Chung tdi nghi, nien hieu Gia Long Id mdt sU phdt trien (ne'u khdng mud'n ndi Id anh em sinh ddi) cda nien hieu Gia Hung (du khdng chinh thdc) dd cd tU trUdc tren dong tiin do chinh [r]
Trang 1TRAQ pOI f KIEN;
VE DONG TIEN COA N G U Y I N V U C N G - PHOC A N H
NGUYfiN ANH HUY
^ ^ g i y nay, cQng vdi sQ rd nd Vipt
•^ ^ Nam hpc, sii danh gia lai lich sd l i
vin de ri't d n thidt, nhi't l i doi vdi nhQng
nhin v i t cd nhieu I n khui't khd cd dUpc sil
thdng nhi't cua nhieu ludng y kien Ben
canh dd, vipc dao xdi Uch sd, tim ra nhQng
chi tiet nhd de ly giai them cho nhQng nhin
dinh cung l i vipc ri't d n
Vipt Nam The td Hoang de Gia Long
-Nguyin vUdng Phuc Anh, l i mdt nhan v i t
lich sd dien hinh cho sii tranh chip nhieu
nhin dinh m i mi'y chuc nm trd l^i day
dang dupe phan tich V i trong 25 n i m
Nguyin vUdng bdn ba khdi phuc cd dd, cd
mpt vi'n de nhd l i m tdi cQ b i n khoin mii
Dd l i vipc Nguyen vUdng cho due tien kem
Gia Hung Thdng Bao ( ^ « i i ff) de lim
tien miu dich ddn t h u l n hay l i de bieu
hi$n y nghla chinh tri?
Dgi Nam ThUc Luc, Nxb Giao Due n i m
2004, t^p 1, trang 345 cd ghi: "Binh Thin,
ndm thd 17 [1796] Thdng 12 Bdt ddu
due tiin Gia HUng Thdng Bdo "
Danh gii y nghia cda tien Gia HUng
Thdng Bdo, cd hai khuynh hUdng: Phln ldn
cic n h i nghien cQu tien cd tren thd gidi cho
r i n g day chi l i loai tien dUpc due ra dd dap Qng nhu clu m^u djch thdng thudng, nhUng mdt sd n h i sUu t i p l^i ning tien niy len nhu l i tien chinh trieu (mang nien hipu cua vua) de ting dp quy bau cda sUu tip Dien hinh cho khuynh hUdng sau, n h i sUu t^p - nghien cQu tien cd Phan Thanh Sdn
d i cd bii 'Gia HUng Thdng Bdo, ddng tiin
ddnh ddu bUdc hUng vdn cda chua Nguyen Phuc Anh " tren Tap chi Hui'XUa Vd Nay,
80 39 ra thing 3 nftm 2000
Tic gia cho ring: "Khdng phdi ngdu
nhien Nguyen Vuong chgn hai chd Gia Hitng di'dgt ten cho dong tiin ddu tiin cda minh Gia HUng Id sU hiing thinh tdt dep Vdy phdi chdng trong hai chd dd chda dd gdi gdm niem mong mud'n, Idng khao khdt khdi phuc lgi vUOng triiu td mdnh ddt Gia Dinh ndy? Cai ngdy mong mud'n do dang de'n gdn, vUOng dang trdn tre hy vgng Chd
' Bic 81 Bdnh viSn huyfin A Ludi, tinh Thda Thifin - Hu«f
Trang 276 Rghito curu Ljch sd sg 6.2009
"gia" dugc vietgidn the mdt cdch coy, nhU
ngu y d ddng sau chd viet gidn lUOc dy rdng
budc hiing thinh td't dep ndy chUa trgn ven
vi Phu Xudn, ddt diing nghiep cua td tien
vUOng vdn cdn chUa chiem lgi duOc "
V i tic gia cung da "rdt tiec Id vi tri cda
nd chUa dUOc cdc nhd nghien cUu ddnh gid
dung mdc", bdi vi: " chi 6 ndm sau Tren
dong tiin Gia Long , chd "Gia" dUOc viei
ddy dd, md chd "Long" lgi dong nghla vdi
chd "HUng ", tdc la thinh, ddy du nhU niim
vui thd'ng nhdt sOn hd cda nhd vua dd trgn
ven Chung tdi nghi, nien hieu Gia Long Id
mdt sU phdt trien (ne'u khdng mud'n ndi Id
anh em sinh ddi) cda nien hieu Gia Hung
(du khdng chinh thdc) dd cd tU trUdc tren
dong tiin do chinh Nguyen vUOng sai due
tgi Gia Dinh "
TrUdc khi binh l u i n cich giai thich tren,
thien nghi cung nen d i t lai vi'n de: "nien
hipu" l i gi? Khii nipm niy, tdi da cd luc
giai thich trong bii "Cd phdi Id mdn nO Sdi
hgc?" tren Tap chl HueXUa Vd Nay, sd 62
ra t h i n g 4 - 2004
Sd sich cung nhu TU Nguyen it giai
thich rd r i n g vd k h i i nipm niy Trong q u i
trinh tim tdi Kim thach hpc v i Nien dai
hpc, din d i n tdi due ket dUpc ring: Nien
hipu l i mdt ngii danh cua vua luc ding
quang v i dupc dung de tinh lich nien dai
trong khoang thdi gian vi vua l y dang tri
vi
La mdt ngii danh, vi the nien hipu da
dupc dung de triic tiep chi vua Vd v i n
chQng cQ cho thi'y dieu niy, cd the dUa ra
mdt sd'vi du sau:
- BQc anh chup c h i n dung vua Duy Tan
cd ghi chu chQ H i n "Dgi Nam Duy Tdn
hodng de", cd nghla l i : Vua Duy T i n nUdc
Dai Nam
- Dgi Nam ThUc Luc • Dp ngu ky (1883-1885) p h l n "Phdm le" cd viet: "2 TU sau
ngdy 13 thdng 6 ndm Kien Phuc thd 1 de'n trUdc ngdy mdng 10 thdng 8 ndm Hdm Nghi thd nhdt chuan phung chep Xudt de
la vua Hdm Nghi 3 Phu bieu: TrUdc chep
Id "Hdm Nghi de'" " Mdt sd diem khac
trong sich n i y chdp: "Vd phUOng Nam
phUOng Bac diu vdng du vua Hdm Nghi day qudn cdn vUOng "
- Cung Dgi Nam ThUc Luc - Dp ngu ky, quyen V: 'Hdm Nghi de (phu) Thdng 9
ndm Thanh Thdi thd 8 lgi nghi chuan theo cdch chep Kie'n Vdn de, Canh Thdi did sd nhd Minh de chep Hdm Nghi di'vd phu vdo
ky ndy " Mdt sd diem k h i e trong sach n i y
chdp: "Vua Hiep Hod"
- Dgi Nam ThUc Luc - Dp luc ky II
(1886-1888) chdp vua H i m Nghi l i "Ham
Nghi xudt de"
- Dgi Nam ThUc Luc - Dp luc ky I (1885-1886) chdp: "Khodn 4: Long tinh bgi nUdc
Dgi Nam khdc ndi 4 chd "Dong Khdnh hodng de'" Khodn 11: Vi kieu mdu thi mat tren ve rong, khdc 4 chd "Dong Khdnh hodng de"
Mdt vai chQng cQ tren, eho thi'y nhQng danh tQ m i ta hay gpi l i nien hipu nhQ Kien Vin, Canh Thai, Hipp Hoi, H i m Nghi, Ddng Khanh chinh l i mpt ngU danh cda vua luc dang tai vi, dQpc sd dung
td ben Trung Quoc, v i nQdc ta theo each dd
m i dung V i loai ngu danh n i y dUpc dQng
de tinh sd n i m vi vua n i y lam vua m i chdp Uch nien dai, nen dupc gpi l i "nien hipu"; cich sd dung de chdp lich dai n i y r I t phd bien trong cac thU tich, tren cac di v^t, di
tich VI du nhu "Gia Long thdp ngd nien", thudng dupe dich l i "Gia Long ndm thd
15", thi phai hieu rd l i : N i m thQ 15 thdi
vua Gia Long trj vi Cho nen, khdng thd cd
Trang 3vi d6ng H^n ciia Rguyln virong 77
"mdn np sd hpc" l i "The To Cao Hodng De
thi ggi nhdm Id vua Gia Long " dUpc, m i
dd l i mpt each gpi chinh thdng
Vi de mdt vi vua cd nien hipu, thi phai
chinh danh len ngdi tdn, trpng the l i p din
te cio trdi di't ve vipc d i t nien hipu Chieu
dit nien hipu cua vua Gia Long n i m 1802
dupc Dgi Nam ThUc Luc chdp lai nhU sau:
" Ndm Canh Ty [1780] ta mdi d thdnh
Gia Dinh, dUOc cdc tUdng si suy tdn, dd len
ngdi vUOng de gid Idng ngUdi Duy dd cd
chUa phuc, nin cdn theo nien hieu cd Nay
On trdi giup dd, cdc thdnh the phuc, bd coi
cd dd Idy lgi, cO nghiep xUa dd vi, cdc quan
van vo tgi triiu ddng sd chUOng khuyen ta
len ngdi hodng de'vd ddi niin hiiu NhUng
ta nghi rdng ddt nUdc chUa thd'ng nhdt,
khdng nen vdi len ngdi tdn Duy cd theo
niin hiiu cu dd qua md thi hdnh nhdng
linh dd'i mdi thi khdng phdi Id neu rd dUOc
khudn phep Vdy nen chuan ldi xin ddt nien
hiiu mdi, dinh lay ngdy mdng 1 thdng 5
ndm nay kinh cdo trdi ddt, ngdy hdm sau
kinh cdo Hit thdnh, chep nien hiiu Id Gia
Long, di'thd'ng nhd't ky cUOng "
Vdi khai nipm vd nien hipu nhU tren,
v^y Gia HUng cd phai l i mdt nien hipu (dii
khdng chinh thdc) khdng? 6 diy, neu d n
bin them the nio l i nien hipu "chinh thQc /
khdng chinh thQc" (?) thi phai di sau vio
nien d^i hpc v i lich dai de vUdng vQng
Ddng A (chd yeu l i 4 nUdc ddng vin), vi'n
de se pbQc tap them ri't nhieu Trong gidi
ban thao lu^n niy, tdi chi b i n vdi cich hieu
thdng thudng, v i theo chieu d i t nien hipu
ciia vua Gia Long, thi cho thi'y Gia Hung
khdng phai l i mdt nien hipu!
- Neu Gia Hung l i mdt nien hipu, vi sao
Dgi Nam ThUc Luc khdng thi'y ndi chuypn
tdcao trdi di't?
- D i cd chQng v i t nio cho thi'y vUdng sd dung Gia Hung lim nien hipu, vi du nhU cd
ghi "Gia Hiing nguyin / nhi I tam niin"
ching ban?
- Neu dung Gia Hung nbu mpt nien hipu thi trong qua trinh boat ddng cua vUdng,
n i m 1796 phai l i Gia HUng nguyen nien, nhUng mii cho den trUdc thing 5 nim
1802, Nguyen vUdng v i n sd dung nien hieu Canh Hting cda vua Le trong cac vin ban
cua minh Dgi Nam Thiic Luc chinh bien
Dp nhi't ky, phln Phdm li cho hay: "Td
trUdc thdng 4 miia hg ndm Nhdm Tudt vdn diing niin hieu nhd Li " Trong chieu ddt nien hieu cd ndi 'Duy dd cd chUa phuc, nin cdn theo niin hiiu cd", chinh l i nien bieu
cda vua Le dung cho den "trUdc thing 4
n i m Nham Tui't" tQc n i m 1802
- Them nQa, neu Gia Hung l i nien hipu, tQc d i la mpt ngU danh, ten ciia vua, le nao cic vua trieu Nguyen sau nay khdng biet dieu dd, lai li'y mpt ngU danh cua The Td
de ban cho Hong HUu, hoing tU thQ 8 cua vua Thipu Tri lim tUdc Gia HUng vUOng?
Rd ring chua bao gid Nguyen vUdng -Phiic Anh xem Gia HUng (tren dong tien Gia Hung Thdng Bao) l i nien hipu ciia
minh! Ngay d khi da tai chiem dUpc Phii
Xuan, quin t h i n de nghi len ngdi, vUdng
vin ndi: "Nhiing ta nghi rdng ddt nUdc
chUa thd'ng nhd't, khdng nen vdi Iin ngdi tdn Duy cd theo nien hieu cu dd qua md thi hdnh nhiing linh dd'i mdi thi khdng phdi Id niu rd dUOc khudn phep Vdy nin chuan ldi xin ddt niin hiiu mdi "
Cung d n ndi them, each nghi ring 'Tren ddng tien Gia Long , chQ "Gia" dUpc viet dly du, m i chQ "Long" lai ddng nghia vdi chQ "Hung", tdc l i thinh, dly du nhU niem vui thd'ng n h i t sdn h i cda n h i vua d i trpn vpn ", cung tUdng tU nhU trong din
Trang 478 Rghito cdu Ltch sd s6 6.2009
gian thudng cd each giai thich "Gia Long
( 0 ^ ) l i su thdng nhi't tQ Gia Dinh {U ^ )
den Thing Long ( # tl)" Day la mpt each
giai thich hoin toin sai vdi thiic te lich sd
ve d m i t khdng gian l l n thdi gian: Khi d i t
nien hipu Gia Long, vua cung chi mdi li'y
lai dQpc Phu Xuan chQ chUa d i n h chiem
Thing Long, rd r i n g nien hipu Gia Long cd
trudc, sU thu phuc dupe Thing Long l i cd
sau Them nQa, ve m i t chQ H i n thi hai chQ
'Tiong" viet hoin toin khac nhau, 'Txing"
trong Thing Long cd nghia l i con rdng, cdn
'Tjong" trong Gia Long lai cd nghia l i thinh
vQdng! Nhu viy, ehUa cd chQng cQ gi de cho
r i n g vipc d i t nien hipu Gia Long l i vi
"niem vui thdng nhi't sdn h i cda n h i vua
d i trpn vpn " tQ Gia Dinh den Thing
Long Cdn vipc ddi chQ Han ten t h i n h
Thing Long, thi mai den n i m 1805 vua Gia
Long mdi ddi nhu trong Dgi Nam ThUc Luc
cho biet: "At Suu, Gia Long n i m thQ 4
(1805) Thing 8 Ddi thanh Thing Long
fi- m l i m t h i n h Thing Long ^ m "
Viy thi vipc due ra tien kem Gia HQng
thdng bao ed y nghla gi?
TrQdc het, phai ndi tidn Gia Hung cd den
2 loai khac nhau d chQ "Gia": cd loai chQ
n i y vidt gian the (M), cung cd loai viet
phdn the (M)
Trong cic loai tien kem dQpc due thdi
chua Nguyin tQ n i m 1746 den n i m 1802,
cd loai tien Gia Hiiu Binh Bao, cung cd chQ
"Gia" vie't gian the nhQ tidn Gia HQng v i
loai chQ gian the n i y thQdng xui't hipn
nhieu tren tien the ky XVIII Do tien thdi
k^ n i y ed die diem l i v i n h r I t rdng,
khoang trdng cdn lai de vidt chQ ri't hpp,
m i chQ "Gia" gdm 14 ndt r I t khd viet tren
mdt ddng tien nhd nhQ viy nen ve m i t ky
t h u i t budc phai viet gian the lupc ndt Vi
the, khdng the giai thich ring" Chd "gia"
dUOc vie't gidn the mdt cdch cd'y, nhU ngu y
<J didng sau chd vie't gidn lUOc dy rdng bUdc
hung thinh td't dep ndy chUa trgn ven vi Phu Xudn, ddt diing nghiep cda td tiin vUOng vdn cdn chUa chii'm lgi dUOc"
Viy tai sao phai due 2 loai tien Gia
Hung k h i c nhau? Dgi Nam ThUc Luc cho biet: "Mau Ngg, ndm thd 19 [1798] Miia
hg, thdng tU Dinh le due tien Cd 100 cdn kem thi due thdnh 35 quan, mdi quan tiin cdn nang 1 cdn 14 lang ldm hgn Sai tri Do gia Id bon Cap Vdn Hie'u vd Nguyin Thdnh Chdn md ngUdi Dudng [Hoa kiiuj de due "
TQ ddng sd lipu niy, cd the suy l u i n dUpc loai tien cd chQ "Gia" viet gian the dUpc due
n i m 1796, cdn loai cd chQ "Gia" phdn the thi dupe due n i m 1798 6 day khdng t h i giai thich n i m 1798 due tien cd chQ "Gia"
phdn the l i do " Cdi ngdy mong mud'n
dd dang de'n gdn, vUOng dang trdn tri hy vgng", bdi vi trong n i m 1797, tQ Gia Dinh,
vUdng danh ra Quy Nhdn nhieu l l n ddu thi't bai trd ve M i giai thich r i n g dpt sau
due tien ed chQ "Gia" phdn the l i do "(ndm
1798) Dinh le due tiin ", ddng tidn dUpc
dinh due to hdn dpt n i m 1796; chinh nhd khudn due tidn dUpc l i m to hdn, nen vd ky
t h u i t viet chQ "Gia" dUpc dd ndt phdn t h i mdt each dl ding!
Su phan tich Gia HUng khdng phai l i mdt nien hipu, cho thi'y vi^c due ra tidn
n i y chl vdi muc dich ddn t h u l n l i d l lim tien m i u dich, tUdng tU nhU n i m 1746 chua Nguyin due tien kem Thidn Minh viy; cho nen tien mang hi$u Gia HUng ddng nghia vdi nien hipu Gia Long chi l i mpt sU nglu nhien tinh cd
Su phat hifn ve 3 ddng tiln d Ding Trong (1), eho thi'y ca 3 ddng tiln n i y diu
do Hoa kilu dam nhi^m v i p h l n ldn c6c
hi^u tien l i sd dyng 1^ cac hi^u cda Trung
Quoc V i vipc Hoa kieu due tiln kSm d Gia
Trang 5vi dflng tiin da RguySn vuong 79
Dinh da cd truyin thdng tQ khoang mi'y
chi^c n i m trUdc khi diic tiln kem Gia
Hung: Sau khi due tiln kem Thien Minh
vio n i m 1746 thi xay ra nan lam phat Le
Quy Ddn trong Phd Biin Tap Luc cho biet
m^t trong nhQng ndi due trdm tiln kem la d
BaSic, chinh l i vQng bien gidi Gia Dinh
-Campuchia Do v§iy, Hoa kilu m i Nguyin
vUOng mO due tidn kem Gia HUng ri't cd thd
l i nhQng ngUdi da tQng due tiln kem d
vQng Ba-Sic niy
Nghidn cdu ddi sdng v i n hda cda Hoa
kilu l i mpt d l t i i vd cQng rdng ldn, nhUng
c6 t h i tdm lai r i n g ngudi Trung Hoa lUu
\^c v l d i u ciing t h i n h l i p cac hpi quan,
bang hpi dl sinh ho^t Ngay tren cac v i t
di^ng h i n g ngiy, nhQng chide xe ban phd,
bin binh, hp cung diu ghi chdp nhQng didn
tich mang truyin thdng lich sd vin hda dan
t§c minh nhU diin tich v l Tam Quoc
-Thuy Hd , nhd dd hp bao tdn dupc dan tdc tinh Chinh nhQng ddng tiln mang nien hipu Trung Quoc l i mdt loai tin vit sd dung h i n g ngiy do Hoa kieu san xui't, chQa diing nhQng truyen tin ve lich sd Trung Quoc
Tien kem Gia Hiing Thdng Bdo tuy do
Nguyen vUdng - Phuc Anh sai diic, nhUng khdng mang y nghia chinh tri, v i lai do Hoa kieu dam nhipm, lim tdi lien tudng den Gia Hung l i mdt nien hipu cua Trung Quoc (nUdc LUdng) tQ nim 417 den 420 Vi nhu the thi tien kem Gia Hung cung chi l i mdt san phim ke thQa tien kem Thien Minh, tQc l i dupc xep vio ddng chay tiln kem m i u dich do chiia Nguyen due tQ nim
1746 kdo dii cho den nim 1802, khi vUdng len ngdi tdn mdi b i t diu due tien chlnb trieu mang nien hipu Gia Long
CHU THtCH
(1) Xem: Nguyin Anh Huy Nhiing phdt hi^n
mdi vi tiin ddng do thdi chua Nguyin T?p chl Khao
cd hgc, ad 2 - 2003, tr 79-86; Nguyin Anh Huy
Nhang phdt hi(n mdi vi hg Mgc due tiin T?p chf
i^Tido ci^^pc, so 3 - 2001, t r 51-62: Nguyin Anh
Huy Nhiing phdt hi^n mdi vi tiin kem thdi chda
Nguyen T^p chi Khdo cd hgc, so 1 • 1998, tr
97-103