Trong pham vi khu vuc, thdi ky dai suy thoai kinh te (giira the the XVI den giiia the ky XVII) da khien cho vi the ciia nudc Phap vdn rat dugc coi trgng d Au chau, ngay cang yeu kem;[r]
Trang 1LICH SLf - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU
V€ CHU NGHln TRONG THUONG O PHflP TH€ KV XVI-XVII
Ths Nguyen Manh Dung
Vien Sd' hoc
Tir cudi the ky XV, chau Au bat dau
cdng cudc chinh phuc the gidi nhd vao
nhirng cude phat kien dia ly vT dai Cdn trong
dia vuc chau Au, cdng cudc Phuc Hung ciing
dang dat den cao trao, trong dd cdt ldi la de
cao tu tudng tu san, de cao ca nhan, tap
trung phe phan bdc lot, phe phan va chdng
lai che do sd hiru phong kien, tu tudng chdng
Nha thd eiing phat trien manh
Sau su giam siit dot ngdt ve dan sd ma
nguyen nhan chinh la do benh dich va chien
tranh, tir nira sau the ky XV, dan sd chau Au
tang trd lai, cimg vdi dd la boat ddng kinh te
ngay cang nhdn nhip Kinh te la nggn ngudn,
la niem cam hiing trong cdng cudc thudc dia
hda, nhu cau budn ban va boat ddng khai
thac\bdc lot (exploitation) ciia cac cdng ty
thuang mai Di cimg vdi dd la rat nhieu cac
ITnh vuc phuc vu kinh te dugc thiic day
nhanh chdng nhu trong ITnh vuc ndng nghiep
(gidng cay trdng dugc du nhap), nganh cdng
nghiep md rdng timg ngay nhat la xuat nhap
cac kim loai quy tir ngoai chau Au, boat
ddng tai chinh sdi ddng Dac biet, de cd thi
du nhap vao boat ddng do, nhirng dang chinh
the nha nudc mdi da ra ddi d cudi thdi Trung
dai (lap hien - chuyen che tuyet ddi)
Tir nhirng khia canh khac nhau tren, mdt nhan thiie mdi ve vai trd cua thuang nghiep
da hinh thanh Trudc dd, ly thuyet ve
bullionism (chinh sach vang bac nen ra ddi d
Anh qudc) nhan manh den boat ddng nham chiem doat kim loai quy (vang, bac) rat dugc Tay Ban Nha va mdt sd nudc Tay Au khac coi trgng, tan duong Tren thuc te,
bullionism (bullionisme, cdn dugc ggi la chii nghTa trong kim ) khdng cbi la chinh sach
thuan tliy ve kinh te, trong bdi canh ciia nhiing phat kien dia ly, nd cdn mang tinh chat chinh tri, cd mdi quan he tuong ho vdi cac boat ddng quan su^ Liic nay, dl cd the
' Giai doan d^u co cac dai bigu nhu William Stafford (1554-1612), Thomas Gresham (1519-1579) va Gasparo Scaruffi (1519-1584) vol ly thuy§t can d5i tiin te, chu truong tang so huu tiin nhu mot dang cua cai thong qua luat dinh (han chg xuat khdu, lgi tuc cho vay ) Giai doan sau phat triln manh me a thi ky XVII, CO cac dai dien: Thomas Mun (1571-1641), Antonso Serra va Antoine de Montchretien (1576-1621) vai luan thuyit can d6i thuong mai chu dong (cam xudt nguyen lieu, cho xudt khdu tiin) Chu nghTa
trong thuong giai doan nay con dugc ggi la chii nghia thdng du thuang mgi Nhung nha hoat dgng kinh te noi tren tuy s6ng a cac nuac khac nhau va khong co
su trao d6i gi vai nhau nhung hg da co nhirng quan dilm trung hgp Truong phai nay khong chi biiu hien qua ly thuyit, ma con la mgt phdn ciia truyin thing van hoa-chinh tri
^ Xem them Heckscher F, Mercantilism George Allen
and Unwin, London, 1935
Trang 2fDe ehu lujiua trmtg, thuong, 51
dap ling nhu cau ngay cang cao trong ddi
sdng kinh te-xa hdi, yeu cau biic thiet phai
cd mdt ly thuyet kinh te dan dat hay giai
thich hien tugng dang dien ra Va chu nghTa
trgng thuong (mercantilism)^, mdt ly thuyet
kinh te mdi da ra ddi, mot mat nd la sir tiep
ndi ciia ehinh sach bullionism, mat khde,
trong thdi dai mdi, nd ciing la sir phii dinh ly
thuyet kinh te dd''
Ve nguyen nhan ra ddi trudc nay vdn
dugc gidi kinh te bgc ban den nhu la he qua
tat yeu ciia mdt bdi canh kinh te-xa hdi mdi,
va phan ldn nhiing nha kinh te thdi dd (the
ky XVI-giira thi ky XVIII) lai chinh la
nhiing nha duy thuong (mercantilistes) Dudi
gdc do sir bgc, trudc het dd khdng phai la
mdt he tu tudng thuan nhat Chu nghTa trgng
thuong khdng phai la mdt trao lun tu tudng
(theo diing nghTa) vi dd khdng phai la mdt ly
thuyet kinh te thdng nhat Neu nhu Ba tudc
Mirabeau la ngudi dau tien sir dung thuat
ngii "mercantilisme" nam 1763, thi chinh
Adam Smith la ngudi phd bien rdng rai nd
nam 1776 trudc khi thuat ngir nay dugc eae
nha sir hge chap nhan
Mdt quan niem kinh te hay mdt ly
thuyit kinh tl mdi da ra ddi d chau Au (Tay
Au) va dugc phd bien rdng rai Ddi vdi nudc
' Trong ngu he Latin mercari co nghTa la buon ban
(thuong mai), merx co nghTa la hang hoa Ci day mgt
s6 ch6 tiing Viet chung toi co sir dung chii nghia duy
thuang, hay duy thuang deu nham vao khai niem ciia
tir mercantilisme (mercantilism)
•* Tay Ban Nha la nuac ndm trong tay mgt khoi lugng
kim loai quy, chu nghTa trgng thuong ra dai nhan
manh din hoat dgng buon ban, trao doi, can bang
thuang mai, phii djnh doc chiem tai nguyen
Phap dudi thdi ciia Louis XIV (cq: 1638-1715), chil nghTa trgng thuong vira cd nhirng net chung khu vuc, vira cd nhiing dac diem rieng biet^ Dudi thdi cam quyen ciia Tdng quan tai ehinh Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)^, chil nghTa duy thuang mang mau sac
"Phap hda", nhu nhieu nha nghien ciiu (sau nay) van hay sir dung da dugc "Colbert hda", hay mang chu nghTa Colbert (Colbertisme)
\ Nguon goc va dac tru'ng ciia quan
niem duy thirotig sc ky 6" Phap
Cac nha nghien cim sir hge va lich sir kinh te Phap deu cho rang tu tudng duy thuong ra ddi d Phap do nhiing tac ddng rat manh me cua nhirng yeu td ben ngoai hay diing ra nhiing tac nhan chuyen minh d Tay
Au da ddng vai trd quyet dinh cho sir thay ddi d Phap Mat khac, la mdt vuong qudc vdn tu hao ve "trung tam van minh", lai dudi thdi ciia vi vua chuyen che ndi tieng bac nhat
d Tay Au (Louis XIV), chii nghTa duy
Chii nghTa trgng thuang kim tien (metalliste nhu Tay Ban Nha), chu nghTa trgng thuang cong nghiep (industrialiste nhu Phap), chu nghTa trgng thuong thuong nghiep (commercialiste nhu Anh, Ha Lan), chu nghTa trgng thuang tin dung (fiduciaire)
* Jean-Baptiste Colbert, phu trach tai chinh tu
1665-1683 dual thai Louis XIV Duong thai, Colbert dugc mieu ta nhu "mgt nguai mien Nam" vi su lanh liing va
it cam xiic Colbert noi len trong viec cheo lai nin kinh te Phap ben ba virc sup do Tuy vay, cac nha nghien curu cho rang, vai nhirng co gSng ciia Colbert, nuac Phap van rai vao ngheo doi, ma nguyen nhan quan trgng nhat la sir chi tieu qua nhieu cho chiin tranh va cho dai song vuong that cua vua Louis XIV Cac chinh sach, chii truong, ngi dung cac dao du, ciing nhu cugc dai cua J.B.Colbert co the tham khao
dugc day du trong Pierre Clement, Leltres, instructions et memoires de Colbert, 5 tap, xuat ban
tai Paris til nam 1863-1869
Trang 352 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (n8).2010
thuong d Phap vira mang nhirng dac diem
khu vuc vira cd nhiing dac trung rieng biet
Ve mat kinh te, nen cdng xa trung dai
tren thuc te vao thdi ky nay da de lai ganh
nang cho nha nudc Phap trong đi sdng kinh
te xa hdị Theo truyen thdng, cac van de xa
hdi la do Nha nudc ban hanh va xir ly trai
ngugc vdi ITnh vuc kinh tẹ Dau the ky XV,
pha vd truyen thdng vdn cd, chinh Nha nudc
da tham du tich cue vao cac boat đng budn
ban ciia gidi doanh thuang va trd thanh
ngudi giam sat cac boat đng vdi ben ngoai
(ngoai thuang) Trong pham vi khu vuc, thdi
ky dai suy thoai kinh te (giira the the XVI
den giiia the ky XVII) da khien cho vi the
ciia nudc Phap vdn rat dugc coi trgng d Au
chau, ngay cang yeu kem; ciing vdi viec dan
sd giam manh (do nhieu nguyen nhan) da tac
đng rat ldn den san xuat ndng nghiep, theo
sau la vd khdi nhirng van de khac trong đi
sdng van hda-xa hdi Mdt trong nhung van
de đ la cudc dau tranh xung dot tdn giao d
Phap, dinh cao la Chi du Nantes da khien
cho 15 van den 18 van tin đ Tan giao rdi
khdi Phap, rat nhieu ngudi trong sd hg sau
đ la nhirng chii doanh nghiep, chii nha
bang rdi sd cdng nhan, nhan vien lam viec
cho hg ciing theo sang nude ngoai dau tu,
Q
kinh doanh
Ngay sau cudc Chien tranh 100 nam
(1337-1453), Phap nhan thay mdt van de het
sire quan trgng luc đ chinh la nan chay mau
vang, bac cd the lam buy hoai va lam "sup đ" ca vuang qudc (liic nay giay bac hay hinh thiic khac nhu cd phieu va trai phieu sau nay deu chua tdn tai) Trong mdt tuyen
cao nam 1456 nhan manh: "Co mot sac chi d
Anh xua kia Id khong hao gia cho thuang nhdn mang ra khoi vuang qudc vdng vd bgc, cho du it, nhung cd the thodi mdi mang hdng hda ra ngodi [ ]" Trudc thuc trang đ, vua
Phap luc đ la Louis XI (cq: 1461-1483), mgt mat ban hanh nhieu chinh sach nham kich thich budn ban (td chiic hdi chg d Lyon), mat khac ciing han che tham vieng ban den Tda thanh Qua cac chi du, Nha vua td rd viec khuyen khich khai md, san xuat cac mat hang nhu len da nhd va mdng, ciing vdi đ la han che tdi da mua\nhap cac mat hang xa xị Dgng thai nay ciia Trieu dinh ma nhieu nha nghien ciiu van thudng ggi la ehii nghTa can thiep
(interventionnisme) nham vao hai muc tieu
duong thdi: Thic nhdt, dap img lgi ich ciia
nhiing thuang nhan ldn va nhu cau tai chinh
cho Trieu dinh\Nha vua; Thu hai, nang cao y
thiic ban din sir doan kit vdn rit "eo hep" giua siic manh ciia the chi chuyen chinh vdi sir hung thinh qudc giậ
Trong pham vi khu vuc, hiu hit cac nudc Tay Au thi ky XVI diu theo khuynh hudng chil nghTa can thiep kinh tl Theo cac nha sir hge, kinh tl hge, din da hinh thanh
Cugc khung hoang luong thuc, chat lugng cugc sing
giam, tieu thu va su ngheo doi nai thanh thj
* Valerie Debrut, Le Mercantilisme a la Francaisẹ
L'actualite Poitou-Charentes, No 81-2008, pp 26-30
Day la van de he trgng liic dọ Viec co thi dung hoa
va xu ly cac m6i lien he tren la rdt kho khan Do tdng lap thuong nhan (tu san) con chua dugc nhin nhan rong rai trong Trilu dinh, nen Nha vua da tim lai nhung quy djnh truac day lien quan din hoat dong buon ban, san xudt c6 gdng minh chimg, loi keo sir chdp thuan tu duy duy thuang ciia Phap hien tin
Trang 4(J)e ehu ngliiu ti'nng, thiietttq, 53
nen eai ggi la khoa bgc ve sir giau cd
(science des richesses) Tir nam 1515,
Claude Seysel (timg la cd van ciia vua Louis
XII) da tuyen bd rang siic manh ciia dat nudc
dua tren trii lugng vang va bac, do vay Nha
nudc phai cam tat ca cac boat ddng xuat
khau nhiing mat hang la tai san qudc gia Vai
thang sau, trudc Nghi vien Phap, Chu tich
A.Duprat (1463-1536) nhan manh lai van de
tren
Ci cac nudc Tay Au, nha nudc rat chii y
den cac hoat ddng lien quan den tien te, khap
noi duge khuyen cao cham diit ehuyen tien
ra nudc ngoai O Phap, ngudi dan ciing nhan
dugc cac chi thi vao cac nam 1506, 1540,
1548, 1574 Thi du, nam 1539, mdt sic lenh
cam nhap len tir Tay Ban Nha, mdt phan tir
Phan Lan; nam 1540 that chat xuat khau
vang Nhirng bien phap bao ve nay tang len
nhanh chdng trong sudt the ky XVI Tit cdi
nhin so sdnh, gidi nghien cicu cho rdng
nhiing bien phdp mang tinh can thiep a Phdp
the hien rd nhdt su can thiep true tiep ciia
Trieu dinh , da dgng vd mang tinh he thdng
nhdt dual thai ciia Henry IV, nhdt la Louis
XIV
Nhu vay, ciing vdi nhiing di san ciia
Tay Au Trung dai va chii nghTa can thiep nha
nude tren, tir cudi the ky XV - dau XVI, d
hau het cac nudc chau Au da xuat hien va
ngay cang phd bien tu tudng trgng thuong
Trong sd nhiing nudc chau Au, chi cd Anh
'" Thf du, Francois de nhdt da thanh lap mgt xuong
len da cua hoang gia a Fontainebleau , cung nhu viec
dau tu vao nhirng cong ty thuong mai
va Phap cd kha nang thuc thi mdt chinh saeh kinh te chat che va kha hieu qua d the ky XVII Trong bdi canh canh tranh qudc te gay gat, Phap sdm chii truong khuyen khich "chu nghia dan tdc kinh te" Ciing vdi dd, viec hien dai hda bd may Nha nudc ciing da gdp phan day manh tu tudng duy thuong ciing nhu mdt su "the tuc hda" nhiing tu tudng ehinh tri
Trong sd nhiing nha tu tudng bieu thi cho khuynh hudng duy thuong, can thiep va bao hd trong trieu dinh Phap thdi ky nay cd
ba nhan vat rat dugc trdng dgi va cd vai trd ldn la Barthelemy Laffemas (1545-1612), Jean Bodin (1530-1590), Antoine Montchretien (1575-1621)
Jean Bodin sinh ra trong mdt gia dinh tu san, nhiing nam 1650 bgc luat La Ma tai Dai
hge Toulouse Trong tac pham Reponses aus
paradoxes de M.de Malestroit touchant I'encherissement de toutes choses, Jean
Bodin de cap den sir lien he giira viec tang gia va ddng chay kim loai quy (vang, bac) Jean Bodin cho rang su giau cd cua dat nude
la nhd cd duge mdt lugng tien (mat) ddi dao
Nam 1576, trong Republique, Jean Bodin
cho rang bien phap can thiep va bao hd la can thiet de chuyen sang thdi ky duy thuang tren ca sd de cao siic manh tuyet ddi ciia nha nudc, va chi bat budc phai theo nhiing luat le
tu nhien mang tinh than thanh Dugc eoi la cha de cua kinh te hge chinh tri, Antoine Montchretien het siic coi trgng nen cdng
nghiep nha nude Qua Traite d'economique
Trang 554 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (1181.2010
politique (cdng bd nam 1615) , nhiing luan
de ciia Montchretien ve kinh te trd thanh cac
luan diem phan anh day du nhat ve chii nghTa
trgng thuang hien tdn d Phap
Nhin chung, ngoai nhiing luan de kinh
te bgc sa khai vdn da dugc biet den trong
gidi nghien ciiu lich sir kinh tl, d day xin
nhan manh den nhirng tu tudng la ca sd, dilu
kien cho viec ra ddi cae cdng ty hang hai ldn
d thdi ky nay (d Phap la cac cdng ty nhu
Morbihan, Nouvelle-Franee ) va din diu
the ky XVII hinh thanh cac cdng ty Ddng An
(East India, hay Indes Orientales) hiing manh
va rat ndi tieng khi nghien ciiu lich sir hang
hai thi gidi nhu VOC ciia Ha Lan, EIC ciia
Anh qudc, mai sau nay la CIO eua Phap
Tren dai the, ca ba ngudi de xuat chii truong
tren deu la nhirng ngudi thudc ting ldp tren
hay vdn xuat than tir ting lop tu san, tham
chi Barthelemy Laffemas cdn la tdng quan
ve thuang mai (nam 1602) dudi trilu vua
Henri IV Cho nen, nhiing de xuit cua hg rit
nhanh chdng dugc thuc thi, sdm di vao cudc
sdng
2 Chu nghia trong thirong Colbert
hay "Chu nghia trong thuong kiiu Phap"
Jean-Baptiste Colbert vdn la mdt quy
tgc ao dai nam quyen ve tai chinh, sau dd trd
thanh tdng quan tai chinh nam 1665 thay cho
N.Fouquet (1615-1680) Trong nhiing thap
nien 60-80 ciia thi ky XVII, Colbert sdm ndi
len nhu mdt nha hoach dinh chuong trinh cai
td sau rdng d Phap (trong gin 1 thi ky)
Trong chuong trinh cai each thuong mai de trinh len vua Louis XIV nam 1670, theo Colbert, muc tieu cao nhat cua Trieu dinh liic
dd la giam ng, tien tdi xda ng, giam thiiu tham hut Nha nudc, chinh ddn ngan sach, bai
bd chenh lech cd hiru giiia thu va chi, lam
giau cho vuang qudc, "tien md thdn ddn gom
gdp bdng lao dong vd thdnh qud ciia ho thu nhdn duac tic ddt dai vd nen cdng nghiep cita
ho mang lgi cho ho" De lam dugc viec do,
Colbert cho ca cau lai bang each giam thul
"true tiep" - thue than, tang thul "gian tiip": thue quan, thue mudi, thue gian thu
Colbert cho rang chi cd mdt lugng tiin
luu hanh d chau Au vay nen "cdn phdi tdng
luong tien trong budn bdn chung, gom vi tic cdc nuoc md nd quay vdng, du trie a trong nuoc, ngdn khdng cho nd xudt ra ngodi, vd cho nguai ddn cdc phuang tien di dgt duoc loi nhudn [ ] Chi cd duy nhdt vd chi nha co budn bdn mai cd the dgt duac hieu qud to Ion ndy" Hay don gian trong y tudng cua
Colbert la lam sao thu vl tdi da kim loai quy (vang, bac) cho nude Phap va giii chiing trong nudc 12
Trong qua trinh giam thiiu nhap khiu
va thuc thi chii nghTa bao hd, Colbert chu truong "hoang gia hda" cac cdng xudng hay cac xi nghiep dugc Nha nudc bao trg Nha nudc tang cudng san xuit nhung mat hang vdn phai nhap khiu tir ben ngoai, tang san xuat ciing vdi dd la tang chit lugng hang hda Thdi ky nay ndi len vai cdng trudng
" Antoine de Montchretien: Traite de I'economie '" Valerie Debrut, Le Mercantilisme a la Francaise politique, Geneve - London, 1999 L'actualite Poitou-Charentes, No 81 -2008, pp 26-30
Trang 6(De ehu ngJiia tmng thuong 55
cdng nghiep nhu Saint-Gobain (san xuat
guong) Gobelin (san xuat dd gd phuc vu cho
hoang gia va len da cho eac lanh chua), cd ca
mdt gian trung bay Glaces d Versailles trung
bay nhirng san pham ciia xudng
Saint-Gobain
Colbert ciing ban hanh nhieu cac quy
dinh lien quan den boat ddng kinh te ndi
chung Tham chi, tinh ra hang nam ed
khoang 38 quy dinh va 15 sac lenh, trong dd
chi tiet hda va cu the hda rat nhieu nhirng
mat hang nhu ve chieu dai, rdng ciia tam
da, tam ga Nhan cdng duge tuyen dung
dudi mgi hinh thiic tir ngudi "an khdng ngdi
rdi", tir dam an xin hay nhan cdng nudc
ngoai Ciing vdi dd, mdt ddi ngii nhiing
giam sat vien dugc cir di de kiem tra, ddn
ddc thuc thi cac quy dinh sac lenh dugc ban
hanh Cdng viee dd dugc bao cao can than va
thudng xuyen ve cho Trieu dinh
Chil nghTa trgng thuang kieu Phap cdn
dugc the hien d viec ban hanh bieu thue hai
quan vdi muc dich bao hd, thuc chat la dung
len hang rao thue quan Nam 1664, sac lenh
dau tien dugc ban banh lien quan den mat
hang nhu sap ong, thiec, dau, xa phdng, ta
lua dugc chuyen chd bang tau thuy Anh
quoc, nhit la Ha Lan Nam 1667, bieu thue
mdi dugc ban hanh gap ddi so vdi bieu thue
1664, roi sau dd tang gap 3 lan Mdt ben
Phap tuyen bd "cude chien gia ca" vdi Ha
Lan, thi ben nay Ha Lan dap tra bang viec
thang tay hon vdi cac san pham nhap tir Phap
nhu mudi, ruau Cudc chien dd keo dai cho
tdi khi cham diit cudc xung dot quan su nam
1672
Ciing nhu d cac nudc chau Au khac, tir dau the ky XVII, Phap ciing da thanh lap cac cdng ty hang hai''' Trong bdi canh mdi hien tdn, de chinh phuc cac thi trudng tren khap the gidi, bao ve boat ddng trong nudc (nhat
la hoang gia) va thu lgi nhuan cao nhat, Colbert cho thanh lap rat nhieu cac cdng ty thuang mai va hang hai vao hai thap nien
60-80 vdi quy md ngay cang ldn, mang trong nd tham vgng tran tre ciia Colbert: Cdng ty Tay
An (C des Indes occidentales, thanh lap nam
1662, hoat ddng d chau My va chau Phi), Cdng ty Ddng An (C des Indes orientales, lap nam 1664, boat ddng d An Do Duong va Vien Ddng), Cdng ty Phuang Bac (C du Nord, thanh lap nam 1669, boat ddng d Bantich, Nga), Cdng ty Senegal (C du Senegal, thanh lap nam 1673), Cdng ty Ghine (C du Guinee, lap nam 1685)'^* Nhin nhan lai hoat ddng thuc te ciia cac cdng ty tren, nhieu nha nghien cim cho rang hai cdng ty Tay va Ddng An dugc chuyen biet hda trong boat dgng budn ban nd le (traite d'esclaves) va duge biet dai rat ldn Theo dd, Nha nude da cung cap gan 42%
(Vua gdp: 3 trieu livres, quy tgc: 1.3 trieu
livres, quan chiic Trieu dinh: 0.8 trieu livres
" Nam 1604, Thugng thu Sully cho thanh lap Cong ty Dong An dau tien, nam 1611 dugc doi thanh Cong ty Mui Hao Vgng
'•' Ve muc tieu thanh lap cua cac cong ty nay dual goc
do kinh te, xem them Ph.Haudrere, The "Compagnie des Indes" and Maritime Matters, trong Jaap R.Bruijn and Femme S.Gaastra eds, Ships, Sailors and Spice, East India Compagnies and Their Shipping in the 16, 17and 18th Centuries Amsterdam: Neha, 1977
Trang 756 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (118}.2010
khac: 5.1 trieu livres) cho Cdng ty Ddng An,
57% cho Cdng ty Tay An'^ va khuyen khich
mgi thanh phan trong nudc dau tu vao nd
Ket qua boat ddng ciia ngudi Phap d hai
ngoai da hinh thanh nen nhiing thudc dia dau
tien ciia Phap dugc hgp thanh tir nhirng
thuong diem d hai ngoai nhu Saint Louis d
Senegal, Pdngdiseri (An Do), Pho Ddphanh
(Madagasca), ciing cac thudc dia ddng dan
cu trong qua trinh khai thac budn ban the ky
XVII nhu Louisane, Nouvelle-Franee d
Canada, cac dao Ang-ti Trong nhan thiic cua
Colbert, "nhung thuang diem d hai ngoai tao
ra su giau cd va sire manh ciia Nha nudc ma
nd mang den day", vi vay phai tim mgi each
de thiet lap dugc eac thuong diem d khap
mgi nai'^ Cdn "thudc dia" ddi vdi Phap liic
nay, mdt mat nhu mdt "dai thi trudng ben
trong" dap irng nhu cau muc tieu kinh tl'^;
mat khac, cac ca sd d thudc dia khdng chi
mang lai su giau cd cho nudc Phap ma bdn
phan cua nhung nudc "van minh" la phai
"khai hda", "ddng hda" nhiing "man dan" d
Pierre H.Boulle, French Mercantilism, Commercial
Companies and Colonial Profitability, trong Jaap
R.Bruijn and Femme S.Gaastra eds Ships, Sailors
and Spice, East India Compagnies and Their Shipping
in the 16, 17and 18th Centuries Amsterdam: Neha,
1977
'* Cac cong ty co dac quyen rat ldn nhu doc quyin vl
dia ly va san pham, Nha nuac thuong chiim 20-25%
von Hau het nhirng cong ty nay (trir CIO) dong tru sa
tai Lorient, khong bi cuon vao cugc chiin tranh ciia
Louis XIV Valerie Debrut, Le Mercantilisme a la
Francaise L'actualite Poitou-Charentes, No 81-2008,
pp 26-30
" Ddn theo Alain Clement: Les mercantilismes et la
question coloniale aia XVIe et XVlIe siecles
Outre-mers: revue d'histoire No 348-349, 2005
'^ Antoine de Montchretien: Traite de I'economie
politique, Geneve - London, 1999, p 197
day, ciing nhu de canh tranh vdi nhung nudc chau Au khac
Dau vay, ket qua cac boat dgng tren lai khdng nhu mong dgi ciia Colbert Mdt phan nguyen do tii' cudc canh tranh quyet liet tren khap the gidi, nhat la cac cudng qude hai thuong chau Au vai nhau, tuy nhien cd le phan ldn nam d chinh ndi bd nudc Phap Dd chinh la mau thuan cd hiru, nhu nghien cuu
ve boat ddng cua cac cdng ty sau nay cho thay , giiia mdt ben la chii nghTa (kinh te) Nha nudc trong cdng ty vdi met ben la quyen tu do ddc lap ciia cac cdng ty nay Cdng ty Tay An sup do nam 1672 (sau 10 nam) hay su lam an yeu kem ciia Cdng ty Ddng An sau nay la he qua ciia tinh trang tren
Ciing vdi sir giau cd tang len nhanh chdng nhd khai thac thudc dia, Colbert tiin hanh ddi mdi va tai ca cau lai ben trong vuong qude Mdt phan ciia muc tieu nay la lam cho cac boat ddng tai chinh khac trd nen minh bach va kiem soat de dang hon Colbert tien hanh tang manh thue luu thdng va tieu thu De kieh thich san xuit va tieu thu, Colbert quyet dinh giam manh thul than (tir
Antoine de Montchretien: Traite de I'economie politique, Geneve - London, 1999, p 196 Xem them Alain Clement: Les mercantilismes et la question coloniale aux XVIe et XVIle siecles Outre-mers: revue d'histoire No 348-349, 2005
Xem them Nguyin Manh Dung: Ve hogt ddng ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Phdp vdi Dgi Viet (Nica sau thi ky XVII - giaa the ky XVIII) Tap chi Nghien ciru Lich Sli, 2006 (9-365), tr 51-64; Hogt ddng ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Phdp a Siam (trong nica sau thi ky XVII)
Tap chi Nghien ciru Ljch sir, 2007 (4-372), tr 35-48
^' Xem Frederic Mantienne, Les relations politiques et commerciales entre la France et la peninsule Indochinoise (XVIf siecle), Les Indes savantes, Paris,
2001
Trang 8(Ve eliu lUfJiia tr^ng thu'dng 57
52 trieu livres dudi thdi Fouquet xudng cdn
ban 33 trieu livres)
O khia canh khac, tren ca sd cua luat
phap, Colbert dugc vua Louis XIV cho soan
lai va ban hanh rat nhieu du nhu Du ve Rieng,
Nude, Thicong mgi, Ddn su, Hinh su Dao
du dau tien dugc ghi nhan nam 1669 ve viec
tai hgp dat dai thudc hoang gia ciing nhu tai
ca cau lai rimg Dao du lien quan den thuong
mai dugc biet den dudi hinh thirc "Luat
Savary" ban hanh nam 1673 vdi rat nhieu
quy dinh eu the nhu ve thuong nhan, vdn,
hgi budn, giao dich, pha san, tranh chap, xet
xir Nhieu nha nghien cim sir hge va lich sir
phap luat sau nay cho rang dao du nay trd
thanh dieu kien tien de cho dao luat ve
thuang mai dugc ban banh nam 1807 dudi
thdi ciia Napoleon de Nhat Tuy nhien, thuc
te lich sir cho thay, he thdng thue khda nay td
ra thieu edng bang va kem hieu qua nhat khi
ap dung chi tra cho ddi tugng la ndng dan
Muc dich ciia nhiing dao du dd phan ldn
nham den ITnh vuc quan su hay chien tranh
ma thdi^^
3 He qua ciia "he thong duy thuong
Phap"
Trong thdi gian duong quyen, Colbert
da td ra rat tao bao trong nhiing du dinh banh
trudng, dua nudc Phap nhanh chdng trd
Vi du, dao du vl thuong mai, ve hang hai (1681)
cho thay thuang mai dam bao cho nuoc Phap xay
dung va vu trang cho nhung dgi tau Ion de vugt bien,
va diing de tang cudng siic manh quan su tren bg va
tren bien, de duy tri an ninh Yves Charbit, Les
coloniesfran(,aises auXVlIe siecle: mercantilisme en
enjeiLx imperialistes eiiropeens Revue europeenne
des migrations Internationales, vol.22-n0 1-2006 En
ligne: 01-4-2009, remi.revues.org
thanh mdt cudng qudc d Au chau Vdi uy the chinh tri, cac ke hoach ciia Colbert hau nhu khdng bi phan irng hay chi trich gi tir phia chdng ddi Tuy vay, ngay sau khi qua ddi (1683), Colbert da trd thanh tam bia cho cac ldi chi trich, cac cudc biit chien tir nhiing ngudi bat ddng chinh kien, nhirng ldi td cao tir nhiing ngudi theo thuyet trgng ndng (physiocrates) va cac nha kinh te tu do
Ve dai the, sau nam 1683, nhiing nguyen tac cua chii nghTa trgng thuang Colbert trd nen xa ciing, trong khi dd cau triic tu ban da trd nen hoan bi va dang d giai doan phat trien manh me Neu nhu san xuat trong nude dudi thdi Colbert dugc kich thich manh, san pham tang len, du nhap ky thuat tien tien, tang manh xuat khau thi trd treu la cac cdng ty khai thac thudc dia va thuong mai lai phan ldn lam an that bat, tham chi ngay ca trong thdi gian Colbert cdn duong quyen Cac cdng ty thuc dan mat di trg lire tir gidi doanh thuong^'' nen dan di vao suy thoai
va pha san hang loat
Den cudi thdi ky tri vi cua vua Louis XIV, nen kinh te Phap, vdn trudc dd da bi chi trich manh me, dang da suy thoai Nguyen nhan chii yeu, theo nhieu kinh te gia duang thdi, la do hieu irng xau tir chii nghTa
~' Dau the ky XVIII, luc lugng hai quan thudng true
cua Phap la hai dgi duy nhat trong cac nudc chau Au
cd the so dugc tau chien cua Anh (Navy) Emmanuel
Metais, Pierre-Xavier Meschi, Jacques Colin, La royale ou Textraordinaire renaissance de la marine Fraixaise sous Louis XIV Strategie et politique
generale Centrale des Cas et des Media Pedagogiques, Paris, 2004
"'' Xem: Chu nghTa trong thuong Phdp thai hdu Colbert trong: Lionel Rothkrug, Opposition to Louis XIV: the Political and Social Origins of the French Enlightenment, Princeton, 1965
Trang 958 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (118).2O10
Colbert Trong khu vuc, luc nay mdi lien ket
giiia cac nudc chau Au suy yeu tir viec nhap
ve vang, bac giam manh, ciing vdi dd la mdt
phong trao giam gia cang lam cho nhirng van
de cua nudc Phap trd nen cang thang, nhat la
khung hoang tai chinh hoang gia, khiing
hoang ndng nghiep Liic nay Nha nudc khdng the giii dugc can bang he thdng thul thiet lap tir thdi Colbert cd ngudn gde dua vao ng cdng Tdi te hon la tien ng tir hoang gia Phap tang vgt trong thap nien dau the ky XVIII
So tien no' ciia hoang gia Phdp trong nhiing nam tie 1643-1715
(dan vi: trieu livre, I livre tuang duang 10,5 USD ciia ndm 1992)
D e b t off t h e R o y a l F a m i l y , 1 6 4 9 ^ - 1 7 1 9
1 , 4 0 0
1 , 2 0 0 l.OOO SOO
6 0 0
4 0 0
2 0 0
1 6 4 3 1 6 4 8 l e e i 1 6 3 3 1 6 9 9 1 7 0 a 1 7 i ;
A l i v r e ; is e q u a l t o u p p r o x i r r > £ ) t e t y S 1 0 5 0
i n i e 0 2 U.S d o l U i r s
S o u r c u : Sciriy /Woc/o/-/-» Fr<3ric:ci 1 S GO—J '.^ 7 S
Ngudn: Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560-1715 Oxford University Press (New York), 1977
Hon niia, ddi vdi ke hoach xa hdi, chu
nghTa trgng thuong la bieu hien sir "chuyin
nhugng trong sir giau cd" hay lam giau cho
nhung ngudi giau Nhiing nha tu san vdn di
ra tir thdi ky Phuc Hung, khao khat kilm
dugc nhieu tien, la nhirng ngudi chiu trach
nhiem ciia cude each mang kinh te Nhiing
duy thuong gia la nhirng thuang nhan va chii
doanh nghiep, mdt ea the thong nhit, cd
chung lgi ich va hai bda vdi lgi ich ciia Nha
nudc Tuy vay, thue te boat ddng cho thiy,
giira gidi thuang nhan vdi chii doanh nghiep
ciing cd sir canh tranh Tuy cd cac bien phap
nham han che hay ban hanh cac quy tic boat
ddng, nhung lgi ich giiia thuang nhan vdi
Nha nudc eiing chang liic nao tuong iing
dugc vdi nhau
Tren thuc te, chi cd mdt sd it dugc
hudng lgi tir sir phat triln kinh tl trong khi
quang dai quan chiing khdng kha len bao nhieu Xet cho cimg, nhiing tang ldp\giai cip dugc hudng lgi tir chinh sach duy thuang lai
la cac ddi tugng: tu san\tu ban thuang nghiep, hoang gia, quan lai trong bd may nha nudc chuyen chi, nhiing ngudi di thue mudn
hay ndi rdng ra la gidi thuong nhan Ldn ddu
tien lgi nhudn tic mot chinh sdch cua Triiu dinh lgi dem lgi lgi nhudn cho gioi tu bdn
Chinh dd la mgt trong nhiing nguyen nhan dua den su phan khang cua ngudi dan giira the ky XVII, nhu trudng hgp ndi day d thanh phd Caen, Lyon hay Angers nam 1630 Cdn
d hai ngoai, dan chiing d cac xii bi thudc dia hda dimg len chdng lai cac thi chi ap dat, bao ve nen van hda rieng va bao ve nguon tai nguyen dang bi khai thac timg ngay Trong
dd ndi len vu td cao hiep dinh budn ban nd le
da den ky kit giiia Cdng ty Phap Ghine vdi
Trang 10(Ve eliu nghiu trmig thu'tfng 59
vua Tay Ban Nha, vdi viec Cdng ty cung cip
cho vuong qude nay mdi nam gin 4 van nd
le
Tat ca he qua tren lam cho chii nghTa
trgng thuang d Phap chao dao va bit lire
trudc boat ddng ciia hdi mang mau sac ehinh
tri nhan van (societe politique humaine), mgt
hgi chil truang chdng lai khuynh hudng duy
thuang liic dd
Neu nhu tren day la he qua trai chiiu
cua chil nghTa duy thuang thi, nhu mdt quy
luat tat yeu, se sinh ra nhirng nhan thiic kinh
te, tu tudng kinh te mdi, dd chinh la sir ndi
len ciia chii nghTa tu do va chii nghTa tu ban
Tieu bieu nhat cho khuynh hudng mdi d
Phap liic nay la Pierre Le Pesant de
Boisguilbert (1646-1714)" (chau hg ciia
Thdng che Vauban dudi thdi Louis XIV),
dugc coi la mdt trong sd cha de ciia chu
nghTa tu do kinh te ciia Phap (ddng thdi la
mgt trong nhiing ngudi de ra khai niem ve
kinh te thi trudng) P.P de Boisguilbert la
mdt trong nhiing ngudi tien phong phe phan
luan thuyet cua chii nghTa trgng thuang ciia
Colbert
Trong tac pham chinh cua minh: Le
Detail de la France, la cause de la
diminution de ses biens et la facilite du
remede en fournissant en un mois tout
I 'argent dont le Roi a besoin et enriehissant
tout le monde, P.P de Boisguilbert da vach
Sinh tai Rouen trong mgt gia dinh quy tgc cu d
Normandy, Boisguilbert hge tai Rouen va giang day
tai Petites ecoles de Port-Roya, trd thanh tham pham
d Montivilliers, nam 1690 la chu tich co quan luat
phap d Rouen va giiJ vi tri dd cho den khi qua ddi
rd sir ban ciing hda den tham hai ciia tat ca mgi tang ldp (lao ddng) cua Phap do che do kinh te tdi te duge thuc thi dudi thdi Colbert Ong phe phan manh nhat sir thd a cua Colbert ddi vdi ITnh vuc ndng nghiep Sir giau cd dugc thiic day tir san xuat va trao ddi budn ban chir khdng quan trgng d khdi lugng tien te qua luu thdng va viec trich trii tir cac kim loai quy P.P de Boisguilbert tan duong
tu do thuong mai, nhat la budn ban ngii cdc
va cai each thue P.P de Boisguilbert chii truong cai each he thdng thue, tang san pham qudc ndi, xda bd thue gian tiep ddi vdi rugu, quyen hai quan xuat, nhap, md rdng tu do budn ban hon nira Tu tudng ly thuyit ciia
P.P de Boisguilbert dugc tdm luge: tieu thu
Id ngudn gdc cua su phdt trien thinh vugng, cdn bdi bd thue
Ddi vdi chinh sach tien te, viec dinh gia khdng can cd sir can thiep eiia Nha nude, phai de tu nhien; Gia ea khdng bi bd budc; Nha nudc khdng dugc can thiep vao thi trudng Nhin chung, ly le cua P.P de
Boisguilbert don gian la: neu Nhd nudc dn
dinh gid qud thdp thi se ldm ndn long ngudi bdn, ho se kim hdng vi nhic vdy se tdt han la bdn re, [hay] thua Id Dd se Id su edo chung ciia hogt ddng budn bdn\thuang mgi vi chdng ai cd the tim thdy d thi trudng nhieng thic ngudi ta cdn
Tuy vay, quan trgng ban ca, theo Boisguilbert, la dam bao dugc thi trudng tieu thu Mgi nganh nghe trong nudc suy cho ciing la phuc vu lan nhau trong thi trudng Tdt hon het la tu do thuong mai Boisguilbert tin rang, ngudn gdc chii yeu ciia