Trong qui trinh tiep xiic van hoa phuong Sy chuyen bien do tiep xuc, cri phuong dien lgi Tiy, nguoi Viet Nam co nhirng thii dg img xir ich cua chu nghia thyc dan (nham dinh bai Nho khi[r]
Trang 1TRAO Ddi
VAI NET VE TIEP XUC VAN HOADONGTAY
6 VIET NAM GIAI DOAN 19301945
TS NGUYEN THI HlTONG*
7 Cdc nhdn td tu tuong, vdn hoa dnh huong dat va hr nguyen) Cho nen hep xiic van hoa den tiep xiic vdn hod D6ng-Tdy d Viet Nam giai D6ng-Tiy b Viet Nam giai doan 1930-1945, doan 1930-1945 khong phii lin dau tien tiep xuc van hoi mang
Tiep xiic vi giao luu vin hoi deu co mgt tinh ip dit curing birc Tiep xuc vin hoi Dring-nghia chung la su gap go', trao doi, vay mugn Tiy giai dgan nay, chu yeu li tiep xiic vin hoa
vi CO sy tie dgng qua lai giiia cic nen vin hgi Phip, khi thuc dan Phip ip dat dugc ich dri hp Tuy nhien, nrii tiep xuc vin hoi thuong nhan fren dit nuric ta Sy ip dit cua thyc dan Phip manh sy tiep xuc giira hai mri hinh vin hgi vi khring chi ve phuong dien ky thuat, ve kinh te, inh huong cua mgt nen vin hoa nay doi vod xa hgi, ma crin ci ve mg hinh, thiet che van mgt nen vin hgi khic, trgng mgt thod gian dii, hoi Day ciing la thod ky phong frao giai phong tren mgt quy mri rgng, co tiie lim bien doi ciu din trie duod sy lanh dao cua Ding Cong sin tnic vi CO che van hinh cua vin hoi di vay Dong Duong chuan bj cho cugc van dgng Cach mugn La hien tugng cri tinh phri bien, nhung mang thing Tim (1945) Ding ta va Nguyen
dii xiy ra frgng tmong hgp ap dat hay hr Ai Quric rit quan tim den viec xdy dung co sd nguyen, thi tiep xuc vin hoi deu cri sy giao ly thuyet vd nhimg thdnh to ddu tien cua nen thoa, diu tranh vi sy cgng sinh vin hoi giira vdn hod m&i Viet Nam, die biet coi trgng viec
yeu tri ngi sinh vi yeu tri nggai sinh, dan den sy van dung nj)iing kinh nghiem cua nen vin hoa tiep bien vin hoi vod toe dg khic nhau Trgng Xri viet, kinh nghiem vin hgi can hien dai ciia
qui trinh tiep xuc, dg khiic xa vin hoa se lam Tmng Quoc Tiep xuc van hoi D6ng-Tiy a
cho cic nen van hoi khu biet lin nhau' Chinh Viet Nam dugc dien ra frong nhirng tic dgng quy luat dri da quy djnh sy bien drii vin hgi cua chu yeu sau:
cic din trie frong suot chieu dai ljch sir mi Thir nhdt, dnh huong cita vdn hod Xo viet
khong xoa di nhimg die frung van hoi rieng Vio nhung nim 30-40 cua thi ky XX, thi Ljch sir Viet Nam cirng nhu khu vyc da timg Lien Xo, Quoc te Cgng sin khong chi li que xay ra ci hai tinh huong tiep xiic vin hoi (ci ap huong, li diu nag cua cich mang thi giod, ma
crin li cho dya tinh thin vo cung to Ion cua
* Hgc vien CT-HC Quoc gia Hri Chi Minh nhifrig ngurid cich mang Viet Nam Cich mang
54 TAP CHi LICH SIJ OANG - Sd 1/2009
Trang 2TRAO odl
Viet Nam khong chi cri dugc "cai cam nang
thin ky" ve con during giii phring dan trie- nhu
Chu ljch Hri Chi Minh sau niy da dinh gia, mi
crin tim thdy ngay trong md hinh vdn hod Xd
viet nhimg bdi hgc kinh nghiem, nhOng nguon
lue tri tue eua nen vdn hod Xd viet Khurin miu
van hoi dri da tic dring siu sic trong qui trinh
xiy dung mgt tdm thirc cdch mgng ve vdn hod
cho nuric Viet Nam mrii
Nam 1943, Ding ta cho ra drid bin De cuong
vdn hod Viet Nam, phin inh sy cap nhit cua
Ding trong m duy ly luin ve vin boi De cuong
chi ro: "Vin hoi mrii Viet Nam do Dang Cgng
sin Dring Duong lanh dao chu tmong chua phii
li vin hoi xi hrii chu nghTa hay vin hoi Xri viet
(nhu vin hoi Lien Xri ching ban) Van hoi moi
Viet Nam la mgt thir vin hoi cri tinh din trie ve
hinh thuc vi tin din chu ve ngi dung Chinh vi
the nri each mang nhit va tien bri nhat ri Dring
Duong trong giai doan niy" Nhirng ngurii each
mang Viet Nam di cri mo uric thyc hien xiy
dyng "mrit nen vin hoa mcii" tir dem tmric cua
cugc Tring khrii ngliTa thing Tim
Thir hai, anh huang ciia cugc van ddng Tdn
vdn hod a Ti-ung Qudc
Ngay tir diu the ky, inh huring ve m turing
Vci vin hoi Tmng Quric den phong trio van
dring Duy Tin ri Viet Nam da dien ra thring qua
cac phong trio Tdn thu, Tdn bdo Nhimg ly
thuv'et cua vin hoi mic xit Trung Hoa den Viet
Nam cham hon, phii sau Cich mang thing
Tim mrii cri nhieu tic gii theo khu}nh huong
nay Tuy nhien do inh huring cua cugc tranh
luin ve tu tuong van hoi dang tao nen lin sring
\an hoa phuc tap tren vin din Tmng Quoc,
nhu: tu luong "Tay hoi hoan toin"; tu turing
"Van hoa bin vj Tmng Quric"; m turing "Tiep
thu vin hoi phuong Tay tren cin bin vin hoi
bin vj Trung Quoc" Mat khac, tmoc nim 1945
my chua cri nhiing tic phim cua Ton Trung Son, cua Lo Tan, Hri Thich dugc djch ra tieng Viet nhung ten mrii cua hg v i nhirng bii viet tieu bieu da xuit hien fren nhieu tri bio ciia nuric ta luc bi}' gio
Dieu quan frgng nhit trong m dm' chinh trj
va van hoi cua gioi tri thirc Tmng Quric, cri inh huring tryc tiep den girii tri thirc Viet Nam luc
nay chinh li nhimg suy tu ve eon duong hien
dgi hod nen vdn hod nhu the ndo
Thie ba, tiip xiic vdn hod xdy trong moi truong die biet: mrii fruong "vdn minh phuong Tdy cucmg ehi"
Moi tmong nay dugc tao ra do sy tiling tiie cua van hoi Phip frong viec ip dit tiiiet che vin
hoa chinh tiiring Cung vcri su thay ddi ve vdn
minh edng nghiip (mri mang do thj Sii Grin, lip
cing, dyng nhi miy ), Phip chu tmong thay
ddi ve vdn hod tinh thdn rat rao riet (cho mri
tmring tiiring ngon tmong dao tao quan cai trj (khring ke he tiiring fruong dring) xiy cit nhi tho Irin, cho ra cic bao chir Phip, rrii chir Quric ngii: ngay tir 1865, dua ky tiiuat in in hien dai vio kinh doanh xuit bin, lip so buu chinh, nhi hit, tao mrii fruong van hoi, lrii sring phuang Tiy ) Vrii chinh sich dri, ngurii Phip da tao ra mgt thiet che vin hga mrii theo kieu phuang Tay (nhim muc dich tuyen tmyen cho vin minh
"dai Phap"), tao ra tang lop tri thirc Tiy hgc (de dung hg lim tay sai) Sy tmyen bi vin hoi Phip di grip phan lim cho vin hoa Viet Nam xuat hien nhieu ITnh vyc, nhieu nganh mrii vi ngi}' cing hien dai hoi; phan Irin nhung nguod dugc "NTii nuric bio hp" uu ii cip hpc bring hoac cho sang "miu quoc" du hpc- thi hp van giii: dugc tinh thin din trie, vi cri nhieu ngurii lai trri thinh nhung nha cich mang cring sin
Trang 3TRAO Ddi
da khien chinh giod thyc dan phai thii nhan la, nua dau the ky: vira co su thay doi mo hinh vdn con during hi Viet Nam sang Pari chinh la con hod (vT mo) song song vcii sy doi thay ve nhung during chong Phip Trong viec tao ra ting lop sinh hogt vdn hod cii the (vi mo) Trong doi
tri thirc Tiy hgc, cri mgt bg phin li nhiing fri sgng vin hga dan tgc diu the ky chg den nam
thirc Cring giig 1945, da ndy sinh hdng loat cdc linh vuc vdn
2 Vdi net ve su chuyen bien vdn hod Viet hod m&i, cic bg mrin, cac nganh mod tiieo mo Nam trong qud trinh tiep xiic hinh phuong Tay, hien dai, chuyen nghiep hoa
Trong qui trinh tiep xiic van hoa phuong Sy chuyen bien do tiep xuc, cri phuong dien lgi Tiy, nguoi Viet Nam co nhirng thii dg img xir ich cua chu nghia thyc dan (nham dinh bai Nho khic nhau: hgc, dua van minh phuong Tay vio, dring hoa
- Thdi do doi ddu, choi bo hodn todn Do la din ve vin hoa de thong frj lau dii), nhung chu
hien tugng an dat, chin nin, khinh bi chii Phap, yeu la mang dau an franh dau van hgi cua nguoi chir Quoc ngir, loi song tan thod cua mgt sri sT Viet Nam, dii nuoc da mat nhung van quyet gin phu Bic Hi DT nhien, thii dg niy khring phii giii bin sac vin hria dan tgc, tiep nhan nhiing gia
la phri bien drii vod nguoi Viet Nam frj vin hoi mod (phuong Tay) tien bg
- Thdi do chdp nhgn vo dieu kien Day la Sy chuyen bien van hria Viet Nam trgng thai thii dg cua mgt bg phan rat nhri da diu hing ve ky nay the hien b nhung khia canh sau:
chinh trj (bj coi li "lai cing" li "vong bin"), Mgt li, su ra doi ciia nhung nhdn to vdn chip nhin thii qui ve vin hgi, din den phii hod, xa hgi m&i
nhan ci vin hgi dan tgc vrin cri tmyen thring Tmoc het, sy ra drid cua chii" Quric ngii voi lau dod ' tu cich li cau noi diu tien vod van minh
- Thdi do v&i gidi phdp thau hod, ket hgp phuong Tay mi nguri'i Viet Nam dang can thiet that chat che giira truyen thong vd hien dgi, tim hieu, chiem nghiem cho cong cugc dau giira co truyen phuong Dong v&i phuong Tdy, tranh van hgi va dan tgc- the hien bin ITnh van tgo ra nhihig gid trj m&i Day li thii dg tich hgi chinh trj ciia nguoi Viet Nam trang viec
cyc mi Viet Nam da tim ra vi thyc thi Thii xay dyng liu dii van hgi rieng cua dan trie,
dg dri dugc the hien ri cic the he tieu bieu, Chu: quric ngii: ciing li eg sri de xiy dyng, phat
nhu: Phan Chdu Trinh, Phgm Quynh, Nguyen trien he thring nhi tmong, phit hien bio chi,
Ai Quoc Nguyen Ai Quoc thugc the he thir ba xuat bin va cic nginh van hga nghe thuat hien
frgng sy tiep xuc van hga Dring-Tay o Viet dai, nhu kien tnic, hgi hga, im nhac, dien anh, Nam, li nhan vat chinh trj kiet xuat, anh hiing sin khau Trong dod song van hoa, cri nhan to giii phring dan tgc, danh nhin vin hgi the xa hgi moi quan he chat che vcii vin hoi, do la gioi Nguyen Ai Quoc con li nhin vat tieu ting lop tan hgc, thj dan, tri thirc, cgng dong bieu cho mot sy lya chpn giii phip tiep nhin Thien Chua giio Trong xa hgi Viet Nam xuat vin hgi phuong Tay nhu the nio cho dung hien lop ngurii tri thirc sring bing lag dgng tri dan, thich hgp ric (day hgc, viet van, viet big, ve tranh, choi Qui trinh tiep xuc vin hgi da tag nen sy nhac, lim thuric.) vi mgt ting Irip cgng chiing bien doi sau sac cua vin hoa Viet Nam frong thj din dring dio
56 TAP CHi UCH SIJOANG-Sd 1/2009
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Hai li Sir tiep bien vdn hod dugc dien ra frong tien trinh ljch sir cich mang va hien dai
ddng thai hai qud trinh dan xen, thdm nhdp lan hoi nen van boa din trie Vrid khi ning thau hgi
nhau khdng the tach biit tiem tang, cgng vod nen ting cua mgt chu nghia
Dri li cic qui trinh din tgc hgi yeu tri nggai din trie ben viing, nguoi Viet Nam du cic xu
sinh vi hien dai hoi yeu to ngi sinh 0 diy da huong chinh frj cri khic nhau ciing da grip phin
dien ra nhiing cugc vat Ign, giing xe, trin trri tiep thu, chgn lgc thinh nhung gii fri vin hoa
vi curii cung di den chri "Igt xic" de tao nen mrii: tii cac sinh boat vin hoi cu the den tim ly,
hinh hii mrii khic han cua nen vin hoi Viet lrii sring lim cho "Vin minh phuong Tay
Nam hien dai, trong dri yeu to ngi sinh dring vai curing che" da khong the brip chet khi nang
trri eg tang va yeu tri ngoai sinh dring vai trri co sang tao, phit frien cua nen vin hria Viet Nam
che cri ciu true hien dai Chinh vi tiie ma, mac du sy phit frien ve kinh
Qui trinh din trie hoi nhiing yeu to vin boa te - xi hgi ciing nhu drii sring vit chit cua ngurii
tir ben nggii dugc bit diu tir sy sao phring, mo Viet Nam crin ri tinh frang lac hiu, kem phit
phring den bin dja hoi theo kieu lya chgn cua frien, nhung fren binh dien vin hgi, nri tiem an
nguod Viet Nam Cii gi khring phu hgp vrid sire sring manh liet cua din trie Chinh sue manh
tmyen thong Viet Nam se bj sing lgc, gat bri van hoi cri dugc frgng qui frinh tiep bien van
Crin qui trinh hien dai hgi vrin van hoi tmyen hoi ay da ly giii vi sao nuric Viet Nam nhri be,
thring cung bit dau tir sy cii bien, lap ghep cac ngheo nin lac hiu lai cri the chien thing cic lyc
nhin tri mrii hien dai de rrii drii mrii, nang cao lugng xim luge hiing manh nhat the girii duong
cic yeu to truyen thring cho phu hpp vrii cugc thoi tir de quric Nguyen - Mring den thyc din
sring moi Ci hai qui trinh dri trong burii dau Phip vide quric My
da song hinh, cring sinh trong sy drii lip, vira 3 Y nghla cua tiip xiic vdn hod Ddng-Tdy
xung dot vu'a hgi nhip diy nghjch ly Nguyen 1930-1945 trong tien trinh van dgng vdn hod
nhin khring phii chi do thii do phin img cua Viet Nam
ngurii Viet Nam drii vrii sy ip dit cua chu Nhung chuyen bien mod ciia vin hoi Viet
nghTa thyc din, ma ve thyc chat crin vi hai nen Nam 1930-1945, frong boi cinh tic dgng true tiep
vin hoi, hai lrii sring Dong - Tay rat khic cua cugc tiep xuc vin hoi Dring-Tiy da de lai
nhau Nhmig curii ciing con ngurii Viet Nam nhung diu an siu dim, cim mric quan trpng tren
voi ning lyc thich nghi rieng biet cua minh di con during hien dai hoi nen vin hoi din trie,
xay dyng cho minh mot nen vin boa vira din Dieu quan trpng nhat cua cugc chuyen tiep
trie vira hien dai nay la mot mat dau tranh de dpc lap ve chinh trj
Ba la, tiep xiic da tgo nen bu&c bien ddi l&n vi van hoi; mat khic, chu dpng ting curing
ndi tiep truyen thdng de hien dgi hod nen vdn giao luu, tiep bien voi vin hoi nuric ngoii die
hod ddn tdc biet la vin hoi Phip, lim giiu them cho van
Tiep xuc vin hoa Dong - Tay dien ra ri Viet hoi tmyen thong, tao nen sy bien doi manh me
Nam surit mrit thoi ky ljch sir dii, vod tat ca vi frr curing hon tmric
nhung dien bien phirc tap, da dang dan xen Day Vrii sy chuyen bien nay, lan ddu tien trong
la mrit trong nhung }'eu to quan frpng bic nhit hch sir ddn tgc, doi song tinh thdn xd hgi vdn
TAP CHi LICH SO OANG-Sd 1/2009 57
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hod Viet Nam co sir hu&ng ra hgi nhdp v&i the phan quan frgng doi vod sy phit frien cua ljch gi&i ben ngodi fren nhieu phuong dien Vin hoi sir vi vin hoi din tgc, dit nen mring cho sy
Viet Nam giai doan 1930-1945 da dit nin mring phit hiln ly- luin vin hoi o nuoc ta nhat li tii
cho qui trinh hien dai hoi nen vin hoi din trie khi De cuong vdn hod Viet Nam ra dod
frgng surit mgt the ky qua Hgi nhap vin hgi nhu Cri the nrii tren cgn during phit trien ciia dan
la mgt quy luat sring crin cua dan tgc trie tir dau the ky, sy dong grip cua the he tang
Qui trinh tiep xuc da de lgi nhirng bdi hgc lop fri thiic yeu nuofc, cimg vod sy xuat hien sdu sdc ve tiep xiic, tiep bien vdn hod Huong ra khuynh huong vin hoa mic xit cua nhung
the giod ben ngoii, hgi nhip de phat frien li quy chien sT cich mang vg sin, mi nguod di tien luat tit yeu, nhimg dieu do con phu tiiugc vig phgng li Nguyen Ai Quric, da dua vin hgi Viet
bin linh vin hoi ciia moi dan trie Dri li phii chu Nam sang mgt trang mod
dgng trong viec ddu tranh chgn lgc, tiep thu cdc Huong ra the giod li con during mi nguod gid tri vdn hod, ve to chirc, xdy dung thiet che, Viet Nam da lya chgn hi hing ngan nim frgng luc luong thuc hien frgng thyc tien Nhung bii ljch sir dyng nuric va giir nuric Cugc dung dp
hgc niy dugc minh chimg frgng viec xiy dyng, vin hgi Dring-Tay curii the ky XIX, diu the ky
phat frien he thong giio dye, vbi muc dich dio XX da mri ra cho dan trie ta nhirng thich thirc tag ra mgt tdng l&p tri thuc 'm&i, dgi ngii vdn va co hgi mod frong hgi nhip vi phit trien
nghe sy m&i vd dgi ngu cdc thdy gido- chu the de Trong thrii ky drii mrii, chu dgng hgi nhap
phit frien nen van hoi Viet Nam de phit trien dat nuric, vin hgi Viet Nam dang Voi cugc tiep xuc vin hoi D6ng-Tiy 1930- dung tmric nhirng thrii eg vi thii thich mrii
1945, lan ddu tien ti'ong lich sir vdn hod Viet Nam Cri rat nhieu vin de dit ra, can phii tiep tuc
da bdt ddu vd xdy dimg dugc ly lugn chinh tri giii quyet ci ve ly luin vi thyc tien, nhu: moi khoa hgc vd cdch mgng He tu mring, ban tiian no quan he giira vin hoi vi phit trien trong boi
vira li tiiinh to quan frgng eg bin, cri sy tic dgng cinh hgi nhap kinh te quric te, xay dyng bo sau sic den cic thinh to khic ciia vin hoi (neu tu sung cic gia trj van hoi, khic phyc sy thieu hiring dri mang tinh khoa hgc va cich mang, tien hut ve vin hgi sg vod khu vyc vi the giod, ca
bg) Tmric het, dri li sir chien thdng cua he tu ve kien thirc, ky ning, trinh dg; diu tranh, tiep tir&ng mdc xit tren co s& van dung vdo thuc tien thu cic gia tri van hgi trgng brii cinh mrii; Viet Nam trong buoi ddu- vod sy ra doi cua Dang phit trien de vin hoi thyc sy la nen ting tinh
Cgng sin Viet Nam vi nhieu vin kien die biet than, la muc tieu, la dgng lyc thuc diy sy phat quan frgng cua Ding trien kinh te-xa hgi
Day ciing li giai dgan ma lan ddu tien trong
lich su ddn tgc, co sir nghien ciru bu&c ddu vd
dgt dugc nhimg thdnh tm nhdt dinh ve ly lugn
vdn hod Nhifrig cong trinh nghien cim ly luin
vin hoi trong nti'a diu the ky XX da lan lugt
xuit hien Tuy nhiing ket qui nghien cim buric 1 Pham Dire Duong: Tir van hog din vdn hoa dau ve ly luan vin hgi chua nhieu, song da grip hoc, NXB VHTT, H, 2002, fr 238-245
58 TAP CHI UCH SO OANG - SO 1/2009