Cdng cupc chuyen ddi ciia Nhat Ban tU ehinh quyen phong kiln thanh mdt chinh phii tap quyen hien dai vao niia cudi the ky XIX thUe sU la mdt sU nghiep vl dai, bdi le tap the lanh dao[r]
Trang 1VfIN DE XflY DQNG BQ MAY NHfl NaOC HIpN 0^1
d NH6T BAN oacfl CHINH QCIYEN MINH TR|
DANG XUAN KHANG*
Cdng cupc cai each trong 30 nam cudi
eua the ky XIX d Nhat Ban dUdi sU
lanh dao ciia Thien hoang Minh Tri dUdc
coi la mpt trong nhflng eudc cai each ndi
tieng n h i t trong lich sii nhan loai Nd da
dem lai nhflng thanh cdng to ldn tren tat ea
cac linh vUe, bien Nhat Ban trd thanh qud'e
gia phUdng Ddng duy n h i t "sanh vai cung
vdi cac eUdng qud'e phUdng Tay" Va mpt
trong nhflng thanh cdng dd la viee Nhat
Ban da xay dflng dUdc mpt bd may nha
nUdc hien dai, dap Ung sU phat trien nhU
vu bao cua tinh hinh chfnh tri, kinh te - xa
hpi eua Nhat Ban luc nay Tuy nhien, de ed
dUdc thanh cdng nay, mdt eudc d i u tranh
gay g i t va phUe tap cung da dien ra gifla
cac Iflc lUdng, gifla cac ludng tU tudng trong
xa hpi Nhat Ban
I MOT SO QUAN DIEM VE N H A N U 6 C
VA CUOC DAU TRANH DE X A Y D I / N G
B O M A Y N H A N U 6 C HIEN DAI 6 NHAT
BAN T H d l MINH TRI
Ngay 14/10/1867, tUdng quan Tokugawa
Yoshinobu (Dflc Xuyen Khanh Hy) ehinh
thfle dang bieu xin trao tra toan bd quyen
hanh cho Thien hoang Mutsuhito (9/1868
cai hieu thanh Meiji - Minh Tri) Sau g i n
700 nam quyen lUc n i m trong tay eiia gidi
vd si, duy tri Nhat Ban dUdi che dp phong kiln, chinh quyln da dUdc chuyen giao trd lai cho thien hoang vdi nhflng mue tieu mdi: cham dflt tinh trang tU ed lap vdi the gidi ben ngoai, dUa nUdc Nhat tien theo lan sdng van minh va tien bp xa hoi
Sau khi chip nhan viec tU bo quyen lUc eua Mac Phu, cd quan thUe quyen dilu hanh d i t nude tU nam 1185, Thien hoang Mutsuhito tam thdi lap ra chinh phii mdi cl Osaka d l dieu h a n h eong vipe Dd la mpt chfnh phii dUde cd c i u theo md hinh truyen
thdng do mpt Sosai (Td'ng tai) dflng diu
Ngay 14/3/1868, Thien hoang Minh Tri lam le long trpng, te eao vdi trdi d i t , to tiln
va tuyen dpc Nam ldi thi, chfnh thfle cdng
bd phUdng cham h a n h dpng cua chfnh quyen mdi
Ngay 21/4/1868, sau hpi nghi gifla cac
daimyo (dai danh) va dai dipn gidi vo si b
cae han (phien), mpt van ban mang tfnh
c h i t ciia mpt ban hie'n phap tam thdi la
seitaisho (Chfnh the thU) dUdc cdng bo",
hinh thanh the ehe d i u tien ciia chfnh quyen Minh Tri
Tuy nhien, bp may nha nUde d i u ti6n nay eiia chfnh quyln Minh Tri edn chUa
"TS TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV-DHQGHN
Trang 2Van d^ xay dung t>^ m6Y nha nif6c 81
hoan ehinh Ve td ehflc, bd may dUde cd ciu
theo hinh thUe tam quyln phan lap
Dajokan (Thai chinh quan) dflng d i u ed
quan hanh phap (tUdng dUdng chinh phii)
Day la chUe quan tUng tdn tai dUdi thdi
Nara (the ky VII) dUdc phuc hdi lai Mac du
chinh quyen mdi sii dung mpt so' ten gpi eu
nhUng khdng ed nghia chinh quyen Minh
Tri quay trd lai vdi ehe dp ngay xUa Cung
vdi Dajokan edn cd Jokyoku (Thupng cue)
va Gekyoku (Ha cue) cd vai trd nhU ThUdng
vien va Ha vipn Dd la t h i ehe niia phong
kiln, niia dan chii va ve cd ban chfnh
quyen nay dUdc duy tri cho den nam 1877
Hdn nfla, mpt trong Ndm ldi thi mk Thien
hoang Minh Tri cdng bd trUde dd la chfnh
quyln mdi se tdn trpng nguyen t i c dan chu:
"Nghi hgi phdi dUOc md rdng vd qudc sii
phdi do cdng ludn quyi't dinh" NhUng ve
thUc chit, chfnh quyln luc nay v i n n i m
trong tay eiia gidi vo si ldp dUdi thupe 4 han
Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa vk Hizen (gpi t i t la
Satchodohi) da ed cdng lat dd ehinh quyen
Mac Phu Vi vay, ngUdi ta gpi chfnh quyen
ciia Thien hoang Minh Tri lue nay la chinh
quyen hanbatsu (Phien phipt)
Day cung la ly do khien cude dau tranh
xung quanh viec xay dUng bp may nha
nUde theo hudng dan ehu va hien dai tU dd
diln ra mpt each quyet lipt
Ddng vai trd quan trpng n h i t vao vipe
dan chii hoa, hipn dai boa bp may nha nUdc
thdi Minh Tri chinh la nhdm Meirokusha
(Minh luc xa) do Fukuzawa Yukichi (Phuc
Trach Du Cat) dUng d i u va phong trao TU
do ddn quyin do Itagaki Taisuke (Ban Vien
Thoai Trd) va (}oto Shojiro (Hau Ding
Tupng Nhi Lang) phat dpng tU nam 1874
Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) \k nhk
cai each ndi tieng, ngUdi di tien phdng
trong cdng eudc Minh Tri Duy tan b Nhat
Ban, mac du trong sud't cude ddi, khdng lue nao ong tham gia chinh quyen Trong cudn
hdi ky cd ten "Phdc Ong tU truyen",
Fukuzawa giai thfch ve thai dp nay la do lue dau dng nghi r i n g chinh quyen mdi v i n
theo dudi k h i u hipu bai ngoai Tdn VUcfng
nhUdng di ma dng eho r i n g dd la quan
diem thu eUu va sai l i m Vi vay, khi chfnh quyen mdi mdi dng ra lam vipe, ong da tfl chdi Theo dng, con dUdng duy n h i t dung luc nay eua Nhat Ban la md eiia, tiep thu van minh phUdng Tay Chi ed nhu t h i Nhat Ban mdi trd nen hung cUdng va ehi ed hung eUdng thi Nhat Ban mdi gifl vflng dUdc nen dpc lap dan tpc
Fukuzawa cho r i n g nhan loai tien hda theo 3 giai doan: da man, ban khai va van minh Cac nUde Au My dang trong xa hpi van minh va "ngUdi Nhat Ban thdi Minh Tri" cung phai di vao con dUdng van minh
iy Ong cho ring: nha nUde Minh Tri dUde xay dung phai la nha nUde van minh, nha nUdc dUdc xay dung tren cd sd hiln phap va phap luat Vi vay, mpt trong nhflng vin d l dng quan tam dd la ban c h i t eua nha nfldc
mdi Theo dng, "nhd nUdc dgi dien cho
nhdn ddn Nhd nUdc diiu hdnh mgi cdng viic cua nhdn ddn Phdn sii cua nhd nUdc
la bdt nhiing ai pham tgi dc vd bdo ve nhiing ai vd tdi Neu mue dich ndy dUOc thiic hiin thi nhd nUdc se phuc vu nhdn ddn td't" (1) 6 n g khuyen eao chinh quyen
mdi nen tU bo ldi cai tri theo quan niem da loi thdi cua Nho giao d l cai trj theo dUdng ldi dan chu eiia xa hdi van minh Vi vay, dng khdng ngdt td cao ehinh quyen Minh
Tri "mieng ndi cdng bdng md tay thi ddn
dp Quan chdc thi hu bgi nhUng cdm ddn gian khdng duac ndi den nhihig viec ldm hu bgi dy Ddi vdi nhiing nhdn vgt cd tin
Trang 382 Rghien cuu Lich sir s6 9+10.2008
nhiem trong ddn gian, hi khi ndo thdy hg
vi tiin dd qudc gia md nhdc nhd din ban
hdnh hien phdp, thiic thi tii do dan quyin
thi lgi tim ldi hda hdo, tri hodn, keo ddi
thdi gian cho phe cdnh minh vdn cd cd hdi
tiip tuc chinh sdch hu bgi" (2)
Trong cic bai viet eua minh, dng the
hipn rat ro tU tUdng nhd nUdc cua ddn, do
ddn va vi ddn Ong viet: "Chinh phu hiin
tgi cua chdng ta (chfnh phu Minh Tri
-DXK), nhd todn thdng cua cdch mgng md
lin cdm quyin" "Khdng cd cd nhdn ndo tii
minh qudn ly dUOc cdng viic cda qudc gia,
viic dd dd dUdc giao cho nhd nUdc tdc Id
dgi dien cho nhdn ddn di phuc vu ddn Cho
nen, nhdn ddn mdi la dng thdy vd dng chu
thiic sii Nhd nUdc Id ngUdi dgi dien vd
ngudi qudn ly hg" (3)
Fukuzawa nhan manh: "Nhd nUdc
nhan nhiim vu tii nhdn ddn Niu nhd
nUdc khdng the ldm trdn dUOc cdc nguyin
tdc cua ludt phdp qudc gia vd gdy ra nhiing
thiet hgi vi tdi chinh cho nhdn ddn, nhd
nUdc phdi den bu, bdt ki so tien vd tudi tdc"
(4) Mat khae, "vi nhdn ddn dd Id chu cua
ddt nUdc rdi thi nhiim vu chu yiu cua hg la
phdi chi trd mgi chi phi di bdo vi ddt nUdc"
(5) va "nhdn ddn phdi tudn theo lugt
phdp"
Cung nhu nhilu nha lanh dao khae thdi
Minh Tri, sau khi tilp xuc vdi xa hdi
phUdng Tay, Fukuzawa ung hp viec xay
dUng nha nUdc Nhat Ban theo kieu eiia
nha nUde Dflc thd'ng nhat, bdi dng t h i y
nUde Dflc dang tien rat nhanh sau khi rut
kinh nghiem tU cupc each mang cdng
nghipp d nUde Anh
Kato Hiroyuki (Gia D i n g Hoing Chi,
1836-1916) la thanh vien lanh dao nhdm
Minh Luc xd cung ed nhflng quan niem ve
nha nUde nhU Fukuzawa Yukichi Nam
1870, Kato cho cdng bd' tae p h i m Chdn
Chinh Dgi y, trong dd dng phan tfch, so
sanh xa hpi phong k i l n vdi xa hdi tU ban va
k i l n nghi gidi c i m quyln Minh Tri xay dUng mpt ehinh the lap hien va mpt xa hpi
tu do, dan ehu dUde dam bao b i n g hiln
phap Den nam 1874, dng lai cdng hd Qudc
The Tdn Luan vk eho r i n g : "the chi' qudc gia la vi ddn chd khdng vi thiiu sd cdm quyin" Theo dng: "Qudc gia la cua nhdn ddn Cd nhdn ddn rdi mdi cd vua vd chinh phu la de ldm viic cho nhdn ddn" "Lanh thd qudc gia la cua nhdn ddn Lanh tho dy khdng phdi la bd coi riing cua dng vua"
"Vua la ngudi thi ddn cung la ngUdi" "Gida ngUdi vd ngUdi md ngUdi cdm quyin thi hdnh bao phdp thi ngUdi ldm ddn cd vung lin di khdng, du cung la cai quyin cua ngUdi ddn" (6)
Dac biet, trong boi canh chfnh quyen trung Udng van cdn dang c h i n ehU lUa chpn mpt md hinh chfnh quyen mdi thi quyln Iflc tiep tue n i m trong tay nhdm vo si ldp dUdi
x u i t than tU Satchodohi Vi vky, b Nhat
Ban da x u i t hipn mpt phong trao diu tranh chfnh tri ddi quyen tU do, dan chii cila nhan dan thdng qua vipe thanh lap Qud'e hpi va ban hanh hie'n p h i p
Phong trao dUde khdi xUdng vao nam
1874 vdi viec Itagaki Taisuke (Ban Vien Thoai Trd, 1837-1919), Goto Shojiro (Hau
d i n g Tupng Nhi Lang, 1838-1897) va Eto
Shimpei (Giang D i n g Tan Binh,
1834-1874) dUa ban kien nghi yeu ciu chinh phii Minh Tri c h i m dUt chfnh sich phien phipt
va thanh lap Viin ddn bieu (Ha vipn)
Phong trao dien ra d k h i p cae dia phUdng tren toan qud'e, ldi cud'n n h i l u t i n g ldp trong xa hpi tham gia Lan d i u tien, cac dang phai chfnh tri x u i t hien d Nhat Ban
va trd thanh nhflng td ehflc lanh dac phong trao khien cho mau t h u i n trong xa hpi
Trang 4Van <li xay dung bQ m^y nha nu^c 82
Nhat Ban ngay eang trd nen sau sic
Phong trao khdng chi dUng lai d vipe ddi
hoi ehinh phii tripu tap qudc hpi ma edn len
tieng da kfch chinh phu, ddi quyen tU do
ngon luan va nhdm hpp, yeu ciu thay ddi
chfnh sach ngoai giao va giam dia td
De t r i n an dU luan, thien hoang Minh
Tri da phai true tiep hUa hpn se td ehUc
soan thao hie'n phap va tripu tap qud'e hpi
trUde nam 1890 Dudi sflc ep eua phong
trao, chinh quyen Minh Tri da bude phai
diy nhanh viec tilp thu van minh phUdng
Tay, trong dd cd vipe hoan thipn bd may
nha nUde can dai, gdp p h i n vao cdng cupc
hien dai hoa Nhat Ban va duy tri nen ddc
lap qud'e gia
II QUA TRINH TIEN TC)I VIEC X A Y
DI/NG BQ M A Y N H A N U 6 C HIEN DAI
Cdng cupc chuyen ddi ciia Nhat Ban tU
ehinh quyen phong kiln thanh mdt chinh
phii tap quyen hien dai vao niia cudi the ky
XIX thUe sU la mdt sU nghiep vl dai, bdi le
tap the lanh dao dflng d i u la thien hoang
Minh Tri da phai to ehflc lai toan bp he
thd'ng chfnh tri va xa hpi ciia d i t nUde, tfl
dia phUdng den trung Udng ma hp khdng cd
md hinh ndo de di theo Cd chang chi edn la
nhflng kien thfle md hd trong dl vang cila
mpt thdi hpc tap nen van minh Trung Hca
tU thdi ed dai Vi vay, trong qua trinh dd,
chfnh quyln mdi vUa phai sdng tao, vUa
phai b i t chudc md hinh ehinh tri eiia
phUdng Tay Hdn nfla, cdng cude chuyen
ddi ciia chfnh quyln Minh Tri lai dien ra
trong mdi trUdng cua mpt xa hpi phUdng
Ddng khae xa vdi nhUng gi ngUdi Nhat m i t
thiy tai nghe tU phUdng Tay
Mat khae, cdng cude cai each ciia chinh
quyen Minh Tri khdi d i u cung bet sflc b i t
ngd Mpi ke hoaeh hoan toan khdng dUde
chuin bi trUdc Vi vay, vao nhflng nam d i u
tien, chfnh quyen mdi chUa t h i hinh dung dupe toan bp nhflng cdng viee ma hp phai tien hanh trong tUdng lai nen chi tap trung vac vipe pha bo cd che cua thdi Mae Phii da tflng tdn tai trong xa hpi Nhat Ban gin 700 nam
Theo Seitaisho (Chfnh t h i thU) cdng bd
vao thang 4/1868, t h i ehe eiia chfnh quyln mdi da dUde xac dinh vdi mpt vai dang dip hipn dai nhUng ehu yeu v i n la sU phuc hdi
cd ciu ciia bd may nha nUde truyen thdng
da tflng tdn tai d Nhat Ban vao the ky VII
Chinh quyln nay dUde siia ddi vao thang
7/1869 va thang 7/1871 trUde khi hinh thanh ehe dp ndi cae theo md hinh ciia cae nude phUdng Tay vao thang 12/1885
Bp luat hinh sU nam 1870 la van ban phap luat d i u tien cua chinh quyen mdi
Bd luat nay dUdc siia ddi va bd sung vao nam 1873 nhUng ca hai diu liy miu ciia eae van ban hinh phap Trung Qudc thdi Minh, Thanh (7)
Ben canh viec thiet lap chinh quyen mdi
d trung Udng thi cdng viec khd khan va nguy hiem nhat ciia ehinh quyen Minh Tri
la to ehUe lai he thd'ng chfnh quyen dia phUdng n h i m xoa bd che dp eat eU phong kien, thil tieu quyen lUc va quyen ldi eiia gidi vd SI Sau mdt vai hanh ddng thii phan flng cua xa hdi, chfnh quyen quyet dinh thi
ham chinh sach haihan chiken (phe phien
lap huyen) vao thang 8/1871 Sau khi cac
daimyo (Dai danh- ngUdi dUng d i u han)
l i n lUdt tuyen bd' trao tra toan bp quyen
hanh cho thien hoang, hp tho'ng han hi phe
bd va thay vao dd, ea nUde dupe chia thanh
cac phu vk huyen
Tuy nhien, bang dUdi day cho thiy, chfnh quyln Minh Tri da r i t than trpng trong vipe
td chUe lai he thd'ng cblnb quyen dia phUdng trUde sU phan Ung eua gidi vd si
Trang 584 Rghien ciiru Lich siir sg 9+10.2008
Thcfi g i a n
T h a n g 4/1868
Cudi n a m 1869
Cudi n a m 1870
T h a n g 6/1871
T h a n g 7/1871
T h a n g 11/1871
T h a n g 9/1872
Cudi n a m 1873
Cudi n a m 1875
Cudi n a m 1876
T h a n g 4/1879
Cudi n a m 1888
P l i u
10
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
H u y e n
(Tinh)
23
46
43
41
302
72
69
60
59
35
36
43
H a n
(Phien)
277
271
256
261 Khong edn
Ghi c h u
Khdng ke Hokkaido
va Okinawa
Din theo: Lich suNhgt Bdn, tip 16, Nxb Chuc,
Cung vdi viec tUng bUde td ehflc lai he
thd'ng ehinh quyen tU trung Udng den dia
phUdng thi mpt nhiem vu eUc ky quan trpng
ciia chfnh quyen Minh Tri luc nay la nhanh
ehdng tim bieu todn dien xa hpi phUdng Tay
dl van dung vao xa hpi Nhat Ban Bdi le,
trong con m i t ciia ngUdi Nhat luc nay hp
dang thupc ve cac qudc gia van minh
Cdng viec nay, trUdc bet dUde trad ehe
phai doan eao c i p do Hflu dai t h i n
Iwakura Tomomi (Nham ThUdng Cu Thi,
1825-1883) d i n d i u sang Bie My va chau
Au tu t h i n g 12/1871 den thang 9/1873,
trong sd' dd ed Okubo Toshimichi (Dai Ciiu
Bao Ldi Thdng, 1830-1878) Okubo la mpt
nha ehinh tri va hanh chfnh cd tai, mpt
ngUdi cd tam nhin xa trdng rdng va hdn
nfla lai la ngUdi rat tao bao 0 chau Au,
Okubo dac bipt quan tam tdi nUdc DUc, bdi
le nUde nay cung dang quyet tam hpe hoi de
dudi kip Anh ve mat cdng nghiep hoa b i n g
each quan sat viec lam ciia ngUdi Anh de tU
dd n i t kinh nghiem van dung vao nUde
minh Nhflng ngUdi Nhat da bi me hdae va
nghi ring: Nhat ban nen du nhap va thUe
hien ehe dp nay Dd la bUdc chuin bi d i u
tien eho Nhat Ban xay dUng mdt cd c h l
1992, tr 102 (ti^ng Nhat) trong nUdc rap khudn theo de qudc Dflc Sau khi ve nude, cae t h a n h vien trong phai doan da de ra mpt c i u true chfnh tri tUdng lai cua Nhat Ban Ddng thdi, hp cho ring, Nhat Ban khdng chi c i n cd mpt ban hie'n phap ma cdn phai c h u i n hi thanh lap mpt nghi vipn nfla
Cung tU dd, b Nhat Ban da diln ra mpt cupc tranh lukn gay g i t xung quanh viec
dieu hanh nUdc Nhat nhU t h i nao
Nam 1877, cupc ehdng ddi cudi cung cua cac cUu vd si bi chfnh quyln Minh Tri dap
t i t Ke tu dd chfnh quyln mdi mdi thUe sfl kiem soat dUde tinh hinh trong nUde va chuyen tam vao viec xay dUng the ehe mdi Tuy nhien, bUde sang nhflng nam 80 the
ky XX, eae nha lanh dao eao n h i t va la tiln bdi trong cdng cupc Minh Tri Duy tan da
l i n lUdt ra di Quyen lUc dUde chuyin giao cho mdt nhdm lanh dao mdi cd p h i n tre hdn va cdng cupc eai cich, xay dUng nha nude phap quyln hipn dai lai dUde diy manh them mdt bUde nfla
Nam 1882, Ito Hirobumi (Y D i n g Bae
van, 1841-1909) d i n d i u doan cd vin di nghien cflu trUe tiep ly thuyet ehinh tri cua
Trang 6Van di xdy di/ng b<^ mixy nha nirdc 85
chau Au cung nhflng boat ddng thfle tien
ciia Hien phap tai day
Ve nude thang 8/1883, Ito da sdng
nhflng nam thang ban rdn nhat va cung la
huy hoang n h i t trong sU nghipp chfnh tri
cua minh Theo de nghi ciia dng, nam 1885,
he tho'ng npi eae mdi da thay the cho ehe dp
Dajokan Theo dd, Soridaijin (Td'ng ly dai
thin, tUdng dUdng thu tUdng) trd thanh
ngUdi dflng d i u ndi cac va cac Daijin (Dai
thin, tUdng dUdng Bd trUdng) phu trach
cac Bp
Mpt bp m i y hanh chinh hipn dai vdi cac
nhan vien dUde t u y i n md va td chUe phu
hdp vdi kha nang, vdi trinh dp hpe v i n b i t
d i u hinh thanh Dgi hgc Hodng gia (nay la
Dai hpc Tokyo) dUde thanh lap d l dao tao
nhan tai, cung c i p cac cdng ehUe cao cip
cho che dp mdi Ito trd thanh Thu tUdng
diu tien Yamagata gifl eUdng vi Bd trUdng
Bp Npi vu ma trUde dd dng da bo cdng sud't
mpt niia thap ky 1880 d l ra soat lai toan bp
hp thd'ng ehinh quyen dia phUdng Tren ed
sd dd, bp luat thanh phd', thi t r i n va lang
xa cung da ra ddi vao nam 1888, danh d i u
vi^c hoan thipn hp thd'ng nha nUdc mdi
Nude Nhat chuyin sang mpt giai doan phat
trien mdi Tuy nhien, nhipm vu chinh lue nay
ciia chinh quyen Minh Tri la tap trung soan
thao mdt ban hie'n phap chfnh thUe
Sau khi da nghien cflu, trao ddi ky
Ifldng, mdt tieu ban do Ito dflng d i u dUdc
thanh lap d l bl mat soan thao ban hie'n
phap Hermann Roesler (1834-1894) - giao
8U luat hpc ngUdi DUc dang giang day d Dai
hpc Hoang gia Tokyo va Albert Mosse
(1846-1925), nha luat hpe va la dai dipn
ngo^i giao DUc d Nhat Ban - dUde mdi lam
cS^vin
Ddng thdi, mdt cupc but chien xung
quanh v i n d l hi§'n phap da dien ra mpt
each quyet liet Cac hpc gia, cae nha boat ddng chfnh tri dang phai mudn chfnh quyen diy nhanh viee soan thao hie'n phap NhUng chfnh quyen trUde sau nhU mpt vin ehu trUdng "tiem tien" Nghia la, theo ban lanh dao Minh Tri cdng viee nay phai dUdc
c h u i n bi mpt each ky lUdng, khong voi vang Ve npi dung hie'n phap da cd r i t nhilu y ki§'n de cap den nhflng khia canh khae nhau ciia ban bien phap mdi dUdc dUa
ra tranh luan va cho ring: hie'n phap Nhat Ban nen la ban hie'n phap dung hoa nhflng npi dung ed ban cua hie'n phap Anh, Phap
va My Trong khi dd, mpt phong trao tfl soan thao hie'n phap dien ra Cd khoang 40 ban hien phap (8) do cac ca nhan tfl soan thao da dUde gui den cho chfnh quyen trung Udng
Tuy nhien, chfnh phu vin cho ring: chi
cd hien phap cua nUdc Dflc la phu hdp vdi hoan canh chinh tri, xa hdi ciia Nhat Ban
va ban dfl thao cudi cung da dUdc hpi ddng dac bipt gdm cae thanh vien chinh phu cung mpt sd quan ehflc cao cip thao luan sud't trong nam 1888
Thien hoang Mmh Tri da chpn ngay 11/2/1889, ngay len ngoi ciia thien hoang
Jimmu vko nkm 660 trUdc cdng nguyen
theo huyen thoai Nhat Ban de cdng bd ban hiln phap d i u tien ciia nUdc Nhat va day cung la ban bien phap d i u tien ciia chau A vao thang 7/1890, cupc b i u cii nghi vi^n
d i u tien dUdc tien hanh d nUde nay Mac
du so lupng cii tri bi ban ehd, chi bao gdm mpt s6' lU(?ng nho nam gidi dflng tudi (chiem khoang 1,26 % dan sd) nhflng dd la mpt cupc b i u cii dupc ehinh phii to ehflc e6 hipu qua va dan chu
NhUng de tien hanh cupc biu cii nghi vipn d i u tien mpt each sudn se, chinh quygn Minh Tn da cd sfl chuin bj tU r i t
Trang 78Q Rghien cuu Lich siSr sg 9+10.2008
lau "Cdc hdi ddng nhdn ddn cdp tinh dUOc
thii nghiim ldn ddu vdo ndm 1879, sau dd
den cdc hgi ddng nhdn ddn xd, phUdng vd
thi trdn vdo ndm 1880 vd cudi cung la hgi
dong nhdn ddn thdnh phd ndm 1888" (9)
Nhu vay, vdi viec cdng bd h i l n phap va
td ehflc bau cil nghi vien, bd may nha nUde
hipn dai cua Nhat Ban da dUde hoan thipn
de tu dd chinh quyln eiia thien hoang Minh
Tri tiep tue lanh dao nUde Nhat thu dUde
nhflng t h a n h tUu to ldn trong cdng cupc xay
dUng va bao ve d i t nUde, trd thanh t i m
gUdng cho n h i l u nUde chau a, trong dd ed
Viet Nam
Trong khi nhan dan ma dai dien la gidi tri thUe tien bp mudn xay dUng mdt nha nUde dan ehu dUdc dam bao b i n g phap luat thi gidi lanh dao lai td ra thUe dung hdn Hp mud'n nhanh ehdng "dudi kip phUdng Tay"
va "di vUdt phUdng Tay" Vi vay, hp da Ifla chpn mpt md hinh n h i m mang lai hipu qua cao nha't, nhanh ehdng dUa nUde Nhat "sanh vai cung cac eUdng qud'e tren the gidi" Tuy nhien, do tfnh chat cua bp may nha nUde dUde xay dUng theo hinh m i u eiia nha nUde tap quyen Dflc nen Nhat Ban da khdng tranh khoi nhflng sai l i m khi lien tiep theo dudi cac cupc chien t r a n h trong
Tdm lgi, sau khi nhan lai quyen lUe tU
gidi vd si, chinh quyen ciia thien hoang
Minh Tri da tien h a n h cdng cupc cai each
nhanh chdng va triet de tren t i t ea cic linh
vUe: ehinh tri, kinh te, vdn hoa, xa hdi Tuy
nhien, vipe xay dUng bd may nha nude hipn
dai la mdt cdng vipe het sUe khd khan
khu vUc, khien eho Nhat Ban phai ganh chiu nhflng thiet hai nang n l trong chien tranh the gidi thfl hai, de rdi mpt l i n nfla, Nhat Ban lai phai eai td bp may nha nfldc cho phu hdp vdi xu the dan chu sau ehien tranh
CHU THICH
(1), (3), (4), (5) Fukuzawa Yukichi, Nhdt
Bdn-cdch t&n gido due thdi Minh Tri, Nxb Chfnh trj
Quoc gia, Yik Ngi, 1995, tr 75, 88-89, 89, 90
(2), (6) Ishida Kazuyoshi, Nhat Bdn tU tuang
sd, t$p 2, Tu each Kim VSn, S^i Gon, 1973, tr 2,
224
(9) E D Reischauer, Nhdt Bdn: c&u chuyen vi
mot qudc gia, Nxb ThS^ng ke, H^ Npi, 1998,tr 172
(7) Kimura Seiji, Lich sd Nhdt Bdn, Nxb
Tokyobunsha, 1993, tr 122
(8) Yasuda Motohisa, Lich sd Nh&t Bdn, Nxb
Obunsha, Tokyo, 1989, tr 317