nudc la rat to ldn. nang ne va phuc tap. ma cung la rat ve vang. Diy la mgt cudc chien diu khdng lo chdng lai nhung gi da cu ky. dl tao ra nhimg cai mdi me. Dang cim qu>ln lanh dao [r]
Trang 140 NAM THl/C HIEN Dl CHUC CUA CHO TICH HO CHJ MINH
V^ CONG TAC XAY DU'NG DANG
•
TRONG Dl CHUC CUA CHU TICH HO C H I MINH
•
PGS, TS BUI DINH PHONG*
Di chiic eua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh cd due tu tudng eua Ngudi, the hien tdm
nhin vd cdch nhin ddi mdi, sdng tgo, de cho ddt nudc ddng hodng hon, to dep han
Dd Id mgt "Cuong linh xdy dimg ddt nudc sau chien tranh ", vi mgt Viet Nam hda binh, thdng nhdt, dgc lap, ddn chii vd gidu mgnh, gdp phdn xung ddng vdo su nghiep cdch mang the gidi Trong nhung ngi dung Di chtic de cap tdi, thi viec cdn ldm trudc tien Id chinh ddn lai Dang
1 H6 Chi Minh quan tam toi Dang tir
Cach mang thang Mirdi
Den vdi Cach mang thang Mudi va chu
nghia Mac - Lenin, Hd Chi Minh khdng ehi
tim thay d day con dudng cim nudc diing dan
la giai phdng dan tgc theo con dudng each
mang vd san, ma Ngudi edn hep nhan quan
diem ve su can thiet phai ed Ddng virng lanh
dao Khdng ed Dang lanh dao, each mang se
khdng thanh edng, nhung neu Dang khdng
viing each mang eiing khdng thanh edng
Dieu nay da dugc truyen dat tdi Idp thanh
nien yeu nude trong eae Idp huan luyen chinh
tri, dao tao can bg d Quang Chau (Trung
Qude) ttr 1925 den 1927 Trong Dudng Kdch
menh, khi neu van de Kdch menh trudc het
phdi cd cdi gi?, Hd Chi Minh tra ldi: "Trudc
* Hge vien CT-HC Qude gia Hd Chi Minh
het phai cd dang each menh, de trong thi van dgng va td cbtic dan chimg, ngoai thi lien lac vdi dan tgc bi ap biie va vd san giai cap mgi noi Dang cd vthig each menh mdi thanh cdng, cting nhu ngudi cam lai cd vung thuyen mdi chay"' Khi ban ve Cach mang Nga 1917,
Hd Chi Minh lai nhan manh: "Cach menh Nga day cho chimg ta rang mudn each menh thanh edng thi phai dan chiing (cdng ndng) lam gde, phai ed dang vtrng ben, phai ben gan, phai hy sinh, phai thdng nhat"^
Nhung ndi ban tam ldn nhat eua Hd Chi
Minh la rir khi Dang ta trd thanh Ddng edm
quyen Ngudi cd nhieu tran trd, suy nghi ve
Dang Cgng san Viet Nam khi trd thanh Dang cam quyen Muc dich ldn nhat ciia Hd Chi Minh trudc het la nude dugc dge lap, rdi dan duge rir do, hanh phue Phan dau cho mgt nude Viet Nam Dan ehii Cgng hda, Dgc lap
Trang 240 NAM THl/C HIEN Dl CHUC,
Ty do - Hanh phuc; ddc lap dan tdc va
CNXH: eon ngudi duge giai phdng triet dl la
quan tam xuyen sudt toan bg cudc ddi each
mang day gian khd hy sinh eua Ngudi Dd
eiing la nhting ngi dung khac ve chit so vdi
cac ehe do va nha nudc trudc diy trong lieh
su Ve y nghia eua nd Hd Chi Minh viet: "
trong mgt thai gian rit van, chung ta da pha
tan cbe do qudn chu chuyen ehe miy nghin
nam nay Chung ta da danh dd cai nen thdng
tri eua hai de qude ebu nghia: Phap va Nhat
Chung ta da lap nen mgt chinh the Ddn chu
Cdng hda Dd la mdt cudc thing Igi xua nay
chua timg tbiy trong lieh sir nudc ta"^ Khdng
thye bien duge ty do, hanh phuc thi ddc lip
dan tgc cung chang khac gi trudc diy chang
ed nghia ly gi Mudn lam dugc dieu dd thi
phai cd mgt dang vung ben lanh dao
NTiiem vu eua dang cim quyen bet sire
nang ne Thay vi lanh dao nhan din xda bd
nha nudc thue dan - phong kien, la lanh dao
nhan din xdy dung xa hdi mdi va bio ve Td
qude Ma "thang de qude va phong kien la
tuong ddi de; thing ban cimg va lac bau cdn
khd hon nbilu"'' Cai klid d ehd "Viet Nam ta
la mgt nudc ndng nghiep lac hau, cdng cudc
ddi xa hgi eu thanh xa hgi mdi gian nan, phirc
tap hon viec danh giac"\ Tdm lai nliu Di
chiic da khang dinh ke hoach xiy dung lai dit
nudc la rat to ldn nang ne va phuc tap ma
cung la rat ve vang Diy la mgt cudc chien
diu khdng lo chdng lai nhung gi da cu ky hu
hdng dl tao ra nhimg cai mdi me tdt tuoi
Dang cim qu>ln lanh dao chinh quyen
cac td chirc chinh Ui- xa hdi va toan xa hdi
Dang cd trach nhiem xa>' dung va bd tri ddi ngii can bg cho ea he thdng chinh tri Trong hoan canh mdi Dang khdng the dimg ngoai dung tren Nha nudc va phap luat dung tren nhin din Dang pbii boat ddng trong khung khd eua Hien phap va phap luat 0 cuong vi lanh dao Dang phii doan ket toan dan, phyng
sy Td qude, lam cho nudc Viet Nam dgc lap -thdng nhat - dan chu - phu cudng; Dang la
"dao dire vi van minh" 0 cuong vi phuc vy Dang phai "san sang vui ve lam tdi td trung thanh eua nhin din"*" Theo Hd Chi Minh,
"lanh dao la lam day td nhin din va phii lam cho tdt"^ Trong cuong vi la thanh td eua Mat tran din tgc thdng nhit, "Ding khdng the ddi hdi Mat tran thira nhan quyen lanh dao eua minh, ma phii td ra la mgt bg phan trung thanh nhit, boat ddng nhit va chan thye nhit Chi trong diu tranh va cdng tie hang ngay, khi quan chimg rdng rai thtra nhin chinh sach dimg dan va nang lyc lanh dao ciia Ding, thi Dang mdi giinh duge dia vi lanh dao"**
Dang cim quyen thi dang vien, can bd dii it dii nhieu deu cd quyen hanh, cip cao quyen
to, cip thip quyen nhd "Dii to hay nhd, cd quyen ma thieu luong tim la cd dip dye khoet,
cd dip an eua dut cd dip "dl cdng vi tu"' Vin
de cin nban thuc la "lam can bg tire la sudt ddi lam day td trung thanh ciia nhin din""^ Trong dieu kien dang cim quyen dang lanh dao chinh quyen, sy viing manh, trong sach eua chinh quyen khdng ehi la sy the bien guong mat mdi trong vin de co bin nhit ciia mgi cudc each mang, ma cdn la thude do nang lyc lanh dao ciia Ding Chinh quyen
Trang 340 NAM THU-C HIEN Dl CHUC
manh chimg to Dang manh, chinh quyen yeu
kem chimg td Dang yeu kem
Nhung ly do co ban tren cat nghia su quan
tim eua Hd Chi Minh ve ding cam quyen
2 Tu- duy moi ciia Ho Chi Minh ve
chinh don lai Dang trong Di chiic
Trong tu' duy eua Hd Chi Minh ve phat
trien xa hgi Viet Nam phin anh mgt tim nhin
xa trdng rdng eua mgt tri tue ldn, mgt tim
huyet va nhin each ldn Ngudi suy nghi ve
mdt xa hgi thugc dia phong kien, tu duy tieu
ndng chuyen sang lam each mang XHCN cd
edng nghiep ndng nghiep hien dai, van hda
khoa bgc ky thuat tien hen Dd la mgt cudc
bien ddi khd khan nhit va sau sac nhit Ngudi
nhin thire rd tu' ehe do chuyen ehe khdng cd
dan chii sang tip lam dan chu la mgt budc dot
phi, khdng the lam tdt trong mgt thdi gian
ngan Ngudi chi rd: "Sau tim niuai nam bi ip
hire, bi bde lot, va dudi chinh sach ngu din
eua thye din Phap, cic ban va tdi, chiing ta
deu chua quen vdi ky thuat hanh chinh""
Mudi lam ngay sau Dgc lip, trong khi san se
it nhieu kinh nghiem vdi eae ddng chi "gia" d
tinh nha, Hd Chi Minh viet: "Cdng viee phi
hoai xong rdi Nay budc diu cdng viec dgn
dep sap dat giu gin, kien thiet A! Viec nay
mdi khd chu! Trong viec phi hoai chdng ke
thu ddi dgc lip thi de dang keo ci toan dan
Trong viee kien thiet thi khd keo ban, vi nd
dyng cham den quyen Igi rieng eua mgt ddi
giai ting trong nude Va lai chung ta phii that
tha thira nhin rang kinh nghiem chimg ta cdn
it, tai nang chiing ta cdn kem, ma cdng viee
thi nhieu: nao quin sy, nao ngoai giao, nao tai
chinh , tram diu nghin mdi deu nhting viec mdi la cho chiing ta Lai them nguy hiem ngoai xim va tinh hinh ngi tri"'^ Ngudi eiing hinh dung tir chien tranh sang hda binh, cd ngudi nghi la thai binh, nen de nay sinh rir tudng tbda man, dimg lai Ngudi ciing chi ra tir quy luat eua chien tranh chuyen sang quy luat trong hda binh xay dyng, ddi hdi Ur duy
va each lam mdi, each td chiie va giao due mdi Rdi vin de the gidi, thdi dai ngay cang phat trien nhanh chdng Cimg vdi each mang
xa hgi la each mang khoa hge - ky thuat, tu tudng- van hda Loai ngudi da tien nhung budc dai chua rimg ed Tdm lai, theo Hd Chi Minh,
"chiing ta phii xiy dung mdt xa hgi hoan toan mdi xua nay chua timg cd riong lieh sir din tdc
ta Chiing ta phii thay ddi triet de nhtrng nep sdng, thdi quen, y nghi va thanh kien ed gde re siu xa hang ngan nam Chiing ta phai thay doi quan he san xuat eu, xda bd giai cip bde lot, xay dung quan he san xuat mdi khdng ed bde lot ap hire Mudn the chimg ta phai din din bien nudc ta tir mgt nude ndng nghiep lac hau thanh mgt nudc cdng nghiep"'^
Mgt trong nhiing van de phire tap nhit va ciing la ndi ban khoan ldn nhit ciia Hd Chi
Minh la vin de con ngudi Theo Ngudi,
"mudn xay dung ehu nghia xa hgi, trude bet
cin cd nhu77g con ngirdi xd hgi chii nghia"
Trong nhung con ngudi xiy dung CNXH thi trudc bet la can bg Trong nhting ngi dung ciia
con ngudi XHCN thi tu tudng vd tdc phong
XHCN la quan trgng nhat Hd Chi Minh chi
rd: "Trong thdi ky each mang xa hgi chii nghia Dang can phai manh ban bao gid het
Trang 440 NAM THU'C HIEN Dl CHUC
Mudn cai tao xa hgi ma dang v ien khdng ty
cai tao minh, khdng ty ning cao minh thi
khdng the duge Cudc each mang xa hgi chu
nghia ddi hoi dang v ien va can bg phai cd lip
trucmg giai cap vd san that vung chic, giae
ngd ve ehu nghia xa hgi cao; ddi hdi can bg va
dang vien phai aia sach anh hudng eua nhiing
tu tudng eua giai cip bde lot, rira sach ehu
nghia ca nhin ren luyen chu nghia tip the Nd
ddi hoi cin bg va ding vien phai khac phyc eae
benh quan lieu va cd dgc hep hdi de lien he
chat ehe vdi quan chung do dd ma phat huy
dugc diy du tinh sang tao eua hang tneu quan
chimg nhin din xiy dyng chu nghia xa hgi"'^
Ngay sau khi gianh duge chinh quyen ve
tay nhan din, vdi tim nhin xa trdng rdng, Hd
Chi Minh da canh bao nhieu can benh nay
sinh trong can bg, dang vien, trong dieu kien
dang cim quyen Mgt trong nhung bai viet
sdm nhat chi ra cic can benh dd la Hiu giri
cdc dong chi tinh nhd (17-9-1945) va cd due
lai trong Ndng cao dgo dire cdch nigng, cjuel
sach chu nghia cd nhdn (3-2-1969), Ngudi
viet: "Mdt sd it cin bg, dang vien m i dao dire,
phim chit cdn thip kem
Hg mang nang chii nghia cd nhdn, viec gi
cung nghi den Igi ieh rieng eua minh tarde
hit Hg khdng lo "minh v i mgi ngudi" ma ehi
mudn "mgi ngudi v i minh"
Do cd nhdn chu nghia ma ngai gian kbd
khd khan, sa vao tham d hu hda, lang phi, xa
hoa Hg tham danh taie Igi thich dia vi quyen
hanh Hg tir eao ty dai coi thudng tip the
xem kliinh quin chimg dge doin chuyen
quyln Hg xa rdi quin chung xa rdi thye te
mac benh quan lieu menh lenh Hg khdng cd hnh thin cd gang vuon len, khdng chiu bgc tip de tien bg
Cung do cd nhdn chu nghia ma mat doan
ket thieu tinh td chuc tinh kv' luat kem tinh than trach nhiem khdng chip hanh dung dudng ldi, chinh sach ciia Dang va ciia Nha nude, lam hai den Igi ieh eiia Dang, eiia nhin dan
Tdm lai do cd nhdn chu nghia ma pham
nhieu sai lam"'\
Nhung dieu Hd Chi Minh "viet them mi>' diem" vao thing 5-1968 - nam Ngudi viet them nhieu nhit - khdng chi bd sung nhtrng gi
Ngudi viet trong Di chiic nhting nam trudc dd
ma la sy ke tye, phat trien noi ban tim eua Ngudi tir sau nam 1945 khi Ding ta trd thanh ding cim quyen Ngudi ndi den viee "ban gin vet thuang nghiem trgng do de qude My giy ra trong cudc chien tranh xim luge da man" Ngudi hinh dung tdi "mgt eude chien diu khdng Id ehdng lai nhtrng gi da cu ky hu hdng
de tao ra nhtrng eii mdi me tdt tuoi" Rd rang, diy khdng phii chi la vin de bu bdng vat chit,
ma la vin de con ngudi vin de tu tuong va td chirc Bdi vi, dd la "mgt cdng viee eye ky to ldn, phirc tap va khd khan"; la "rit to ldn, nang
ne va phirc tap"; li "cudc chien dau khdng Id"
Vi la vin de td chirc va con ngudi nen "chiing
ta phai cd ke hoach san sang, rd rang, chu dao
de tranh khdi bi dgng, thieu sdt va sai lam" Mgt trong nhiing viec can phai lam trude hen, mau chdng ngay sau khi khang chien thang
Igi la chinh ddn lai Ddng Chiing ta cd the cat nghia vin de nay: Mgt Id Dang la may phat
dien nhin td hang dau dua each mang den
Trang 540 NAM THU'C HIEN Dl CHUC
thing Igi Do vay, Dang riong sach, viing manh
thi lam chuyen bien ci xa hgi Nang luc lanh
dao va sire chien diu eua Dang eao thi each
mang thinh cdng; Dang khdng vting thi cich
mang khd khan, tham chi thit bai Hai la, bai tu
nam Ding cam quyen ben canh nhiing dang
vien, can bg tdt, edn mgt sd it can bg, ding vien
mi dao dire, phim chit cdn thip kem Neu
khdng lam trude tien, mau chdng, lim ngay, thi
se tiem in nguy co ldn Ba Id, chinh ddn lai
Dang la ddi hdi khach quan thugc quy luat tien
bg ciia Ding Bdi vi, "mgt Dang ma giau giem
khuyet diem ciia minh la mgt Dang hdng Mgt
Dang ed gan thira nhin khuyet diem ciia minh,
vach rd nhung cii dd vi diu ma ed khuyet diem
dd, xet rd hoan cinh sinh ra khuyet diem dd, rdi
tim kiem mgi each de sira chtra khuyet diem dd
Nhu the la mgt Ding hen bd, manh dan ehac
chan, chin chinh""' Bon Id, khdng lam ngay thi
de sinh ra chu quan, thoa man, dimg lai, mac
vao benh "kieu ngao cgng sin" Ndm Id, chinh
ddn lai Ding de Ding dip ung yeu ciu, nhiem
vy to tit trong thdi k)' mdi
Chinh ddn nham mye dich gi? Dieu Hd
Chi Minh quan tim hang diu la ra sire lam
trdn nhiem vy Ding giao phd cho minh, neu
cao tinh thin trach nhiem, toan tam toan y
phuc vy nhin dan Dieu nay phan anh tu duy
lien mach tir sau nam 1945 eua Hd Chi Minh
ve trich nhiem "cdng bgc, diy td" eiia ding
vien ddi vdi din
Cin phii nhae lai trong bin thao Di chiic
viet lin diu vio 15-5-1965, Hd Chi Minh viet
'"tnfdc hit ndi vi Ddng", den thing 5-1968,
Ngudi nhin manh "trude tien la chinh ddn Igi
Ddng" Diy li su tiep hic tu duy sira ddi ldi
lam viee tir nam 1947 Nhu vay, ndi den Ding thi trude tien la chinh ddn Dang Cin nhan thire diy du, diing dan rang chinh ddn lai Dang khdng phii chi la vin de lam trdn nhiem
vy toan tim toan y phyc vy nhin din, ma cdn nhieu vin de khie khdng kem phin quan trgng Dd la can phii giii gin su doan ket nhit tri eua Ding nhu gitr gin con nguoi ciia mat minh Vi sao nhu vay? Vi doan ket la mgt truyen thdng cue ky quy biu eua Ding va eua din ta Nhd doan ket chat cbe, mgt long mdt
da phyc vy giai cip, phue vy nhan din, phyc
vy Td qude, eho nen Ding da doan ket, td chirc va lanh dao nhan din ta hang hai diu tranh rien rir thing Igi nay den thing Igi khac Mudn cimg cd va phit trien su doan ket thdng nhat eua Ding thi trong Ding phai thye hanh dan chu rdng rai vi cd tinh ddng chi thuang yeu lin nhau Mudn thuc hanh dan chu rdng rai thi phii thudng xuyen va nghiem chinh tu phe brnh vi phe binh Quan diem eua
Hd Chi Minh ve hj phe brnh va phe binh la:
Thir nhdt, ehi ed ding chin chinh each mang
va chinh quyen that din chu mdi dim manh dan ty phe binh, hoan nghenh phe binh, va
kien quyet sira chira Thir hai, rir phe binh va
phe binh phii thudng xuyen va nghiem chinh Diy la each tdt nhit de tang cudng doan ket (Thinh ddn Ding ve dao dire each mang Cimg vdi dudng ldi thi dao dire each mang la hai van de - neu sai lim, thip kem - se li nguy co ciia
ding cim quyen Chinh vi vay trong Di chuc,
(Xem tiep trang 25)
Trang 6O A N G L A N H D A O CONG CUOC DOI MOI
Jua vao chuong trinh x i y dung luat phap
lenh trinh tinh trang dua vao chuong trinh
nhung khdng thye hien dung tiln do, phii
keo dai thdi gian chuan bj qua nhilu nhiem
kv Xac dinh dung vai trd eua Chinh phii
(CO quan ehu tri soan thio tdi 90% van b i n
phap luat) trong edng t i c lip phip Khdng
nen ciu toin x i y dyng nhirng bg luat ldn,
luat khung vira m i t thdi gian vira khdng
quy dinh duge cy the vua chim di vao
cudc sdng Trong dieu kien hien nay, Uy
ban Thudng vu Quoc hgi, Hgi ddng din tgc
va cic uy ban eua Qude hgi c i n t i p trung
vao chiic nang thim tra lam rd cac y kien
khac nhau giup Qude hgi thio luan, dieu
chinh v i quyet dinh chinh sach dugc luat
hoa Chi khi n i o he thdng phip luat phat
trien tuong ddi d i y dii, td chuc v i boat
dgng eua Qude hgi boin thien, thi vai trd
thuc thi sing kien lip phip eiia cic co quan
eua Qude hgi, dai bieu Qude hgi mdi duge
hien thuc hoa
1 Chi rieng Ludt dot dai da cd hang tram
van ban dudi luat cu the h o i va hudng dan
thi hanh
2 tp//www.thuvienphapluat.com
3 4, 5 Ding Cgng sin Viet Nam: Vdn
kien Dgi hgi dai hieu todn quae ldn thir X,
CTQG, H, 2006, tr 126, 126, 127
1 2 Dang Cgng sin Viet Nam: Van kien
Dgi hgi dai hieu todn quoc ldn ihu X, CTQG,
H,2006, tr 126, 127
(Tiep theo trang 20}
khi ndi ve dao dire Hd Chi Minh bat diu bang cum tir "Ding ta la mgt ding cim quven" Dieu niy ggi cbo ta suy nghi thim nhuin dao due each mang thdi k>' nao cting cin thieL nhung cing cin thiet ban cd y nghia hon trong dieu kien Ding cam quyen Ngi dung dao dire
so vdi cic thdi k\' trude khdng cd gi mdi
nhung dieu quan trgng nhit li phii tlmt su
thim nhuan va thuc hanh Khdng phii ngiu nhien trong doan van ngin Hd Chi Minh nhae tdi bdn lin cym tir "that" va "that sy"
Bdn muoi nam thye hien Di chiic eua Chu
tieh Hd Chi Minh cho ta nhieu bii bgc quy Mgt trong nhting bai bgc dd la luc nao, d diu cip iiy quan tam that sy tdi nhiem vy chinh ddn Ding thi ning lyc lanh dao va sue chien diu eua Dang
d dd se dugc gitr viing va ning cao
Bai bgc ve chinh don lai Ddng vin ven
nguyen gia tii ly luan va thye tien, gdp phin
to ldn trong cdng tic xiy dyng Ding hien nay
1, 2 H6 Chi Minh Todn lap, CTQG, H,
1995,T.2,tr.267-268,280
3, ll,12.5^J,T.4,tr.l9,7,20
4.Sdd,T.\0,\r.4
5 Sdd, J.9, ir.]76 6.Sdd,T.6,n 184
7,15 Sdd, T.12, tr.222,438-439
8.5'^c/,T.3,tr.l39
9, 10, 16 Sdd, T.5, tr.641, 555, 261
13, 14.,Sy<^,T.8,tr.494,494