Dd la: viing vang vdi nguyen tie ddc lap dan tdc, chu quyen, toan ven lanh thd va thdng nhat Td qudc; eoi ddi ngoai va hoat ddng ngoai giao la mdt mat tran de tap hgp lire lugng qudc[r]
Trang 1SU" NGHIEP VA Tl/ Tl/^NG H 6 CHI MINH
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VAN DUNG QUAN DIEM CUA HO CHJ MINH DOC LAP DAN TOC C A N U E N YOM CHO NCHJA XA HOI
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Dpc lap ddn tpc gdn lien voi chu nghTa xa hpi Id mpt quan diem Ion trong tu tuong Ho Chi Minh Ddy Id quan diem thong nhat, xuyen sudt, chi phdi nhieu ITnh vuc khdcrnhau, trong do co ITnh vuc doi ngoai vd hoat dpng ngoai giao Khi nghien ciiu tu tuong doi ngoai cua Ho Chi Minh, chiing ta cdng thdy
rd quan diem dpc lap ddn tpc gdn lien voi chu nghTa xa hpi vira co tdm chi phoi Ion lai vira co y nghTa gidi quyet cdc vdn de cu the vd dat hieu qua trong duong loi doi ngoai vd hoqt dpng ngoai giao ciia Ddng, Nhd nuac ta
1 Trong thdi ky each mang dan tdc dan
chu, luan diem quan ti-png cua Nguyen Ai
Qudc - Hd Chi Minh: mudn ciiu nudc, giai
phdng ddng bao phai tien hanh cudc each
mang danh dudi thuc dan gianh lai ddc lap
cho dan tdc, da khang djnh rd chi vdi Idng yeu
nude, cam thii giac thi khdng the giai quyet
duge van de ddc lap dan tdc Bang chung la
cac phong trao chdng Phap cua nhan dan, cac
sT phu yeu nudc, ke ca nhung vj vua yeu nude
va mdt bd phan quan lai ciia trieu Nguyen,
deu tiiat bai Khi tiep xiic vdi khau hieu "Tu
do - Binh ding - Bac ai", Ngudi da hieu rang
cdn cd mdt the gidi khac, the gidi ciia chii
nghTa tiJ ban nhung van minh hon nhiing gi
dang dien ra d xii Ddng Duong Va Ngudi
* Khu di tich Phii Chu tich
quylt djnh sang phuong Tay tim dudng ciiru nudc Hda minh ti-ong mdi trudng quin chiing lao khd, hpc tap va ren luyen trong phong trao cdng nhan cac nudc tu ban Au - My, Nguoi nhan ra ring d Phap ciing cd ngudi ngheo nhu
ta, "tren ddi nay chi cd hai gidng ngudi: gidng ngudi bde lot va gidng ngudi bj bde lot Ma ciing chi cd mdt mdi tinh hiru ai la that ma thdi: tinh hiru ai vd san"' Tir dd, Ngudi khang djnh, each mang Viet Nam khdng the tach rdi khdi each mang thi gidi: each mang thi gidi nhu con chim cd hai canh, mdt canh la phong
trao cdng nhan d chinh qudc va mdt canh \k
phong trao each mang cua nhan dan cac nudc thudc dja va phu thudc Thanh lap Hpi lien
hiep dan tdc thudc dja, ra bao Le Paria
(Ngudi cimg khd) rdi thanh lap Hdi nhiing ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc tai Phap, tham gia
Trang 2SU" NGHIEP VA TU" TLP^NG H 6 CHI MINH
Dang Xa hdi Phap, tranh tiiii cac dien dan va
bao chi td cao chii nghTa thuc dan tai cac
tiiudc dja d chau A, chau Phi va chau My
Latinh va lin diu tien ngudi Viet Nam, dan
tdc Viet Nam cd "tiing keu" giiia chinh
tivdng qudc te, dd la ban Yeu sdch cua nhdn
ddn An Nam gui din Hdi nghi Veexay (1919)
Day la hanh ddng can cd dh thi gidi bilt din
xir An Nam, den dan tdc Viet Nam dang bj ap
biic, dang khat khao giai phdng dh gianh ddc
lap cho minh Den khi dugc dpc So thao
"Luan cuong ve nhung van de dan tdc va vin
de thudc dja" cua V.I Lenin, dang tren bao
Nhdn dao, Nguyen Ai Qudc nhu bimg tinh:
"Ngdi mdt minh trong budng ma tdi ndi to len
nhu dang ndi trudc quan chiing ddng dao:
"Hdi ddng bao bj dpa day dau khd! Day la cai
can thiet cho chimg ta, day la con dudng giai
phdng chiing ta!"^ Tir dd Ngudi khang djnh:
mudn ciiru nudc giai phdng ddng bao khdng
cd con dudng nao khac ngoai con dudng each
mang vd san, nghTa la phai dat phong trao
giai phdng dan tdc trong pham trii cua each
mang vd san, d cac nude thudc dja va phu
thudc thi nhiem vu dan tdc giai phdng vin
phai la nhiem vu hang dau Nhu vay, quan
diem ddc lap dan tdc gan lien vdi chu nghTa
xa hdi (CNXH) dugc hinh thanh khdng chi
bang ly luan, hgc thuyet ma bing ca ket qua
cua nhiing hoat ddng thuc te, tdng kit thuc
tien va sir nhay ben cua mdt tu duy xuat
chiing D I van dung va phat huy duge gia trj
ciia quan diem nay vao thuc tien each mang
Viet Nam thi nhit thilt phai cd chinh dang
ciia giai cip cdng nhan va phai dat dugc muc
tieu ciia mgi cudc each mang dd la: chinh quyen each mang Dang Cdng san Viet Nam
ra ddi nam 1930 da thu hiit dugc sir "img hd Dang, di theo Dang" ciia toan the dan tdc Thang Tam nam 1945, nhan dan ta da gianh dugc chinh quyen trong pham vi ca nudc Ngay 2 - 9 - 1945, tai Quang trudng Ba Dinh, Chu tjch lam thdi Chinh phu Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda - Hd Chi Minh da trinh trpng tuyen bd vdi the gidi rang: "Nudc Viet Nam cd quyen hudng tu do va ddc lap va sir that da trd thanh mdt nudc tu do ddc lap" Ciing chinh tir day, quan diem ddc lap dan tdc gan lien vdi CNXH da dugc van dimg vao thuc te each mang mdt each toan dien tir muc tieu, phuang phap den van de tap hgp lire lugng each mang, dac biet la trong chinh sach ddi ngoai va hoat ddng ngoai giao cua Nha nudc dan chu nhan dan non tre luc bay gid Giai doan 1945 - 1946 la giai doan het siic dac biet trong ljch sir Viet Nam hien dai,
va cang dac biet ddi vdi chinh sach ddi ngoai
va hoat ddng ngoai giao cua Hd Chi Minh Day la giai doan cue ky phiic tap ddi hdi phai vimg vang ve nguyen tic chien luge nhung ddng thdi phai rit nhay ben, linh hoat, mIm deo ve sach luge, vira cd tam nhin vira cd kha nang quyet doan de tao thdi co va tan dung mpi thdi co Cac kit qua cua cdng tac ddi ngoai va hoat ddng ngoai giao nhirng nam 1945 - 1946 da trd thanh bai hpc xuyen sudt cho cac giai doan sau nay Bai hpc trudc hit va quan trpng nhat chinh la van de ddc lap dan tdc la van dl sdng cdn, phai dugc xem la nguyen tac bit di bat djch Ddc lap
Trang 3SU" NGHIEP VA TIP Tl/^NG U6 CHi MINH
dan tdc, chii quyen va toan ven lanh thd la
hdn da tang cua mpi chinh sach ddi ngoai va
hoat ddng ngoai giao ciia chiing ta Trong hai
cudc khang chien chdng xam luge cua dan
tdc ta, quan diim nay cua Hd Chi Minh da
dugc van dung va phat huy cao dp trong mpi
hoat ddng, trong dd cd cdng tac ddi ngoai va
hoat ddng ngoai giao cua Dang va Nha nudc
ta Dd la: viing vang vdi nguyen tie ddc lap
dan tdc, chu quyen, toan ven lanh thd va
thdng nhat Td qudc; eoi ddi ngoai va hoat
ddng ngoai giao la mdt mat tran de tap hgp
lire lugng qudc te, cd muc tieu rd rang, cd
chiln luge, sach luge, cd phuong phap va
budc di phii hgp; quan diem hda binh hiiu
nghj ludn ludn dugc nang cao va phat huy
trong mgi dieu kien, tinh hudng, eoi trgng ddi
thoai, tang cudng su hieu bilt lin nhau, tdn
trpng Igi ich ciia nhau, dac biet la cac gia tri
van hda ciia cac dan tdc khac; ddc lap, tu
chu, tin vao siic manh ciia dan tdc minh,
khdn kheo van dung nhiing kinh nghiem ciia
cha dng, ddng thdi nhay ben hpc hdi nhiing
bai hpc ciia the gidi; timg budc va khdng
ngimg nang dan cac quan he ngoai giao tir
cdng nhan va img hd lin nhau den quan he
hgp tac phat trien va hdi nhap qudc te
Trong thdi ky nay, Chu tjch Hd Chi
Minh vira la ngudi diing diu Dang va Nha
nudc, vira la ngudi phu trach chinh sach
ddi ngoai va Bd Ngoai giao ciia nudc ta
Ngudi la mdt nha ngoai giao Idn, uyen bac,
ljch thiep, rat gan giii, than ai va bao dung,
nhung ciing rat cuong quylt va manh me
Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve cdng tac ddi
28
ngoai va hoat ddng ngoai giao vin la nhihig nguyen Iy, nguyen tic ca ban va la bai hpc cho chiing ta hdm nay
2 Nhiing nam diu till ky XXI, thi gidi c6 nhieu thay ddi Su trdi day cua cac nIn kinh
te mdi, dien hinh la Trung Qudc cd anh hudng khdng nhd den tinh hinh khu vuc v^ the gidi Hang loat vin de Idn nhu djch benh, mdi trudng, khiing bd, mau thuan sic tdc, vin de nang lugng ciing nhu sir bimg nd cua khoa hpc ky thuSt, thuc sir da vugt ra khdi tim kiem soat cua bit cii mdt qudc gia nao,
nd ddi hdi phai cd sir tham gia qudc te, phai
cd sir ddng thuan, cimg chia se nhirng khd khan thach thiic, ciing nhu sir bao dam cimg
cd Igi cho mgi qudc gia Khi khoang each khdng gian va thdi gian khdng cdn la trd ng^i hay uu the cua bat cii qudc gia nao, thi cdng tac ddi ngoai va hoat ddng ngoai giao ti-d thanh mdt ITnh vuc hit siic quan trpng, cd lien quan va chi phdi den rit nhieu ITnh vuc khac nhau, trong dd phai ke den nhiing van
de rat nhay cam nhu kinh tl, quan sir, chinh trj va van hda - xa hdi Trong dilu kien do, viec van dung quan diim dpc lap dan tdc gin lien vdi CNXH ciia Hd Chi Minh va nhung kinh nghiem ngoai giao cua Ngudi vao hoach djnh cac chinh sach ddi ngoai, hoat ddng ngoai giao dl mang lai hieu qua cao nhat la rit cin thilt
Mpt la, ddc lap dan tpc gin liln vdi
CNXH la mpt quan diim Idn cd tinh chit bao quat va xuyen sudt, viec van dung vao cdng tac ddi ngoai va hoat ddng ngoai giao trong dilu kien hien nay la cin thilt va phai qu^
TAP CHI LjCH SLP O A N G - S6 2/2010
\
Trang 4SLP NGHIEP VA Tl/ Tl/^NG H 6 CHI MINH
tinet that sau sic Quan diim nay tiarde hit
khang djnh muc tieu va con dudng tit ylu
cua each mang nude ta, dudng ldi chiln luge,
sach luge va nhirng vin dl ca ban nhu ddc
lap dan tdc, chii quyen qudc gia, toan ven
lanh thd, mdt nudc Viet Nam thdng nhit
Quan diem nay khdng gidi han viec tiiam gia
cac td chiic qudc te ciing nhu cac hoat ddng
ngoai giao, nhung khdng dupe lam phuang
hai den Igi ich ciia qudc gia dan tdc, khdng
dugc lam mat dn djnh chinh trj va xa hdi,
khdng dugc lam anh hudng din vai trd lanh
dao cua Dang va Nha nudc ciia dan, do dan,
vi dan Hon 170 qudc gia cd quan he ngoai
giao, hon 200 qudc gia, vimg lanh thd cd
quan he thuong mai va hang tram td chiirc
qudc te se la co sd virng chac cho sir md rdng
khdng ngimg va sir phat trien ve chieu sau
ti-ong cac quan he qudc te cua Viet Nam
' Hai Id, ngoai giao la mdt mat tran Sinh
thdi, Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh thudng ndi:
ngoai giao la mdt mat tran khdng cd tieng
sung nhung khdng kem phan gay go va
quyet liet, can bd hoat ddng tren mat tran
ngoai giao phai cd lap trudng, quan diem
vung vang, phai cd ban ITnh va het siic linh
hoat, sang tao Coi ngoai giao la mdt mat
tran ke ca trong dieu kien hda binh cd y
nghTa la dat ngoai giao ngang hang vdi cac
hoat ddng nha nudc khac nhu kinh te, chinh
trj, quan sir, van hda, xa hdi Ngoai giao
phai nim trong mdt chinh the hoat ddng nha
nude, la mdt nhiem vu each mang thudng
xuyen, cd ddng gdp vao chien luge phat
triln each mang chung cua ca nude Nhin
vao nhung bien cd ciia the gidi may chuc nam gan day, chiing ta can thay rd, ngoai giao ngay cang chiem giii vj tri quan trpng,
nd chi phdi cac ITnh vuc khac thdng qua viec cung cap thdng tin, giai ma tinh thi "tao thdi co" hoac vd hieu hda cac "thach thiic" cd chieu hudng phat trien thanh thiic day cac ITnh vuc dd phat trien Do vay Dang va Nha nudc can dau tu cho viec nghien ciiu xay dung nhiing chien luge ngoai giao khu vuc hoac timg ddi tupng cu the ke ca trudc mat
va lau dai Trong xu thi hdi nhap va toan cau hda, ngoai giao da va dang phat huy rdng rai kha nang va uu the ciia minh Trong dieu kien hien nay, ngoai giao nudc ta da cd nhirng budc tien rat hieu qua, khdng ngimg
md rdng quan he vdi tat ca cac nudc, ddng thdi phat trien cac quan he binh thudng thanh cac "ddi tac kinh te", "ddi tac hgp tac lau dai", "ddi tac chien luge"
Ba Id, dudng Idi ngoai giao cua Viet Nam
la thdng nhat, trudc sau nhu mdt vi hda binh, hiru nghj va doan ket giira cac dan tdc Dan tdc Viet Nam la dan tdc cd y chi quat cudng,
cd truyen thdng chdng ngoai xam rit oanh liet, bat khuat va khdng bao gid chju that bai Hiep djnh Gioneva (1954) va Hiep djnh Pari (1973) chinh la kit qua cua van hda khoan dung va muc tieu hda binh cho dan tdc cua Hd Chi Minh Van dung nguyen tic hda binh, hiru nghj va doan ket giira cac dan tdc trong dieu kien hien nay la phai lam cho ban be va nhan dan the gidi hieu truyen thdng van hda tdt dep cua dan tdc ta, thay rd tinh yeu hda binh ludn gan lien vdi ddc lap tu do cua dan
TAP CHi LICH SLP OANG - S6 2/2010
Trang 5SLP NGHIEP VA T l / Tl/^NG H 6 C H I MINH
tdc ta van hda Viet Nam la mdt nen van hda
chiia diy gia trj nhan van, hda hieu, mdt nen
van hda yeu thuong con ngudi, ludn lay con
ngudi lam trpng tam de ling xir vdi tu nhien,
xa hdi va vdi chinh con ngudi Lam tdt dieu
nay, chiing ta se cd nhieu ban be hon, niem tin
qudc te ddi vdi chiing ta se cao hon, va tieng
ndi cua Viet Nam tren trudng qudc te ciing se
cd tam anh hudng Idn hon
Bon la, nhan thiic rd gia trj tinh than ciia
ngoai giao Viet Nam va nghe thuat ngoai
giao Hd Chi Minh Trong cudc diu tranh
gianh ddc lap dan tdc va trong sir nghiep xay
dimg Td qudc, chiing ta da xay dung dugc
nhiing mdi quan he qudc te cue ky quy bau
Chiing ta cd ddng chi gin bd lau dai, lang
gieng than thiet, cd ban be d khap nam chau
cimg sat canh trong nhirng liic gian nan nhat
Cd the ndi, gia trj tinh than cua ngoai giao
Viet Nam la gia trj chinh nghTa va nhan dao
Ngay nay, trong hgp tac phat trien, chiing ta
van mong mudn mdt sir "hgp tac thanh that"
cimg cd Igi va tdn trgng lan nhau, khdng Igi
dung hgp tac de pha hoai, lat dd va "dien
bien hda binh" Trong dieu kien hien nay, de
xir ly dugc tinh the nhieu phiic tap va ngay
cang cd tinh dan xen ddi hdi nhiing ngudi
lam ngoai giao phai cd su linh hoat va tinh te,
cd ban ITnh chinh trj cao, cd nghiep vu,
chuyen mdn gidi va dac biet phai cd sir am
hieu sau sac ve van hda chang nhirng cua dan
tdc minh ma ca cua ddi tac la cac qudc gia,
dan tdc khac Cd nhu vay mdi lam chu dugc
tinh the va xir Iy duge theo nguyen tac "DT
bat bien, iing van bien" ciia Chu tjch Hd Chi
Minh Sang tao la mdt nguyen tic ciia sir tilnl
bd va phat triln Khi ndi din van dung 1]^ luan hay hpc hdi kinh nghiem, Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh ludn nhic "phai sang tao" Mudn
cd nhiing nha ngoai giao tai ba, mudn cd nhiing chuyen gia hoat ddng quan ly nha nudc vl ddi ngoai nhat djnh phai khuyen khich va nudi dudng sir sang tao trong cdng tac ddi ngoai va hoat ddng ngoai giao
Nhin lai chang dudng 80 nam qua, dudi sir lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, sir nghiep each mang cua Dang va nhan dan
ta da dat nhirng thanh tuu to Idn Viet Nam tii mdt nudc thudc dja da trd thanh mdt qudc gia ddc lap cd chu quyen, tir mdt nudc ngheo nan, lac hau da vuon minh trd thanh mpt qudc gia dang phat trien manh me Dac bi?t trong nhiing nam ddi mdi, ciing vdi kinh te khdng ngimg tang trudng la vai trd qudc tl cua Viet Nam khdng ngimg md rdng, giao thuong ngay cang di vao chieu sau va ben virng Tat ca nhung thanh tuu dd khdng tach khdi dudng ldi diing din cua Dang va dac biet la quan diem ddc lap dan tdc gan lien vdi CNXH cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh
1 Ho Chi Minh Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2000,
T.I,tr.266 2.5d'J,T.10,tr.l27