Nguyen Bd trudng Tdi ehinh Kwon O- kyu da tdng phat bieu, dd qud thyc Id sy ddng gdp tuyet vdi, ndu khdng cd khodn trg cdp tu Co quan Phdt trien Qudc te Hoa Ky (USAID), Hiep hdi Phdt [r]
Trang 1VAI NET VE VIEN TRO PHAT TRIEN CHINH THUTC (OOA)
CUA HAN QUOC
THU HA - MINH THANH'
j T jTdn Qudc thudng dugc cdc qudc gia
JL JL nhac den nhu Id mgt hinh mdu eua
vide sd dyng thanh cdng vien trg qudc te Tu
mdt nudc ngheo do bi tdn phd trong Chien
tranh Trieu Tidn 1950-1953, ehi trong vdng
mdt thdi gian ngan, Han Qudc da trd thanh
cudng qudc kinh te dung thu 13 tren the gidi,
thu tu d Chdu A Dieu dd cd dugc Id nhd
nhdng cd gang tu phia Chinh phu, ngudi ddn,
ddng thdi td cdc ngudn vien trg tren the gidi
dudi hinh thu trg cap va cho vay vdi lai sudt
uu dai
Ngudn vien trg chu yeu dugc su dung cho
cdc chuang trinh xdy dyng co sd ha tdng nhu
dudng cao tdc Seoul-Busan, nhd mdy sdn
xudt bia rugu khdng ed ga Pohang va dap
ngan nudc sdng Soyang Hge vien Phdt trien
Khoa hoc va Cdng nghe Hdn Qudc (KAIST),
dugc biet tdi nhu MIT cua Chdu A (Hge
vien Cdng nghe Chau A), cdng dugc xdy
dyng td ngudn vien trg qudc td ndy
Nguyen Bd trudng Tdi ehinh Kwon
O-kyu da tdng phat bieu, dd qud thyc Id sy
ddng gdp tuyet vdi, ndu khdng cd khodn trg
cdp tu Co quan Phdt trien Qudc te Hoa Ky
(USAID), Hiep hdi Phdt tridn Qudc td (IDA)
trye thudc Ngdn hdng Thd gidi, Quy Hgp tac
Kinh te Hdi ngoai Nhat Bdn, Ngdn hang Phdt
trien Chdu A vd Chuong trinh Phat trien cua
Lien Hgp Qudc, cdc td chdc qudc td khac
Thac sT, Vien Nghien ciru Dong Bae A
cdng nhu td cdc nudc phat trien, Han qudc
da khdng the cung cap dugc nhdng dieu kien thiet yeu cho ngudi ddn chiu hdu qud sau Chien tranh Tridu Tien"
L Khoi dau
22 nam trudc day, Hdn Qudc da gidi quyet xong cdc mdn ng tai chinh tu ngudn cho vay vien trg va dua nudc nay td danh sdch mdt nudc nhdn vien trg trd thanh nudc cung cdp vien trg Quy Hgp tdc Phdt tridn Kinh te chinh Id minh chdng cho sy thay ddi ndy Thdng 6 nam 1987, Chinh phi Han Qudc da xdy dyng Chuang trinh Cho vay Song phuong (EDCF) Ngdn hdng Xuat Nhap khdu Han Qudc chju trdch nhiem qudn
ly va van hanh quy dudi sy chi dao chung cua Bd Tdi chinh Ddy Id chuong trinh vien trg chinh thuc ddu tien cua Chinh phi Hdn Qudc nham muc dich hd trg edng nghiep hod
vd phdt trien kinh td d cdc nudc dang phat trien
Nhu da bidt, td nam 1963, Han Qudc da thuc hien mdt sd chuang trinh vien trg cho cdc nudc kem phdt tridn, bao gdm eac chuang trinh ddo tao dugc bdo trg bdi td chuc USAID nam 1963, chuang trinh chia
sd kinh nghiem nam 1967 va ehuong trinh trao ddi phdt tridn qudc te nam 1982 Tuy nhien, ddy Id nhdng chuang trinh mang tinh chdt nhd Id, tam thdi Chi ddn khi EDCF ra ddi vd cd van phdng thudng true rieng thi cac nudc thyc sy ghi nhdn sy ung hd, ddng
NGHIEN cdru DONG BfiC (i SO 8(102) 8-2009 41
Trang 2Nghien citu khoa hpc
gdp cua Hdn Qudc ddi vdi sy phat trien kinh
te cua cdc nudc ldng gieng trong thdi gian
dai
Bang EDCF, Han qudc cho cdc nudc
dang phdt tridn vay vdi hi vgng gdp phdn
phdt tridn kinh te d cac nudc nay
Hien nay, EDCF vdn Id cdng cy chinh
thdc de Hdn Qudc dua cdc ngudn vien trg ra
nudc ngodi Nam 1991, Co quan Hgp tdc
Qudc te Han Qudc trye thuge Bd Ngoai Giao
dugc Chinh phd nudc ndy chinh thuc thdnh
lap, tu dd den nay da thye hien mdt sd
chuong trinh trg cap va trg giup kT thuat
Trong cdc nam tidp theo, mdt sd Bd khdc
trong dd cd Bg Gido Due cung bat ddu xdy
dyng cdc chuang trinh vien trg trdn pham vi
todn cdu mac du khoan hd trg cdn khd han
hep
EDCF vd Koica ddng thdi hoat dgng,
phan phdi vien trg tdi mdi nudc trong mdt
thdi gian nhdt dinh
Gdn day, Chinh phu Hdn qudc da md rgng
pham vi vd ung hd cho nhidu chuang trinh
giip dd cdc nudc dang phdt trien thdng qua
cac td chdc da phuang nhu Ngdn hdng Thd
gidi, Ngan hdng Phdt tridn Chau A va Co
quan Phat trien Qudc td
2 Bu-ffc phat trien mdi
Nam 2008, Han Qudc da danh mgt nghin
ty won (tuong duong 799 trieu ddla) eho
vien trg phat trien chinh thuc ra nudc ngodi
Theo Bg Tai Chinh, 25,4 % trong dd, tuc
237.1 ty won dugc chuydn thdng qua EDCF
Vien trg song phuong thdng qua Koica vd
mdt sd Ca quan Chinh phu khac la 33%,
41,6% cdn lai danh cho cac chuang trinh
vien trg da phuong
Ld mgt trong ba chuang trinh hd trg phdt
trien chinh thuc (ODA) chu ydu cua Han
Qudc, EDCF dugc biet den la chuang trinh
cd hieu qua nhat
Dieu ndy ed dugc do viec phdi trd lai khodn vay se thic day cac nudc nhdn vien trg sd dyng chung hieu qua hon
Kim Dong-jun, quan chuc Bg Tai Chinh phat bidu: "Nhdng nude nhdn cd the se quan tam den nhdng khodn vien trg khdng hoan lai hon nhung nhieu nghien cuu da cho thay rang, nhiJng nudc ehi nhan vien trg khdng hodn lai se khdng tich eye trong viec phat tridn kinh td nhu cac nudc nhan mdt khodn
ng vien trg."
Thdng 2 nam 2005, mgt thod thuan qudc
te dugc cdng bd ve Hieu lyc vien trg "Tuyen
bd Paris", trinh bdy "quyen sd hiiu" la nen tang eo bdn dd thye thi cdc khodn vien trg va cho vay tren the gidi trong dd cd cdc khodn cho vay vd vien trg cua Hdn Qudc
EDCF cd kha nang cho vay nhdng khodn tin dyng ldn han nhieu so vdi eac khodn vien trg khdng hodn lai, didu nay p h i hgp vdi viec tai trg cho cac dy an phdt tridn ca sd
ha tang, phat trien kinh te - xa hdi d cac nudc dang phdt tridn
Cd the ndi, vdi khoan vien trg khdng hodn lai, cac nudc nhan vien trg chi cd the su dung trong gidi han nhd hep gidng nhu che tao vai tram chide mdy tinh nhung vdi viec cho vay tu EDCF thi cdc qudc gia ndy cd the xay cd nhirng cay cau Vi vay, EDCF mong mudn nhirng nudc nhan dugc khodn tin dung
uu dai nay se su dyng chung mgt cdch hieu qud ddng thdi giup nhdng nudc ndy chuyen
tu viec chi su dyng vien trg khdng hoan lai sang chu dgng tim kiem cdc khoan vay de phdt tridn kinh td ddt nudc
Theo ngudn tin khdng chinh thdc tu Ngan hang Xudt Nhap khau Han Qudc, quy cho
42 NGHIEN cdru DONG BfiC fi, SO 8(102) 8-2009
Trang 3Nghien ciiu khoa hoc
vay lidn tuc phdt trien trong cdc nam, vdi
2.306 ty ty won vdo cudi nam 2008
Theo dd, lugng tin chdp cdng phdt tridn
Vao nam 1987, khi EDCF dugc khdi ddng,
chi cd hai nudc la Nigeria vd Indonesia dugc
cdp tdi trg Trong nam 2006, sd lugng nay la
16 dy dn tai 11 nudc va den nam 2008da la
28 dy an tai 13 nudc vdi ngdn sdch 237.1 ty
won
Ngan hdng cdng cho biet, da ed 45 nudc
dugc sd dung tin chdp EDCF cho 200 dy dn
vdi tdng tidn la 4.276 ty do la
Theo Bd Tdi chinh, cac khodn tdi trg va
eho vay se cdn tiep tuc tang trong cdc nam
tdi
Thdng thudng, chuang trinh tin chap
EDCF dugc xem xet khi cd yeu cdu tu mgt
qudc gia dng vidn Nudc dd gui don xin vay
vdn thdng qua Bd Tdi chinh Han Qudc Hd
so xin vay se dugc Ngdn hdng Exim xem xet,
bao gdm kd hoach chi tiet cho biet nudc ung
vidn se dung khodn cho vay nhu the ndo?
Dya trdn ket qua viec xem xet, Bd Tdi
chinh dua ra quyet dinh cudi cdng xem cd
the cho vay hay khdng vd vdi sd tidn bao
nhieu
Ngdn hang Exim gidi thich rang, nhdng
dng vien cho tin dung EDCF hdu hdt la
nhdng nudc dang phdt trien cd mdi quan he
vd lien ket kinh td manh me vdi Hdn Qudc
hoac cd tidm nang cao ve hgp tdc kinh te
Trong dd, khd nhidu nudc cd thu nhap binh
qudn ddu ngudi thdp hon 5000dd la va hon
70% cdc nudc dugc cho vay thudc Chdu A
Khd nang hodn tra cda hg cung dugc xet
den
Vao thdng 10 nam 2008, Chinh phu Hdn
Qudc chap thuan cho Viet Nam vay vdn 100
trieu dd la, khodn cho vay ldn nhat trong ljch
su cua EDCF Tap trung hd trg cho phdt trien co sd ha tdng kinh td - xa hdi nhd dd thue day phat trien kinh te, nhdt la lien quan den cdc nhu cdu thidt yeu cua con ngudi, nhu sue khoe, giao dye va mdi trudng
3 Nhirng co gang de nang cao hieu qua
Myc dich cho vay vdn cua EDCF cdng dugc tinh todn cdn than chd khdng Id phdn phdi ddng ddu Hg chu trgng tdi cdc ITnh vuc
md ngudi Hdn Qudc cd lgi the canh tranh hon so vdi qudc gia khdc, trong trudng hgp
dd, cae cdng ty Hdn Qudc cdng dugc tham gia vdo cdc dy dn phdt trien cua EDCF Trong nhung nam gdn ddy, tin dung EDCF cd khuynh hudng thien ve ddp dng nhu cau co sd ha tdng xa hdi va dich vu Nhung dy dn nhu vay chi chiem 19,9% vdo nam 1996 nhung da tang ldn 60,5% vdo nam
2005
Tuy nhien, EDCF cung trg giup cdc trudng hgp khan cap Viec thuc thi cdc dy dn
do EDCF giup dd dugc gidm sdt bdi Ngdn hdng Exim Hdn Qudc
Hien nay, 75 nhdn vien tai ngan hang, hay khodng 10% lugng lao dgng, dugc chi dinh 1dm tai EDCF, dac biet Id d bd phan chiu trdch nhiem gidm sdt
Uhm Sung-yong, Phd Gidm ddc EDCF Group cho biet "Ld co quan thi hdnh cua quy, chdng tdi gidm sdt cdc chuang trinh dang thyc hidn cd dugc hieu qua hay khdng," Ddi khi viec thyc thi mgt dy an nao dd bi ddng lai Thdng 1 nam 2003, Chinh phu Han Qudc nhdn dugc don khidu nai tu Uzbekistan ve chdt lugng cua nhdng thiet bj giao due tri gia 34 trieu do la ma mgt cdng ty Hdn qudc da bdn cho nudc ndy Qudc gia nam gida Chdu A nay da trd cho nhd sdn xuat bang khodn vay nhdn dugc td EDCF
NGHIEN cdru DONG B^C fi, SO 8(102) 8-2009 43
Trang 4Nghien ciiu khoa hpc
Hdn Qudc da phan hdi cho nhd san xuat
vd thay thd nhdng thiet bi dd Nhung vy viec
nay da khien Han Qudc phdi nhdn nhdng ldi
phe binh rang chinh hg da lam hdng hinh
anh cua minh khi gidi quydt vdn dd nhu vay
Nhdng ngudi chi trich cho rang, qud trinh
lya chgn nhdng cdng ty Han Qudc lien quan
den cdc dy an EDCF can dugc kT cang vd
minh bach hon Viec ndy cdng dugc neu lai
tai Hdi nghi Qudc te do Hdn Qudc td chdc
nhdn ki nhiem 20 nam thanh lap EDCF vdo
thdng 7 nam 2007
Trong ldi phdt bidu tai hdi nghi, Bd tdi
ehinh cho hay: "Chung tdi se tang cudng sy
ddnh gia cho mdi dy an ca nhdn nham ndng
cao hieu qud cua EDCF" Bd cung nhdn
manh rang, cdc chi sd cua tidn trinh thyc
hien se dugc cung cdp ngay td ddu dy an vd
sudt qua trinh thi hdnh dd ddm bdo thdnh
cdng
Them vdo dd, "Cdc bdo cdo ddnh gia, cdc
bdi hge kinh nghiem vd cdc ITnh vyc can cdi
thien se dugc trinh bdy rd rang, hg cd thd
tham khao td dd vd van dyng cdi tao cac
chuang trinh vidn trg."
tham gia ddng gdp tich eye hon vdo cac chuong trinh tdi trg qudc td do cdc dinh ch^ qudc te nhu Lien Hgp qudc World Bank, IMF va cdc td chdc khae ehu tri
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Rae-Kwon Chung, (2003), Korea's ODA
Policy Direction, URL: www.grips.ac.jp /forum
/2003/KoreaDAC/MrChung.doc
2 Lee Tae-joo, (2008), Korea's ODA
Programs and Partnership with Universities,
Korea Focus, the Korea Intemational Cooperation Agency
3 Seung-hun Chun, Kahp-Chin Chung, Hong-min, Seong-ae Sohn &Miae Choi, (2007),
Regional ODA Strategy - Africa, KDS/Ministry
of Finance and Economy, Korea
4 Seung - Hun Chung, (2005), Management
of ODA and Foreign Capital for Economic Development in Korea, Ministrerial Conference
for Korea - Africa Economic Cooperation November 19-22, Cape Town, South Africa
Cd the ndi, vi thd eua Hdn Qudc da vd
dang duge the gidi ghi nhan thdng qua cac
chuang trinh vien trg ODA Gia tang khoi
lugng va cdi thien eo che eung cdp vidn trg
dang dugc chinh phu Han Qudc dudi thdi
Lee Myung Park quan tdm dac biet bdi
ngudi ta coi ODA nhu mgt cdng cy ngoai
giao quan trgng Vdn dd dat ra hidn nay, nhu
mgt sd gidi phdn tich nhdn dinh la Hdn Qudc
cdn danh mgt ty Id ODA du ldn tuang xung
vdi vi thd cudng qudc kinh thd thu 13 trdn
the gidi de tdi trg cho cdc nudc ngheo vd
44 NGHIEN Cdru DONG BfiC fi, SO 8(102) 8-2009