Tfl thdi gian nay mdi thflc sfl bat ddu hinh thanh nen cd ca'u kinh te-xa hdi va chii nghia tfl ban dang thugc dia d Dong Nam A, trong dd tfl ban phfldng Tay chinh thflc ddng vai trd[r]
Trang 1>v' ^
VAN OE XAC OINH THOI DIEM THIET LAP
• • CHU NGHiA THUC DAN PHUONG TAY
•
6 DONG NAM A
TRAN KHANH*
Cflng nhfl cac nganh khoa hgc khac,
nghien cflu, bien soan lich sii ludn
can cd sfl doi mdi nham tiep can gan hdn
vdi chan ly Nhieu van de cua lich sif da
va dang gay tranh luan trong viec danh
gia cac qua trinh, bien cd' lich sif, tfl viec
xac dinh cac hinh thai va sfl bien ddi kinh
t e - xa hdi, cac nen van hoa, van minh cho
de'n danh gia tflng trieu dai, nhan vat, sfl
kien lich sif cu the v.v Ddi vdi lich sif
phfldng Ddng, trdng dd cd Ddng Nam A,
thi van de cdn phflc tap, gay tranh cai hdn
nhieu khdng chi bdi sfl khac nhau ve ca'u
trflc xa hdi truyen thdng va con dfldng
phat trien gifla phfldng Ddng va phfldng
Tay, ma cdn chfnh sfl da dang va phong
phu cua khu vfle rdng ldn nay Nhieu cau
hdi ldn dang tiep tuc dat ra la cd tdn tai
mgt "phfldng thflc san xua't chau A"
khong ?, cd con dfldng phat trien rieng chd
phfldng Ddng va phfldng Tay khdng?, d
phfldng Ddng cd cd lich sit can dai nhfl d
chau Au khdng?, neu cd thi bat ddu tfl khi
nao, tfl dau the'ky XVI hay the'ky XIX, va
ket thflc khi nao, sau Cach mang thang
10 Nga hay de'n 1945, hay chfla ket
thuc.v.v Tie'p de'n la cac va'n de lien quan den chu nghia thUe dan va phong trao giai phdng dan tdc; Lieu chu nghia thtic dan cd phai la hien tflcing phd quat, ta't yeu cua lich sii nhan loai hay chi la sif hflu rieng cua chu tfl ban, de qud'c?, Trong boi canh tien tdi "mdt the gidi phang" nhfl hien nay thi cd can da'u tranh chdng lai chu nghia thflc dan va duy tri ban sac qud'c gia-dan tdc nfla khdng? v.v Tren day la nhflng cau hdi ldn, can dfldc day cdng nghien cflu Trong khudn khd bai viet nay chit yeu de cap de'n va'n de xac dinh thdi diem thiet lap che do thudc dia hay chu nghia thuc dan cua phfldng Tay d Ddng Nam A, tfl dd dfla ra mdt vai nhan xet lien quan den lich sif can hien dai ciia khu vfle nay
Thiet nghi, van de dfla ra la khong mdi, nhflng van cdn cd y nghia khoa hgc va thflc tien cao, ddng thdi cdn tie'p tuc gay nhieu tranh luan
1 Vai net lien quan den khai niem
"thuoc dia" va "chu nghia thiic dan"
De cd the hieu rd hdn ve va'n de da neu, trfldc het can Ifldt qua met so' khai niem
* PGS.TSKH TrSn K h a n h , Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A
Trang 2Trdn Khdnh - Vdn de xdc dinh thcYi diem thiel lap chit nghTa thifc ddn 11
Tfl "thudc dia" b a t ngudn tfl chfl Latinh la
"Colonia" (Colony) cd nghia la mdt cum
d a n cU dfldc h i n h t h a n h t r e n mdt vflng dat
mdi, ngoai l a n h thd dan tdc minh Trong
qua t r i n h p h a t trien, k h a i niem nay dfldc
hieu rdng ra la cac vflng dat, lanh thd bi
ngoai b a n g xam chiem va cai tri Tfl dd
dien ra qua t r i n h thugc dia boa, tflng budc
lam t h a y ddi vflng da't chiem dfldc Toan
bd chfnh sach tfl xam chiem, rdi den khai
thac, nd dich, bien t h a n h thugc dia ciia
cac ldn, p h a t trien hdn ddi vdi cac nflde
nhd, kem p h a t t n e n hdn ggi la "chii nghla
thiic ddn" (Colonialism) Tfl khi chu nghia
tfl ban ra ddi, chinh sach thdn tinh va cai
tri cua cac nflde tfl ban, de qudc doi vdi
dan "ngoai vi" dfldc hoan thien n h a n h ,
hinh thanh nen "chu nghia thflc dan" vdi
y nghia sau rdng va m a n g tfnh thdi dai
Tuy nhien, thudc dja va chu nghia thflc
dan dfldc bieu hien va ton tai d nhieu
dang, mflc do khac n h a u , tuy thugc nhieu
vao vao tfnh c h a t dinh cfl va thugc dia hoa
cua chinh quyen thflc dan Tam thdi cd
the p h a n loai boa cac dang dac thfl cua
thudc dia nhfl sau;
a) Chiem d u n g va bien t h a n h sd hflu
cua minh cac vflng dat mdi, nhflng ndi
chfla cd hoac khdng d a n g ke cd ngfldi sinh
sd'ng, va trfldc dd h a u nhfl chfla xac dinh
quyen sd hflu vflng lanh thd dd thudc ve
ai 0 ndi 0 mdi nay, ca'u true xa hgi, n h a t
la luat phap va Idi so'ng phfldng Tay dfldc
ndi dai, ap d u n g h a u nhfl hoan toan d
vflng dai mdi Tieu bieu cho trfldng hop
nay gdm cd Bdc My, Otxtraylia, Niu-Dilan
va phan nao dd la d Nam Phi Day la loai
dien hinh cua "thugc dia di ddn" 0 Dong
Nam A hau nhfl khong tdn tai dang nay
b) Di cfl va-cbiem d u n g nhflng vflng d a i vdn da cd nen van m m h truyen tho'ng cua cfl dan b a n dia vdi ca'u trflc n h a nflde kha
p h a t trien ma tieu bieu la cac nflde vflng
T r u n g va N a m My 0 Ddng Nam A, kieu thugc dia nay ft nhieu cd lien quan vdi trUdng hdp Philippin Ngudi Bd Dao Nha, sau dd la Tay Ban N h a va My khong chi
ap dat che do chinh tri, ma cdn chu dgng
du n h a p ton giao, Idi sd'ng va hdp n h a l chiing tdc cua hg vdi ngfldi b a n dia Ldp ngfldi lai (Metico) la san p h a m dac trflng ciia qua trinh hdp nha't ve chung tgc va van boa Day la mgt md hinh lai ghep kha uyen chuyen gifla phfldng Tay va phi phfldng Tay trong cai tri thudc dia Day la
dang thudc dia "vda di ddn vda ddng hod
vd khai thdc"
c) Thugc dia boa nhflng vflng dai bet sfle lac hau, r a t yeu kem ve phan boa giai-ca'p xa hdi, gdn nhfl chfla binh t h a n h ca'u trflc nha nflde Dien binh cua dang nay la
p h a n ldn cac nflde d chau Phi, nhieu dao cua Indonexia va Nam Thai Binh Dfldng Thiic dan phfldng Tay chu yeu chfl trgng khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien, p h a t trien thfldng mai, ke ca budn ban nd le Cuoc sd'ng cua thd dan It thay ddi Nhieu nhdm tdc ngfldi trd nen bdn cflng boa bdi mdi trfldng sd'ng bi t a n pha H a u qua cua kieu bdc lot thugc dia nay cd tac dgng tieu cflc lau dai ddi vdi cfl dan b a n dia Day la
dang thudc dia "nghieng ve khai thdc vd
ddng hod"
d) Thugc dia boa nhflng vflng mien, dai niidc vd'n t h i n h h a n h nhflng nen van minh lau ddi, p h a t t n e n cao vdi cau trflc nha nflde chat che, cd quy cu cflng vdi mdt mat
do dan cfl ldn De chinh phuc vflng dai
Trang 328 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 5/2009
giau truyen thd'ng van hoa-van minh nay,
thflc dan phfldng Tay thfldng ket hdp
nhieu bien phap cflng mdt lflc, nhfl sif
dung vfl luc de bep sii chong ddi, buon ban
va ngoai giao ket hdp vdi mua chuoc, du
dd cac thu linh, quan lai ngUdi ban dia va
sau dd thilc hien "Au chau boa" tflng
phan, tflng bg phan cua ddi sd'ng kmh
te-xa hdi, chfnh tri va van hoa cac nflde hi
xam chiem Khac vdi cac cac dang thugc
hoa d tren, dac biet la kieu 1 va 2, thi
ngfldi phfldng Tay cfl tru la cdng dong
thieu sd, chiem ty le nhd so vdi dan ban
dia Trong khi tien hanh Au hoa, hg chu
trfldng duy tri mot phan ca'u true xa hdi
truyen thd'ng, ke ca sit dung md hinh quan
ly xa hdi cua ngfldi ban dia Day la each
lam truyen thd'ng, dang dac trUng ma
ngfldi phfldng Tay thfldng ap dung vdi hau
bet cac nflde phfldng Dong, trong dd cd
Ddng Nam A Vdi md hinh nay, chu nghia
thflc dan phfldng Tay dfldc bieu hien rd
net, mang tfnh tdng hdp va khai quat
nha't trdng ta't ca cac dang cua thudc dia
hoa Day la dang dien hinh cua "thudc dia
khai thdc"
2 Khi nao chu nghia thuoc dia
phifdng Tay difdc thiet lap d Dong
Nam A?
Md dau cho sU xam nhap va thdn tfnh
thudc dia cua phfldng Tay ddi vdi Ddng
Nam A la sfl kien Bd Ddo Nha chinh phuc
Malacca vao nam 1511 Den gifla nhflng
nam 60-70 cua the ky XVI, Bd Dao Nha
md rdng budn ban va xay diing dflcic kha
nhieu cd sd thfldng mai cua minh d mien
Bac va mien Trung Philippin cung nhfl
mgt so'ndi khac thugc khu viic dao hfldng
lieu phfa Ddng- Nam Inddnexia ngay nay Tren thiic te, khoang tren dUdi mgt the
ky, Bd Dao Nha chu yeu dflng lai d mflc do
"tham hiem", bfldc dau ky ket mdt sd'tboa thuan thfldng mai vdi cac tieu qud'c Hdi giao trong vflng Ngay ca d Malacca, thugc dia "kieu mau" ciia hg cflng chf gidi ban trong quy md nhd, khu vfle trung tam ngi thanh sat cang bien vdi kie'n trflc va loi sd'ng kieu chau Au thdi dau can the Con cac khu vfle lan can, anh hfldng cua phUdng Tay hau nhfl khdng dang ke Luc
dd Bd Dao Nha cflng chfla kiem soat dflgc cac tieu Hdi qud'c xung quanh, ma mdi chi thiet lap dfldc mgt so' diem budn ban tren mgt sd' dao ctia cac nflde Ddng Nam A hai dao,
Tfl nhflng thap nien cudi ciia the ky XVI, nhat la tfl dau the ky XVII, sfl thdng trj cua ngfldi Bd Dao Nha tai khu vfle nay
bi pha vd va di de'n suy tan bdi sfl banh
trfldng ciia Tdy Ban Nha, sau dd la Hd Lan Nam 1571, Tay Ban Nha chiem
Manila va dan dan bien hdu het cac dao ciia Philippin ngay nay thanh thudc dia Tuy nhien, thudc dia hoa bdng kieu xay dilng cac dien trang (encomienda) chi dien
ra d thdi ky dau va chi ap dung d mdt sd dao thudc mien Trung Philippin, nha't la d dao Luzon, trong khi dd d cac ndi khac van duy tri cac hinh thflc te chflc truyen thd'ng kieu lang xa (barangay) cua ngfldi ban dia cflng vdi che do phong thfldng dfldc ap dung rdng rai (ddi vdi ca quan chflc do ngfldi dia phfldng dflng dau) Cho mai tdi gifla the ky XIX ve cd ban ngfldi Tay Ban Nha mdi kiem soat dflcic hoan toan cac dao d Philippin, cdn trfldc dd chi cai tri cac vflng mien Trung va mien Bdc Sti phat trien thfldng mai cua Philippin (chii yeu
Trang 4Trdn Khdnh - Vein de xdc dinh thdi diem thiel lap chii nghia thifc ddn 29
la d dao Luzon va dao Visayas) trong the
ky XVI-XVIII chu yeu gdn lien vdi sfl
b a n h trfldng cua m a u dich t h u y e n m a n h
ldn do n h a nflde (hoang gia) Tay Ban Nha
q u a n ly, trong dd Philippin (chu yeu la
Manila) trd t h a n h diem t r u n g chuyen Idn
t r e n con dUdng thfldng mai gifla Ddng A
va Mehied Nhflng t h a y ddi ldn trong
chinh sach k i n h te cua xfl thugc dia nay
chi b a t dau tfl h a i t h a p nien cudi cua the
ky XVIII, khi chfnh quyen thugc dia ndi
long sti ca'm doan trong ndng nghiep (cho
ndng dan dfldc tfl Ifla chgn vat nudi, cay
trdng cua minh), khuye'n khfch ngfldi dan
trdng cac cay hoa m a u t h u nhieu lgi
n h u a n nhfl thud'e la, mfa dfldng, gai
dau.v.v Ve cdng nghiep khuye'n khfch md
rdng cac n g a n h che bien va k h a i thac md
cung nhfl bd ddc quyen cua n h a nflde
trong thfldng mai (sfl ddc quyen cua n h a
nflde trong budn b a n b a n g t h u y e n m a n h
chi dflcic bai bd vao n a m 1815; ddng thdi
de'n 1834 mdi chfnh thflc cdi trdi t a i ca cac
b a n che tfl do thfldng mai ddi vdi tfl b a n
trong va ngoai thugc dia cita hg) Hdn
nfla, tfl cudi the ky XVIIl- dau the ky
XIX, hinh thflc bdc lot tien tfl ban, trong
dd cd ca budn b a n no le mdi dflcic t h a y the
dan b a n g h i n h thflc tfl b a n chu nghia (vf
du nhfl bai bd che do phong thfldng cho
q u a n chflc t h a y b a n g Ifldng bdng theo
ngach bac; che do Ifla chgn chflc trfldng
lang kieu cha t r u y e n con thay b a n g b a u
cif (tfl 1786); h i n h thflc q u a n ly kieu cac
cac don t r a n g ((encomienda) va lang xa
(barangay) chuyen d a n s a n g cac dOn vi
h a n h chfnh tfl ca'p xa de'n huyen, tinh,
Nhfl vay, cho t a n cudi t h e ky XVIII, ddu
the ky XIX, d Philippin mdi h i n h t h a n h
nen he thd'ng cai tri trflc tie'p cua ngfldi
Tay B a n N h a t r e n h a u h e t cac lanh thd ciia da't nflde nay, mac ddu qua trinh Au hoa, nha't la ve v a n hoa da dien ra h a n g
t r a m n a m trfldc dd Cflng tfl thdi gian nay, tac dgng cua thflc tien thugc dia doi vdi sfl t h a y ddi ca'u trflc xa hgi truyen tho'ng cua Philippin mdi thflc sU dien ra
m a n h me; Cd cau k i n h te - xa hgi dang thugc dia mdi dUdc h i n h t h a n h
Su r a ddi ciia Cdng ty Ddng An cua Anh, Ha L a n d ddu the ky XVII va cua
P h a p vao nifa sau the ky XVII md ra giai doan canh t r a n h quyet liet trong thUdng mai va thdn tfnh thugc dia ciia phUdng Tay t r e n p h a m vi toan the gidi, trong dd
cd Ddng N a m A Tfl nhflng t h a p nien dau
ciia the ky XVII, Hd Lan da thay the Bd
Dao N h a kiem soat h a u bet cac dao cua Inddnexia (nam 1630 Ha Lan chiem h a u nhfl loan bd cac dao cua Inddnexia, trfl Ddng Timo Den n a m 1641 hg chiem ludn
t h a n h phd' Malacca vd'n la thudc dia cua
Bd Dao N h a tfl 1511) Tuy nhien, cho de'n tan nifa sau the ky XVIII, boat ddng cita ngfldi Ha Lan, ma t n i c tiep la Cdng ty Dong An ciia hg (VOC) hfldng chu yeu vao muc tieu budn b a n hdn la chinh phuc hay thdn tinh l a n h thd cflng nhfl truyen ba van boa (cai dao ngfldi b a n dia) Hg chfla
q u a n t a m nhieu de'n cai tri trflc tiep hay thiel lap bd may q u a n sti-hanh chinh,
t h u e vu V.V., trfl mdt sd' ndi cd tdm quan trgng chien Iflclc ve kinh te va phdng thu nhfl d Batavia, Ambon, B a n d a v.v Cdn d
h a u bet cac dao khac Ha L a n chu trfldng
ky cac hiep fldc trao quyen q u a n ly cho cac thii linh dia phfldng de ddi lai hg cung cap gia vi va cac ndng san khac cho VOC Cho de'n t a n 1770, do phong trao chdng ddi
Trang 530 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009
manh me cua hai tieu Hdi qud'c tren dao
Java la Bantam d phia Tay va Maratam d
Trung tam va phfa Ddng, ngUdi Ha Lan
danh dfla ngUdi ciia hg len cai tri ca hai
tieu vfldng nay va tfl dd dao Java va nhieu
ndi khac cua Inddnexia trd thanh muc
tieu thiet lap che do cai tri trflc tiep ciia
ngfldi Ha Lan O nhflng ndi cai tri trflc
tiep, ngfldi ndng dan huge phai trdng cay
phuc vu cho xua't khau Chfnh vi vay, tfl
nita sau the ky XVIII, ca phe, dUdng mfa
va cay cham trd nen quan trgng ngang vdi
gia vi Tfl thdi diem nay mdi bat dau hinh
thanh nen mgt so'nganh cdng nghiep che
bien thflc pham tai qud'c gia da dao nay
Tuy nhien, den dau the ky XIX, nhal la
sau Hiep fldc Anh - Ha Lan nam 1824, sfl
cai tri tiep cua Ha Lan mdi dfldc cung cd
va md rdng ra nhieu dao ldn nhd cua
Inddnexia ngay nay Tfl thdi gian dd, chfl
nghia thtic dan thflc sfl bieu hien rd net
tren ta't ca cac mat, tfl kinh te - xa hgi,
chi'nh tri va van hoa va cd tac dgng manh
me, lam thay ddi dang ke cd ca'u xa hgi
truyen thdng cua ngfldi dan da't nflde nay
Ndi tdm lai, cho den cudi the ky XVIII,
ddu the ky XIX, chmh phuc ciia ngfldi Ha
Lan d Inddnexia chu yeu phuc vu phat
trien thfldng mai Viec xam chiem lanh
the cd didn ra, nhflng chfla phai la muc
tieu chfnh, chi dien ra d mdt so'vflng thudc
cac dao nhfl Java, Banda, Moluccas v.v
Che do cai tri trflc tiep cua hg chi ap dung
d quy md hep, d nhflng ndi cd vi tri chie'n
Iflclc Chinh vi vay, dnh hfldng cua Ha Lan
del vdi cd ca'u xa hdi va nen ndng nghiep
truyen thd'ng cua Inddnexia chfla nhieu
Dieu nay chi dien ra manh me tfl sau khi
Ha Lan khdi phuc lai quyen cai tri cua hg
tfl tay ngfldi Anh nam 1816 va dac biet tfl
nhflng 30 cua the'ky XIX, khi chfnh quyen thudc dia thi hanh "che do trdng trgt"
Tie'p theo Ha Lan la thflc dan Anh Tfl
nifa sau the ky XVII, nha't la tfl the ky XVIII, ngfldi Anh ddn dan trd nen thang the ca d chau Au va nUde ngoai Tfl thdi gian dd, Cdng ty Ddng An cua Anh (EIC) (thanh lap nam 1600) da cd y dinh hai cdng Ha Lan, chiem ddc quyen thUdng mai eo bien Malacca, de tfl dd md dfldng thdng thfldng sang Trung Qud'c Tuy nhien, nhflng nd Itic cua Anh bi tha't bai bdi sfl canh tranh quyet liet tfl phia Ha Lan Tfl cudi the ky XVIII, sau khi cd ban
da chinh phuc xong An Do va sau chie'n thdng Napolion d thap nien dau the ky XIX, thuc dan Anh den sfle ciing cd' vi the cua hg d Ddng Nam A bang chiem dac Penang (1786), T.P Malacca (1795) va ddo Xingapo (1819) Sau Hiep fldc Anh-Ha Lan nam 1824, ngfldi Anh chfnh thflc kiem soat eo bien Malacca va lap nen
"Khu dan cU eo bien" va dat nd dUdi sfl kiem soat cua Toan quyen Anh d An Do, Tuy nhien cho de'n nam 1867, cum dan cfl thudc dia nay mdi dfldc tach ra ddc lap vdi mgt Toan quyen rieng thugc Bg thudc dia cua Hoang gia Anh Cflng tfl thdi diem nay, ngfldi Anh mdi tien hanh md rdng them thudc dia ra toan ban dao Malay va vflng Bac, Tay - Bac cua dao Boneo (Kalimantan) (ngay nay ggi la mien Ddng Malaixia) Qua trinh chinh phuc thudc dia cua hg keo tai khu vtic nay keo dai tdi tan ddu the ky XX Ndi tdm lai, cho mai tdi cudi the ky XVIII, ddu the ky XIX, thiic dan Anh mdi chi thiet lap dUdc cum dan cfl thudc dia tai eo bien Malacca (gdm dao Singapore, T.P Malacca, dao Penang va tinh Wellesley) Mdi quan tam hang ddu
Trang 6Trdn Khdnh - Van de xdc dinh llidi diem thiet lap chii nghla thuc ddn 31
cita hg luc dd la md rdng thfldng mai, ho
trd cho phdng thti thudc dia d An Dd va
tim each chiem ddc quyen thfldng mai tai
T r u n g Qud'c, chfl khdng phai la chiem
thudc dia d Ddng N a m A Tuy nhien tfl
nfla sau the ky XIX, dac biet tfl nhflng
n a m 70 trd di, khi thflc d a n P h a p tang
cfldng sfl hien dien va gia t a n g canh t r a n h
thudc dia tai k h u vfle nay thi thflc dan
Anh mdi rao riet day n h a n h qua t r i n h
thdn tinh cac vflng da't khac bdng viec
bien toan bg M a l a y a va Mien Dien t h a n h
xfl thugc dia ciia minh Tfl thdi diem nay,
tac ddng cua chu nghia thflc dan Anh ddi
vdi Malaya, Mien Dien mdi thflc sfl bieu
hien rd net t r e n ta't ca cac phfldng dien, tfl
kinh te-xa hdi den cd ca'u chinh tri-quyen
lflc va van boa d a n tgc
Tfl the ky XVII, dac biet tfl nifa sau the
ky XVII, ddu the ky XVIII, ngfldi P h a p da
tfch cflc ddm ngd s a n g phfldng Ddng Tuy
nhien, ngay tfl dau, ngfldi P h a p hi ngfldi
Ha Lan, s a u dd la Anh chen ep Cong ty
Ddng An cua P h a p t h a n h lap vao n a m
1664 cflng cd chflc n a n g tfldng tfl nhfl
VOC va EIC, nhflng khong cd nhieu
quyen h a n h bdi sfl chi phcl va can thiep
ldn tfl phia n h a nflde, trfldc bet la nha vua
va cac can t h a n Hdn nfla, ngfldi Phap cd
nhieu phdn gid'ng ngfldi Bd Dao Nha va
Tay Ban Nha la thiidng ket hdp budn ban
vdi truyen giao Chfnh qua chfl trgng den
viec cai dao, t r u y e n ba van hoa tinh thdn
da gdp p h a n lam cho boat dgng thfldng
mai cua ngfldi P h a p it hieu qua hdn ngfldi
Ha Lan va ngfldi Anh trong giai doan ddu
tim kiem thudc dia, Tfl nifa sau the ky
XIX, n h a l la tfl cudi the ky XIX, ngfldi
P h a p vdi sfle m a n h q u a n sfl, kinh te va
khoa hgc ky t h u a t d a n g trdi day da n h a n h chdng chiem dfldc n h i e u thugc dia d Dong Nam A Tuy cham, nhflng chu nghia thilc dan cua P h a p dUdc trien k h a i mgt each dong bg vdi quy md ldn t r e n mgi mat cua ddi sd'ng xa hgi cac nUdc thugc dia Chinh dieu nay da lam t h a y ddi tUdng ddi n h a n h chdng cd ca'u k i n h te-xa hdi ciia cac nude Ddng Duong trong nhflng t h a p nien dau ciia the ky XX
3 N h a n x e t c h u n g
Tfl cd sd ly l u a n va thflc tien lich sif da dien ra, cd the di den mdt vai n h a n xet sd
bd nhfl sau:
Thd nhdt, sfl xam n h a p va thon tfnh
thugc dia ciia phfldng Tay ddi vdi Ddng Nam A dflcic bdt d a u tfl the ky XVI, nhflng cho mai tdi cudi the ky XVIII, dau the ky XIX ve cd b a n chi mdi dflng lai hinh thflc
nd dich thudc dia b a n g thfldng mai Tuy nhien d mdt so'vflng ven bien, cac cang thi
d cac dao nhfl V i s a y a s , Luzon cua
P h i l i p p i n , J a v a , B a n d a , S u m a t r a , Moluccas, Dong Timo ciia Inddnexia da hi thflc dan chiem da't, bien t h a n h thugc dia cua hg 0 dd ra ddi cac t h a n h phd' chau
Au Mgt bg p h a n dan cfl ngfldi ban xfl d dd
da dfldc Au hoa tflng phdn Tfl thdi diem nay xua't hien ldp ngfldi lai Au-A The nhflng, xet ve toan cue, thi nd dich thudc dia bang budn b a n va sfl ra ddi cac the chc' phfldng Tay (thflc c h a t la cac cum dan cu
dd thi, t h a n h phd'cua phfldng Tay) tai mgt so' ndi nhfl da ke t r e n chfla cd tac ddng nhieu den bien ddi cd ca'u xa hdi truyen thd'ng cua Dong N a m A 0 cac k h u vfle ndm sau trong da't lien thi tac ddng cua qua t r i n h t r e n h a u nhfl khdng dang ke
Trang 732 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 5/2009
Thd hai, thfldng mai gifla phfldng Tay
va Ddng Nam A trong thdi ky dau xam
nhap va thdn tfnh thugc dia mang tfnh
chat bat can xflng, nhflng dfla lai mgt
nguon ldi nhuan khdng 15 ddi vdi phfldng
Tay Hg chit yeu dfla Vang, Bac, cac loai
vfl khf de ddi lay cac nong phdm, hfldng
lieu quy cua vflng nhiet ddi Cdn cac mat
hang khac nhfl dd gd'm sfl, do td lua chi la
mat hang thfl yeu, trong do Ddng Nam A
chu yeu ddng vai trd trung gian, tram
chuyen tiep tren con dfldng budn ban gifla
phfldng Tay vdi Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban va
An Do
Thd ba, tfl the ky XIX, nha't la tfl nifa
sau the ky XIX, qua trinh xam chiem va
ap dat che dg cai tri bang chfnh tri, luat
phap phfldng Tay dfldc xfle tien manh me
tren toan cdi Dong Nam A, tfl vflng hai
dao cho den luc dia Tfl thdi gian nay, chu
nghia thflc dan phfldng Tay mdi thflc sfl
bieu hien met each rd net tren tai ca cac
mat vdi toe do va quy md ldn Tac ddng
cua khai thac thudc dia mdi bat dau cd sfle
lan toa ldn ca chieu sau va chieu rdng
ca'u trflc xa hdi va chinh tri truyen thd'ng
cua Ddng Nam A hi pha vd Tfl thdi gian
nay mdi thflc sfl bat ddu hinh thanh nen
cd ca'u kinh te-xa hdi va chii nghia tfl ban
dang thugc dia d Dong Nam A, trong dd tfl
ban phfldng Tay chinh thflc ddng vai trd
chfnh va cd vi the ndi trdi trong nen kinh
te; tfl ban ngfldi Hoa ddng vai trd trung
gian-mdi gidi trong thfldng mai, cdn tfl
ban ngfldi ban dia cd vi trf tha'p kem nha't,
hi tfl ban phfldng Tay va tfl ban ngfldi Hoa
chen ep Nhfl vay chu nghia thflc dan hay
giai doan thugc dia cua phfldng Tay d
Ddng Nam A vdi dflng nghia cua nd dfldc
xac dinh tfl ddu the ky XIX Doi vdi cac
nflde Ddng Nam A liic dia, cac nflde tieu vfldng qud'c thudc Malaixia ngay nay thi qua trinh nay dien ra mudn hdn, chfnh xac hdn la tfl niia sau the ky XIX Thdi ky thudc dia cua phfldng Tay keo dai tdi tan gifla the ky XX, khi hdu het cac qudc gia trong khu vfle gianh dflcic ddc lap
Thd tu, tfl tac ddng thflc tien ciia thugc
dia, d hau het cac nflde Ddng Nam A vao cudi the ky XlX-ddu the ky XX xua't hien cac tdng Idp, giai cap mdi cua ngfldi ban dia, trdng dd cd dgi ngfl tri thflc dfldc dao tao 0 cac trfldng Tay va tang Idp ddanh nhan Tdng Idp tinh hoa nay khdng chi gdp phan quan trgng thflc tinh tinh than dan tdc chu nghia, ma la Iflc Ifldng chinh lanh dao phong trao ehd'ng thflc dan, phong kien d nhieu nflde Ddng Nam A, nha't la trong thdi ky "Thflc tinh chau A" Cac phong trao nhfl "khai sang" va each mang Philippin do Rizal lanh dao; cai each mang tfnh tfl san d Thai Lan dfldi thdi vua Chulalongcon, phong trao Hdi giao cap tien Sarekat Islam d Inddnexia, sfl hinh thanh Hiep hdi Thanh nien Phat Giae Mien Dien (YMBA) va phong trao Dong kinh nghia thtic d Viet Nam v.v la nhflng minh chflng ve sti ndi len ctia phong trao dan tdc chu nghia d Ddng Nam
A d cudi the ky XlX-nhflng thap nien dau the ky XX Cd the, tfl thdi diem nay Ddng Nam A mdi chfnh thflc bfldc vao lich sif can dai cua minh, Lich sfl can dai ctia Dong Nam A cdn dfldc tiep dien ke ca tfl sau 1945 Day chi la y kien ca nhan Van
de dUa ra het sfle phflc tap, can dfldc tiep tuc nghien cflu./