Di le nha thd, the hien tinb tdn giao cua minh da trd t h a n h mdt trong nhUng bieu hien cua sii kinb trpng (respectability) d Hoa Ky. Qua thiic, khdng cd mdt nUdc nao tren the gid[r]
Trang 152 SO 09-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
VAN HOA - LiCH SU
VAN DE DA NGUYEN TON GIAO VA
Tir DO TON GIAO TRONG XA HOI HOA KY
Hoa Ky 11 mdt trong sd' It d c
qud'c gia tren the' gidi hien
dien day du d c giao hdi tdn
giao ldn nhd, d c giao phai cU mdi du
loai, vdi nhieu loai quan diem,
khuynh hudng tuf bao thii de'n cip
tie'n, tham chi 11 ciic doan Ne'u nhu
trudc nhiing n i m 70 the ki XX con sd'
thd'ng ke d c giao hdi v l giao phai d
Hoa Ky mdi chi la 2 5 0 \ thi de'n n i m
1993, theo thd'ng ke cila cud'n "Tii
dien td chdc ton gido My", con so' nay
da 11 2500 td chufc tdn giao, ngoii ra
cdn cd hang nghin to chufc tdn giao
tUdng ddi nhd chUa dUdc thd'ng k e i
Hoa Ky la mdt trong sd'cic nUdc, theo
d c h ndi ciia C.MIc, cd "y thufc tdn
giao hudng lac va ngap chim trong sii
mudn mau mudn ve cila sii kbac biet
tdn giao v l sii da dang tdn giao"^ Ci
d i t nudc niy, ngUdi ta t h i y t i t ca cac
tdn giio the gidi cUng nhU d c tin
ngUdng ban dia ciing chung sd'ng,
cimg canh t r a n h trong xa hdi thi
trUdng die trUng kieu My, dd ia cac
giao hdi Tin Lanh, giao hdi Cdng
giio, Chi'nh Thd'ng giio Do T h i i
giio, Islam giio, An Dp giio, Sikh
giao, Phat giao, Baha'i giio, Dao
giio, tdn giio tin ngudng ban dia cua
ngUdi Indian, d c tdn giao mdi, Sii
da nguyen tdn giio d Hoa Ky la ke't
qua cua qua trinh phat trien lich sif
TS N g u y e n Van D u n g
Vien Nghien citu Ton gido
ciia d i t nUdc nay Dan cU Hoa Ky, ngoai nhiing ngUdi Indian (thd dan
Da dd), la nhiing ngUdi di cU va hau due cua hp thudc cac chung tdc, dan tdc kbac n h a u tii cac nUdc Chau Au, Chau A, Chau Phi Hp la nhiing tin
dd ciia cac tdn giao, tin ngUdng kbac nhau va khi de'n Hoa Ky hp mang theo ca tdn giao, tin ngUdng ciia minh Q u i t r i n h di cU dd diln ra trong lich sU va cho de'n ngay nay
v i n dang tie'p tuc Do vay, biic tranh tdn giao Hoa Ky da da dang, nay cang them da dang
Dai bd phan d c tin do b Hoa Ky
thudc d c giao hdi Tin Lanh Dieu nay dUdc giai thich n h u sau Nhiing ngUdi
di cU vio Hoa Ky tii Anh, Phap va d c nudc nudc Chau Au khae chu ye'u 11
tin do thupc cac nhdm tdn giao hi Gilo
hdi Cdng giao dang thd'ng tri d Chau
Au truy bufc va xua duoi Khi tdi Hoa
Ky hp da tap hdp lai t h a n h cac td chute tdn giao phii hdp vdi to chufc tdn giao
ma hp da theo duoi d Chau Au, dd la
d c giao hdi Tin Lanh Vi du, nhiing ngudi theo giao phai Calvin (Calvinism) de'n Hoa Ky tif cac nUdc
Ha Lan, Thuy Si, Scotland va nhiing nudc Chau Au khae da t h a n h lap Giao hdi phai TrUdng Lao (presbyterian church) va d c giao hdi Cai each (Reformed church) Nhiing ngUdi
Trang 2CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 09-2009 53
nhap cU dén tii Italia, Ireland va d c
nUdc khae thanh lap d c cdng đng
Cdng giao, nhutng ngUdi dén tif Nga
va mdt só nUdc kbac thi thanh lap d c
cpng đng Chinh Thd'ng giaọ T i t ca
tin đ d c tdn giao deu cd mdi lien he
dén ngudn gd'c dan tdc cila minh Thi
du, d c tin do Cdng giao, phan ldn 11
ngUdi Italia, ngudi Ireland, ngUdi Tly
Ban Nhạ Cimg vdi sd' lUdng ldn tin đ
3 tdn giao chinh d Hoa Ky la Tin Lanh
giio, Cdng giaọ Do T h i i giio d nUdc
nay cdn cd cIc tin đ Chinb Thd'ng
giio, Phat giao, Islam giio, i n Dp giao
v l d c tdn giio k h i c sinh sd'ng Con sd'
thd'ng ke cho t h i y 10 giio hdi, giio
phii Kitd giio ldn d Hoa Ky chiem tdi
90% tin do tdn giao cua nUdc nay 11:
Gilo hdi Cdng giao La Ma, p h i i
Blptit (Baptist), p h i i Methodit
(Methodist), p h i i Luther (Lutheran),
phii Trudng Lao (Presbyterian), hay
phii Mdn do cua Chiia Kitd (Disciples
of Christ), Gilo hdi Chiia Kitd
(Churches of Christ), Gilo hdi Cbinb
Thd'ng giio PhUdng Ddng (Eastern
Orthodox Church), Giao hdi The che
Giim muc (Epicopalian Church), p h i i
Mormon (Mormon/Latter Day Saints)
va Gilo hdi Lien hdp Chiia Kitd
(United Church of Christ)^ Theo mdt
sd' lieu khic cua cupc "Dieu tra tinh
hinh ton gido todn quóc" nam 1990 do
Vien Dao tao sau Dai hpc thudc Dai
hpc New York tién h i n h , trong tdng
sd' ngUdi tif 18 tuoi trd len d 48 bang
cua Hoa Ky (truf bang Alaska v l
Hawaii), tin do Kitd giio udc khoang
151.220.000 ngUdi, chiem 86,2% so
ngUdi dUdc dieu tra; tin do Do Thii
giio Udc khoang 3.130.000 ngUdi,
chiem 1,8% sd'ngUdi dUdc dieu tra; tin
do Islam giio Udc khoang 527.000
ngUdi, chiem 0,5% sd' ngUdi dUdc dieu
tra; tin do Phat giao Udc khoang
401.000 ngudi, chiem 0,4% sd' ngUdi
dUdc dieu tra; tin do An Dp giio Udc
khoang 227.000 ngUdi, chiem 0,2% so ngUdi dUdc dieu trạ Cac tdn giao kbac cUng chi chiem mdt ti le k h i nhd, khoang 0,4% sd' ngUdi dUdc dieu trạ Trong khi đ cd 2,3% sd' ngUdi dUdc hdi tii chdi tra ldi khuynh hudng tdn giao ciia minh v l 8,2% sd' ngUdi dUdc hdi da tra ldi la hp khdng theo tdn giio nlộ Day 11 nhiing sd' lieu dUdc Cbinb phil Hoa Ky v l d c hpc gia My suf dung nhieu vi chiing cd dp tin cay
k h i caọ
Mdt die diem kbac cua tinh hinh tdn giao d Hoa Ký la, tuy sd' lUdng d c
td chufc tdn giio r i t nhieu, chi rieng Tin Lanh giio d l vUdt q u i con sd' 220 giio p h i i cimg boat đng vao cudi the
ki XX, nhUng khdng cd mdt giio hdi tdn giao nao dUdc thufa nhan 11 giio hdi chiem dia vj thd'ng tri - hay cdn gpi 11 qud'c giaọ Die diem illy da dUdc C.MIc v l Ph Angghen nhan xet ngay tif the ki XIX trong t i c pham
"Gia dinh thdn thdnh" Hai dng viét:
" Tdn giio dUdc p h i t trien mdt d c h toin dien tren thiic te chi d nhiing ndi
m l d đ khdng cd b i t ki mdt tdn giio
n i o dupc Uu dai (cbiing tdi nbd tdi d c bang Bic My)l
Da nguyen tdn giao d Hoa Ky 11 mdt k h i i niem rat rdng O Hoa Ky cd
r i t nhieu td chifc tdn giao cimg boat đng, canh tranh l l n nhau trong cupc chien gianh con tim, khdi dc cua ngUdi dan Mỵ Cimg vdi d c giio hdi cd tdi
h i n g trieu, tham chi hang chuc trieu tin đ la cIc td chifc tdn giio nhd le tach ra rdi lai s i p nhap trong mdt đng chay lien tuc Mdt vi du dien hinh, vao giuta the ki XIX d Hoa Ky cd tdi gan 300 td chute k h i c nhau thudc giio phai Luther, nhUng dén nhutng nam 70 cua the ki XX do q u i trinh
hdp n h i t , con sd'nay chi cdn lai \Qf
N i m 1974, theo sd' lieu thd'ng ke cua d c giio hpi Kitd giao d Hoa Ky cd
Trang 354 SO 09-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
48.460.427 tin do Cdng giao,
27.588.478 tin do phai Baptit
(Baptist), 13.303.126 tin dd phai
Methodit (Methodist), 8.658.055 tin
do phai Luther, 4.015.524 tin do phai
TrUdng Lao (presbyterian), 3.503.758
tin do p b i i Mormon, 3.198.212 tin do
phai The che Giam muc
(Episcopalian), 1.876.810 tin do p h i i
Gilo doan (Congregationalist),
1.355.458 tin dd p h i i Mdn dd cua
Chiia Kitd (Disciples of Christ),
498.177 tin dd phai Chutng nhan
Giehdva (Jehovah's Witnesses),
494.518 tin do phai NgU Tuan
(Pentecostat), 361.571 tin do phai
Q u i n Ciiu The (Salvation Army),
4.420.000 tin do Chi'nh Thd'ng giio va
5.500.000 tin do Do T h i i giao"
De'n n i m 1990, theo sd' lieu thd'ng
ke cila cupc "Dieu tra tinh hinh ton
gido todn qud'c" do Vien Dao tao sau
Dai hpc thudc Dai hpc New York tie'n
h i n h , con sd' tin do cIc giao hdi Kitd
giio Hoa Ky cd It nhieu thay ddi Cd
giio hdi sd' tin do tang them, song
cung cd giio hdi so' tin dd lai giam di
so vdi thdi diem gan 20 nam trUdc dd
Cu the nhu sau: Tin dd Cdng giao
-46.004.000 ngUdi (giam hdn 2 trieu),
tin do phai Baptit - 33.964.000 ngUdi
(ting hdn 6 trieu), tin do phai
Methodit - 14.116.000 ngUdi (tang gan
1 trieu), tin do phai Luther
-9.110.000 ngUdi.(tang g i n 500 nghin),
tin dd phai TrUdng Lao - 4.985.000
ngudi (ting G i n 1 trieu), tin dd phai
Mormon - 2.487.000 ngUdi (giam hdn
1 trieu), tin dd phai The che Giim
muc - 3.042.000 ngudi (giam hdn 100
nghin), tin dd phai Giao doan
-438.000 ngudi (giam hdn 1 trieu), tin
do p h i i Mdn do cua Chiia Kitd
-144.000 ngUdi (giam hdn 1 trieu), tin
do phai Chiing nhan Giehdva
-1.381.000 ngudi (tang gan 1 trieu), tin
do phai Ngii Tuan - 3.116.000 ngUdi
(tang gan 3 trieu), tin dd phai Quan Ciiu The - 27.000 ngUdi (giam hdn 300 nghin), tin dd Chinh Thd'ng giao -502.000 ngUdi (giam gan 4 trieu), tin
do Do Thai giao - 3.130.000 ngUdi
(giam hdn 2 trieu)^
Mdt thd'ng ke khae trong cud'n
Encyclopedia Britannial xua't ban
n i m 1998 cho ta mdt so' lieu It nhieu khae biet so vdi sd' lieu cua cupc dieu tra cua Vien Dao tao sau Dai hoc thudc Dai hpc New York Theo dd, nam 1997 d BIc My sd'tin do cac giao
p h i i Tin Lanh la 257.129.000 ngUdi, tin dd Do Thai giao la 5.904.000 ngUdi, tin dd Islam giao la 4.066.000 ngUdi, tin dd tdn giao mdi la 649.000 ngudi, tin dd An Dp giao la 1.129.000 ngUdi, tin dd Phat giao la 2.132.000 ngUdi, tin dd dao Baha'i la 740.000
ngUdi, tin do dao Sikh la 491.000
ngUdi, tin do tdn giao dan gian Trung Qud'c la 832.000 ngUdi, tin dd Than Dao N h l t Ban la 54.000 ngUdi '°
Tuy d c sd' lieu cd k h i c nhau, do d c ngudn tu lieU khae n h a u va thdi diem thd'ng ke ciing n h u phUdng phap dieu tra khae nhau, nhUng deu cd the di
de'n hai ke't luan chung la: Thd nhdt,
Hoa Ky thiic sii la mpt nUdc da
nguyen tdn giao; Thii hai, trong biic
tranh da nguyen tdn giao cua Hoa Ky,
d c giao hdi Kitd giao chiem mau dam
n h i t , die biet la Tin Lanh giao Song ne'u tach Tin Lanh giao ra tufng giao phai cu the thi Cdng giao lai chiem vi tri dau bang, tie'p dd mdi de'n cac giao phai Tin Lanh Mau dam cua Kitd giao cdn dUdc the hien qua viec lUa chpn tdn giao cila cac cU dan thupc cac chimg tdc khae nhau d Hoa Ky Dieu nay dUdc the hien qua sd' lieu dieu tra cua to chiic Gallup (Hoa Ky) nhiing
n i m 1994 - 1995 va cupc dieu tra cua Vien Dao tao sau Dai hpc thudc Dai
Trang 4CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 09-2009
hoc New York n i m 1990" Ke't qua
cupc dieu tra nam 1995 cua td chifc
Gallup cho thiy, trong tdng sd' tin do
Tin L i n h giio Hoa Ky ngUdi da t r i n g
chiem 84%, ngUdi My gd'c Phi chiem
13%, ngudi My Latinh gd'c Tay Ban
Nha chiem 2% Ddi vdi Cdng giio Hoa
Ky, tin do ngUdi da t r i n g chiem 84%,
tin dd ngUdi My gd'c Phi chiem 4%, tin
do ngUdi My Latinh gd'c Tay Ban Nha
chiem 2%^l Ti le n i y phil hdp vdi cd
ciu chimg tdc trong thanh phan dan
sd' Hoa Ky, theo dd ngUdi da t r i n g vifa
chiem da sd' trong dan sd' nUdc niy,
vifa chiem da sd' trong tdng sd' tin do
Kitd giio (Cdng giio v l Tin L i n h
giio) d Hoa Ky
Song vi the cila Kitd giio trong thi
trUdng tdn giio Hoa Ky cUng dang
chiu Sli canh tranh manh me cua cac
tdn giio khic, die biet 11 Islam giio
Nhu chiing ta da biet, trong vdng nifa
the'ki qua (1950-2000) sd'lUdng tin dd
Islam giio d Hoa Ky da t i n g tdi 14
lan Theo du hlo cua d c chuyen gia,
trong vdng 7-8 nam tdi Islam giio se
vUdn len vi tri thif hai ve sd' lUdng tin
do, chi sau Kitd giao^^
Ngoii giio hdi, giio phii, butc tranh
da nguyen tdn giio d Hoa Ky cdn dUdc
ve, nen bdi d c chi phai trong mdi giio
hdi, giio phii VI du, giio phai Blptit
cd 20 cbi p b i i ddc lap, giio pbii
Luther cd 12 chi p h i i ddc lap, giao
pbai TrUdng Lao cd 9 chi p h i i ddc lap,
giio phii NgU Tuan cd hdn 30 chi
phii ddc lap, giio p h i i Mormon cd 4
he phii ddc lap r i t ldn, giio p h i i
Mennonite cd 12 chi p h i i ddc lap,
Dd 11 mdi cbi ndi tdi d c chi phai trong
Tin Lanh giio Neu xet tdi d c tdn
giio kbac nhu Chinh Thd'ng giio Do
Tbii giio, Islam giao, Phat giio,
tbi chung ta khdng the tudng tUpng
ndi sd lUdng d c td chUc tdn giio, giio
phii, chi p h i i d Hoa Ky Tbeo sd' lieu
cila eudn Tii dien cdc td chdc tdn gido
My, x u i t ban n i m 1993, trong the ki
XX d Hoa Ky, sd' giao p b i i Kitd giio
t i n g them mdi la hdn 900, cdn d c giio p h i i cua d c tdn giio khic la bdn
600^\ Su da dang tdng phai, giio
phai, chi phai d Hoa Ky d l tao ra mdt
sU Ilia chpn rdng r l i ve tdn giio, tin ngUdng cho cU dan My Su lUa cbpn nay cd the diia vio giio ly bay d n cif vao die diem chiing tdc, bdi canb vin hda, hole cd the ke't hdp bdi nhieu ye'u td' Ngoii viec lUa chpn nhUng tdn giao
cd sin, ngUdi My cUng cd the tao ra nhUng tin ngUdng mdi cho minh, tU dd
x u i t hien tren biic tranh da nguyen tdn giio My nhUng d i gpi 11 giio bdi
"Lien giio phii" (Interdenomination), giio hdi "khdng giio pbii" (Nondenomination) hole dii loai d c
"tdn giao mdi" Viec lap ra d c "tdn giio mdi" d Hoa Ky khdng cd kbd
k h i n gi, chi can nd khdng t r i i vdi luat
p h i p cua Lien bang v l cbi'nh quyen dia phUdng 11 cd the boat ddng Dieu quan trpng 11 duy tri v l p h i t trien boat ddng cua nd nbU the nao Neu
khdng thu hut dUdc tin do, hay vi
pham p h i p luat, thi t i t yeu nd se di de'n Sli diet vong NhUng "cii mdi"
k h i c lai tie'p tuc ra ddi CUng cd " d i mdi" tru vUng vdi thdi gian v l tim dupc chd dUng tren bUc tranb da nguyen tdn giao d Hoa Ky Theo so
lieu thd'ng ke trong cud'n "Bdch khoa
thu tdn gido My" x u i t ban n i m 1993,
d Hoa Ky cd 1.700 td chUc tdn giao mdi Sd' lieu dieu tra n i m 1997 cho biet d nUdc n i y cd khoang 1,4 trieu tin
dd d c tdn giao mdi'' NbU vay, d Hoa
Ky td chUc tdn giio mdi tbi nbieu, song sd' tin dd lai khdng dang ke Quy
md cua mdi td chUc tdn giio mdi d nUdc nay phan ldn chi tU vii chuc ngUdi de'n vii tram ngudi, sd' tdn giio mdi cd sd' lUdng tin dd kboang chuc
Trang 556 SO 09-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
nghin ngUdi rat It Sii x u i t hien va
dao thai cua cac tdn giao mdi d Hoa
Ky tao thanh mdt vdng t u a n hoan va
ngUdi My gpi hien tUcJng nay la
"phong trao tdn giao mdi" Nguyen
nhan x u i t hien cua phong trao nay
r i t phUc tap va cd nhieu each ly giai
khic nhau, song mdt dieu cd the ndi
ring, day 11 san pham cua mdt xa hdi
tbi trudng My dien hinh nhin tU gde
dp van hda - tdn giao
Ngoai ra, tren bUc tranh da nguyen
tdn giio d Hoa Ky cdn cd mdt mang
mau cua nhUng "ngUdi khdng tdn
giio" Mang mau nay trUdc day cdn
md nhat, nhUng tU nhUng nam 50 the
ki XX nd da dam dan len Sd' ngUdi
khdng tdn giio da tang tU 3% dan sd'
nUdc My nam 1957 len 6,7% vao dau
nhUng n i m 1980 va de'n n i m 1990
con sd' nay la 7,5% vdi khoang
14.330.000 ngudi Sd' ngUdi khdng tdn
giao tap trung nhieu d d c bang mien
Tay - Bic Hoa Ky, trong dd bang
Oregon cd ti le cao n h i t , chiem 17%
dan sd' bang niy, vi tri thuf hai la bang
'Washington vdi 14% dan sd' cua
bang'^ To chUc Gallup Hoa Ky dUa ra
nhUng sd' lieu cu the hdn ve ti le
nhQng ngUdi khdng tdn giao d nUdc
niy Cu the, trong d c n i m 1988,
1990, 1991, 1992 con so nay dat tU
10% de'n 11% dan sd' toan qud'c, cdn
d c nam k h i c tU 1977-1995 con sd'nay
dn dinh vao khoang tU 7% - 9%^\ Nha
nghien cifu Trung Qud'c - LUu Banh
nban xet: "Tieng ndi cua nhUng
"ngudi kbpng tdn giio" v i n la r i t ye'u
dt, Sli tdn tai cua ho lam tang them
sic t h i i die thu cho cai canh quan da
nguyen tdn giio cua nudc My"'^
De hinh dung tie'p ve bufc tranh da
nguyen tdn giio d Hoa Ky, chung ta
hay xem xet sii phat trien tdn giao d
mdt sd' thanh phd' qua so' lUdng va
kien true -dc cd sd thd tU 6 cac dd thi
cua Hoa Ky, nha thd, t h a n h that, giao dudng, chua chien moc len d k h i p mpi ndi So' lUdng cac cd sd thd tii, tu vien, tru sd cua cac to chiic tdn giao va cac
cd sd boat ddng tdn giao kbac d Hoa
Ky dufng hang dau the gidi Theo so' lieu thd'ng ke chUa day du cua cac giao hdi tdn giao, con so' dd vao khoang 330.000^^ va nd khdng ngUng gia tang do viec xay mdi hang n i m Khi danh gia ve tinh hinh tdn giao Hoa Ky, chung ta can luu y mdt diem
la mdi ngUdi My deu cd quyen xay diing nha thd cila minh B i t cU ngUdi
My nao cung cd the dung tien de cd dUdc mpt t i m bang tien si t h i n hpc va truyen ba cac quan diem tdn giao Chung tdi xin ddn cii mdt vai vi du Tai t h a n h phd' Atlanta, t h u phu bang Geprgia d mien Ddng Nam cua Hoa
Ky, vdi dan so' hdn 1,8 trieu ngUdi (nam 1977) da cd tdi 3.000 nha thd Tai d c phd' chinh cua t h a n h phd' cd tdi
14 n h i thd, t h a n h dUdng va chUa, trong dd cd 2 dai giao dUdng va mpt
n h i thd ldn n h a t cila phai Blptit d khu viic nay
Tai khu viic cua Dai hoc Berkeley ndi tieng d Hoa Ky, Hpi ddng Lien tdn dUdc t h a n h lap nam 1972 da tap hdp dUdc 204 nha thd, t h a n h dUdng va cac
nhdm phai tdn giao 6 ca t h a n h phd'
va vUng ndng thdn, d c cdng ddng tdn giao deu sd hUu nhUng tda nha day du tien nghi^°
Ngoai so' lUdng n h a thd, thanh dudng va cac cdng trinh tdn giao kbac, phong canh kien true cua cac cdng trinh nay cung r i t da dang Mdi cdng trinh tdn giao d Hoa Ky deu cd dang
ve rieng Ve v i n de nay, trong tac
p h i m Ton gido My dUdng dgi, nha
nghien cUu cua Trung Qud'c - LUu Banh da vie't nhu sau: "Tuy giao dUdng trong cung mpt he thd'ng tdn
giao, giao phai b cac thdi ky lich svf
Trang 6CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 09-2009 57
khae nhau v i n giU dUdc mdt sd' diem
gid'ng nhau, nhUng nhin chung ma
ndi, hinh thufc bieu hien cua giio
dudng b nUdc My tran day d tinh tUdi
mdi Trong mdt t h i n h phd', hau nhU
khdng the tim tha'y hai giao dudng
nao cd hinh thUc gid'ng nhau TU giao
dudng kieu thap chudng nhpn mau
trang truyen thd'ng cua vUng New
England den giao dUdng kieu Latinh
m l u t r i n g xen l i n mau hdng d bang
California; tU dai giao dudng t i m cd
qud'c gia d Washington hUng vi uy
nghi de'n giao dUdng thuy tinh kien
true dien hinh cua phai hien dai d Los
Angeles; tU giao dudng m l i vdm cua
Chinh Thd'ng giao mang phong d c h
Bizantine de'n thanh dien Mormon
giao die sac sUng sUng chdt vdt tan
may xanh; tU nha thd Islam giao
mang phong d c h Arap de'n nhUng
ngdi chUa Phat giio mai ngdi liiu li
vdi dau dao cong vut mang dam sic
thai PhUdng Ddng Gilo dudn^„ n h i
thd, den mie'u, chUa chien, hdi sd, mdi
d i mdt ve, mudn hinh, nghin sac,
' chung ling le dUng tren manh d i t
Hoa Ky v l mud'n phdi bay, gidi thieu
vdi mpi ngUdi r i n g , tdn giio nUdc My
bet sUc phong phu, da dang Ne'u ndi
nUdc My 11 bao tang tdn giio ldn n h i t
the gidi hien nay, thi cac giao dudng
vdi nhUng bdi canh tdn giao va truyen
thd'ng van hda khae nhau se la nhUng
hien vat trUng bay vd cUng phong phU
va h i p d i n nha't ciia d i bao tang
hoanh trang nay^\
Da nguyen tdn giao d Hoa Ky dUdc
tuyen truyen, quang d o va ca ngdi
nhu mdt chi so' quan trpng n h i t cua
dan chu va tii do tdn giio NhUng
nhin lai lich sif Hoa Ky, chung ta t h i y
khdng phai h o i n toan nhU vay Da
nguyen tdn giao chUa ban luc nao
cUng la Sli dam bao cho tU do tdn giio
Chinh da nguyen tdn giao d Hoa Ky
da ve nen mdt ao anh ve tU do tdn giao d nUdc nay ' !; '/;^
Da sd' nhUng ngUdi di cU vao My deu la nhUng tin do cua cac tdn giio
m l hp da tin ngUdng khi cdn d Chau
Au Khi cdn d nUdc nha nhUng ngUdi nay da bao ve nhUng nguyen t i c cua
tu do tdn giio NhUng khi vUdt dai dUdng sang My, hp de'n dinh cU d nhUng vUng di dan m l d dd dang thiic hien chinh sich phan biet ddi xuf vdi
d c tdn giao thieu so'.- Trong sd' 13 vUng di dan lap nen nha nUdc Hdp Chung Qud'c Hoa Ky hay thudng gpi
11 Hoa Ky vio nam 1776 thi cd tdi 9 vUng da chinh thufc cdng nhan he tHd'ng tdn giio nha nUdc Hp cd d c giao hdi ddc lap cUa minh v l giio hdi dUdc chu cip thu nhap tU t i ^ thue ciia ngUdi dan Xem xet nhUng quye't dinh ciia Tda an Tdi cao Hoa Ky nam 184.7 cd the t h i y r i n g , nhUng'ngUdi Cdng giao da hi truy bifc v l hi d l t ra ngoii vdng phap luat, -nhUng ngUdi theo p h i i Quaker da hi bd tU NhUng ngUdi d i n dng, dan b l d dia phUdng nay hay dia pHUdng k h i c vi theo cIc tdn giio thieu so' ma hi t'ruy dudi Hp phai nop thue v l tien le quyen de chu cip cho giio hdi dUdc n h i nUdc nang
dd, cdn gidi t i n g lU thi truyen ba cac thuye't giio n h i m cimg cd' giao hpi nha nUdc va gay ban thU ddi vdi cac
tin do kbac giao
Thi du, nhUng di' d i n d-Massachusetts dac biet khdng cd thai
dp than thien ddi vdi nhiing ngudi thudc giao p h i i Quiycd va gpi hp 11
"giao phai d i n g nguyen rila cua nhUng ke ta dao" Cd dao ^lult d Massachusetts coi "nhUng quan diem
t l dao" la trpng tdi phai hi cam tU, hi danh 20 roi da va hi dudi khdi Colony Tham chi da cd 4 ngUdi theo giio phai Quaycd da bi tif hinh Theo Bd luat ciia bang Virginia, ne'u khdng di le
Trang 758 SO 09-2009 C H A U MY NGAY NAY
nha thd thi cd the hi phat lao ddng
khd sai
Theo Hien p h i p cua bang New
Hampshire dUdc thdng qua n i m 1784,
nhUng ngUdi khdng phai la tin dd Tin
L i n h thi khdng the dUdc vao Ha vien
hole ThUdng vien cua bang nay
Hien phap cua bang Delaware dUdc
thdng qua n i m 1776 cd dieu khoan
quy dinh khi dUdc bau vao Ha vien
hay dUdc bd nhiem vao chUc vu nao dd
ngudi dUdc bau phai tuyen the r i n g
minh tin vio Chua Cha va ChUa Giesu
Kitd, con mdt cua NgUdi va ChUa
T h i n h t h i n , ddng thdi xae tin Kinh
T h i n h - Ciiu udc va Tan Udc Dieu
khoan nay dUdc ghi trong Hien p h i p
bang Delaware cho tdi tan n i m 1972
Hien p h i p bang North Carolina
quy dinh r i n g , ne'u ngUdi n i o phu
nhan sU tdn tai cua ChUa, phu nhan
tinb xae thiic cua Tin Lanh giao, tinh
thieng lieng cila Ciiu Udc v l Tan udc
bole theo tdn giio khdng dung hdp vdi
tu do v l an ninh cua bang thi se
khdng cd quyen giU d c chUc vu Cdn d
bang Maryland ngUdi ta td thai dp
khdng the dung thU ddi vdi nhUng
ngUdi khdng thudc Gilo hdi Kitd giio
va khdng tin vao nhUng tin dieu cua
ChUa Ba Ngdi
Hien p h i p bang Massachusetts
dupc thdng qua n i m 1780 cUng quy
dinh ring, thd'ng dd'c, phd thd'ng dd'c
bang, ba ngbi si va tbudng nghi si
trudc khi nham chUc phai ki mdt
tuyen bo r i n g hp theo Kitd giao va tin
tudng mdt each vUng chic vao tinh
xae tbiic cua tdn giao nay
NhUng vl du neu tren trong lich suf
d Hoa Ky chUng td r i n g , cac nha lam
luat cua d c bang d nUdc nay hoan
toan khdng dUng tren lap trUdng
khoan dung tdn giao
Nha xa hpi hpc My - Glenn Vernon
vie't ring, nhUng tin dd Thanh giao
(puritan) d Anh qud'c de'n My khdng phai de thie't lap nen dan chil ma la
de xay diing mdt xa hdi tdn giao phU hdp vdi quan diem cua hp Hp thie't lap mdt chinh the t h a n quyen gid'ng nhu chi'nh the ma J e a n Calvin da thie't lap d Geneve O nUdc My thudc dia, nhUng tin dd Tin Lanh giao truy bUc tin dd giao phai Quaycd Theo Glenn Vernon, trUdc khi nUdc My gianh dUdc ddc lap, chi cd mdt so' it ngUdi My umg hd viec tach Giao hdi khdi Nha nUdc
ThUa n h a n mdt sU t h a t la, d Hoa
Ky viec tach Giao hdi khdi Nha nUdc chUa khi nao dUdc thufc hien mdt each triet de, Glenn Vernon khang dinh
r i n g , viec tach Giao hdi khdi Nha nUdc mdt each triet de khdng the cd dUdc bdi vi ca hai the che deu la mdt
bd phan cua cUng mdt mdi trUdng v i n hda - xa hdi TU dd dng cho r i n g , viec tach hai the che nay chi mang tinh
c h i t tUdng ddi Tie'p dd Glenn Vernon
da liet ke d c Hnh viic dan xen quyen ldi giUa Giao hpi va Nha nUdc, trong
dd bao gdm: Ke't hdn, ly hdn, kiem soat sinh de, lao ddng tre em, bao hiem xa hpi, giao due, toa i n va nha
tu, phung vu tdn giio trong cac liic lUdng vU trang, l l tuyen the, luat ve Sli xUc pham nhUng t h a n h tich cua giao hdi, luat ve sii tuan thu ngay chUa n h l t , luat ve sii t u a n thu cic ngay le tdn giao, kiem duyet, phat thanh v l truyen hinh^^ NhU vay, sut hdp tac chat che giUa Giao hpi va N h i nudc d Hoa Ky dUdc quy dinh bdi sU cdng ddng quyen ldi giai c i p giUa Gilo hdi va Nha nudc Hoa Ky Viec tach Giao hdi khdi Nha nudc khdng d i n tdi viec loai bd Giao hpi ra khdi bp may cua giai cap thd'ng tri Nhu vay, do sii dan xen quyen ldi giUa Giao hdi va Nha nudc trong xa hdi Hoa Ky d nhieu Hnh vufc, nen viec t i c h Giao hdi
Trang 8CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 09-2009 59
khdi Nha nUdc khdng the thiic hien
mdt each triet de -'
N i m 1786, nghia 11 10 nam sau
Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cua Hdp Chimg
Qud'c Hoa Ky, mdt dao luat ve tu do
tdn giio da dUdc thdng qua vdi ten gpi
Dgo ludt Virginia m l t i c gia cua nd
cbinb 11 t i c gia cua Tuyen ngon ddc
lap - Thomas Jefferson - ngUdi m l
vao n i m 1801 da trd t h i n h tdng
thd'ng thU 3 cua Hoa Ky nhiem ky
1801 - 1809 220 n i m ^au, vi tdng
thd'ng thU 43 cua Hoa Ky - George W
Bush da chpn ngay thdng qua Dao
luat Virginia (16-1-1786) la Ngdy tU
do ton gido Dao luat Virginia da
tuyen bd' ve sii ddc lap cua Gilo hdi
ddi vdi N h i nUdc Trong dao luat n i y
vie't: " KHdng mdt ngUdi n i o se bi ep
budc phai duy tri sU sUng bai mdt tdn
giio nao dd, b i t ky gidi tang lU nio
NhUng t i t ca mpi ngudi se tii do tin
theo, bao ve y kien cua minh trong d c
sU viec tdn giao, v l dieu n i y trong
mpi trudng hdp deu khdng dUdc giam
bdt, khdng dUdc md rdng boac xUc
pham den d c quyen cua hp"^l
Nam 1784 Hien p h i p cua Hoa Ky
dUdc thdng qua Ngay n i m sau
Thomas Jefferson d l vie't thU cho
James Madison, ngUdi d l tUng dieu
khien phien hpp Qud'c hdi d i u tien
cua Hoa Ky, trong bUc thU dd dng
phan ticb r i n g , nhUdc diem ldn n h i t
cua ban Hien p h i p n i y la cdn thieu
Ludt ve cdc quyen (Bill of rights),
tfong dd c i n neu rd quyen tU do liia
chpn tdn giio N i m 1789 Ludt ve cdc
quyen da dUdc Qud'c hdi chip thuan
va dUdc thdng qua tai t i t ca d c bang
cua Hoa Ky va cd hieu liic vio nam
1791 Luat nay gom 10 dieu ve d c
quyen tii do ngdn luan, tuf do bao cbi,
tu do hdi hpp, tu do tdn giao, t i c h giio
hdi khdi n h i nUdc, quj-en b i t kha xam
pham ca nhan, v.v Dieu dau tien
trong sd' 10 dieu cua Ludt ve cdc
quyen ndi ve quyen tU do liia chpn tdn
giio Dieu n i y vie't: "Qud'c hdi khdng dUdc ban h i n h dao luat lap ra mdt tdn giio n i o dd hole cim doin sii tii do tin ngUdng cua nd"^"* Dieu sifa ddi d i u
tien nay quy dinh r i n g , b Hoa Ky tdn
tai nhieu to chUc tdn giao cua cIc tdn giio k h i c nhau, trong dd khdng cd mdt td chUc tdn giao n i o manh den mUc cd the gilnh vi tri thd'ng tri d nUdc niy Dieu sifa ddi nay cua Hien
p h i p d l xlc dinh mdi quan he giUa Nha nUdc v l Giao hdi
Tuy nhien, theo nhan xet cila cbinb
d c hpc gia My, Ludt ve cdc quyen,
v i n ban bd sung mdt d c h cd ban cho Hien p h i p Hoa Ky, da khdng dam bao dupc mdt cich thiic sii quyen tii do tdn giio d nUdc nly^^ Nd mdi cbi neu len quyen tU do lUa chpn tdn giio NhUng trong nbUng dieu kien lich sU cua Hoa
Ky lUc dd, khi ma d tUng bang rieng biet v i n cd nhUng h i n h ddng khdng khoan dung ddi vdi d c tdn giio thieu
sd', thi viec thdng qua Lugt ve cdc
quyen, trong dd cd quyen tii do liia
chpn tdn giio, v i n cd mdt y nghia tien
bd n h i t dinh
Tren thiic te, chi sau khi thdng qua sifa ddi l i n thU 14 Hien p h i p Hoa Ky vao nam 1868, trong dd neu rd khdng mdt bang nao dUdc ban h i n h hay tien hanh sifa ddi d c dieu luat ban cbe die quyen v l tii do cua cdng dan^^, thi lUc dd dieu khoan cua sua ddi l l n thU
n h i t Hien phap Hoa Ky mdi thiic sii trd t h i n h bd luat chung cho ca nUdc Viec thdng qua nhUng sifa ddi ciia Hien p h i p Hoa Ky van khdng xda bd dupc sU b i t khoan dung tdn giio d nUdc nay Trong sud't the ki XIX v l ca nifa d i u the ki XX, nhUng tin dd Tin
L i n h giao v i n cd t h i i dp thU dicb ddi vdi ngudi Cdng giio v l ngUdc lai
nhUng ngUdi Cdng giio ddi vdi tin do
Trang 960 SO 09-2009 CHAU MY N G A Y NAY Tin Lanh giao Suf b i t hda va cupc da'u
tranh giUa d c giao phai Tin Lanh vdi
Giao hdi Cdng giao chu ye'u khdng
phai vi nguyen nhan tdn giio, ma vi
nhUng nguyen nhan chinh tri Mdt
mat Tin Lanh giio mud'n gianh vi tri
thd'ng tri trong ddi sd'ng chi'nh tri - xa
hdi Hoa Ky; mat khic, nhUng ngUdi
Cdng giio cUng mud'n nang cao vai trd
cua minh trong nha nUdc My Dieu
n i y dUdc the hien rd net trong cupc
bau cuf tdng thd'ng Hoa Ky n i m 1928,
khi d c giao bdi Tin Lanh tie'n hanh
chie'n dicb chd'ng lai Ung cif vien tdng
thd'ng ngudi Cdng giao dau tien trong
lich sut Hoa Ky - E.Smith Theo
truyen thd'ng d Hoa Ky, Tong thd'ng
bao gid cUng dUdc b i u tU nhUng Ung
cu vien Tin Lanh giao Va E.Smith da
t h i t bai trong cupc b i u cuf n i y
Truyen thd'ng nay lan d i u tien hi p h i
vd khi vio n i m 1961 dng chil Nha
T r i n g la mdt ngUdi Cdng giio - John
Fitzgerald Kennedy^^
B i t d i u tu nhUng n i m 60 the ki
XX, d c cd quan thufc thi p h i p luat d
Hoa Ky cd xu hUdng md rdng pham vi
ung bd viec thiic thi quyen tii do tdn
giao Den nhUng nam 70 the ki XX,
cac nhdm tdn giio thieu sd' vd'n trUdc
day hi day ra ngoai le thi nay bat d i u
nban dUdc suf quan tam d l t biet
N i m 1993, Qud'c hpi Hoa Ky da
thdng quan dieu khoan khdi phuc tii
do tdn giao n h i m thiic hien nghiem
tUc d c dieu luat ve tuf do tdn giao,
chin chinh lai nhUng dieu luat cua
Lien bang hay cua d c bang trai vdi
nhUng quy dinh ve tu do thiic hanh
tdn giao, tii do lUa chpn tdn giap, da
dUdc ghi trong dieu khoan sufa ddi
cua Hien phap Hoa Ky l i n thU nha't
Tuy nhien, den n i m 1997 Tda an Toi
cao Hoa Ky da b i c bd dieu khoan
khdi phuc tii do tdn giao dUdc Qud'c
hdi thdng qua nam 1993 vdi ly do
Qud'c hdi da dam len chinh quyen liic cua minh va cho r i n g dieu khoan nay
da lam chia re quyen liic trong chinh quyen lien bang NhUng sau dd, mpt sd' bang d& thdng qua h o l e gidi thieu luat phuc hdi tuf do tdn gilo^^
Tii do tdn giao d Hoa Ky, thiic ra chi la Sli tU do lUa chpn tdn giao va tii
do thufc h a n h cac le nghi tdn giao Cdng dan My cd the tuf do trong viec Ilia chpn tdn giao, nhUng hp lai It cd
tu do trong viec tU bd tdn giao Thdng thudng, mdi ngUdi dan My deu phai thudc ve mdt tdn giao nao dd va tham gia mdt td chUc tdn giao nao dd Tren thufc te nhUng ngUdi khdng theo tdn giao nao hay t h a m chi cd thai dp thd d vdi tdn giao, va hdn nUa la nhUng ngUdi.cd quan diem vd t h a n thUdng bi ban che ve quyen ldi O mdt so' bang, Sli ban che nay cdn dUdc quy dinh
b i n g luat phap cua bang
Trong lich suf chinh tri Hoa Ky, chUng ta kho tim t h i y mdt ye'u n h a n ' chinh tri nao la ngUdi "khdng tdn giao" hole vd than NhUng tin dd d c tdn giio thieu so' cUng khd cd dUdc cd hdi nay^^
Mac dU vay, so' lUdng "ngUdi khdng tdn giao" trong xa hdi Hoa Ky v i n khdng ngUng tang len, tU 3% dan so' nudc My vao nhUng n a m 50 the ki XX de'n khoang tren dudi 9% vao cudi nhUng n i m 90 the ki XX Trong dd ca biet cd bang con so' nay la kha cao, vl
dvL bang Oregon, ti le nay la 17% dan
sd'bang^°
Hoa Ky la qud'c gia d i u tien tuyen
bd tach Giao hdi khdi Nha nUdc NhUng, n h u V.I.Lenin da chi' rd, viec tach Giao hdi khdi Nha nUdc, trUdng hpc khdi nha thd, n h u mdt phUdng sich ma nen dan chu t u san da hUa hen, chUa d dau thiic^ hien dUdc mdt
d c h triet de^\ 0 Hoa Ky, Nha nudc
hdp t i c chat che vdi nhieu to chUc ton
Trang 10CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 09-2009 61
giio Trong ldi md dau hien phap cua
42 bang deu ndi de'n ChUa L i nham
chUc tdng thd'ng dUdc tie'n hanh cUng
vdi d c nghi le tdn giio Tong thd'ng
tuyen the dat tay len Kinh Thanh,
chUc sic d c tdn giao - muc sU Tin
Lanh giio, Giim muc Cdng giao va tU
n i m 1957 cd ca chUc sic Chinh Thd'ng
giao dpc kinh c i u nguyen ChUa ban
phUc l i n h cho tong thd'ng^^
NhUng vl du neu tren ndi Ien mdt
dieu ring, viec tach Giao hdi khdi
Nha nUdc d Hoa Ky ngay cang mang
tinh hinh thUc, nd han che quyen tii
do tdn giio dUdc neu trong Ludt ve cdc
quyen (Bill of rights) dUdc thdng qua
tu cuoi the k i X V m
Can phai ndi them rang, d Hoa Ky,
trong hien p h i p cila nhieu bang cd
nhUng dieu khoan chd'ng lai hien
phip cua Lien bang ve tuf do tdn giio
VI du d d c bang Arkarisas,
Maryland, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Texas
ngUdi n i o phu nhan suf tdn tai cua
Chua, thi se khdng dUdc bau vio b i t
ki chUc vu nao Thi du, trong hien
phap ciia bang North Carolina cd ghi:
"Tit ca nhUng ai phu nhan suf tdn tai
cua ChUa Toan hang se khdng the
giu b i t ky chUc vu nao trong d c cd
quan dan suf cua bang"^^ Theo l u l t
cua bang Arkansas, nhUng ngUdi phu
nhan sii tdn tai cua ChUa thi khdng
the giu chUc vu trong d c cd quan cua
bang nay NhUng ngUdi n i y cUng m i t
quyen lam chUng trUdc tda i n Cac
nha lam luat cila bang Delaware cdn
tie'n xa hdn Hp dUa ra trong hien
phap cua bang dieu luat, m l theo dd
t i t ca d c cdng dan cua bang n i y bat
budc phai tdi d c cd sd tdn giio cdng
cpng Quyen tU do tdn giio cila con
ngudi d Hoa Ky chi dudc hieu la tii do
liia chpn tdn giio, chU khdng dUdc
hieu la tuf do khdng theo tdn giio
n i o T i t ca nhUng ai cd t b i i dp pbu dinh tdn giao deu hi coi 11 ngudi chd'ng lai nguyen t i c tii do tdn giio
Di le nha thd, the hien tinb tdn giao cua minh da trd t h a n h mdt trong nhUng bieu hien cua sii kinb trpng (respectability) d Hoa Ky NgUdi My cho r i n g , mdt ngUdi My
c h i n cbinb phai 11 mdt tin dd tdn giao Vi tdng thd'ng thU 43 cila Hoa
Ky G.W Bush khi chpn ngay 16/1 11
Ngdy tu do tdn gido cUng tuyen bd'
rang, d i n ' tdc My la "mdt dan tdc thd'ng n h i t trUdc ChUa"
Tdm iai, da nguyen tdn g i i o v a tii
do tdn giio d Hoa Ky khdng phai lUc
n i o cUng 11 hai v i n de thuan chieu nhau Qua thiic, khdng cd mdt nUdc nao tren the gidi cd b.Uc tranh da nguyen tdn giio riic rd da sic mau nhu d Hoa Ky Va cUng khd cd d ndi dau cd d c h hieu ve tuf do tdn giio ddn chieu nhu d Hoa Ky 0 nUdc n i y tU do tdn giao chi dUdc hieu 11 tU do tin theo tdn giao, chU khdng dUdc hieu 11 tii do khdng tin theo tdn giio Chinh vi d c h hieu nay m l Hoa Ky thUdng xuyen budc tdi cic nUdc khic, trong dd cd ca mpt sd' nUdc Chau Au, 11 khdng cd tu
do tdn giio va xep nhUng nUdc niy vio dien cl.c nUdc dUdc quan t i m die biet ve tii do tdn giao
Mdi nUdc, mdi qud'c gia dan tdc deu cd' nhUng truyen thd'ng lich sii - v i n hda - tdn giao - tin ngUdng rieng cua minh Luat phap cua mdi nUdc cUng dUdc xay diing tren d c truyen thd'ng
dd Dd la quyen b i t kha xain pham cua mdi qud'c gia Tuy nhien, trong thdi dai hdi nhap va t o i n ciu hda dang dien ra sdi ddng nhU hien nay,' moi qud'c gia deu d l v l dang hoin chinh lai he thd'ng luat phap cila minh cho phU hdp vdi thdng le qud'c te v l tao thuan ldi de hdi nbap qud'c te Luat p h i p tdn giio cUng n i m trong