bde nU6c ta trong h^ thoang hai thiidng khu viic thdi ky cd vd trung dai, nhtitng nghien ciiu gdn day, nha't la nhiing nghien ciiu ciia cac nha Viet Nam hpe nUdc ngoai, sii dung tii lieu thanh van cua Trung Quo'c thdi ky sdm cho tha'y, trong thiic te, lanh Lhd ciia ngUdi Viet co vi tri quan trpng
trong cac tuyen hai thUdng d Bien Dong
hdn nhiing gi chiing ta tiing nghi
Nhiing phat hien khao ed hpe tai cae di tich da mdi sau Hoa Binh (Soi Nhu, Cai Beo) va hau ky da mdi (Ngpc Viing, Ha Long) trong nhiing thap ky qua cho tha'y mat do cii tni kha cao va dn dinh eiia cae
• TS Khoa Lich sii - TrUdng Dai hpc KHXH & NV - DHQGHN
Trang 2Rghien cijii Lich 5i3r s6 9+10.2008
nhom cil dan cd tai cac khu viic duyen hai
niidc ta (5) Khong chi tien hanh khai thac
va canh tac tai cho, nhiing cii dan co c) day
con tien h a n h giao liiu va trao ddi vdi cac
nhom cii dan khae d phia nam Trung Qudc,
Dai Loan, Philippines, Dong Nam A tao
nen mpt the iing xii tiidng ddi md va mpt
truyen thong giao liiu sdm va manh vdi the
gidi ben ngoai (6)
Sau khi nha Tan (Trung Qudc) binh
dinh xong cac tpc ngiidi Viet phiidng Nam
vao nam 214 Tr CN, mien Bae niide ta trd
thanh mpt bp phan cua qusln Tiidng, mpt
trong bo'n quan (Man Chung, Nam Hai,
Que Lam va Tiidng) do nha TSn lap ra Sau
mpt thdi gian ngan thoat khdi sii cai tri eua
nha Tan (208-179 Tr CN), nam 179 Tr CN
ngiidi Au Lac lai bi Nam Viet ciia Trieu Da
xam lUdc va den nam 111 Tr CN mien Bac
nUde ta bi sat nhap vao sii quan ly cua nha
Han (7) Nhiing tai lieu sdm eiia ngiidi
Trung Quo'c cho tha'y mue tieu ehinh eua
viee xam liidc phiidng Nam ciia cae trieu
dai Trung Quo'c la nham ciidp boc cua cai
eua cac tpc ngiidi Viet giau co, nha't la vdi
nhiing san vat nhiet ddi nhU siing te, nga
voi, long chim tra, ngpc trai trao doi diidc
vdi cac nhom c\i dan phiidng Nam (8)
Cac nguon sii lieu thanh van Trung
Quo'c giai doan sdm ddng thdi cho tha'y,
trong mpt so' the ky nha't dinh diidi thdi ky
Bac thupe, Giao Chi dong vai tro nhii mpt
trung tam dieu phoi ciia nen hai thiidng
Trung Qud^c b khu viic Bien Dong; ly sd
Long Bien tiing la trung tam cua cac hoat
dpng giao liiu thiidng mai; ndi don tiep cac
phai doan thiidng nhan niidc ngoai den
buon ban vdi Trung Quo'c Nhiing tai heu
nay ddng thdi cung ca'p nhiing b i n g chiing
CU the ve sii ton tai ciia mpt tuyen buon
ban thiidng xuyen ket ndi Quang Chau vdi
cac trung tam buon ban nam trong khu viic
Tay Bac Vinh Bac Bp (9) Vao khoang dSu Cong nguyen, hai eang Hdp Phd (Hepu) va Tii v a n (Xuwen) nam d siidn Bac Vinh Bac
Bp - ndi nghe danh bat va buon ban ngpc trai da ra't p h a t trien - diidc ghi nhan la diem xua't p h a t cua ngiidi Trung Quo'c di buon ban ven bd xuong phia Nam Khong lau sau do, hai thiidng eang nay danh ma't dan vi tri trung tam dieu pho'i cua minh va thiidng n h a n phiidng Nam thiidng xuyen gh6 vao vung ha chau tho song Hdng (10) Mien Bac niidc ta da dong vai tro quan trpng nhii c^a ngo giao thiidng cua Trung Quo'c it nha't trong khoang ba the ky dau sau Cong nguyen Tii giQa the ky HI sau Cong nguyen, cac cupc khdi nghia lien tiep cua ngiidi Viet chd'ng lai ach cai tri eua ngiidi Han lien tiep nd ra Chinh sach cai tri khae nghiet va sii vd vet cua cac thai thii Trung Qudc d niidc ta khong chi tac dpng tieu ciic den tinh hinh trao doi buon ban npi tai ma con bi coi la mpt trong sdcac nguyen nhan dSn den eae cupc danh pha ciia ngiidi Cham ra phia Bac tii nv(a cuo'i the ky TV do anh hiidng den cac luong trao ddi truyen thdng ciia Champa qua Giao Chi len Trung Quo'c (11) Sau khi quan he vdi Champa d phia Nam diidc binh dn, hang loat cac cupc khdi nghia lai lien tiep nd ra cl mien Bac niidc ta, tae dpng xa'u den dieu kien buon ban NhU mpt h$ qua, thiidng nhan niidc ngoai chuyen hiidng buon ban, dila thiidng thuyen cua hp xa hdn ve phia Bac den khu viic Quang Chau, ndi tinh liinh chinh tri dn dinh va dieu kien buon ban cung thuan ldi hdn (12) Mae du sau d6 tinh hinh mien Bac niidc ta trd lai on dinh
va thiidng nhan ngoai qud^c doi khi gh6 vao trao ddi, diidng nhii khu viic chau thd Bac
Bp da khong the la'y lai vi tri cua minh trong he thd^ng hai thUdng khu viic nhU d nhiing the ky triidc do Cung thdi diem
Trang 3Vi h-i ciia Viet Ram h-ong h^ thfl'ng
tren, eang Quang Chau tiep tue hUng thinh
va nhanh ehdng trd thanh eiia ngo chinh de
thiidng nhan Trung Qudc buon ban xudng
phUdng Nam Tii trieu Tiiy (589-618), eang
Quang Chau khong chi la diem khdi hanh
cua p h i n ldn thiidng thuyen Trung Qudc di
xuong buon ban vdi phiidng Nam ma
thiidng nhan ngoai quo'c den Trung Qudc
cung lUu trii va buon ban tai day (13) He
tho'ng hai thiidng tich ciic cua trieu Diidng
the ky Vll-X xudng Dong Nam A cung nhii
viee thiidng nhan Tay, Nam, va Dong Nam
A boat dpng nang dpng tai mien Nam
Trung Quo'c gop p h i n kiem tda sii hUng
thinh trd lai eua hai thiidng khu viic duyen
hai mien Bac niide ta, mac dii hoat dpng
buon ban van diidc duy tri nhiing d cap dp
khong thiic sii cao (14),
T h e ky X - giiJa tho ky XV
Trong mpt thdi ky tUdng ddi dai eae nha
nghien ciiu trong niidc c6 xu hiidng duy tri
cai nhin tUdng doi thieu ti'eh eiie ve ngoai
thiidng Dai Viet tii sau khi gianh diide dpc
lap vao the ky X, Trai lai, cae nha s\i hpc
niide ngoai cho r i n g sii thuyen chuyen vai
tro dieu phdi thiidng mai bien tii Giao Chi
sang cac hai eang mien Nam Trung Quo'c
tii nxia cuo'i thdi ky Bac thupc eiing nhU
viee ngiidi Viet gianh dUde dpc lap vao the
ky X khong ddng nghia vdi viec phii nhan
vi tri ciia mien Bac niidc ta trong h$ tho'ng
thUdng mai khu viic, nha't la trong tuyen
hai thUdng noi Trung Quo'c vdi cac khu viie
buon ban phia Nam (15), NhQng quan diem
tren ngay eang diidc cung co'vQng chac tren
cd sd nhiing nghien ciiu mdi, gdp p h i n
khang dinh bien va kinh te bien da dong
vai trd kha quan trpng trong sii phat trien
ciia lich sii Vi^t Nam Cd Trung dai hdn
nhieu l^n ngiidi ta tiing nghi (16)
Hang sd niide, hang sd bien va cac hoat
dpng kinh td', van hda gin vdi cae h i n g sd
nay trong qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua lich sii Viet Nam da diidc cae nha nghien ciiu quan tam phan tich tii lau (17) Nam 1986, tren cd sd phan tich sii hinh thanh va phat trien cua cac trung tam buon ban ven bien (Van Ddn va Nghe -Tinh) thdi Ly - Trin, nha sii hpc ngUdi My John Whitmore da de eao "vai trd thiidng mai nang dpng eiia ngiidi Viet trong nen thiidng mai qudc te ra't hUng tiiinh thdi ba'y gid", ddng thdi keu gpi eae nha nghien eifu tap trung lam sang td eae va'n de nhii "nen tang san xua't xa hoi phuc vu thUdng mai, phiidng thiie td chiic thUdng mai va sii nang dpng xa hoi diia den san pham dii thiia " Ong ket luan "ngudn cua cai thu dUde tii thUdng mai chic chin da gdp phin dang ke vao vi^c thiet lap va ciing co' quyen liie ehinh tri, kich thieh nen kinh te ban dia" (17) Quan diem nay eua Whitmore sau dd dupe cac nha sii hpc ke can nhil Momoki Shiro, Li Tana, Charles Wheeler, Nola Cooke tiep tue nghien ciiu va den nay da cd nhutng nhan thiie sang to (xin xem eu the d nhiing p h i n tiep theo),
Nhiing thong tin dii sd lUde trong cae bp sii con lai den ngay nay cho tha'y, sau khi gianh dUdc dpc lap vao the ky X, nha't la dudi viidng trieu Ly (the ky XI-XHI), trieu dinh khong hoan toan quay liing lai vdi thifdng mai noi ehung va ngoai thiidng ndi rieng Tren cd sd eua nen thii eong nghiep tiidng doi phat trien, trieu Ly da eo nhiing dpng thai tiidng do'i tich ciic trong buon ban
vdi niidc ngoai Theo sach Tuc tU tri tiidng gidm triCcfng bien cua Ly Dao, chi hai nam
sau khi thanh lap, nam 1012 trieu Ly xin nha Tdng cho md tuyen buon ban den Ung Chau qua diidng bien; nha Tdng khUdc tii
va chi cho ph6p thiidng nhan Dai Vi^t den trao ddi tai Quang Chau va mpt sd dia diem khae d khu viic bien gidi (19) Nam
Trang 4Rghito cijru Lich siJr s6 9+10.2008
1040, tren cd sd cua mpt nen thu cong
nghiep det lua da phat trien, vua Ly Thai
Tong "day cung nii det ditdc ga'm vdc [nen]
xudng chieu phat het gam vdc cua niidc
Tdng d trong kho ra de may ao ban cho cac
quan [ ] de td la vua khong diing ga'm vdc
cua niidc Tdng nQa" (20) Nam 1149, dap
lai viec thuyen buon cac niidc Trao Oa, Lp
Lac, Xiem La den Hai Dong xin cii t n i buon
ban, nha Ly "eho lap trang d ndi hai dao,
gpi la Van Ddn, de mua ban hang hda quy,
dang tien san vat dia phiidng" (21) 6 khu
viic phia Nam, cac trung tam trad ddi d
vung Nghe - Tinh ciing ed dieu kien phat
trien, thu hiit mpt lUdng ldn thiidng nhan
tii Trung Qudc va Ddng Nam A den buon
ban (22) Viidt ra khoi y nghia quo'c gia ve
chien liidc phat trien kinh te, tren phUdng
dien hai thiidng khu viic va quo'c te, viec
nha Ly lap trang Van Ddn cd y nghia het
siic quan trpng, danh da'u sii dii nhap cua
quo'c gia Dai Viet vao he tho'ng hai thUdng
khu viic va quo'c te qua khu viic Bien Dong,
the hien d mpt s d n 6 t ehinh sau day
- Cho den triidc the ky XV, cac tuyen hai
thiidng quo'c te no'i Trung Qudc vdi cae thi
trUdng phiidng Nam chii yeu di qua khu
viic vinh Bic Bp; vung duyen hai Dong Bie
niide ta vi the cd vi tri het siie quan trpng
Trong ghi eh6p eiia cac thUdng nhan va
thuy thu d cac the ky X-XV, viing bien trai
dai tii phia Nam Trung Quo'c qua Vinh Bic
Bp xuo'ng viing bd bien Champa ndi tieng
vdi ten gpi Giao Chi DUdng (Bien Giao Chi)
Trong khu viic buon ban soi dpng nay, cae
thUdng pham chinh la no le, muo'i va ngiia
da dUde trao ddi thudng xuyen va Dai Viet
thdi Ly da tham dii mpt each tich ciic vao
cac boat dpng buon ban d khu viic bien
Giao Chi (23) Phan l i p cae tuyen thUdng
mai, hpc gia Li Tana eho ring, trong bdi
canh rpng cua thUdng mai khu viic va qudc
te khoang cuoi trieu DUdng (the ky VII-X), Giao Chau ndi ehung va mien B i c nUdc ta ndi rieng cd Uu the trong viec trao ddi thiidng ph^m giQa hai khu viic la bien va eae vung npi dia trong khi Quang Chau va cac eang Nam Trung Qudc giQ vi the tien phong trong giao dich vdi cae thiidng thuyen den tQ Dong Nam A, Tay A va Nam
A (24)
- Cung tQ thdi Diidng, thiidng nhan va thuy thu Hdi giao cd vai trd quan trpng
trong he tho'ng hai thiidng b khu viic Dong
A VUdt qua cac trung tam trao ddi Dong Nam A truyen tho'ng, thiidng nhan Hdi da den dinh cii va buon ban tai nhieu thUdng eang d phia Nam Trung Qudc, khu viic dao Hai Nam va diidc ghi n h a n la cd vai tro nang dpng trong cac tuyen buon ban nhd cl khu viic Giao Chi Diidng (25) O mpt sd trung tam buon ban ldn nhii Quan Chau (Phiic Kien), cac ddng hp Hdi ldn nhU Pu Kai-zong (Bd Khai Tong) va Pu Shou-geng (Bd Thp Khang) cdn diidc nha Tdng phong lam quan giam thiidng tai eang Quan Chau
(26) Trong khi dd, b dao Hai Nam, cong
ddng Hdi giao dong den miic nhieu lang cua ngiidi Hui-hu (Hdi Ho) da diidc lap nen cl cac khu viic duyen hai thuoc dao Hai Nam (27) Khong ehi cd vi the thUdng mai vQng chic tai cac hai eang mien Nam Trung Qudc nhif cae quan diem truyen thdng triidc day thiidng ghi nhan, Hdi thiidng cdn tich ciic tham dii vao cac tuyen buon ban ndi lien bien vdi cae khu viic npi dia, gdp
p h i n dang ke vao vi$c thiic d i y sii phat trien ciia mang ludi trao ddi d Bien Dong thdi ky nay (28) , •
- Vdi Dai Viet tQ cudi thdi T r i n va d i u thdi Le, vai trd ciia thUdng eang Van Don
va viing eang bien Dong Bic trong h$ thdng
hai thUdng khu vUc vk qudc te d Bien Dong
dUdc biet den nhieu qua ehUc nflng trung
Trang 5Vi hi ciia Vie^ Ram h-ong he thflng
chuyen va xua't khau go'm sQ Ben canh
chUe nang trung chuyen gom sU Trung
Qudc ra thi trUdng khu viic Van Ddn cdn
dupe biet den nhu ciia ngo dUa go'm sU Dai
Viet (men nau thdi T r i n va men lam thdi
Le sd) ra thi trudng qudc te (29) Trong mpt
cai nhin phd quat, sii ndi len cua go'm sU
Dai Viet tren thi trUdng qud'e te vao thdi
diem nay da dap Ung mpt each kip thdi nhu
ciu eao ve go'm sU thUdng mai ciia thi
tnidng Tay A (Ba Tu, Ai Cap, Thd Nhi
Ky ) cung nhU cac thi trUdng Hdi giao khu
viic nhu tai Philippines, Sulawesi (30)
Gdm sU Dai Viet cdn dUdc xua't khau ra thi
trUdng khu vUe den nQa cuo'i the ky XVI
trUde khi bi suy giam do ea nguyen nhan
trong nUdc (bien dpng chinh tri tac dpng
den kinh te) cung nhU nhQng tac dpng tQ
ben ngoai (vipe nha Minh bai bd ehinh sach
Hai Ca'm vao nam 1567 tao dieu kipn cho
san p h i m gdm sQ Trung Quoe trd lai chiem
linh thi trQdng qudc te) (31)
- Mpt trong nhQng nhan td tae dpng r i t
ldn va gin nhU xuyen sud't "ky nguyen sdm
cua thUdng mai Ddng Nam A (900-1300)",
nhu Geoff Wade tQng de xua't, la nhQng
chinh sach ve thUdng mai va kinh te het
sQc tich eiie va chii dpng ciia cac vUdng
trieu To'ng va Nguyen d Trung Qudc, Noi
tiep chu trUdng coi trpng tien te de phat
trien thUdng mai ciia cac ehU hau thdi ky
Ngu Dai, dudi thdi Tdng, nhQng chinh sach
cu the ve tien te, trao ddi, thue khda
trong giao dich vdi ngUdi nUdc ngoai da
dUde thuc thi n h i m kich thieh sil md rpng
cua ngoai thUdng (32) Tren cd sd ddi sanh
vdi nhQng bien chuyen cua hai thUdng khu
vUe, nha't la hai thUdng Trung Qudc, da ed
nhieu quan diem cho r i n g vi?c nha Ly lap
trang Van Ddn va bien khu viic Dong Bie
thanh ciia ngd thong thUdng eua Dai Vipt
la mpt phan Qng nhanh nhay va thUe thdi,
keo Dai Viet dU nhap mot each chii dpng va
ed he thdng vao quy dao thUdng mai qud'e te
d khu vUc Vinh Bic Bp vd'n da hiing thinh
tQ nhieu the ky trUde, dae biet la sau nhQng ehinh sach ngoai thUdng tich ciic eua trieu Tong vao cuoi the ky X (33),
Giuta the ky XV - cuoi the ky XVI
Dien mao ngoai thUdng Dai Viet noi ehung cung nhU thUdng eang Van Ddn va khu viic duyen hai Dong Bie ndi rieng tQ khoang ba thap nien cuo'i cua the ky XV den cuo'i the ky XVI da va dang la ehii de thu hut nhieu tranh luan giQa cac nha nghien cUu trong nhQng nam gin day, Sii thieu ving thong tin ve vung hai eang Dong Bie tQ sau nam 1467 trong cac bp chinh sQ Viet Nam khien cho viec nghien cQu gap khdng ft trd ngai, ddng thdi d i n den nhQng nhan dinh ve sU suy thoai cua ngoai thUdng va sii suy giam chQc nang ciia thUdng eang Van Don (34) Trong khi dd, thdng tin tQ nhQng ddt khao sat, dien da, khai quat khao cd hpc, ket qua nghien cQu go'm sU thUdng mai ket h<?p vdi phUdng phap sQ hpe so sanh lai cho ph6p suy luan
ve thUdng eang Van Ddn ndi rieng va vung duyen hai Ddng Bic ndi ehung trong mang ludi hai thUdng khu viic dUdi mpt quan diem cd p h i n tich ciie hdn Hpe gia John Whitmore da bay td sii ban khoan eiia minh ve "Sii bien ma't cua Van Ddn tQ cudi the ky XV' khi Ong cho ring, tren phUdng dien chinh sach quan phUdng cua trieu dinh Le sd, nha't la tQ trieu Le Thanh Tong (1460-1497), ro rang nha nQdc the hi^n nhQng dpng thai kha tieu ciic ddi vdi ngoai thUdng va sii tdn tai eua thUdng eang Van Ddn (35) 'Neu ehung ta danh ddng dong chay go'm sQ Ddng Nam A vdi h$ thdng Giao Chi DUdng va tin chic r i n g Van Ddn
la m i u cho't quan trpng cua h^ thdng nay trong vai thap ky dd [cuo'i the ky XV den
Trang 6Rghien cijru Lich sir s6 9-t-10.2008
dau the ky XVI], vay thi dieu gi da dien ra?
R Brown tQng gdi y ve "khoang trdng Mac"
cua s i n pham go'm sQ Viet Nam (va ciia cae
qudc gia khae) trong the ky XVI Dudng
nhu "khoang tro'ng Mae" nay danh dau sii
cha'm dUt cua he thd'ng Giao Chi DUdng, sii
bien ma't eua Van Ddn, va sU qua dp sang
mpt he thdng mdi dang nhU Hoi An Lam
sao de ehiing ta cd the ly giai dUde dieu
nay?" (36)
Trdng thiic te, neu nhU ehinh sQ Dai
Viet ham y ve sii suy giam chQc nang va xa
hdn la sii suy tan eua Van Ddn, gdm sQ
thUdng mai eua Dai Viet xuat khau ra thi
trUdng qudc te giai doan cuo'i the ky XV
-d i u the ky XVI khien ngU-di ta kh-dng kh-di
hoai nghi ve gia thuyet nay Ban than
Whitmore, mac du dUa ra quan diem ve sii
suy tan cua Van Ddn cung nhU kha nang
Dai Viet danh ma't vai trd ciia minh trong
he thd'ng thUdng mai khu vUe va qudc te d
Bien Dong tQ cuo'i the ky XV, v i n the hien
sii do du nha't dinh khi so sanh vdi nhQng
thong tin tQ ket qua nghien cQu go'm sQ
thUdng mai khai quat cac cdn tau d i m
trong nhQng nam g i n day Ong ban khoan:
"DQng tren va'n de nay [ehinh sach phat
trien kinh te dUdi trieu Le Thanh Tong],
chiing ta cd the suy luSn r i n g nen hanh
ehinh dn dinh va phat trien cua Dai Viet
trong the ky XV chic c h i n da kich thich va
hau thuan eho san xua't thu cdng nghiep va
he thd'ng thUdng mai [tdn tai] nhU mpt bp
phan ciia mang lUdi Giao Chi DUdng Trdng
thiic te, Van Ddn nhieu kha nang da trd
thanh diem then ehdt trong mang ludi nay
trong mpt p h i n tu cuo'i cua the ky XV cung
nhu trong the ky XVI va thay the eho Thi
Nai Tdi tin r i n g chQng nao ciu true quan
lieu [trieu Le] edn tiep tuc boat dpng tdt,
chQng dd npi thUdng va ngoai thUdng cdn
diln ra em dep" (37)
Cd the ndi, viec xac dinh vi tri cua thUdng mai Dai Viet trong h$ thdng hai thUdng khu vUe Bien Dong tQ sau nSm
1460 den cudi the ky XVI da va dang thiic sii thQ thach cac nha nghien cQu Viec trieu
Le sd, dac biet la tQ thdi Hdng DQc (1460-1497) cd nhQng chinh sach thieu tinh tich cQc dd'i vdi va'n de ngoai thUdng va khu viic hai eang Van Ddn cung nhU toan bp vung Dong Bic la dieu cd that, the hi?n ro n6t
trong bp Quo'c trieu hinh ludt dUdc bien soan vao thdi ky nay (38) Tuy nhien, b mpt
khu vUc bien viin nhU khu viic Van Don, sii tdn tai ciia eae boat dpng thUdng mai phi quan phUdng la dieu khd cd the phii nhan; thUdng nhan Dai Vi^t va thUOng nhan nUdc ngoai chic c h i n v i n duy tri
boat dpng trao ddi b mpt c i p dp nha't dinh
Du sao mac long, chinh sach khdng ma'y edi
md ciia trieu dinh Le sd chic c h i n da c6 nhQng tac dpng tieu cUc den sii phat trien cua Van Ddn ndi rieng va toan khu viic hai eang Dong Bic ndi ehung tQ sau thap nien
1460
Su phat trien cua thii cong nghiep cung nhu thai dp edi md cua nha Mac (1527-1592) dd'i vdi thUdng nghiep ed tac dpng dang ke den tinh hinh trao ddi trong nUdc
thdi ky nay Tuy nhien, ban t h a n va'n di
ngoai thUdng Dai Viet dUdi trieu Mac lai tdn tai nhQng tranh luEln Neu nhU trUdc day ngUdi ta v i n tin vao mot sii song hanh mang tinh ta't yeu giQa sU md rpng cua thii cong nghiep (va npi thUdng) vdi sii hUng thinh cua ngoai thUdng Dai Viet thdi Mac, mpt sd nha nghien cQu g i n day lai bay to nhQng ban khoan, eho r i n g ca'u tnic hai thUdng qudc te khu vUc Bien Ddng da thay
ddi manh vao d i u the ky XVI, khien cho v\
tri ciia Dai Viet tren cac tuyen hai thUOng truyen thdng cua khu viic bi anh hudng rtft
ldn Trong ra't nhieu nhQng nhan td the
Trang 7Vi M da Vi&i Ram hMng h^ thdng
dpng den hai thUdng khu viic, tdi eho r i n g
cd it nha't ba va'n de cd ban sau day can
dUde lUu y khi nghien cQu ngoai thUdng
Dai Vi^t the ky XVI, dac biet la khu vUc
duyen hai Dong Bic
Thii nhdt, sU tham nhap eua ngUdi Bd
Dao Nha vao phUdng Ddng va qua trinh
xac lap mang lUdi thUdng mai lien Dong A
ciia Cong ty Hoang gia Bd Dao Nha {Estado
da India) (39) da tQng bUde pha vd ca'u true
thUdng mai Bic - Nam d khu viie Bien
Ddng va Nam Hai (40) Dae biet, vdi sii
tham nhap ciia ngUdi Bd vao mien Nam
Trung Qudc va xac lap vi tri thUdng mai
ciia hp tai Macao trong niia d i u the ky
XVI, boat dpng buon ban tai cac khu vnic
duyen hai Nam Trung Qudc va Dong Bic
Vi?t Nam da bi tae dpng dang ke, neu
khdng mudn ndi la bi suy giam bdi sQc hut
manh tQ ngUdi Bd dinh cU buon ban d
Macao (41)
Thii hai, viec thUdng nhan Trung Qudc,
dac biet la thUdng nhan Phuc Kien, khai
md va phat trien ngay eang manh me
tuyen hai thUdng Nam Trung Qudc
-Philippines - Ddng Nam A tQ cudi the ky
XIV, d i u the ky XV (42) da tac dpng khong
nho den vi tri ciia cae hai eang ven bien
nUdc ta Sau khi ngUdi Tay Ban Nha den
dinh cU va buon ban tai Philippines, mang
ddn day hang nSm mpt lUdng bac ldn tQ
Tan The gidi, sd lUdng Hoa thUdng do ve
day buon ban ngay eang tang NhU mpt h?
qua, trong khi tuyen dUdng bien phia Ddng
(flongyang hanglu) cua ngUdi Trung Qudc
xudng Ddng Nam A ngay eang phat trien,
tuyen dudng truyen thdng phia Tay dpc
duygn hai Vipt Nam QCiyang hanglu) ngky
ckng m i t di vi the (43) Trong bdi canh dd,
vi$c vung Ddng Bie ndi rieng va p h i n ldn
duyen hai Dai Vi6t m i t di v\ thd Uu vi?t
eiia minh trong he thdng buon ban ehung eiia khu vUe la dieu ed the ly giai dUde
Thii ba, mang ludi mau dich gdm sQ
qudc te da cd nhQng thay ddi manh tQ giQa the ky XVI va tac dpng khdng nho den Dai Viet Neu nhU ehinh sach Hai Cim ciia nha Minh trong cac the ky XIV va XV da tao dieu kien ra't ldn eho gdm sQ Dong Nam A (gdm hoa nau va Chu Dau eua Dai Viet, go'm Gd Sanh eua Champa, gdm Sawankhalok cua Xiem ) phat trien va chi pho'i ludng gdm sQ thUdng mai khu viic
va quo'c te, viee bai bo ehinh sach ddng evta eiia nha Minh vao n i m 1567 ddng thdi dat da'u cha'm het eho ky nguyen gdm sQ thUdng mai Dong Nam A sau khi go'm sQ Trung Qudc trd lai chiem linh thi trUdng (44) Trong bdi canh dd, viec gdm sQ Dai Vi$t d giai doan cuo'i cua trieu Mae, du vin phat trien, khong cdn chiem linh dUdc thi trUdng ben ngoai, tao nen mpt "khoang
trdng Mae" (Mac gap) trong thUdng mai
go'm sQ qudc te nhU Roxanna M Brown (45) tQng ban khoan la dieu ed the ly giai dUde tQ binh dipn thUdng mai gdm sQ khu vUe va qudc te
Ben canh ba nhan td mang ti'nh ngoai canh trinh bay tren day, sU thay ddi trieu ehinh lien tue d Dai Viet tU nhQng thap ky
d i u eiia the ky XVI ed the dUdc coi la nhan
td npi tai va tac dpng tnic tiep den vi tri eua Dai Viet, nha't la cac hai eang khu viie Ddng Bic, trong he thdng thUdng mai Bien Ddng thdi ky nay Sau khi len ngdi nam
1527, Mac Dang Dung (va cac vua tiep theo ciia trieu Mac) luon ehii trUdng phat trien que hUdng DUdng Kinh (Hai Phong) thanh trung tam chinh tri thQ hai sau Thang Long, ddng thdi bien ndi day thanh ciia ngo thdng thUdng cua Dai Viet ra ben ngoai (46) Chien lUde nay eiia hp Mae rd rang da la'y di mpt p h i n ra't ldn Uu the thUdng mai
Trang 810 Rghien cuu Lich siSr s6 9+10.2008
ciia Van Ddn va vung duyen hai Dong Bic,
mSc eho nha Mac duy tri mpt tam nhin kha
edi md ve thUdng mai TQ cuo'i the ky XVI
d i u the ky XVH, vdi sU chuyen giao quyen
liic tQ trieu Mac sang trieu dinh Le-Trinh,
cQa ngo thdng thUdng cua Dai Viet lai tiep
tuc ed nhQng hoan doi: tQ DUdng Kinh
chuyen dich xudng vung cQa song Thai
Binh Nhu vay la, ehi trong vdng khoang
mpt tram nam dUdi trieu Mac va trieu
Le-Trinh, cQa ngo thUdng mai chinh yeu ciia
qudc gia Dai Viet da lien tue chuyen dich
xuo'ng phia Nam: tQ Van Ddn (the ky XII
-XVI) qua DUdng Kinh (the ky -XVI) xudng
vung cQa song Thai Binh (the ky XVII
-khoang the ky XIX)
Dieu dang noi la, neu nhU giai doan
DUdng Kinh van n i m trong giai doan qua
dp cua hai thUdng khu vUc (the ky XVI,
ngUdi phUdng Tay b i t d i u tham nhap), sU
ndi len ciia vung ciia song Thai Binh gin
vdi mpt ky nguyen mdi cua hai thUdng khu
vUc Ddng A TQ the ky XVII, cac tuyen hai
thUdng truyen thd'ng d khu vUc Bien Dong
va Nam Hai vd'n dUde dieu hanh bdi thUdng
nhan chau A (Trung Quo'c, Dong Nam A,
Nam A va Tay A) trUdc day da dan dan bi
ngUdi phUdng Tay (Ha Lan, Anh, Phap, Bd
Dao Nha ) chiem linh Khong clii cau tnic
hai thUdng khu vUc ma ngay ca npi dung
(hay ban eha't) cua cac ludng hai thUdng
cung bi bien ddi de phu hdp vdi do'i canh
mdi (47) Trong ky nguyen mdi ciia thUdng
mai khu viic Dong A, quo'c gia Dai Viet (ca
Dang Trong va Dang Ngoai) deu cd vi tri
quan trpng va trong nhQng thdi ky nha't
dinh trd thanh nhQng m i t xich khdng the
thay the (48) Rieng tai Dang Ngoai, mpt
thUc te khdng the phii nhan la trong the ky
XVII va mpt p h i n cua the ky XVIII, dai da
so cac thUdng thuyen ngoai quo'c den buon
ban vdi Dang Ngoai deu vao ciia song Thai
Binh va lUu t n i tai Domea (Tien Lang) trong khi boat dpng xua't nhap khau dien
ra chii yeu tai Kinh dd Thang Long (49) Viec dai da so' thUdng nhan va thUdng thuyen ngoai quo'c tap trung ve Tien Lang the ky XVII-XVIII cung nhU trUdng hdp ndi len ciia DUdng Kinh the ky XVI, nhU mpt
he qua, da lam suy giam dang ke, tren phUdng dien quan phUdng, vi tri va vai tro eua Van Ddn ndi rieng va khu viic eang bien vung Ddng Bic ndi ehung
Mac du vay, cung c i n ndi them ring, sii chuyen dich cQa ngo buon ban xudng vung Dudng Kinh (the ky XVI) va cQa sdng Thai Binh (the ky XVII - XVIII) khdng ddng nghia vdi sii 'hien ma't" hay "suy tan hoan toan" eua Van Ddn va vung duyen hai Dong Bic nhu mpt so' nha nghien cQu tQng quan niem Vdi vi tri tiep giap vdi khu viic thUdng mai soi dpng d Ddng Nam Trung Qud'e, Van Ddn va khu viic duyen hai Ddng Bic - du khong edn la cQa ngd thUdng mai ehinh eua Dai Viet nhU d giai doan Ly,
T r i n - v i n cd vai trd thUdng mai dang ke NhQng no liic eua ngUdi Ha Lan va ngUdi Anh trong chien lUdc xay diing trung tam
buon ban b vung bien gidi Ddng Bic trong
nQa cuo'i the ky XVII cho tha'y khu viie nay van ed vi tri quan trpng trong trao ddi vdi Trung Quo'c qua cac trung tam trao ddi ldn (bac dich trUdng) d dpc bien gidi (50) Tuy nhien, trd lUc ldn nha't cho sii phat trien cua vung Ddng Bic tQ niia cudi the ky XVII
la va'n de hai t i c va sii ba't dn ehinh tri b
vung Nam va Dong Nam Trung Qudc sau
sU bien Minh - Thanh nam 1644 Sau khi nha Minh sup dd, nhieu nhdm hai tac cung nhu cac the liic "phan Thanh phuc Minh" thudng chpn vung Nam Trung Qudc, mpt
p h i n giap vdi bien gidi Vipt - Trung, de tni chan va tien hanh cUdp bde cac thUdng thuyen ngoai qudc den buon ban vdi Dang
Trang 9Vi M ciia Vi^t Ram h-ong h& thfing 11
Ngoai qua khu viic phia Bic Vinh Bic Bd
va ban dao Ldi Chau (51) Trieu dinh
Le-Trinh vi the t h i t chat quan ly vQng Ddng
Bie trong p h i n ldn the ky XVII, khien eho
vi tri thUdng mai ciia khu vUe nay khdng cd
dieu kien phat huy nhU d cac the ky trUdc
Mot so n h a n x e t
La mpt trong sd eae khu viic hai thUdng
nang dpng bac nha't the gidi thdi Cd, Trung
va Can dai sd ky, Vinh Bie Bp ndi rieng va
khu viie Bien Ddng ndi ehung la diem den
ciia nhieu thUdng nhan va thUdng thuyen
ngoai qudc Vao thdi Cd Trung dai, thUdng
nhan chau A (Trung Qudc, Ddng Nam A,
Nam A, Tay A) da hoi tu ve day buon ban,
bien ndi day thanh mpt khu viic hai thUdng
soi dpng Cac hai eang thupc duyen hai
nude ta (Van Ddn cl Ddng Bic;
Thanh-Nghe-Tinh d Bie Trung Bp; Vijaya eua
ngudi Cham d Nam Trung Bp ) cung nhd
do ma phat trien theo Vdi sii tham nhap
cua ngUdi chau Au vao Ddng A d i u the ky
XVI, ciu true hai thUdng truyen thd'ng d
khu viic Bien Ddng d i n d i n bi pha vd, thay
the bdi mot c i u true mdi mang dam da'u a'n
eiia cdc the liic thUdng mai va hang hai
phUdng Tay
Tudng Qng vdi cac giai doan phat trien
ehinh cua thUdng mai khu viic va qudc te
qua Bien Ddng, Dai Vipt, thdng qua eae hai
eang va trung tam buon ban duyen hai, da
the hien cac ca'p dp dU nhap va ddng nhQng
vai trd khae nhau Trong cai nhin lich sii
va he thd'ng, sU dii nhap va dieu ehinh ciia
Dai Vipt trong hp thd'ng thUdng mai Bien
Ddng dupe the hipn ro qua qua trinh tii
dieu ehinh cQa ngd thdng thUdng: qua trinh
chuyen dich d i n d i n xuo'ng phia Nam de
hdi nhap vdi nhQng bien chuyen eua hai
thUdng khu viic Neu nhU dudi thdi ky Ly,
T r i n va d i u Le sd (the ky XI - cuo'i the ky
XV), Van Ddn va vung duyen hai Dong Bic
la cQa ngd chinh cua quo'c gia Dai Viet, trong the ky XVI Dudng Kinh (Hai Phdng) trd thanh d i u mdi giao thUdng trpng yeu cua trieu Mae Sii thien dich con tiep diln trong the ky XVII vdi sii ndi len ciia vung eiia sdng Thai Binh (Tien Lang, Hai Phdng) nhu cQa ngd giao thUdng chinh eiia Dai Viet thdi Le - Trinh
Neu nhu tii than sii thien dieh tren chi mdi phan anh thiic te lich sQ, luan giai ve npi dung eua nhQng bien thien lich sii, nha't la phan tich cae v i n de npi va ngoai canh tae dpng den sii thien dich, se cung ca'p nhQng kien giai sau sic ve sii thay ddi ban eha't va cau true ciia cae hien tUdng lich sii tren NhU da phan tich, den niia
d i u the ky XVI go'm sU dUdc coi la thUdng pham chinh eiia Dai Viet xua't khau ra ben ngoai nen Van Ddn va vung Ddng Bic • kha gin trung tam go'm sQ Chu Dau (Hai DUdng) - cd vi tri thuan ldi cho hoat dpng chuyen ehd va xua't khiu Ben canh dd la viec Van Ddn an ngQ vung cQa ngo Vinh Bie Bp - trung tam eiia cdc boat dpng trao ddi nd le, mudi, ngiia ciia the gidi hai thUdng Giao Chi DUdng, ndi cd sU tham gia ciia ddng dao thUdng nhan den tQ Ddng Nam A, Nam A va Tay A TQ the ky XVI, khdng chi thUdng nhan chau A mat d i n vi tri d Bien Ddng vao tay ngudi phUdng Tay
ma cd ciu thUdng pham cung thay ddi tQ go'm sQ sang td lua - san pham phd bien eiia vung chau thd sdng Hdng, nhat la cac lang lua ndi tieng dpc sdng Hdng, khu vUc kinh thanh va cac vung phu can Thang Long Ngay ca khi gdm sQ Dang Ngoai dUdc ngUdi nude ngoai xua't khau ra Dong Nam A vdi so' lUdng ldn vao cudi the ky XVII, thUdng p h i m nay cung khong cdn mang ngudn gd'e Chu Dau nQa ma dUde san
x u i t ehu yeu tai Bat Trang, mpt trung tam
Trang 1012 Rghien cuu Lich siir sg 9+10.2008
go'm sQ g i n Kinh thanh Thang Long va
n i m ngay tren tuyen dUdng thuy ndi kinh
do ra bien (52) NhQng thay ddi tren cho
tha'y, tren phUdng dien ban chit, vi tri cua
Dang Ngoai trong he thdng thUdng mai
Bien Ddng da cd nhQng thay ddi ldn trong
the ky XVII
Ngoai ra, viec trieu Mac va Le-Trinh
tQng bude ndi long chinh sach dd'i vdi ngoai
thUdng, ddng thdi eho phep thUdng nhan
nUde ngoai lUu t n i va buon ban tai cac khu
viic npi dia (Phd'Hien, Thang Long )
ddng nghia vdi sii suy giam vai trd cua mdt so' trung tam buon ban ven bien Trong bdi
canh dd, he thd'ng sdng tQ cxia Thai Binh
(Tien Lang) qua sdng Lupe len HUng Yen
de theo sdng Hdng len Ha Npi (hay tuyen song "Dang Ngoai" trong cac ghi cL4p ciia ngUdi phUdng Tay) trd thanh tuyen dUdng
n g i n nha't va t h u a n ldi nha't Vung ciia sdng Thai Binh edn giQ vai trd la c i a ngo giao thUdng chinh eua Dang Ngoai den khi thiic dan Phap cho khao sat va xay diing do thi eang Hai Phdng vao cuo'i the ky XIX
CHU THICH
(1) Tong q u a n ve th&nh tUu nghien ciiu hai sii
v& hai thiidng sxl trong nhiJng n i m g i n day, xin
xem: Nguyen VSn Kim, N g u y i n M a n h Diing,
T r u y e n tho'ng va h o a t dpng thUOng mai cua ngUdi
Viet: ThUc te lich sU vk n h a n thiic" vk P h a m Dtic
Anh, Nguyen Ngoc Phiic, "Nghien ciiu ngoai
thUdng Viet N a m triidc t h e ky XVIII: V^i n6t nhin
lai", in trong Viet Nam trong he thong thucmg mai
ch&u a, the ky XVI-XVII, Nxb, The Giai, Hk Noi,
2007, tr, 311-350 & 417-432,
(2), Ve phUdng p h a p tiep c^n nay, Giao sU
Roderich P t a k (Dai hoc Munchen, Diic) k h a i q u a t
n h u sau: "Cac sU gia chuyen ve de che' khi nghien
Cliu bien hoSc cac viing cftn duyen c6 xu h u d n g
nhin doi tUdng nghien ciiu til dS't lien, cho r i n g
vVing can duyen vk bien nen dUdc doi xif n h u mot
b? p h a n true thuoc luc dia, Bdi the' chiing thUdng
bi coi la yeu to ngoai vi va t r e n phuong dien chiic
nang, phu thuoc vko cac t r u n g t a m chinh tri va
vfin h6a trong luc dia, Cac nha sii hoc nghien ciiu
ve biSn sii dung phUdng p h a p tiep can rieng cua
minh, Mpt each an dy ma noi, sii gia chuyen ve hai
sii dat minh giiia bien khdi de nhin n h a n cac k h u
viic can duyen; ho nhin tif bien vao bd, chii khong
phai tir bd ra bien", Xin xem tir: Roderich P t a k ,
' T h e Gulf of T o n g k i n : A M e d i t e r r a n e a n ? " , in
"A Mini Mediterranean Sea?: Gulf of Tongking
through History, A u s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l University/
Guangxi Academy of Social Sciences, Nanning, China, 3/2008, p, 30,
(3), H o a n g A n h Tua'n, "Hai eang mien Dong Bfic va h^ t h o n g thiidng m a i D a n g N g o i i the' ky XVII qua cac nguon tU lieu phUdng Tay", Tap chi
Nghien ciiu Lich sii, 1/2007, tr, 54-64 va 2/2007, tr
54-63; H o a n g A n h Tua'n, Silk for Silver:
Dutch-Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700 (Leiden-Boston:
B n l l , 2007), pp 12-15
(4), Bai viet xin dupe gidi h a n npi dung thao
l u a n vao vi t r i cila mien B i c nUdc ta trong hf thong thUdng mai Bien Dong tit k h o a n g Cong nguyen den cuoi t h e ky XVI, T h e ky XVII (gdm ca
D a n g Trong va D a n g Ngoai) se du<?c t r i n h bay rieng t r o n g chuyen l u a n "Dai Vi$t trong h§ thong thudng mai Npi A ciia Cong ty Dong An H a L a n
t h e ky XVH" (sap in),
(5), H a Vfin Ta'n (Chu bien), Khao cd hgc ViH
Nam (Tap 1: Thdi dai da Vi?t N a m ) , Nxb, Khoa
hpc xa hpi, H a Npi, 1998, tr 199-237 & 264-275
Xem t h e m tii Do V a n Ninh, Thuang cdng V&n Ddn,
Nxb T h a n h Nien, H a Npi, 2004, tr 21-76
(6) Vi^n N g h i e n ciiu Dong Nam A, Bien vdi
ngudi Viet cd, Nxb, Vfin hda Thong tin, Hfi Npi,
1996, tr, 64-95, Xin xem t h e m tii: N g u y i n Khftc Sii, "Giao lUu van hoa thdi tien su d vUng duyen