C hung ta dang sd'ng trong mdt thdi dai ma khoa hgc, ky thuat va cdng nghe da dem den nhirng bien ddi cgc ky Idn lao cho cudc sd'ng cua con ngu'di, trd thanh dgng luc cgc ky quan trg[r]
Trang 1Mi it:*tii, jtia4^ - /vn€*Uf, Aua*t jbdna - Mitna Xi^
HOC TAP VA l i m THEO TAM GUOIIB
VAN HOA TRONG CHIEN LUtTC PHAT TRIEN DAT NUtTC CUA HO CHi MINH
I TA NGOC TAN (*)
Chung ta dang sd'ng trong mdt thdi dai
ma khoa hgc, ky thuat va cdng nghe
da dem den nhirng bien ddi cgc ky
Idn lao cho cudc sd'ng cua con ngu'di, trd thanh
dgng luc cgc ky quan trgng ddi vdi sg phat trien
CLia mdi dan tdc, mdi qudc gia Nhu'ng cung
chinh d thdi diem nay, nhieu van de tieu cgc va
khimg hoang ve xa hgi da nay sinh trong ddi
sd'ng, bugc chiing ta phai nhin nhan lai yeu cau
phat trien ben virng vdi vai trd, vi tri dac biet cua
van hoa Vi le dd, trd lai vdi di san van hoa ciia
Ho Chi Minh, trong dd tu tudng ve vai trd va vj
tri cua van hoa trong chien lirgc phat trien da't
nudc la mgt van de vda cd y nghTa chie'n lagc
vira mang y nghTa thdi sg quan trgng
1 Han nifa the ky trifdc, trong mgt sd ghi
chep d trang cudi cimg ciia "Nhat ky trong tu"
Chil tjch Ho Chi Minh viet "y nghTa cua van
hoa: vi le sinh ton cung nhu muc dich ciia cugc
sdng, loai ngudi mdi sang tao va phat minh ra
ngdn ngir, chir viet, dao dure, phap luat, khoa
hgc, tdn giao, van hoa, nghe thuat, nhirng cdng
cu cho sinh hoat hang ngay ve an, mac, d va
cac phuang thirc sir dung, toan bd nhirng sang
tao va phat minh dd tdc la van hoa" Tir nhan
thifc ay Ho Chi Minh dua ra khai niem ve van
{*) Uy vien Ban chap hanh Trung uang Dang,
Tong Bien tap T^ip chf Cgng sin
hda: "Van hoa la sutdng hgp mgt phuang thuc sinh hoat cung vdi bleu hien cda no ma loai ngudi da san sinh ra nham thich dng vdi nhung nhu cau cua dai sdng va ddi hdi cua su sinh ton"'" Cd the ndi, day la mgt each tiep can van
hda tif y nghTa khai quat, dac trung nha't ciia
nd, mgt dinh nghTa cd dgng va chinh xac ve van hda
Quan niem cua Ho Chi Minh ve van hda la xuat phat td each tiep can mac-xit va rat gan gui vdi nhan thdc hien dai, khi coi van hoa khdng chi dan thuan la ddi sdng tinh than cua con ngudi - xa hgi (theo each phan khuc rdi rac), ma td trong ban chait cua minh, nd chinh
la linh hon, la he than kinh ciia mgt xa hgi, la sifc manh tradng ton cua ca dan tpc, la sire sdng viran len cua thdi dai Van hoa khong phai
la toan bg ddi sdng con ngudi xa hgi, ma la phan cdt tu, la tinh hoa dugc chifng cat, ket tu nen cai ban chat, ban sac, tinh each ciia dan tgc, cua thdi dai Nd dugc thang hoa tif hai thd cugc sdng, td nang Igc, trinh do va phuang thdc sdng cua mdi ca nhan, mdi cgng dong Va den lirgt minh, van hda hien dien trong mgi hoat ddng tif suy tir de'n hanh dgng thgc te, tif hoat dgng ca nhan de'n nhdng van dgng xa hgi, tif boat dgng vat chat den nhifng sang tao tinh than, nhifng phat minh, sang che, tao ra nhu'ng gia trj mdi ciia san xuat vat chat, khoa hgc - ky thuat - cdng nghe, van hgc - nghe thuat
Trang 2Mu*Uf, jbdncf, - Jvide*Uf ^udt^
fOSqi 1970, nghTa la gan 30 nam sau thdi
diem Ho Chi Minh viet nhu'ng Idi nay, tai Hgi
nghi lien chinh phu ve cac chinh sach van hda
hgp d Venise (Italia), UNESCO da thifa nhan
khai niem do F Mayor - nguyen Tong giam
ddc CLia td chirc nay dira ra la khai niem chung,
chinh thifc cua cgng ddng qudc te ve van hda:
"Van hoa bao gom tat ca nhdng gi lam cho dan
tgc nay khac vdi dan toe khae, td nhdng san
pham tinh vi hien dai nhat eho den tin ngudng,
phong tue, tap quan, ldi sdng va lao dong" Neu
so sanh, cd the thay, khai niem nay cua
UNESCO ve van hda cd ngi dung cO ban nhu
ngi dung khai niem ciia Chii tich Ho Chi Minh
Cai khac nhau cua hai khai niem nay la d chd,
khai niem cua dng F Mayor chi nhan manh
den tinh dac thii cua cac gia tri van hda, tdc la
"cai lam cho dan tgc nay khac vdi dan tgc
khac" Cdn ddi vdi khai niem ve van hda cua
Ho Chi Minh, van hda khdng chi la cai tao nen
tinh dac thii cua dan tgc, ma phai cdn la nhifng
gia tri nham thich irng vdi nhirng nhu cau ddi
sdng va doi hdi ciia sg sinh tdn "Nhu cau ddi
sd'ng" cua con ngifdi ludn phat trien cung nhu
"ddi hdi cua sg sinh ton" cua xa hgi loai ngudi
ludn ludn nang cao, hoan thien Cung cd nghTa,
ndi den van hoa la ndi den gia trj, nhang la
nhirng gia tri ket tinh lao dgng sang tao ciia con
ngudi tren cac binh dien hoat dgng nham cai
tao tg nhien, cai tao xa hgi va cai tao chinh ban
than minh, hadng tdi chan, thien, my, tdc la
hudng tdi sg tdt dep, nhan van va khdng ngdng
hoan thien cioa nhan loai Ndi den van hda
khdng chi la ndi den nhung gia trj tTnh, ket tinh
ngirng dgng, ma cdn la sg van dgng, phat trien
va hoan thien nhirng gia trj ay trong thdi gian
va khdng gian
Tif nhan thifc khai quat ve van hda, Chii tich
Ho Chi Minh chi ra mgt each cu the ve ngi
dung, yeu cau xay dgng nen van hda ciia dat
nudc Ngu'di viet tie'p: "Nam diem Idn xay dung
nen van hoa dan tgc" la:
1 Xay dung tam ly: tinh than dgc lap tg cudng;
2 Xay dgng luan ly: biet hy sinh minh lam
Igi cho quan chimg;
3 Xay dgng xa hdi: mgt sg nghiep cd lien
quan den phiic Igi cua nhan dan trong xa hdi;
4 Xay dgng chinh trj: dan quyen;
5 Xay dung kinh te"'"
Viec chi ra nhifng diem Idn tren chirng to rang, khi phan dinh ngi ham khai niem van hoa,
Ho Chi Minh nhan thirc rat rd rang, xay dgng nen van hoa dan tgc phai dat trong mdi quan he qua lai vdi cac mat khac cua ddi sdng dan tgc
nha: "tam ly", "luan ly", "xa hgi", "ehinh tri", "kinh te" Xay dgng van hda phai gan lien vdi tifng
binh dien ay, lam cho van hda trd thanh pham chat td't dep, dac trung rieng cd va y nghTa tich cgc cua nhdng ITnh vgc ddi sdng dd
Tdm lai, cd the ndi rang, ngay td nam 1943, quan diem ve van hoa va nen van hoa dan toe cua Ho Chi Minh da to rd tinh hien dai Quan diem nay the hien tam chien lifgc thien tai cua Ngadi trong viec xac dinh vai trd, vi tri va nhiing tieu chi CO ban nham djnh hudng phat trien cho nen van hoa Viet Nam lam co sd cho sg phat trien toan dien cua xa hdi Viet Nam tirong lai
2
Ho Chi Minh quan niem, xay dgng ve "tam ly" la xay dgng "Tinh than dgc lap tu cudng",
cung cd nghTa la sg giao due, dinh hadng de hun diic nen tinh yeu dat nudc, niem tg hao dan tgc, y chi tg chu, tg cudng Dd chinh la ca sC nen tang bao dam cho sg doan ket, dong thuan dan tgc, dieu kien de tao nen sire manh bao ve ddc lap dan tdc, chdng lai mgi su xam hai tif ben ngoai Lich sd tdn tai, phat trien cua dan tgc Viet Nam da la minh chdng hien nhien ve bai hgc xuong mau dd Ddi vdi cac dan tgc khac tren the gidi, mud'n tdn tai, vugt qua nhirng nguy
CO xam lugc, ddng hda hay chen ep, xung dot
de phat trien deu phai khiing dinh mgt sifc manh tinh than to Idn tir dgc lap tg cudng Chi
cd dieu, bieuhien cua tinh than ddc lap tu cudng ay d mdi nudc, tiiy theo nhirng dieu kien dac diem khac nhau ma the hien mdt each sinh dgng, da dang Dd cting chinh la mgt dac tinh van hda, mdt "cai lam cho dan tdc nay khac vdi dan tgc khac"
Cd the ndi, quan diem xay dgng van hda ve
"tam ly" vdi ndi dung la "tinh than ddc lap tu cudng" la xuyen sudt va nha't quan trong nhan
Trang 3" - - ^
j l r ^
MU^HJCI jbd*tq, - Miium^ Xuan
thifc cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh Tren hanh trinh
tim^ dudng ciru nadc Ho Chi Minh da tim de'n
chu nghTa Mac - Lenin va Ngudi nhan ra r&ng,
dd chinh la con dudng giai phdng dan tgc khdi
ap birc, lam than Sau nay, cho dii trong nhirng
thdi diern thu' thach khic nghiet nhat dd'i vdi
quan diem chinh tri cua minh hay trong thgc
tien cugc chien da'u chdng ke thii xam lugc bao
ve To qud'c cung nhu trong cdng cudc xay dgng
da't nude Ho Chi Minh ludn kien dinh quan
diem ve ddc lap dan tgc gan lien vdi chu nghTa
xa hgi Ngadi khang dinh: "Mud'n ciru nudc va
giai phdng dan tgc khdng cd con dudng nao
khac con dudng each mang vd san""' Va chan
ly ndi tieng ma Ho Chi Minh da tong ket tif thgc
tien Ijch su' cioa the gidi va tif chinh nhirng bai
hgc xuong mau cua Ijch sir dau tranh dgng
nudc va giir nude cua dan tgc Viet Nam la
"khdng cd gi quy ban dgc lap tg do" Cang nhan
thirc sau sac ve y nghTa cua van de dan tgc
trong each mang xa hgi chii nghTa (XHCN), Ho
Chi Minh cang thau hieu hon y nghTa cua chii
nghTa qudc te vd san Chinh vi the, Ngudi da
khang dinh, mgt trong sd bai hgc Idn cua Cach
mang Thang Madi Nga la: "Ket hgp chat che
long yeu nudc vdi tinh than qudc te vd san trong
each mang giai phdng dan tgc cung nhu trong
each mang XHCN Trong thdi dai ngay nay,
each mang giai phdng dan tgc la mgt bg phan
khang kbit cua each mang vd san trong pham
vi toan the gidi; each mang giai phdng dan tgc
phai phat trien thanh each mang XHCN thi mdi
gianh dugc thang Igi hoan toan"'^'
Cugc ddi boat dgng ciia Chu tich Ho Chi
Minh la bieu hien sinh dgng, la tam guong sang
ro nhat ve sg ket hgp hai hda giira nhirng gia trj
dan tgc va chii nghTa xa hgi, giii'a ldng yeu nadc
nong nan va chu nghTa qudc te trong sang
Ngudi da di khSp nam chau bdn bien^>^at _
dgng nhu mgt chie'n sy qud'c te nhang ^ h yeu X
nadc, thuang ndi ciing nhang ban s§c con ngudi Viet Nam cua Ngudi khdng nhirng khdng phai nhat di ma cang sau s i c , dam da han len Trong khi tan tam, tan Igc vi sg nghiep da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc, Ngadi cung y thirc rat sau sac ve chu nghTa qud'c te vd san, ve sg doan ket ciia phong trao cdng nhan, cgng san the gidi va da xir ly vd cimg kheo leo, cd trach nhiem mdi quan he giira cac Dang Cgng san, cac qud'c gia va dan tgc khac tren the gidi
Tif nhan thdc ve chii nghTa Mac - Lenin, ta tudng Ho Chi Minh va thgc tiln each mang Viet nam, Dang Cgng san Viet Nam da riit ra bai hgc sau sac ve quan he gan bd giira dgc lap dan tgc
va chu nghTa xa hgi, coi dd nhu mgt trong sd dieu kien hang dau quye't dinh th&ng Igi ciia each mang Viet Nam Trd lai yeu cau ve xay dgng van hda theo ta tudng Ho Chi Minh, van
de dat ra la phai giao due, quan triet nhan thirc
dd, bai hgc dd thanh tu tudng, tinh cam, hanh
vi, ldi sdng ciia mdi con ngudi, thanh mgt gia tri
xa hgi ciia Viet Nam Dd cung chinh la ket qua hudng tdi cua sg phat trien con ngadi Viet Nam, dong thdi la dieu kien sdng con bao dam cho thang Igi ciia each mang XHCN d nadc ta
Xay dgng van hoa ve mat "luan ly", theo
each hieu cua Ho Chi Minh, chinh la sg hinh thanh va khdng ngdng hoan thien ve ta tudng, ldi sdng ma ndi dung trung tam, quan trgng
nhat cua nd la "biet hy sinh lam Igi cho quan chung" Dd la ngi dung quan trgng nha't ciia
nhu'ng chuan mgc dao dirc xa hgi ma con ngudi chimg ta ndi chung hay mdi can bg each mang ndi rieng can hadng tdi Tieu chuan con ngadi can bg "can, kiem, liem, chinh, chi cdng vo tir" chinh la sg phat trien day dii han td tieu chi xay
C^ - K t ^ ^ ^ t ^ ^ ^ " / ^ ^ ^ , du^ CC' M' £ ^ f i y ^ tM/m^ tcyp^
T H 6 N TRANG
Trang 4< 4 - ^
Mu*iCf, jbdH<f, - Mdt*Uf, Audn
hda nay Day cung chinh la yeu cau
,Song con ve xay dgng chii nghTa xa hdi, bdi vi,
hhu sau nay Ho Chi Minh da nhac lai rat nhieu
lan rang, "mud'n xay dgng chu nghTa xa hdi phai
cd con ngadi XHCN" ma yeu cau dau tien,
quye't dinh eiia con ngadi XHCN phai "di den
hoan toan khdng cd chu nghTa ca nhan"'^' Mdt
trong nhirng bai viet cudi cimg, bai "Nang cao
dao ddc each mang, quet sach chu nghTa ca
nhan", nhan djp ky niem 39 nam thanh lap
Dang Cdng san Viet Nam (3/2/1969), Ho Chi
Minh nha'n manh: "Do ea nhan ehu nghia ma
ngai gian khd, khd khan, sa vao tham d, hii
hda, lang phi, xa hoa Cung do ca nhan chii
nghTa ma mat doan ket, thie'u tinh td chirc, ky
luat Tdm lai, rio ca nhan chii nghTa ma pham
nhieu sai lam" Chinh vi the, Ngadi yeu cau:
"Mdi can bd, dang vien phai dat Igi ich ciia each
mang, cua Dang, cua nhan dan len tren het
Phai kien quyet quet sach chu nghTa ca nhan,
nang cao dao difc each mang, bdi dadng ta
tudng tap the, tinh than doan ket, tinh to chifc
va tinh ky luat"'"
Ndi each khac, xay dung van hda ve "luan
ly" chinh la xay dgng van hda sdng cua con
ngadi Trong cac che do xa hdi dga tren nen
tang cua che do ta hiru thi chinh quan he bdc
lot, bat cdng bang giira ngadi vdi ngadi tao
thanh nhung yeu td, dieu kien mdt each tg
nhien, thiic day con ngadi di tdi chu nghTa ca
nhan, hinh thanh ldi sdng vu Igi, ich ky Sg
thang the ciia quan he nhan dao, cua chii
nghTa nhan van, cua su hy sinh, xa than cho Igi
ich cgng ddng, ddng loai chi cd y nghTa nhat
thdi, gan vdi cac gia tri yeu nadc, dan tdc va ve
tdng the, ludn chi giir the yeu so vdi sg vu Igi,
vdi chil nghTa ca nhan Neu chii nghTa xa hgi la
mdt cudc each mang thi y nghTa each mang
sau sac nhait, cung la gay gat nhat chinh la sg
bien ddi trong van hda sd'ng cua con ngudi, la
su giai thoat con ngadi khdi chu nghTa ca nhan
de hinh thanh va dan dan hoan thien van hda
sdng nhan van cao ca, dat Igi ich cua dan tdc,
da't nadc va cua che do len tren het, dat Igi ich
ca nhan trong sg hai hda vdi lgi ich cua tap the
Dd cung chinh la cd't Idi van hda cua eon ngudi
ma chil nghTa xa hdi hudng tdi, la muc dich phat trien ciia che do XHCN Y nghTa each mang vd ciing sau sac ciia su bien ddi nay chinh la do su phirc tap, gay can trong cugc da'u tranh ta tudng cua mdi ca nhan con ngudi cung nhu ca xa hdi de vugt qua nhirng tap quan sdng da hinh thanh, khac sau vao Idi sdng xa hdi con ngudi trong sudt chieu dai Ijch sir da qua, de hinh thanh va dan hoan thien mdt thang gia trj mdi me trong mdi con ngudi
va trong ca cdng ddng xa hdi Den lugt no, chinh su hinh thanh van hda sdng trd thanh tieu chi de danh gia nhirng ket qua cua each mang, thanh dieu kien cCia sg phat trien cua che do XHCN
Ban de'n ndi dung xay dung van hda ve "xa hgi", Ho Chi Minh coi dd la "mot sg nghiep co lien quan den phuc lgi eua nhan dan trong xa hoi" 6 binh dien nay Ho Chi Minh nha'n manh
de'n ca "mgt su nghiep" Dieu ay cd the hieu la viec phan dau cho phuc Igi cua nhan dan la yeu cau quye't djnh, the hien tinh ban chat ciia che
do Nd phai dugc phan anh trong muc tieu, trong md thifc xay dung, trong co che van hanh cua ca che do Nd dong thdi phai trd thanh ta't yeu trong xa hdi, trong mdi thanh vien, mdi bp phan hgp thanh cua che do xa hgi Day chinh la nhan thuc nhat quan, chi dao hanh ddng trong sud't cudc ddi boat ddng each mang ciia Chu tich Ho Chi Minh Nam 1946, ngay sau each mang Thang Tam, Ngudi khang dinh: "Toi chi
cd mgt sg ham mudn, ham mud'n tdt bae, la lam sao cho nadc ta dage hoan toan ddc lap, dan ta dagc hoan toan tg do, ddng bao ai cung cd com
an ao mac, ai cung dagc hgc hanh""' Khi ndi ve chil nghTa xa hdi, nhieu lan Ho Chi Minh da dat
"phiic Igi cua nhan dan" nhu la y nghTa quan trgng nha't cua khai niem nay "Chu nghTa xa hpi
la mgi ngadi dan dagc ao am com no, nha dtuf
te, dagc hgc hanh"'"'; "Chu nghTa xa hdi la lam sao cho nhan dan du an, du mac, ngay cang sung sadng, ai nay dugc di hgc, dm dau c6 thudc, gia khdng lao ddng dugc thi nghi"''' Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh nhin nhan "phiic loi" khdng don thuan la nhirng gia trj vat chat, duong nhien dd la nhu'ng gia trj dau tien khong
'd
Trang 5Mit^tq, jbii4Uf - MdcHAf Xuan
the thieu Dd cdn la nhu'ng yeu cau ve "tg do",
"dan chil", "hgc hanh", "nghi ngai", nhirng dieu
kien can va du cho con ngadi phat trien mgt
each toan dien
Tif nhan thirc ve van hda trong ngi dung xay
dgng ve xa hgi, cang tha'y rd y nghTa nhan van
nhu la cd't each, la ban chat, xuyen sudt trong
ta't ca cac binh dien ta tudng cua Ho Chi Minh
Xay dgng van hda ve ndi dung xa hgi eung cd
nghTa la mang lai cho xa hdi y nghTa nhan van
cao ca ay Dieu ay cung cd nghTa khdng dan
thuan la dat dagc nhirng ket qua ve phiic Igi xa
hgi, ma hon the, bao gdm ca each thifc dat
dugc nhu'ng phiic lgi ay nha the nao, sir dung
nhu'ng phuc Igi ay ra sao, nhirng phuc Igi ay
mang lai gi cho sg phat trien tdt dep cua con
ngudi Sinh thdi khi ndi den van de phan phdi
hang hda, Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh da ndi: "khdng
sg thie'u, chi sg khdng cdng bang" O day,
phuong thifc phan phdi "cdng bang" dagc danh
gia ve tam quan trgng cao ban sd lugng nhieu
hay it san pham phan phd'i Duong nhien, ndi
nha the khdng cd nghTa la sd lagng san pham
khdng quan trgng Nhung trong hoan canh cu
the, rd rang each phan phd'i se quyet dinh mdi
quan he va thai do ciia nhang ngadi dugc tham
gia phan phdi Dd cung chinh la mgt bieu hien
cu the cua y nghTa van hda
Da't nadc ta cdn khdng it khd khan, nen kinh
te chua phat trien den mirc dap irng day dii mgi
yeu cau phiic Igi phong phu ciia nhan dan
Chinh vi the, viec thiic day phat trien kinh te,
lam giau, khdng ngirng tang them phiic Igi cho
nhan dan la mdt ddi hdi khach quan, cap thiet
Nhang dieu dd khdng cho phep chimg ta quen
di viec giao due ve van hda trong phan phdi,
hudng thu cac ngudn phuc Igi xa hdi
Ve ngi dung xay dgng "ehinh tri", theo Ho
Chi Minh dd chinh la "dan quyen" Van hoa
chinh trj chinh la mang lai va bao dam dagc
"dan quyen" 6 day, dan quyen khdng chi la
nhifng quyen tren cac ITnh vgc ddi sdng ma
ngadi dan dagc hadng ngay cang day dii, cang
cd y nghTa td't dep cho sg phat trien toan dien,
ma cdn la nhirng quyen Igi - Igi ich ma xa hgi
mang lai cho nhan dan ngay cang day dii ban
^ ^ d ^ ^
ngay cang giiip cho cugc sd'ng ciia ngagi^an
hanh phiic hon, tien bg hon Cd nghTa =fa, hieu \ dan quyen theo nhan thdc van hoa khong chi la '
nhirng quyen va Igi ma nen chinh tri mang lai cho ngadi dan, ma con la each mang lai nha the nao va y nghTa cua nhang quyen va Igi ay ra sao, cd y nghTa tdt dep de'n dau ddi vdi xa hgi
Ddi vdi ngi dung "xay dung kinh te", Ho Chi
Minh khdng dat ra tieu chi dinh hudng nhu nhirng ITnh vgc khac Nhang theo each dat van
de tif nhifng diem trudc do cd the thay, van hoa dagc Ho Chi Minh coi la muc tieu ciia xay dgng kinh te, dong thdi van hoa cung la ngi Igc manh
me ciia viec xay dgng nen kinh te dd Truyen thdng van hoa, sifc manh van hoa trong nguon nhan Igc, trong trinh do td chdc lao dgng san xua't, quan ly kinh te xa hgi, van hoa trong kinh doanh, trong quan he doanh nghiep la dgng Igc ben trong ciia qua trinh phat trien kinh te, phat trien xa hgi va con ngadi Mgt nen kinh te phat trien tdt dep chi khi nd gan bd vdi nhu'ng gia trj van hda, ket tinh trong no nhu'ng gia tri van hda, lam giau cd them va thiic day sg phat trien ciia nhirng gia tri van hoa ciia dan tgc, ciia da't nadc O mgt khia canh nao dd, cd the thay ta tadng phat trien cac ITnh vgc van hda ciia Chu tich Ho Chi Minh rat gan gui vdi quan diem phat trien ben virng hien dai
Co the ndi, vdi Ho Chi Minh, van hoa co y nghTa dac biet quan trgng trong chie'n lagc phat trien ciia da't nudc Nd khong chi la muc tieu phan dau vaan tdi nhifng gia tri cao dep cho cudc sdng ma cdn cd vai trd nen tang va sdc manh dgng Igc het sdc to Idn trong phat trien cac binh dien ddi sd'ng kinh te - xa hgi a
Ghi chii:
(1) Ho Chi Minh, Toan tap, Tap 3 (1930-1945), Nxb CTQG, Ha Ngi, 2009, tr.431
(2) Sdd tr 431
(3), (5) Sdd tap 9, tr 314; 448
(4), (6) Sdd, tap 12, tr 305; 438-439
(7) Sdd tap 4,tr 161
(8), (9) Sdd, tap 10, tr 72; 91