Diia vao nhQng diem neu tren, ed the suy doan rang Do Anh Sdch la mdt thii iTnh dia phUdng cd the lue d TrQdng ehau, do dd mdi dUdc Trieu Xudng phong lam TrUdng chau ThQ sQ, dong thd[r]
Trang 1n
-VE MOT SO THU LINH AN NAM THOI THUOC DlTONG
PHAM L 6 HUY'
TQ trUde de'n nay, phan ldn cae
nghien cQu ve ehinh tri thdi ky Bae
thudc thudng t a p t r u n g vao viee khae hga
nhQng cudc nd'i day cua ngUdi Viet chdng
lai ach thd'ng tri ciia phong kien Trung
Quo'c Tuy nhien, ne'u quan sat lieh sQ n h u
la mgt ddng chay lien tuc, ehung ta tha'y
rang trong nhieu giai doan, da cd mdt sd'
thu ITnh dia phUdng ra lam viec eho bd may
thd'ng tri eua chinh quyen dd hd Dd'i vdi
nhQng trudng hdp nay, khdng the vdi vang
danh gia hg khdng yeu nUde hay thieu tinh
t h i n tii chu Bd qua nghien cQu ve nhQng
thii linh dang nay, se khd ed dugc eai nhin
toan dien va thiic te ve ca'u true ehinh
tri-xa hgi dUdng thdi, ddng thdi eung khdng
the li giai dugc mach ngam tdn tai va p h a t
trien cua cae the liic dia phQdng ma sau
nay se ddng vai trd quan trgng dQa da't
nudc thoat khdi nghin nam Bie thudc
Ngoai ra, trong cae nghien cQu trUdc
day, cdc nguon tU lieu ngoai chinh sQ
nhung cd do tin cay cao nhu Man thU,
Dudng hgi yeu, Tu tri thdng giam, nguon
tai lieu kim thach van cung chUa dugc khai
thac mgt each triet de
Trong bai viet nay, chung tdi ed' g i n g
tan dung cae nguon tU lieu tren de tim hieu
boat ddng eua mgt so' thu linh dia phUdng
thdi thuge Dudng, dac biet la thu linh eac
ehau ki mi mien nui va trung du trong giai
doan cud'i the ky VIII, d i u the ky IX Thdng
qua dd, chung tdi mud'n lam ro tinh cha't eat cQ-tU tri dia phQdng, qua trinh xay dung, p h a t trien va bao toan iQc iQdng cua
t a n g Idp thii linh dia phUdng trdng giai ddan nay
1 V e t h i i l i n h D o A n h S a c h ••»
Thu linh dia phudng dau tien ma chung tdi mud'n de cap trong bai viet nay la Do Anh Sach Lien q u a n de'n Do Anh Sach, chung ta ed dUde nhQng thdng tin rat qui
gia tQ Man thU, mdt nguon sQ lieu ed gia tri
cao ve tinh h i n h An N a m cudi the ky VIII, dau the ky IX N h u chung ta da biet, Phan
Xude, tac gia Man thU, vd'n la lieu thudc
eiia An N a m Dd hd Sai Tap, sang An Nam nam Ham Thdng 3 (862) Sau khi phu
t h a n h dd hd tha't t h u vao tay quan dgi Nam Chie'u t h a n g Gieng n a m Ham Thdng 4,
P h a n Xudc da dd'e sQc hoan t h a n h 10 quyen
Man thu, nhd Tudng C h a u Tie't do ap nha
la TrUdng T h u T r u n g dang len hoang de nha Dudng
Silliexil: Man thu, (^.9(1)
[Trudc day] Trieu dinh sai sQ den Van Nam, Nam Chie'u thudng nghenh tie'p, tien
sQ gia r a ngoai xa Nhieu n a m trd lai day,
do trQdng lai h a i da't Ung, Giao ha khac
t a n bao, tii y gie't ngUdi vd tgi, lam chung Man de'n cao oan [vdi N a m Chie'u], nhan dd Nam Chie'u thudng de'n d a n h cUdp T h i n [Phan Xudc] phue mong hoang de trUng
' Th.S Khoa Ddng Phudng hoc - DHKHXH&NV - DHQGHN
Trang 2Ve milt s6 fhiS linh ?In Ham
phat dai quan, khdi phue lai da't eu 34
chau ki mi thudc quan ly eua Dung ehau
Kinh lUdc sQ phuc xin de An Nam Dai thii
linh lam thQ sQ, Vu Dinh chau xin de Dai
thu linh lam trQdng lai TrUdc day, cae ddi
Kinh luge sQ thudng niem tinh than thudc,
ta'u xin cho hgn nguyen tung, ap nha lam
thQ sQ, t h i n e r i n g khdng d'n Than [Phan
XQde] trdm biet, ed'An Nam tien Tie't do sQ
Trieu Xudng, sQa sang viec Giad Chi td'ng
cdng 13 nam, den nay van de lai long ai
ngudng ndi eac bae bd lao, lam cho trong edi
vd sii Khi dd, [Trieu Xudng] la'y Dd ap nha
Dd Anh Sach lam Chieu thao Phd sQ, "nhap
vien phan an", moi thang ca'p cho lUdng
tien 70 quan; la'y "ky khaeh" TrQdng Chu
lam An Nam Kinh luge Phan quan, sau lai
cQ TrUdng Chu lam Dd hd TQ khi Ly
Tudng Cd' nham chQc An Nam Kinh lude
sQ, tQ y tham lam tan hai, d i n de'n viec
dgng binh Tie'p dd lai cd Ly Trae hao sat,
lam cho sinh linh chiu hai Ne'u khdng phai
do ngudi trudng lai, thi lam sao cd chuyen
ngudi ta lam can
Trong doan ghi chep d tren, danh gia
chi'nh sach cai tri ciia nha Dudng tai An
Nam, Phan Xudc nhan xet: dd'i vdi cac ehau
ki mi, eac ddi Kinh lUdc sQ trd ve trUdc
thudng xin trieu dinh phong eho hgn tuy
tung than can (nguyen tung), ap nha lam
thQ sQ Phan Xudc cho rang day la mdt
nguyen nhan gay ra tinh hinh ba't d'n De so
sanh, Phan Xudc neu len trudng hdp cua
An Nam Dd hd Trieu Xudng Trieu Xudng
la vien dd hd ndi tie'ng da cai tri An Nam vd
su trong sud't 13 nam Theo Phan Xude, dd
mgt p h i n la nhd viec Trieu XUdng da biet
trgng dung mdt vien Dd ap nha la Dd Anh
Sach
Theo Tdn Dudng thit (Liet truyen,
Q.129), Do Anh Sach vd'n la mdt "khe dgng
hao" (2), tQc la mdt thu linh mien nui ed
the lue Doan ghi chep cua Man thu cho
chung ta biet trong thdi gian lam An Nam
Dd hd Kinh lUdc Chieu thao sQ, Trieu XUdng da ca't n h i c Dd Anh Sach tQ mgt vien Dd ap nha len de'n chQc Chieu thao
Phd sQ Theo Tdn Dudng thU (Q.49 Ha,
Bach quan chi), Chieu thao sQ n i m giQ viec
"ehinh phat" ("nguyen suy, dd thd'ng, chieu thao sQ chudng ehinh phat" (3) Ve mat quan sil, cd the ndi chQe vu eua Dd Anh Sach ehi dflng sau minh Trieu Xudng trong ehinh quyen dd hd
Ngoai chQe Chieu thao Phd sQ, Do Anh Sach cdn lam "nhap vien phan an" Trong cac tQ lieu ve he thd'ng quan ehe ddi Dudng cdn lai ngay nay, khdng thay nhac de'n chQc danh "nhap vien phan an" (4) Tuy nhien,
theo Khang Hy tii dien, mdt trong cac
nghia cua "vien" la chi dinh quan ("quan giai viet vien" (5) Thdi Dudng, tri sd cua
Tie't do sfl dUdc ggi la "sfl vien" Vi du, Td
tri thdng giam (Q.257, Dudng ky, Hy Tdng)
vie't: "Sfl vien, Tie't dd sfl ty quan thudc tri
sU chi sd" (6), tfle la "Sfl vien la ndi tri sU ciia cac quan thuge quyen quan ly cua Tiet
do sfl" Trong khi dd, tQ ddi Dudng Tuc Tdng (756-762), An Nam Kinh lUde sQ da dUdc dat t h a n h mdt Tie't do sQ ("An Nam kinh ludc sQ vi tie't do sfl, linh Giao Luc dang thap nhi chau" (7) Do vay, tri sd cua
An Nam Kinh iQdc sQ cung cd the ggi la "sQ vien", ed the hieu "nhap vien" ehi viee vao lam viee tai tri sd cua An Nam Kinh iQdc
sQ, tQc phu t h a n h dd hd
Mat khdc, "phan an" ddi DQdng chi cac gia'y td do p h a n quan, ehflc quan dQng thQ
ba trong he thdng tQ dang quan (trudng quan, thdng phan quan, phan quan, chii
dien) ddng da'u Vi du, sach Dudng lugt sd
nghi ed viet;
SQ lieu 2: Dudng lugt sd nghi, Q.15,
Trang 34a Rghien ciJru Lich sit, so 9.2009
Dieu 213 (8)
P h a m giam lam ehu t h u [quan trdng coi
eua cdng] ma la'y ciia cdng eho vay viec tU,
ne'u ngudi eho vay va ngUdi vay khdng cd
"van k f thi luan [hinh phat] theo tdi
"cudp" Ne'u ed "van k f thi luan [hinh phat]
chuan theo tdi "cUdp" "Van k f tQc la loai
gia'y td ki t i t Ne'u cd lap "phan an" thi
giam 2 cap
Ngudi dUdc cho vay ne'u khdng cd kha
nang boi thudng thi t h u eua vien quan da
ddng da'u, ky cho vay Viec vay cua cdng d
dieu luat ben dudi eung theo each lam nay
Sd ban: quan coi eiia cdng ma lay eua
edng eho vay, "ngUdi dUde cho vay ne'u
khdng cd kha nang bdi thudng" tQc la
[ngUdi dugc cho vay] khdng cd vat de nop
tra lai thi se thu eua vien quan da ddng
da'u, ky cho vay "Phan an" tQc la loai [gia'y
td] eua phdn quan, "thu an" tQc la loai [gia'y
td] eua ehu dien va giam sii
Nhu vay, theo Dudng lugt sd nghi, trong
he thd'ng phap luat ddi Dudng, "phan an" la
t h u a t ngQ chi loai gia'y td cua phan quan
Dd Anh Sach n h u vay da vao phuc vir trong
tri sd eiia An Nam Dd hd (nhap vien), ddng
thdi dUde Trieu Xudng tin nhiem giad cho
phu trach cae loai gia'y td tUdng dUdng vdi
chQe p h a n quan, moi thang ca'p cho 70
quan tien lUdng
Trong thdi gian phuc vu d phii t h a n h ,
Dd Anh Sach da xay diing dUdc md'i quan
he vdi cae quan lai ngUdi Han dudi quyen
Trieu Xudng, dac biet vdi mdt n h a n vat ten
la TrUdng Chu Thee Man thii ( d i n d tren),
TrUdng Chu vd'n la mdt thiic khaeh ("ky
khaeh") eua Trieu XUdng Theo md ehi eiia
TrUdng Chu do L i i u Tdng Nguyen viet (9),
dudi quyen Trieu Xudng, TrUdng Chu da
kinh qua eac chQe An Nam Kinh ludc t u i n
quan (10), An Nam Phd dd hd, Kinh iQOc Phd sQ NhQ vay la dudi quyen Kinh iQdc Chieu thao sfl Trieu Xudng, TrUdng Chu va
Dd Anh Sach, mdt ngudi lam Kinh lUdc Phd
sQ, mdt ke lam Chieu thao Phd sQ Mdi quan
he vdi TrUdng Chu trong thdi ky nay giup
Do Anh Sach tie'p tuc t h a n g tie'n sau nay
T h a n g 4 n a m Nguyen Hda nguyen nien (806), dUdc sii tie'n cQ cua Trieu XUdng, Kinh lUde phd sQ TrUdng Chu dUdc thang lam An N a m Dd hd, ban q u a n Kinh lUdc sQ, thay the che Trieu XUdng luc nay dUde nha Dudng t h u y e n chuyen lam Quang ehau ThQ sQ, Linh N a m Tiet do sQ (11) Dudi thdi TrUdng Chu, Dd Anh Sach tie'p tuc dUde t h a n g lam An Nam Dd tri Binh ma sQ kiem ap nha An N a m Phd dd hd N h u vay,
Dd Anh Sach tie'p tue dUde trgng dung dUdi thdi Dd hg TrUdng Chu, trd t h a n h ngudi cd quyen liic so' h a i trong bg may cai tri eiia
n h a Dudng d An Nam
Sii lieu 3: Dudng hgi yeu, Q.73, An Nam
Dd hd phii (12)
Thdng 8 n a m Nguyen Hda 4 [809], An
N a m Dd hg [TrUdng Chu] ta'u; pha quan Hoan Vudng nguy hieu la ai chau Dd thdng hdn 30 van ngUdi, b a t dUdc vUdng tQ 59 ngudi, khi gidi, chie'n thuyen, voi chie'n Thang 9 n a m a'y, hgn An Nam Dd tri Binh
ma sQ kiem dp n h a An N a m Phd dd hg Do Anh Sach 50 ngudi lam b a n ta'u len trieu dinh neu chinh tich cua b a n quan Kinh luge Chieu thao xii tri dang sQ kiem An Nam Dd hd TrUdng Chu ke tQ khi den
n h a m chQc An N a m La t h a n h trQdc day do Kinh iQ^lc sQ TrQdng Ba Nghi dap Khi dd,
t r a m hg gidng n h u giac cUdp, [thanh] ehi cao ed ma'y thudc, lai r i t chat hep TQ khi TrUdng Chu de'n n h a m chQc, n h a n sau lue ndng n h a n , ta'u xin xay ca't t h a n h hien nay [Lude 1 doan] Ddi Kinh lUdc sQ Bui Thai trudc day t h a n h tri Hoan, Ai bi Hoan
Trang 4vi raO^ s6 IhiS linh fin Ram 49
VUdng Cdn Ldn thieu buy chay trui ca TQ
sau khi TrUdng Chu de'n n h a m chQc, nam
trQdc xay t h a n h Hoan ehau, nam ngoai dap
thanh Ai ehau Thdi Bui Thai, khdng giQ
quan thanh, trong quan ma't mat het khi
gidi Trieu Xudng de'n n h a m chQo khdng
dude bao lau lai quay ve nhan chQc d
Quang ehau TQ khi TrUdng Chu de'n nham
chQc, eac dao xin de'n mua ban, moi thang
che tao 8 nghin khi gidi Bdn nam trd lai
day, td'ng edng lam dQdc hdn 40 van O hai
ben ta hQu Dai sanh, lap Giap trQdng lau
40 gian de ca't giQ [khi gidi], Khi giac rd An
Nam de'n cQdp, khd ldi ve mat chie'n da'u
[Vi] TrUde day chie'n thuyen cd khdng qua
mudi may chie'c, lai ra't cham chap, khdng
the tie'p can dUde thuyen giac TrUdng Chu
tu minh sang ehe ra Mdng ddng thuyen
hdn 400 chie'c Mdi thuyen cd 25 linh, 32
tay cheo, 1 co may nd, 1 ed ludng cung no
Mai cheo dUa ra tQ trong thuyen, khi mudn
quay thuyen thi [tay cheo] quay lung lai, di
lai nhu bay Sac ehi lenh chuyen ban ta'u
cho sd ty
Theo ban ta'u len trieu dinh nha Dudng
cua Phd Dd hd Do Anh Sach vao thang 9
nam Nguyen Hda 4 (809), sau khi tie'p
quan chQc An Nam Dd hd, TrUdng Chu da
tie'n hanh nhieu eai each nham cung cd'
chinh quyen dd hd Nhan lue ndng nhan,
TrUdng Chu cho xay mdi thanh Dai La, xay
diing lai hai thanh Hoan chau va Ai chau
vd'n bi Hoan vQdng (Lam Ap) pha huy dudi
thdi Dd hd Bui Thdi Ve mat quan sii, theo
Do Anh Sach, tQ khi de'n nham chQc,
TrUdng Chu da cho che tao mdi thang 8000
khi trugng, dong thdi xay dilng mgt ddi
binh thuyen sQ dung loai thuyen chie'n mdi
la "Mdng dong thuyen" Mdi thuyen mdng
ddng ed 25 linh, 32 tay cheo, dugc trang bi
mgt CO may nd ("xa no"), mdt co "ludng eung
no", cd kha nang ed ddng cao Nhd vao
nhQng thay dd'i tieh cue nay, nam Nguyen Hda 8 (813), TrUdng Chu da danh bai quan dgi Hdan vUdng (theo ban ta'u thi quan sd' len de'n 30 van), khdi phuc lai hai chau Hoan, Ai da bi Hoan Vudng danh chiem dudi thdi Dd hd Bui Thai Viec Do Anh Sach dflng ten trong ban ta'u ca ngdi edng tieh cua TrUdng Chu chd tha'y md'i quan he khang khit giQa hai n h a n vat nay Tuy cd the cd nhQng diem khoa trQdng nhUng ban ta'u nay it nhieu eung phan anh dUde nhQng thay dd'i ldn d An Nam dQdi thdi TrQdng Chu, ma phia sau dd, chung ta ed the tudng dinh duge sii ho trd khdng nhd eua Dd Anh Sach, vdi tU each la mdt vien Phd dd hg
Sau TrUdng Chu, ehiing ta cdn tha'y Dd Anh Sach da phuc vu dudi trudng cua* An
Nam Dd hd Bui Hanh Lap Theo Ciiu
Dudng thu (Ban ky, Q.15, Tuyen Tdng ha),
Bui Hanh Lap dUde cQ sang lam An Nam
Dd hd, ban quan Kinh lUdc Chieu thao sQ
nam Nguyen Hda 8 (813) Tdn Dudng thU
(Liet truyen, Q.129) chep khi mgt ngQdi Lam Ap ten la L^ Lae Sdn lam phan Hoan Vudng de'n cau vien binh, de l i y ldng Hoan VUdng, Hanh Lap da sai "bd tUdng" Do Anh Sach chem Ly Lac Sdn (13)
Qua cac ngudn tU lieu neu tren, ed the tha'y Do Anh Sach la mdt thu linh dia phudng da lam viec cho ba ddi dd hg, cd nhQng luc da nam dUdc chQc Phd Dd hd d
An Nam Dd hd phu Tren cd sd nhQng thdng tin dd, chung tdi dac biet chu y den ndi dung bai minh khae tren chudng Thanh Mai Theo chung tdi, ngudn tQ lieu kim thach van nay ed the eung ca'p cho ehung ta them mdt sd thdng tin ve Do Anh Sach NhQ chung ta da biet, chudng Thanh Mai dUdc p h a t hien d do sau 3,5m tai d bai Rdng, ven sdng Day, thudc thdn Thanh Mai, huyen Thanh Dai, tinh Ha Tay (nay la
Trang 5Rghifin ciru Lich silf, s g 9.2009
Ha Ndi) vao t h a n g 5 n a m 1986 Bai minh
tren chudng T h a n h Mai la ngudn tU lieu
kim thach van hien cdn cd' thQ hai d Viet
Nam (sau bia Dai Tuy CQu Chan quan Bao
An dao trang lap n a m 618) Ban dap do
Dinh K h i e T h u a n dap hien nay dUde luu
giQ tai Vien nghien cQu H a n Ndm vdi ky
hieu 30270 Bai minh ehe biet ngay 30
thang 3 nam Trinh Nguyen 14 (798), 53
thanh vien eua mgt td ehflc ggi la "Tuy Hi
xa" da tie'n h a n h due qua ehuong ddng
nang 90 can de cung le Bai minh liet ke
ten hg cua ea thay 243 ngUdi, bao gdm cae
thanh vien cua Tuy Hi xa eung nhu nhQng
ngudi ngodi xa da ddng gdp de due chudng
Trong sd' ten ngudi k h i e tren chudng,
chung tdi dac biet luu y de'n n h a n vat sau:
Kinh iQde tien phong Binh ma sfl, NghTa
quan Dd tri Binh ma sfl, tien nhie'p Ai ehau
Thfl sQ, Trieu nghi lang, Sfl tri tie't Trudng
ehau ChQ quan sQ, thu Trudng ehau ThQ
sQ, huu thii Quan ehau Du bdn sQ, ThUdng
tru qud'c, tfl tQ kim ngu dai Do Anh (14)
TrQdc tien, c i n iQu y r i n g bai minh dUdc
k h i e vao nien hieu Trinh Nguyen 14 (798),
tQc la trong thdi ky Trieu Xudng lam An
Nam Dd hd Nhu chung ta da biet, Trieu
Xudng lam An Nam Dd hd td'ng cdng 13
nam, duge chia lam hai giai doan Giai doan
d i u keo dai 9 nam, b i t d i u tQ thang 7 nam
Trinh Nguyen 7 de'n thang 5 nam Trinh
Nguyen 18, sau dd vi dau chan nen Trieu
XUdng xin nghi va dUdc thay the bdi Tu bd
Vien ngoai lang Bui Thai Sau khi Bui Thai
that bai trong ehinh sach cai tri d An Nam
(bi mdt vien nha tudng la Vudng Qui
Nguyen dud'i khdi phu thanh, sau phai nhd
Ta binh ma sfl Tiieu Quan giet Vudng Qui
Nguyen mdi quay lai dugc phu dd hd) (15),
thang 3 nam Trinh Nguyen 20, Trieu Xudng
lai dugc cQ sang lam An Nam Dd hg dUdc 2
nam roi giao lai chQe Dd hd cho TrUdng Chu
Quay trd lai vdi n h a n vat 'T)5 Anh" trong bai minh chudng T h a n h Mai, tuy chQ cud'i cung trong hg t e n bi md khdng edn dgc dQdc (16), n h u n g can cQ vao vai trd eua Do Anh Sdch dQdi thdi Trieu XQdng, cd nhieu kha n a n g n h a n vat "Do Anh" ehinh la Do Anh Sach Ne'u gia thuye't nay la dung, ehung ta ed them mdt sd' thdng tin ve Dd Anh Sach TrQdc khi dQdc Trieu Xudng bd' nhiem lam Chieu thao Phd sQ, Dd Anh Sach da kinh qua chQc Kinh lUde Tien phong Binh ma sQ Dd Anh Sdch edn la ehi huy (Dd tri Binh ma sQ) mdt phien hieu quan ggi la "NghTa quan" Ten ggi "NghTa quan" lam c h u n g t a khdng khdi lien he den
"NghTa doanh", mdt ten ggi quan dia
phUdng dQdi thdi DQdng Theo Tdn DUdng
thu (Liet truyen, Q.224 ha), dUdi quyen
Cao Bien ngoai q u a n ehinh qui ("quan quan") edn ed q u a n "nghia doanh", "hUdng doan" ("lieu chie'u Bien lieu quan quan, nghTa doanh, hUdng doan" (17)) Ngoai ra, ne'u t h a m khao chQc "Thd' quan Binh ma sQ" ciia Do Tdn T h a n h (se t r i n h bay d p h i n sau), nhieu kha n a n g NghTa q u a n la mgt ddn vi q u a n b a n bd eua Do Anh Sach
TQ ngi dung bai minh, cd t h e suy ra thdi diem Dd Anh Sach dQdc phong lam An Nam Chieu thao Phd sQ Nd phai mugn hdn thdi diem due chudng T h a n h Mai, tQc la sau t h a n g 3 n a m Trinh Nguyen 14 (798) (18) Ngoai ra, bai minh cung ca'p mdt sd can cQ giiip tra ldi eau hdi Do Anh Sach la thii ITnh d dia phUdng nad Theo bai minh,
Dd Anh Sach cd lien q u a n de'n ba dia phUdng la Ai chau, Trudng ehau va Quan chau Tuy nhien, theo chung tdi, chae b i n
Do Anh Sach la t h u iTnh d k h u vUc TrUdng chau, thuge dia p h a n Ninh Binh ngay nay
Dd la vi:
Thit nhat, chQc vu "Ai ehau ThQ sQ" cua
Dd Anh Sach chi la chQe vu kiem nhiem
Trang 6Ve mSf 56 thii linh Kn Ram 51
("nhie'p")
ThU hai, trong bd'n chQc vu cua Do Anh
Sach, chung ta tha'y Do Anh Sach n i m hai
ehflc lien quan tnic tie'p de'n viec cai quan
Trudng ehau la "SQ tri tie't TrQdng chau
Chu quan sii" va "TrUdng chau ThQ sQ"
Trong khi dd, TrUdng ehau lai la mdt ddn vi
hanh ehinh kha dac biet Nguyen hoa qudn
huyen chi khi giai thich ve huyen Nam
Dinh thudc Giao chau da cung ca'p eho
chung ta mdt sd' thdng tin ve Trudng chau
nhu sau:
SQ lieu 4: Nguyen hoa qudn huyen chi,
Q.38 (19)
Huyen Nam Dinh (hang trung-ha, di ve
phia Ddng Bae 60 ly de'n phu thanh)
Nguyen la da't huyen Luy Lau ddi Han
Nam Trinh Nguyen 7 (791) dat Nam Dinh
huyen d day Cuu Nam Dinh huyen hien
gid tai vi tri each kim huyen hdn 200 ly ve
phia Ddng Nam, canh chau ki mi TrQdng
chau (Ciiu huyen Nam Dinh) bi bd sau
nam Khai Nguyen 10
Nhu vay, huyen Nam Dinh duge dat
nam Trinh Nguyen 7 (791) vd'n la da't Luy
Lau ddi Han, "cUu huyen Nam Dinh" thi
nam d phia Ddng Nam "kim huyen" hdn
200 ly, canh ehau ki mi Trudng chau Theo
dd, chiing ta biet dUde r i n g mudn nha't la
tdi dau nien hieu Nguyen Hda (20), Trudng
chau da trd thanh mdt chau ki mi, khdng
cdn chiu sU quan ly true tie'p eua chinh
quyen dd hd Mat khdc, doan ghi chep eua
Man thu d i n cl d i u bai viet gian tie'p eho
chiing ta tha'y An Nam Dd hd Trieu Xudng
CO xu hudng sQ dung cdc thii ITnh dia
phudng lam thQ sQ cho cac chau ki mi Do
dd, neu Dd Anh Sach lam thQ sQ d Trudng
chau thi ed nhieu kha nang Do Anh Sach la
mgt thu linh cd the' iQc d khu vile nay
Ngoai Ai ehau va TrQdng chau, Dd Anh Sach cdn lam Du bdn sfl cho Quan ehau
Theo Tdn Dudng thU, Q.43 ha, Ki mi chau,
Quan chau eung la mdt chau ki mi thudc
An Nam dd hg phu Theo Nguyen hda qudn
huyen chi, Q.38 thi Quan chau nam d phia
Ddng Nam phu thanh, each khoang 195 ly
Do dd, nhieu kha nang Quan ehau la mgt ehau ki mi n i m ben canh TrUdng chau Diia vao nhQng diem neu tren, ed the suy doan rang Do Anh Sdch la mdt thii iTnh dia phUdng cd the lue d TrQdng ehau, do dd mdi dUdc Trieu Xudng phong lam TrUdng chau ThQ sQ, dong thdi Trieu Xudng cung mud'n ldi dung anh hudng eua Dd Anh Sach
de kiem soat cdc khu vQc lan can, trong dd
cd Quan chau Ve vi tri dia ly ciia TrUdng chau, ehung toi tan t h a n h quan diem ciia Thien Dinh Dang Xuan Bang va GS Dao Duy Anh cho r i n g TrUdng ehau nam d khu vQc Ninh Binh ngay nay Nhu hai hge gia
da trich d i n , theo sach Ttj.c tU tri thong
giam trudng bien (Q.31, Td'ng Thai Tdng)
(21), thdi Tien Le, sfl gia nha Td'ng la Td'ng Cao khi di sQ sang nude ta da di dudng thuy qua cQa sdng Bach D i n g vao ndi dia, sau dd de'n Trudng chau n i m gin kinh dd Hoa Lu cua Le Hoan (22)
TQ cac ngudn tU lieu ndi tren, chung ta
cd the tha'y Dd Anh Sach trUde het la mdt
tu trUdng dia phudng cd the lUc, dae biet la
ve mat quan sii Dieu dd the' hien qua vi tri cila Dd Anh Sach trong chinh quyen dd hg nhu Chieu thao Phd sQ, Tien phong binh
ma sfl, NghTa quan Dd tri Binh ma sfl, bd tudng Chung ta can nhd r i n g , sau khi nham ehflc Dd hg, Trieu Xudng mdt mat phai d'n dinh tinh hinh An Nam sau khdi nghTa P h u n g Hung, mdt mat phai giai quye't va'n de Nam Chie'u (23), vien Dd hd tiep theo la TrUdng Chu phai ddi phd vdi the luc Lam Ap d phia Nam Trong bdi
Trang 752 Rghien cuu Lich siif, su 9.2009
canh loan lae n h u vay, cac vien Dd hd nha
Dudng hien nhien phai t a n dung liic lUdng
quan sQ eiia cac t h u ITnh dia phUdng nhU
Do Anh sach de ciing ed' bd may eai tri ciia
minh Trong qua trinh dd Do Anh Sach da
dUde trieu ve phu t h a n h de lam viee Ve
diem nay, ehung ta eung n h a n tha'y sii
tQdng ddng vdi trQdng hdp eua cac thu ITnh
P h a m Dinh Chi va Dudng Thanh
P h a m Dinh Chi la mgt tu trQdng mien
nui (khe ddng hao) dQdc Dd hd Bui Hanh
Lap sQ dung cQng thdi vdi Do Anh Sach
P h a m Dinh Chi thudng xin Bui Hanh Lap
nghi phdp (hUu muc) (24) nhUng khdng
quay lai dung hen Sau nhieu l i n nhU vay,
Bui Hanh Lap la'y quan phap xQ phat, dem
giet P h a m Dinh Chi, sau dd lai chgn trong
sd hgn til de cua Dinh Chi mdt ngUdi de
thay the Qua dd, ehiing ta biet dUde rang
da cd sii hdp tdc giQa ddng hg P h a m vdi
chinh quyen dd hd cua Bui Hanh Lap
Gid'ng nhQ Dd Anh Sach, P h a m Dinh Chi
cung hi r a n g huge phai ed m$t d tri sd cua
An Nam Dd hd (25)
Ngoai r a edn cd Dudng Thanh la thu
linh dia phUdng ("man tu", "Nam phUdng
tu hao") da lanh dao cuge nd'i day chdng lai
Dd hd Ly Tudng Cd' n a m Nguyen Hda 14
(816) Theo chinh sQ Trung Qud'c, trUde khi
cuge p h a n loan nd' ra, An Nam Dd hd Ly
Tudng Cd' vi "sd" ("ac T h a n h chi cudng",
Ciiu Dudng thu, Liet truyen, Q.131) (26),
"uy ki" ("ki ky hao", Tdn Dudng thU, Liet
truyen, Q.80) (27) t h e liie eua Dudng
Thanh, luc dd lam Hoan chau ThQ sQ nen
da trieu T h a n h ve phii t h a n h lam "nha
mdn tudng" Qua trudng hdp eiia Dudng
Thanh, ehung ta biet dUdc r a n g viee eac
vien Dd hd nha Dudng dUa cae thu ITnh dia
phUdng ve phii t h a n h cd 2 muc di'eh: mgt
mat chung mud'n ldi dung uy tin va anh
hudng cua cae t h u iTnh nay de tSng eudng
sQc m a n h cua chinh quyen dd hd, mat khac day cung la mot h i n h thQc giam sat de kiem che t h e liic cua hg
2 Ve thii l i n h D o A n h H a n v a nhiJng
n h a n v a t D o A n h k h a c
Tren day, c h u n g tdi da lam ro xuat than cung n h u hoat ddng eua Do Anh Sach, mgt thii ITnh dia phQdng d An N a m cudi the ky VIII, d i u t h e ky IX Cung vdi Dc Anh Sach, ehung tdi mud'n iQu y de'n sQ tdn tai eua mdt so' ngQdi cd hg t e n m a n g chQ Dd Anh sd'ng cung thdi TrQdc tien, bai minh tren chudng T h a n h Mai eho chung ta biet ngoai
Do Anh Sach cdn cd mdt n h a n vat nQa cung
cd ten Do Anh la Do Anh Cudng Ngoai ra, ngay trUdc thdi ky Do A n h Saeh boat dgng, chung ta bie't r i n g cd mgt n h a n v a t ten la
Do Anh H a n da t h a m gia cuge khdi nghTa
P h u n g Hung
O day, chung tdi mud'n p h a n tieh them
ve xuat t h a n va vai trd cua Do Anh Han trong cudc khdi nghTa P h u n g Hung Khi d l cap de'n cudc khdi nghTa P h u n g Hung, cae nghien cQu trUdc day thudng ed xu hUdng
sQ dung ghi chdp cua Dgi Viet sii ky todn
thu (DVSKTT), dae biet la ban dich ciia
Nxb Khoa hge xa hgi, qua dd mieu ta Do Anh H a n mgt each ra't md n h a t n h u la mgt
"ngQdi cung lang" va la mdt quan sQ eiia
P h u n g Hung Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh
t h u t h a p t u lieu, chung tdi cho r i n g each
tie'p can n h u vay cd mgt sd va'n de Thit
nhat, khi dieh s a n g chQ qudc ngQ, lieu ban
dieh eua Nxb Khoa hoc xa hgi da p h a n anh bet nhQng thdng tin cua nguyen ban chQ
Han cua DVSKTT hay chua ThU hai, khdng the d i dang sxt dung ghi ch6p ciia
DVSKTT mdt khi ehua tie'n h a n h phe phan
gia tri ve mat sd lieu ciia no t r e n cd sd so sanh vdi cae ngudn tQ lieu cd' hdn la Viit
dien u linh tap (VDUL) cung nhu cac
nguon tai lieu T r u n g Qudc
Trang 8Ve mgt sg Ihii ITnh Rn Ram 53
Ve gia tri sQ lieu eua VDUL, tuy eac ban
VDUL cdn lai ngay nay deu da trai qua qua
trinh bien soan het sQc phQc tap, nhUng it
nha't vao thdi diem hien nay, cae hoc gia
deu thd'ng n h a t r i n g truyen Bd' Cai Dai
VUdng la mdt trong nhQng truyen gd'c do Ly
Te' Xuyen bien soan vao ddi T r i n (28)
Khae vdi mgt sd truyen sQ dung ngudn tU
lieu t h i n pha, Ly Te' Xuyen da viet truyen
Bd Cai Dai Vudng tren cd sd mdt ngudn tai
lieu la Trieu cdng Giao chdu ky hoae Trieu
vUdng Giao chdu ky (29) Sach Giao chau
ky cua dng hg Trieu (Trieu cdng) khdng
cdn, nbUng qua bai minh tren qua chudng
Bach Hac Thdng thien quan do dao sy Hfla
Tdng Dao soan nam Dai Khanh 8 (1239),
chung ta biet r i n g Trieu cong Giao chdu ky
la mdt eudn sach kha phd' bie'n vao thdi
Trin Ve tdc gia Trieu edng, Le HQu Muc
da dUa ra mgt gia thuye't ra't dang chu y
Can cQ vao ghi chep sau eiia Viet sii: thong
gidm cUdng muc (VSTGCM) (thiic te la
trich lai tQ An Nam ky ye'u hay An Nam chi
ciia Cao Hung TrUng), Le HQu Mue eho
rang Trieu cdng Giao Chdu ky chinh la
sach Phu chi (30) do An Nam Dd hd Trieu
Xudngsoan (31)
SQ lieu 5: Khdm dinh Viet sit thong
gidm cUdng muc, Q.4
Theo sach An Nam ky yeu, ba'y gid Giao
chau ehua yen, Trieu Xudng de'n ndi, vd ve
phu du, ldng dan mdi yen Trieu Xudng sai
sfl de'n du Phung An, P h u n g An dem quan
ra hang, Trieu Xudng dUdc phong lam Kinh
lUde Chieu thao xQ tri sQ Trieu Xudng d i p
them La Thanh, di tham k h i p ndi nui sdng
danh thang, ed' tieh, den mie'u d cae dd
quSn, chep lam sach Phu ehi
Chiing tdi cung nghieng ve gia thuye't
ciia Le HQu Mue vi;
Thd nhat, viec coi Trieu Xudng la tac gia
Trieu eong Giao Chdu ky ve mat nien dai
khdng mau t h u a n vdi nhQng ndi dung ma chung ta biet dUde ve tai lieu nay Hi^n tai,
ehiing ta bie't dUde r a n g Trieu cong Giao
chdu ky viet ve cac sii kien xay ra dudi eac
nien hieu VTnh Huy (truyen than Bach Hac
- Trung due vu phu uy linh vUdng, VDUL;
chudng Bach Hac thdng thien quan), Trinh
Nguyen (truyen Bd Cai dai vUdng, VDUL)
nha Dudng, tQc la trUde hoae eung thdi vdi Trieu Xudng
Thit hai, trdng dieu kien tU lieu hien
nay, chung ta chi xac dinh dUde duy nha't mdt n h a n vat hg Trieu cd sach viet ve Giao chau la Trieu Xudng Them vao dd, viec ggi mdt vien Dd hg nha Dudng la "Trieu vUdng" eung khdng ed gi mau t h u i n Chie'u ddi dd ciia Ly Cdng Uan eung ggi Cao Bien la
"Cao VUdng"
Thd ba, ed the tham khao trUdng hdp Tang cdng Giao chdu ky Ngdai Trieu cdng Giao chdu ky, trong 'VDUL, Ly Te Xuyen
edn sQ dirng sach Giao chdu ky cua Tang
cdng Trong trudng hdp nay, ed the xac dinh chi'nh xac Tang cdng la An Nam Dd hd
Tang Cdn, vi Viet sU lUdc cd ch^p Tang Cdn soan 1 thien Giao ehau ky Nhu vky, chung
ta bie't dude r i n g trdng eac thu vien thdi
T r i n van edn luu giQ dUde mdt sdcud'n sach ciia cac vien An Nam Dd hg ddi Dudng
Ngoai ra, cung e i n luu y rang sach Giao
chdu ky cua Tang Cdn eung xuat phat tQ
mgt tai lieu thuge dang ehi Trong Vdn ddi
logi nga (Khu vu III, dieu 66), Le Qui Ddn
trich dan Phien ngung tgp ky ciia Trinh
Hung ddi Dudng (hien da m i t ) eho bie't
Tang Cdn la tac gia eiia sach Viet chi
Tdm lai, mac du chQa the khang dinh ro rang nhUng gia thuye't eua Le HQu Muc khdng phai la khdng cd cd sd (32) Nhu ehung ta da bie't, sau khi Cao Chinh Binh chet benh vao thang 4 nam Trinh Nguyen
Trang 954 Rghien cuu Lich sii sg 9.2009
7 (791), t h i n g 7 cung nam, Trieu Xudng
dUdc bd' nhiem lam An Nam Dd hg, Kinh
lUdc Chieu thao sQ va ehinh la ngUdi true
tie'p tie'n h a n h chieu h a n g P h u n g An Do
do, ne'u qua thUc Trieu cong Giao Chdu ky
la sach do Trieu XUdng viet, thi VDUL da
can cQ vao mdt ngudn tai lieu dUdng thdi cd
tinh tin cay cao de viet ve cugc khdi nghia
Phung HQng Cho du Trieu cdng Giao chdu
ky khdng phai la sach eiia Trieu XUdng di
nQa, it nha't nd eung la mgt tU lieu cd hdn
DVSKTT Ne'u bde tach dUdc ndi dung cua
Trieu cdng Giao chdu ky tQ VDUL, ehung
ta se cd dUde nhQng thdng tin cd gia tri ve
khdi nghTa P h u n g HUng
Ve ngudn tU lieu Trung Qud'c lien quan
de'n khdi nghia P h u n g Hung, ehung ta cd
ghi chep trong cae sach CUu Dudng thd do
Luu Hu ddi Hau Ta'n bien soan va hoan
t h a n h nam 945 (Ban ky, Q.13), Tdn Dudng
thu, p h i n Liet truyen do Td'ng Ky ddi Bic
Td'ng viet xong nam 1046 (Ban ky, Q.7; Liet
truyen, Q.170, Trieu Xudng truyen), Tu tri
thong gidm cua Tu Ma Quang hoan t h a n h
nam 1084 (Q.233, Dudng ky 49) Cac ghi
chep nay deu ed trude DVSKTT De tien
theo doi, chung tdi xin gidi thieu cae ghi
chep nay ben dudi
SQ lieu 6: Cdc tU lieu Trung Qud'c ve
khdi nghTa P h u n g Hung
Ciiu Dudng thu, Ban ky, Q.13, DQc Tdng
ha (33)
Mua ha, t h a n g 4, [iQde 1 doan], Ky Mui,
An Nam thii ITnh Dd Anh Han phan, ta'n
cdng dd hg phu Dd hd Cao Chinh Binh lo
l i n g ma chet
Tdn Dudng thU, Ban ky, Q.7, DQc Tdng
(34)
Thang 4, An Nam t h u ITnh Do Anh Han
phan Giet
Tdn Dudng thU, Liet truyen, Q.170,
Truyen Trieu Xudng (35)
Trieu Xudng tii la Hdng To, ngUdi Thien VTnh Ban d i u lam lieu thuge cua Chieu NghTa Ly ThQa Chieu Tie't do sQ, dan dQdc
t h a n g lam Kien chau ThQ sQ An nam tu lao Do Anh H a n lam phan, Dd hd Cao Chinh Binh lo l i n g chuyen dd ma chet
T h a n g Trieu XQdng lam An N a m Dd hd Cac bg lac Di deu quay ve vdi trieu dinh, khdng dam ndi day nQa
Tu tri thong gidm, Q.233, Dudng ky, DQc
Tdng (36)
An Nam Dd hd Cao Chinh Binh danh thue' nang Mua ha t h a n g 4, bgn quan Man
t u trudng Dd Anh H a n khdi binh vay dd hd phu Chinh Binh lo lang m a chet
Quay trd lai vdi vd'n de Dd Anh Han, so
sanh VDUL va cae tU lieu Trung Qudc vdi ghi chep cua DVSKTT, chung ta cd dudc
mdt sd'nhan xet nhQ sau:
Thit nha't, trong cac tai lieu eua Trung
Qud'c khdng cd mdt ddng nao viet ve anh
em P h u n g HQng, P h u n g Hai ma ehi n h i c den Do Anh H a n nhQ la ngUdi cam dau cugc bao vay phii t h a n h dd hg n a m Trinh Nguyen 7 (791) Do Anh H a n dUdc mieu ta
vdi t u each la "An Nam t h u linh" (Ciiu
Dudng thu), "An N a m t u lao" (Tdn DUdng thu), "Quan Man t u trQdng" (Tu tri thong gidm), tQc la mgt t h u ITnh dia phUdng ed
the liic ldn N h u vay, p h a i giai thich nhQ the nao ve md'i lien he giQa t h u iTnh Do Anh Sach va t h u iTnh P h u n g Hung, lieu ho
cd phai la hai t h u iTnh "eung lang" dQdc hay khdng?
Thit hai, VDUL chep r a n g P h u n g HQng
la mgt tQ trQdng vung bien cUdng d "ehau Dudng Lam" ("Dudng L a m ehau bien k h d d i
tu trudng"), va "Do Anh Han" la "Dudng
Trang 10Ve mgt sg thii linh Hn Ram 55
Lam nhan" Nhu vay, theo VDUL, ehi cd
the hieu Dd Anh Han la ngudi sd'ng cung
chau Dudng Lam vdi PhQng Hung
Mat khac, nguyen ban chQ Han eua
DVSKTT cung khdng chep Dd Anh Han la
"ngudi cung lang" ma chi ghi ddn gian la
"ban hUdng nhan", tfle la ngUdi cung mdt
hUdng vdi Phung Hung O day cdn cd v i n
de la: lieu cac soan gia cua DVSKTT ed
dude mdt nguon cQ lieu gd'c rieng de khang
dinh Dd Anh Han la ngudi eung hUdng vdi
Phung Hung hay khdng? De lam rd dieu
nay, chung ta hay thQ so sanh van ban chQ
Han Ciia DVSKTT va VDUL
SQ lieu 7: Viet dien u linh tap va Dgi
Viet sii ky todn thU
VDUL, truyen Bd'Cai dai vUdng
1 An Trieu vUdng Giao chau ky, Vudng
tinh Phung, danh Hung, the' tap Dudng
Lam chau bien khd' di tQ trudng, hieu viet
Quan lang (man tuc kim tdn)
2 Gia tu hao hQu, lUe tham nhieu dung,
nang bae hd bai ngUu, ki de viet Hai, diee
hQu kien liic, nang phu thap thien can
thach, hoae thien hoc tieu ehu, h a n h thap
du II, ehu di lao giai uy ki danh yen
3 Dudng Dai Lich trung, n h a n nga An
Nam quan loan, huynh de tUdng sua't t u i n
chu hUdng a'p, giai ha ehi, sd chi vd ba't phi
mi Hung ki d i e ehi, canh danh Cii Lao,
Hai canh danh Cu Liic
4 Hung hieu Dd Quan, Hai hieu Dd
Bao Dung Dudng Lam n h a n Dd Anh Luan
(nha't tac Han) ke nghi, dT binh t u i n h a n h
Dudng Lam Trudng Phdng dang chau, giai
qui chi, uy danh dai cha'n, thanh ngdn due
do Dd phu
5 Thdi Dd hg Cao Chinh Binh di mac ha
cdng chi b i t k h i e
6 Uu p h a n p h a t t h u td't,
7 Hung n h a p Dd phii thi sU,
8 Tha't nien hoang, chung diic lap Hai,
ki phu ta d i u muc Bo Pha Lac gia, lUc nang bai sdn cQ dinh, dung liic tuyet luan, ed' y ba't tung, nai lap Hung tQ An, sua't ehung Cli Hai, Hai ti Bo Pha Lac, thien Chu Nham ddng, hau ba't tri sd chung,
[Lude doan cud'i]
Dgi Viet si ky todn thU, Ngoai ky, Q.5,
Thuge Tuy Dudng ky, td 6a-b
a Tan Mui (Dudng Trinh Nguyen tha't nien) xuan An Nam Dd hd phu Cao Chinh Binh vi chinh trgng lilm, ha tQ nguyet Giao chau DQdng lam n h a n (DQdng Lam tai Phuc Lgc huyen) Phung Hung khdi binh
vi phu, Chinh Binh dT Uu tQ
b Tien thi, Phung hung hao phu hQu dung liie, nang bai ngUu bae hd
e U Dudng Dai Tong Dai Lich trung, nhan Giao ehau loan, Hung ki de Hai tUdng sua't phue ehu hudng a'p,
d Hung hieu Dd Quan, Hai hieu Dd Bao,
e Du Chinh Binh tUdng cdng, cQu ba't nang k h i e ,
f Chi thi dung ban hQdng nhan Do Anh Han ke', suat ehung vi phu,
g Chinh Binh Uu phan vi tat, thU phat bdi tQ,
h Hung n h a n cQ phu, tri vi ki td't, tQ An tdn vi Bd' Cai dai vQdng (tuc vi phu viet Bd, mau viet Cai, ed' di vi danh yen), vUdng nang hien linh di, ehung dT vi than, nai U
Dd phu ehi tay, lap tQ tue' thdi phung tii, tQc Phu HQu ChQdng Tin Sung Bd Cai dai VUdng, ki t h i n tQ kim tai Thinh Quang phudng tich dien ddng tay