Tfl dd, cd the suy luan, rapt trong nhflng ngudn gd'c hinh thanh Quan Hp la tfl cac ldi hat Vf, Dflm, Trd'ng Quan, Gheo dflpc nang cao, phat trien hoan chinh hdn. Quan Hp la the loa[r]
Trang 1Ve moi quan he trong dan ca giao Duyen
cua ngudi Viet d vung Trung Du
va chau thd song Hong
PHAM TRONG TOAN
Am nhae la mdt trong nhflng loai
hinh nghe thuat, dfldc con ngUdi
sang tad tfl rat sdm Khao cd hpc da eho
bie't, cac hinh k h i c md ta con ngfldi nhay
mfla, ca hat d cac hang dpng cd nien dai
each ngay nay hang van nam Trong qua
trinh tdn tai, phat trien con ngfldi da
khong ngflng sang tao ra cac the loai am
nhae va hoan thien nd Khdi dau cua ljch
sif am nhae la dan ca.Trong dan ca cd
nhieu the loai d nflde ta, dan ca tam dfldc
phan thanh cac nhdm the loai:
- Nhflng bai hat trong lao dpng va ndi
ve lao dpng
- Nhflng bai hat tin ngfldng-phong tuc
- Nhflng bai bat ddl dap-giao duyen
- Nhflng bai hat ru
- Nhflng bai ddng dao
Sfl phan chia tren chi la tfldng doi Bdi
trdng nhdm the leai nay, khdng chi cd tinh
chat cua the loai dd, ma cdn cd tfnh chat
ciia the loai khac Dan ca ddl dap-giao
duyen (sau day chflng tdi gpi t i t la dan ca
giao duyen) ciia ngfldi Viet ndi chung, cua
ngfldi Viet vflng Trung Du va chau the
sdng Hdng ndi rieng, la be phan quan
trpng cUa dan ca Viet Nam Mdi the loai
dan ca giao duyen cd nhflng dac trflng
rieng, ddng thdi lai cd mdi quan he mat
thie't vdi nhau
Ve md'i quan he giUa Hdt Vi, Hdt Dum
vd Hdt Trdng Qudn
Qua eac cuoc khao sat, dien da chflng toi dfldc bie't, mpt so' lang xa d vung Trung
Du va chau thd song Hdng trflde nam
1945 CO cac sinh hoat Hat Vi, Hat Dum, Hat Trd'ng Quan Nhflng sinh boat ca hat nay cd nhieu diem giong nhau
Hat Vl, Hat Dum, Hat Trd'ng Quan deu
la ldi hat doi dap gifla trai va gai Phong tuc, tap quan, le ldi cua eae cupc hat nay deu gdm ba chang chfnh:
1 Hat chao hdi, lam quen, mdi trau
2 Hat td tinh, trao duyen, dd, hpa
3 Hat tien, hat dan
Nhflng ngfldi di Hat Vi, Hat Dflm, Hat Trong Quan khong td chfle thanh phfldng,
hp Trai gai cac lang xa tfl ru nhau di hat Khi hat thi trai lang nay h a t doi dap vdi gai lang kia, va ngflpc lai Dia diem dien xfldng cac cudc hat d ndi san dinh hay bai
cd, khdng gian khoang dat, thd mpng Npi dung ldi ca, chil yeu bay td tinh cam gifla trai va gai Ldi thd giau hinh anh, dam da chat trfl tinh The thd chfnh la luc bat, luc bat bien the Am dieu cua ba 161 hat deu gian ddn, mpc mac Cac bai ban deu cd cac dang thang 3 am, 4 am hoac 5 am Ara vflc deu trong pham vi mdt bat dp, khdng
cd cac quang nhay xa (quang 6 trd len)
Trang 2Phgm Trpng Todn - Ve mdi quan he trong ddn ca gido duyen 59
Am dieu xoay quanh true tUdng Ung vdi
quang 4 dung, 5 dflng Hat Vi, Hat Dflm,
Hat Trd'ng Quan dUa theo mpt khung lan
dieu, ngUdi ta phd nhflng cau thd luc bat,
luc bat bien the hat len thanh nhflng bai
ban Vi the, ca'u true cua ba ldi hat chii
yeu la khd nhae ddn (tUdng flng nhu the
mdt ddan ddn) va hai khd nhae ddn
(tUdng Ung nhu the hai doan ddn) Ldi phd
thd gid'ng nhau, theo kieu xudi chieu
Nhflng hu tfl thudng dung la d va a, va
gin nhu khdng cd cac tieng dem Idt Nhip
cd hai Idai: nhjp tU dd va nhip 2/4 Hat Vf,
Hat Dum, Hat Trd'ng Quan la nhflng ldi
hat phd bien, ciia mpi ngudi nen ky nang
hat khdng phflc tap, cau ky (nhfl Ca trfl,
Quan Hp), hat it luyen lay Ve tdng the
Hat Vi, Hat Dflm, Hat Trd'ng Quan cd
nhieu diem tfldng ddng Nhflng cau Hat
Dura, Hat Trd'ng Quan da p h i n la nhflng
cau Vi.Thed chflng tei Hat Dura, Hat
Trd'ng Quan cd the la tfl Hat Vi ma ra Sd
di Hat Vi cd ten gpi khac la Hat Dura, la
dd khi hat ngfldi ta cd dflng qua dflm t r i u
(hdac tfl Hat Dam - Dura) raa thanh ten
Hat Vi cd ten gpi la Hat Trd'ng Quan, la dd
khi hat, ngudi ta cd go trd'ng lam nhjp
vi moi quan he gida Hdt Vi vd Hdt
Gheo Phu Thg
Mpt so lang d Phfl Thp nhfl Nam
Cfldng, Hflng Nhi, Thuc luyen cd ldi
hat ddl dap gifla trai va gai gpi la Hat
Gheo Cupc Hat Gheo gdm cd 4 chang, dan
gian gpi la 4 gipng:
- Vi mdi trdu (gidu)
• Gigng sdng
- Sang gigng (gdm nhieu gigng)
- Vi tien chan
Qua ten gpi cUa cac chang trong cudc
Hat Gheo, da cd hai chang la Hat Vi: Vi
radi trau, Vf tien chan
Ara nhae cua nhflng cau Vi mdi trdu
Vi tien ehdn gian ddn, thang am chi cd 3
am
Tim hieu nei dung chang hat Gipng sdng va Sang gipng, chung tdi tha'y h i u bet deu la nhflng cau vi ven, dd' hpa mUdn ldi trang sad, hoa la giai bay ndi ldng gai trai:
- Lang tai nghe sang trd'ng canh ba
De em chd dpi sUdng sa lanh lung
- Dd ldn tinh nhat, nghia ldi
Dd ngang cd nghia em ngdi dd ngang Khi ca hat del dap d chang Sang gipng ciia Hat Ghee, trai gai khdng chi cd sU thi the've ldi ca (ddl ldi), ma cdn thi thd've lan dieu Vi the, treng qua trinh phat trien tfl nhflng cau hat Vf ft lan dieu, Hat Ghed da trd thanh Idi hat nhieu lan dieu.Vdi ldi hat nhieu lan dieu Hat Ghee da cd nhflng van ddng bien ddi thee hudng cd them am mdi, ddng thdi cdn cd chat lieu ciia met sd' the Idai dan ca khac (Chau Van, Chee, Ly )
Vi moi quan he gida Hdt Vi, Hdt Ddm, Hdt Gheo (Phu Thg) vdi Hdt Quan Hg
Cho de'n nay (2010), ngUdi ta da sUu
t i m , ky am dupc khoang 500 bai Quan
Hp Rieng cd' nhae si Hdng Thao da cho xua't ban rapt tuyen tap dan ca Quan Hp gdm 300 bai Trong dd, nhieu bai la nhflng cau Vf:
Ddi ta nhfl the con tam Cflng an mpt la, cflng nam rapt nong Ddi ta nhfl the con ong
Con quan con quyt, con trong con ngoai
Ve ten gpi Quan Hp, cu Nguyen Thj Banh mpt lien chj Quan Ho cd ndi:
u ngodi trdi dUdi trdng nhdng khi vui chdi thi ggi Id Hdt Gheo, d ngdy hgi co dUa khdn mdi trdu thi ggi Id Hdt Dum vd khi hai ldng ke't nghia ngoi hdt vdi nhau tdng
Trang 360 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
doi trong nhd (hay ngodi dinh, tren ho) thi
ggi Id Quan Hg^^\
Vao nam 1956, cu Nguyen Thj Banh da
ndi nhflng cau d tren Chflng tdi dflpc bie't,
cu Banh la mot lien chi Quan Hp lang
Diem ndi tie'ng hat hay, thupc nhieu bai
ban, lan dieu Mpt lien cbi (hay lien anh)
Quan Hp thudng hpc hat, di hat tfl hdi cdn
rat tre (12 de'n 15 tudi) Nam 1956 cu
Banh da hdn 90 tudi Nhfl t h e c u di hat tfl
nhflng nam 80, 90 ciia TK XIX Nhflng
ngudi di hat Quan Hp tfl cuel TK XIX van
cdn gpi Hdt Quan Hg, khi thi la Hdt Dum,
khi thi la Hdt Gheo dieu nay khien chung
ta phai suy nghi ve mdi quan he cua cac
the Idai dan ca nay Ten rapt sd' bai Quan
Hp cd cflng gpi la Thd dum, Ddn dum Va,
ta ddi Trdn, chinh nhUng quan vien ky
muc vung Dinh Bdng, Ta Sdn trong dip
cung gio cdc vua nhd Ly dd to chac Hdt
Dum cho nam nU ddi ca^"^^
Le lei diin xfldng hat ddl dap giao
duyen ciia Hat Quan Hp va Hat Gheo cd
nhflng quy djnh gid'ng nhau:
- Mpt ddi nam hat ddl vdi rapt ddi nfl
Ben nfl hat mpt bai, tie'p de'n ben nam hat
mdt bai Cudc hat keo dai cho de'n khi hai
ben thay cin p h i i ke't thfle
- Hat ddl gipng: Ben nfl (hoac ben nam)
hat trflde mpt bai Ben nam (ben nfl) hat
ddl lai rapt bai co giai dieu ara nhae gid'ng
nhu ben nfl (ben nam)
- Hat ddl ldi: hat ddl gipng thi ldi ca cd
the khong gid'ng nhau, nhflng hat ddl ldi
thi ldi ca phai ddl nhau
- Khi hat ddl dap, trai gai Hat Gheo va
trai gai Hat Quan Hp deu phai quay raat
vao nhau, khdng nhin di chd khac
- Trinh tfl cupc Hat Gheo cung tfldng tfl
nhfl trinh tfl cudc Hat Quan Hp ngay hpi:
TRINH TU CUOC H A T GHEO
- Vf mdi trau
- Gipng sdng
- Sang gipng
- VI tien chan
TRINH TU CUOC H A T QUAN HO N G A Y HOI
- Mdi trau
- Chao hdi, lara quen
- Gipng vat
- Gia ban Qua nhflng so sanh, dan giai d tren, chflng tdi tha'y Hat Vf, Hat Dura, Hat Trd'ng Quan, Hat Gheo, Hat Quan Hp cd radl quan he rat khang khft Tfl dd, cd the suy luan, rapt trong nhflng ngudn gd'c hinh thanh Quan Hp la tfl cac ldi hat Vf, Dflm, Trd'ng Quan, Gheo dflpc nang cao, phat trien hoan chinh hdn Quan Hp
la the loai dan ca ddl dap giao duyen da dat de'n dinh cao cua dan ca Nhieu bai ban, lan dieu dan ca Quan Hp la mau mflc cua dan ca Viet Nam Unesco da cdng nhan, dan ca Quan Hp la di san van hda phi vat the dai dien cua nhan loai
Sang tao, tie'p nhan, bien ddi la quy luat ta't yeu cua sfl phat trien cac nen van hoa Sfl phat trien cua cac sinh hoat van hoa am nhae noi chung, cua sinh hoat ca hat ddl dap giao duyen ngfldi Viet vung Trung Du va chau thd song Hdng ndi rieng, cung khong n i r a ngoai quy luat nay Cflng vdi nhieu the loai dan ca khac, dan ca ddl dap giao duyen la nhflng di san van hoa phi vat the gia tri, dam da ban sic van hoa dan tdc./
CHU THICH
1, 2 Ty van hoa Ha Bic (1972), Mot sdvdn de
vi ddn ca Quan Hg, Thu vien tinh Ha Bic