thiic va nd la tiln de cho viec khai quat ly luan. Tuy nhien, that la sai lam neu cho rang su kien, tai lieu la tat ca va dimg cdng tac nghien eiiu khoa hgc d day. Tai lieu, su kien [r]
Trang 1NGHIEN Ciru - GIANG DAY LjCH S L P D A N G
r r ^
VE SUU TAM, CHINH LY TAI LIEU VA KHAI QUAT LY LUAN
TRONG NGHIEN CQu KHOA HOC LICH SlT
• •
NGUYEN HlTU DAO*
Trong nghien ciru khoa hgc xd hgi noi chung, sir hgc ndi rieng co thi thdy cdc buac chu yiu: dgt vdn di; suu tdm vd chinh ly tdi lieu; khdi qudt ly lugn ve vdn di dang nghien ciru vd xdy dung hi thdng ly lugn Trong bdi viit ndy, ehung tdi chi trinh bay vdn di: suu tdm, chinh ly tdi lieu vd khdi qudt ly ludn trong qud trinh nghien ciru vd bien soan lich sir
-1 Khi ndi ve tam quan trgng ciia tai lieu,
sir kien trong cdng tac nghien curu khoa hgc,
cac nha kinh dien ciia chu nghia Mac - Le nin
da chi ra rang: "Nhirng sir kien chinh xac,
nhung sir kien khdng chdi cai dugc la dieu
rat can thiet, neu mudn tim hieu mdt each
tudng tan, nghiem tue mdt van de phiie tap,
khd"' Khi nghien cim bat cii van de gi, cae
nha kinh dien cua ehii nghia Mac - Le nin bao
gid ciing tuan thu mdt nguyen tac la: phai xuat
phat tir tai lieu, sir kien Vi du, de viet quyen:
"Sir phat trien cua chu nghia tu ban d Nga",
Le nin da dgc, phan tich cac sach bao viet ve
nen kinh te Nga lue dd, tham khao hang tram
suu tap ve sd lieu thdng ke, cac cdng trmh
nghien cim ve sir phat trien kinh te Nga trudc
va sau cai each ndng nd Ngudi da trich dan
va nhac den 400 tai lieu gde Va, khi bien
* Vien Sir hoc
soan tac pham Chii nghia di quoc giai dogn tdt ciing ciia chii nghia tu bdn, Le nin eiing da
nghien cim hang tram quyen sach, bao, tap chi, tai lieu thdng ke Chi rieng tai lieu chuan bi eiing trich dan trong 148 quyen sach (146 sach tieng Nga va 2 quyen sach dich ra tieng Nga), 232 quyen tap chi
Nhu vay, tai lieu, sir kien la co sd cua khai quat ly luan Khai quat khoa hgc deu bat diu tir suu tam tai lieu, phai xuat phat tir tai lieu, sir kien, chir khdng phai tir nhung suy dien chii quan Nhung phai la loai tai lieu, sir kien gi va tieu chuan chgn tai lieu, sir kien phai nhu the nao? Bat ky van de ljch sir nao deu bao triim nhieu mat, vi the nd ed nhieu loai tai lieu, sir kien khae nhau ddi hdi nhiing ngudi nghien ciiu sir hge phai lira chgn tai lieu, sir kien can cho viee phan tich, khai quat Dd la nhirng tai lieu, su kien nhu Lenin khang djnh la "tuong ddi day dii, chinh xac va eiing mdt loai"
Trang 2NGHIEN CU'U - GIANG OAY LICH SLf O A N G
Can phai hieu sir kien diy dii nhu thi nao
cho diing? Trudc bet, tai lieu, sir kien ay phai
bao quat day du nhiing yeu td ciia hien tugng,
qua trinh nghien cim Vi nhu, khi nghien cim
ve mau thuan cua hai giai cap ndng dan va
phong kien eiia mgt nudc trong thdi ki ljch sir
nao day thi can phai ed nhirng tai lieu, sir kien
ndi len sir dau tranh ve ehinh trj, kinh te, tu
tudng dii de phan tich nhiing mau thuan nay
Thir hai, la nd phai bao quat tit ea nhirng mat
CO ban (dac trung ciia tit ca eac yeu td ciia cac
hien Urgng, qua trinh ma chiing ta nghien cim)
Yeu cau cd dii tai lieu, sir kien nghien cim
ljch sir edn ed nghia la khdng dugc chgn tai
lieu rieng le, ma toan bd tai lieu, sir kien cd
lien quan den van de dang xem xet, khdng ed
sir loai trir nao Vi nhu, trong cudn Chii nghia
di qudc giai dogn tdt ciing ciia chu nghia tu
bdn, Lenin ndi rang, tinh chat giai cap ciia eugc
chien tranh the gidi lan thir nhat chi cd the xac
djnh tren co sd phan tich tinh binh khach quan
ciia tat ea giai cap thdng tri, tat ea cac cudng
qudc tham chien Nhu vay, cd khdi lugng tai
lieu, sir kien tuong ddi diy du de khai quat cd y
nghia rat quan trgng, vi nd dam bao nghien ciiu
toan dien cac hien tugng ljch sir, khac phuc viee
bop meo ljch sir
Va, de thue hien tdt, thuan lgi cho yeu eau
thii nhat nay, trong thue te, ngudi ta thudng
lira chgn sir dung nhirng tu lieu, su kien dien
hinh, tire la nhirng tu lieu phan anh tat ea mat
CO ban, nhirng thude tinh, nhiing dac trung
ciia hien tugng dugc nghien ciiu Nhirng sir
kien dien hinh rat can thiet cho viec khai quat
ly luan dung dan Sd lugng sir kien dien hinh
diing eho viee nit ra ket luan, nguyen ly tiiy thugc d tim quan trgng, pham vi phd biln va tdc do thay ddi eua hien tugng Vi nhu, mudn nhan thiic dugc mdt hien tugng vira mdi nay sinh, dang trong qua trinh dn dinh, it phd biln hay ve ban chat lai thay ddi nhanh chdng, thi can phai cd nhieu tai lieu chi tiet, hay khdi lugng kha ldn su kien dien hinh ve hien tugng
ay Trai lai, mudn nhan thiic mdt hien tugng
da hmh thanh, da dn djnh, phd bien rdng rai thi chi can mdt khdi lugng vira phai sir kien dien hinh ciing dii hinh dung day dii hien tugng ay Cac nha kinh dien ciia chu nghia Mac - Lenin khi phat hien cac quy luat xa hdi deu sir dung su kien dien binh Vi du, khi nghien cim hinh thai cua tu ban chii nghia, Mae da chgn nudc Anh la nudc tu ban chu nghia dien hinh, nhung khi phan tich cac quan
he rudng dat, nhat la eae quan he thude hinh thai tien tu ban, Mac lai nghien cim tai lieu ciia nudc Nga - nudc dien binh ciia cac quan
be tien tu ban chii nghia cdn tdn tai den giiia tbi ky XIX
Nhu vay la, bat cir mdt hien tugng, mdt sir vat nao deu ed nhieu mat, nhieu thugc tinh, nhieu quan he va lien he vdi the gidi chung quanh; trong dd cd loai co ban, can thiet eho sir tdn tai va xac dinh chat lugng cua sir vat hay hien tugng, lai cd loai khdng co ban chi
cd tinh chat be ngoai DI nhien, khi phan tich
ta nen chii trgng den tinh chat co ban ciia hien tugng, sir vat dd, de danh gia ndi dung ngudn
tu lieu, sir kien ay Bdi vi, y thirc giai cap ciia cac tac gia tu lieu anh hudng rat ldn, the hien
rd trong ndi dung tu lieu Vi the, khi sir dung
Trang 3NGHIEN CU'U • G I A N G OAY LICH Sii O A N G
tai lieu, sir kien can lira chgn cac tai lieu, sir
kien sat cac tieu chuan neu tren Tuy vay,
khdng phai mgi tu lieu, sir kien cua cae tac gia
thugc nhung giai cap bdc lot deu viit bd, deu
bj xuyen tac Trong sd cac tac gia dd ciing ed
mdt sd nha sir hge phat hien, eung cap cho
chiing ta mdt Sd tai lieu thuc su khoa hgc,
khach quan ve nhirng van de lich sir cu the
nao day Khdng do quan diem, lap trudng,
ban chat giai cap ciia minh hg khdng the nit ra
nhiing ket luan, khai quat diing Sir danh gia
va sir dung cd phe phan tai lieu, sir kien ciia
cac nha nghien ciiu tu san dugc Angghen thuc
hien mdt each mau muc trong tac pham Tinh
canh giai cdp cdng nhdn Anh Trong Bdn dn
chi do thuc ddn Phdp va nhieu bai bao khae,
vilt trong khoang 1921 - 1925, Hd Chi Minh
ciing da sir dung rat hieu qua nhieu tai lieu eiia
thuc dan Phap (dd la cac van kien cua Chinh
phu Phap ), vaeh tran tdi ac ciia thuc dan, de
qudc, keu ggi nhan dan thude dja diing day
dau trShh de tu cuu mmh
Mat khac, chimg ta ciing cdn ddnh gid vd
phi phdn cdc tdi lieu, su kien di tim ra tdi lieu
gdc Mudn lam duge viec tren, dieu quan
trgng la phai so sanh cac ngudn tai lieu khae
nhau ve mdt su kien de tim nhirng diem
chung, chinh xac nhat, hoac kiem tra tai lieu
cd trong thuc tien de xem tinh chat dien hinh
eiia nd va sir xac nhan eua thuc tien qua thdi
gian, qua boat dgng cua nhirng con ngudi
trong xa hgi Nhu vay, viec suu tam tai lieu,
sir kien la giai doan dau khdng the thieu dugc
trong cdng tac sir hge Tai lieu, sir kien giir
mdt vai trd rat quan trgng trong qua trinh nhan
thiic va nd la tiln de cho viec khai quat ly luan Tuy nhien, that la sai lam neu cho rang
su kien, tai lieu la tat ca va dimg cdng tac nghien eiiu khoa hgc d day Tai lieu, su kien chua phai la toan bg chan ly Godc - ki da ndi
mdt cau ndi tilng vdi ndi dung rang: Khdng nen quay con gd vol ed long cua no, chinh viec khong khudt phuc tdi lieu, sir kiin dd ddn tdi cho ehiing ta ldn ldn cdi ngau nhien vd khong ea bdn vol cdi ca bdn vd diin hinh Vi
vay, tir giai doan suu tam chinh ly tu lieu ehiing ta phai chuyen sang viec phan tich khai quat hda ly luan, tiic la tach cai chu yeu ra khdi cai thii yeu, cai co ban khdi cai khdng co ban, cai dien hinh va tat yeu khdi cai ngau nhien, neu len ket luan, phat trien nhung quy luat nham nhan thiic tdi chan ly
2 Ndi ve tam quan trgng cua viec khai quat tai lieu, su kien, Angghen viet: "Dii cd kinh miet bat eii tu duy ly luan nao den dau chang niia thi ciing thay rang: khdng cd nd thi khdng the nao lien ket ngay chi cd hai sir kien cua tu nhien vdi nhau thdi, hoac neu len mdi lien he eo ban giira chiing"^ Khai quat ly luan giiip ta di sau vao ban chat ciia sir vat, nhan thiic sau sac hien thuc, tiic la chuyen sang giai doan thii hai cua nhan thuc
Ve thue chit van de tu duy ly luan thugc pham vi eua logic hge bien chiing C) day, chiing tdi chi trinh bay viee khai quat ly luan tren co sd tai lieu, sir kien bang cac phuang phap quan trgng nhat ciia logic hgc bien ehimg dd la: phan tich va tdng hgp, quy nap va diln djch
Phdn tich la phan chia ddi tugng nghien cOai
ra cae thanh phan eau tao ciia nd, nhd dd ehimg
72 TAP CHi UCH SU' O A N G - S6 12/2009
Trang 4NGHIEN CU'U - G I A N G OAY LICH Sl) OANG
ta di sau vao ndi dung ban chat, co cau eiia su
vat, hien tugng Phan tich ed y nghia rat quan
trong trong bmh thanh khai niem ma cae nha
kinh dien thudng sir dung Vi du, trong tae
pham Chii nghia di qudc giai dogn tot ciing
ciia chii nghia tu bdn, Lenin da phan tieh ed
tinh chat quyet djnh nhat la viee hinh thanh cae
dgc quyen tren eo sd tap trung tu ban
Tdng hgp la viec lien kiet cac bd phan cua
sir vat, nhan thiic su vat trong tdng the hoan
chinh, thdng nhat ciia nd Tdng hgp giir mdt vi
tri quan trgng ciia qua truih nhan thiic Tren
thuc te, muc dich eiia nhan thiic khdng chi la
phan tich su vat ra cac bd phan cau thanh de
trim tugng hda timg bd phan, ma cdn xuat
phat tir sir trim tugng nay de giai thich tinh da
dang ciia cae hien tugng, de cung cap mdt birc
tranh hien thue chung ciia ljch sir
Phdn tich vd tdng hgp la hai mat cua mdt
qua trmh nhan thiic, khdng nen tach biet ban
chiing ra trong viec khai quat ly luan, vi nhu
Angghen ndi: "Khdng cd phan tich thi se
khdng cd tdng bgp"^
Quy ngp, dd la van de tir don gian den
phiic tap, tir cai rieng den cai chung, tir
nhung kiln thiie it cd tinh chat ehung den
kien thirc cd tinh chat chung nhieu ban Dien
dich la sir van dung cua tu duy tir kien thiie
chung din kiln thiic cd tinh chat chung it
han Quy nap va dien dich thdng nhat vdi
nhau, lien he chat che va tham nhap vao
nhau Khi bit diu tir cai rieng va chuyen
sang cai chung, quy nap chuan bj co sd cho
dien djch Diln djch ein eho quy nap khang
djnh nhung kit luan ciia minh
Ngoai cac hinh thirc chii yeu neu tren, viec khai quat ly luan tren co sd tai lieu, su kien cdn sir dung nhieu phuang thiic khac cua Idgic hgc bien chiing, nhung tuu ehung la di tir eu the den trim tugng, tir hien tugng den ban chat Qua trinh tren dugc hoan thanh khi neu dugc ndi dung cac khai niem, quy luat co ban cua su phat trien xa hdi
Nhu vay, trong nghien ciiu ljch sir, cac nha sir hgc phai trai qua ba budc tren Nhung can nhan manh rang, qua trinh di tir tai lieu, sir kien den khai quat ly luan la con dudng dat ra
va giai quyet cae van de mdi Ma mudn giai quyet dugc cac van de mod khdng chi suu tam tai lieu, sir kien de mieu ta nd, ma phai nang
len dang tu duy khdi qudt ly ludn de nam dugc
ban chat ciia nd
Sir trinh bay nguyen hinh, mieu ta thuan tiiy ve mdt sir kien, sir liet ke don thuan cac tai lieu, sir kien dii cho dd la cac tai lieu, sir kien nit ra tir eae van kien hoac tai lieu luu trii qudc gia di nira neu khdng dugc phan tich bien chimg, khdng ed lap luan, khdng ed khai quat trim tugng thi khdng the xem tac pham
ay la ed gia trj khoa hge cao
Rd rang, thuc hien tdt cac budc nghien ciiu khoa hgc se nang cao ban nira chat lugng nghien ciiu sir hgc
1 V.I Lenin Todn tap, ST, H,1963, T.23, tr.266
2 Angghen: Phep bien chimg ciia tu nhien, ST,
H, 1963,tr.36
3 Angghen: ChSngDuyrinh, ST,H,1960,tr.40