Chau Thach Lam dUdc coi la trung tam chfnh tri, kinh te cua tinh C?o P i n g trong nhieu the ky nen ndi day sdm ti^'p nhan ddng ngUdi Kinh tfl dfldi xudi len, ddng ngfldi Hoa, Dao, [r]
Trang 1VAI ]W:T V E C | I A U T H A C H L A M
y v ^
TIMI CAO BA]\G THE KV XIX
N G U Y S N THI HAI*
Trong lich sfl, chau Thach Lam ludn
ddng vai trd la trung tam cua tinh
Cao Bing Chau Thach Lam ddi Ly - TrIn
la chau Thai Nguyen, den cuo'i the ky XV
mdi chfnh thflc mang ten la chau Thach
Lam Nam 1834, Minh Mgnh ddi chau
Thach Lam lam huyen, ngay nam sau tach
thanh hai huygn Thach Lam, Thach An
thugc phu Hda An (1) Nam 1874, Tfl Dflc
tach mgt so' tdng xa cua hai huyen Thach
Lam, Thach An, lap them huyen Nguyen
Binh Cudi the ky XIX, thflc dan Phap ddi
huyen thanh chau, tach tdng Phuc Hda
(chau Thach An) sap nhap vdi tdng Cach
Linh (chau Quang Uyen) lap thanh chau
Phuc Hda, ddng thdi tach cac tdng Phfl
Dung, Trung An, Ha Quang thugc chau
Thach Lam, sap nhap vdi tdng Thdng Nong
(chau Nguyen Binh) thanh lap chau Ha
Quang (nam 1893) (2) Nhfl vay, chau
Thach Lam trong the ky XIX da hi chia
tach nhieu Iin, nhflng cd ban pham •vi chau
Thach Lam trfldc nam 1834 v i n cdn dfldc
duy tri trong dia gidi cua cac chau Thach
Lam, Thach An, Ha Quang, Nguyen Binh
sau dd, va nd tfldng flng vdi dia gidi hanh
chfnh cua cac huyen Hda An, Thach An, Thdng Ndng, thi xa Cao Bing, Nguyen Binh, Ha Quang va mgt p h i n huyen Tra Linh, Phuc Hda ngay nay
Chau Thach Lam la viing dit sinh sdng lau ddi va hen tuc cua nhdm cfl dan thugc ngfl he Tay - Thai, chu yeu la tgc ngfldi Tay Trai qua qua tiinh hch sfl, viing dit Thach Lam tiep nhan them ddng ngfldi Kinh tfl dfldi xudi len, ddng ngfldi Hoa, Niing, Dao d Trung Qud'c sang Sfl hda hdp ve cfl dan da bien chau Thach Lam thanh trung tam giao thoa va tiep bien van hda xudi ngfldc dien hinh d khu vflc Ddng Bic
1 To chife c h i n h t r i - xa hoi
To chflc xa hgi truyen tho'ng cao hdn ban d vflng cac tgc ngfldi ngdn ngfl Tay - Thai la mfldng Mudng ra ddi xua't phat tfl nhu elu t i t yeu ciia cac dieu kien sin xuit va tfl qua trinh lich sfl phat trien xa hgi cua cac tgc ngfldi nay Qua trinh thiet lap mfldng gin hen vdi qua trinh xac lap quyen thd'ng tri ban mfldng cua cac tfl trfldng, thu Hnh Hg la ngfldi cd cong dlu trong viec khai pha dlt dai, thanh lap ban mfldng nen hg dfldc quyen dieu khien mgi cong
ThS TrUdng Dai hgc Su pham Thai Nguyen
Trang 246 Rghien curu Ljeh sJr s6 4.2Q1Q
viec chung, trd thanh ngUdi difng dlu, ddng
vai trd la thu Knh bg lac va dUdc quyen the tap
de dam bao quyen tho'ng tri cua ddng hg
Tren cd sd phat trien cua che do rugng
d i t cong, cac t i n g Idp tho'ng tri gianh va
n i m quyen phan phdi rugng dit, trd thanh
chua da't d dia phUdng Uy quyen cua hg
phu thugc vao quy mo cua mUdng rgng hay
hgp, cac mUdng canh nhau cd sU lg thugc
vao nhau, mUdng nhd lg thugc mUdng ldn,
tho tfl the life yeu t h i n phuc tho tfl the life
manh Dieu dd tao thanh hai loai chua d i t
chu yeu: mgt la Quan chua (Chua cong) cai
quan mgt chau mfldng tfldng dfldng vdi mgt
chau; hai la Quing mfldng cai quan mgt
•vung tfldng dUdng vdi mgt tdng hoac mgt so'
xa Trong mdi quan he vdi trieu dinh phong
kien, cac chua mUdng •vfla mang tfnh dgc
lap, •vfla lg thugc vi hg •vfla la chu mfldng,
vfla la "chflc sic" cua trieu dinh, hang nam
phai trieu cong
O ca'p chau, dflng d i u la mgt thd tfl dia
phfldng cd the liic ldn, dUdc trieu dinh
phong la phien t h i n Theo Dgi Nam nhdt
thd'ng chi ddi Le Hdng Dflc chau Thach
Lam do "phien t h i n hg Be the tap; d i u ddi
Gia Long v i n theo nhfl the" (3) Sach Cao
Bdng ky lUdc dfldc viet vao nam Thieu Tri
thfl 5 (nam 1845) cung k h i n g dinh ring:
"Ban trieu d i u nhflng nam Gia Long, ten
hieu cac phu chau hay cdn theo ten cu, cac
viec dan sfl v l n do tho ti sai dat Luc a'y,
trieu dinh mdi dflng, nen dflng "bit tri" de
ma cai tri, nhflng cung chi la kimi ma thoi"
(4) Nhfl vay, cho den thdi Gia Long, nha
nfldc mdi chi dat bg may cai tri cua minh
den cip tra'n, cdn tfl ca'p chau trd xuo'ng
v i n do cac tho tfl dia phfldng cai quan
Dflng d i u chau luc nay la phien t h i n hg
Be, nam quyen tdi cao ve hanh phap, tfl
phap va quan sU Cd the, mo hinh cai quan
chau Thach Lam cua hg Be se g i n gidrig
vdi mo hinh cua hg Nong d chau Bao Lac
ma PGS.TS Dam Thi Uyen da de cap den trong luan an tien si sfl hgc nam 2000 (5) Dflng d i u chau la Quan chua, giup viec cho Quan chua la Tam quan (phu trach mat hanh chfnh, ngi tri, ngoai giao, truyen Ignh cua Quan chua den cac chflc dich khac, dfldc quyen thay tri chau khi ving mat), Chiu (phu trach cong vigc cu the tfl san xuit den
le tet, coi gifl kho va mgt thfl ky cho tri chau), T u i n tdng (phu trach ve quan sfl), Quan chieu (theo doi cong •vigc cua cac dan tgc khong phai ngfldi Tay), ngoai ra cdn co td chflc quan dgi va mo then
Song, dieu dd khong h i n da dung vdi chau Thach Lam •vi day vo'n la trung tam, ndi dat thu phu cua tra'n Ii Cao Bing tfl rit sdm Ngay tfl the ky IX, Cao Bien da cho xay diing thanh Na Lfl (nay thugc xa Hoang Tung, huyen Hda An) va thanh Phuc Hda (xa Hda Thu^n, huyen Phuc Hda), dfla ndi day trd thanh tien ddn chd'ng lai quan Nam Chieu (6) Dac biet, tfl cudi the ky XVI den gifla the ky XVII, sau khi
t h i t thfl d Kinh thanh Thang Long, nha Mac da len Cao Bing, xay dflng chi'nh quyen tfl tri, dat kinh do d Cao Binh - Na Lfl (7) (nay thugc hai xa Hflng Dao va Hoang Tung, huyen Hda An) Nha Mac da thi hanh nhieu chfnh sach phat trien kinh
te, tang cfldng giao lflu buon ban vdi Trung Qud'c Sfl phat trien cua nen kinh te hang hda da iam cho the Iflc cua thd ty d chau Thach Lam d i n hi thu hgp, thiet che chfnh tri xa hgi truyen tho'ng quing mfldng khong cdn dieu kien tdn tai nhfl d Bao Lac, va mo hinh quan ly mang tfnh thd'ng nha't cua nha nfldc phong kien d i n chiem flu the Khi nha Mac hi tha't bai hoan toan vao nam 1677, chfnh quyen Le - Trinh tie'p tuc de cac thd tfl the tap va duy tri quan tri dia phfldng ma ta tha'y cho den d l u trieu Nguyen
Trang 3Vai n ^ ve chau Thach Lam 47
Sfl tien bg cua Gia Long so vdi cac trieu dai
trfldc la •viec td chflc dieu tra lap sd dinh, sd
dien de quan ly rugng d i t va so'dinh trong cac
lang xa mgt each tho'ng n h i t va chat che Cong
^ e c nay khong chi dfldc tien h a n h d •vflng ddng
bing ma cdn dfldc thiic hign nghiem chinh d
•viing mien niii Hi§n nay, Trung tam Lflu trfl
Qudc gia I cdn lflu 97 dia ba cua chau Thach
Lam nien dai Gia Long 4 (nam 1805) Cac vua
ddi sau tren cd sd dd tien h a n h chinh sfla, bd
sung va lap lai dia ba d Cao B i n g cho d l y du
hdn, chu yeu la vao n a m Minh Menh 13
(1832), Mmh Menh 21 (1840), cd mgt ft dia ba
mang nien dai Thieu Tri 5 (1844), Tfl Dflc 6
(1852) Dieu dd chflng td nha Nguyin da b i t
d i u cd chfnh sach n h i m can thiep tnic tiep
vao viec quan ly lang ban •vflng mien niii
Nam 1820, M i n h M e n h ke tuc sfl nghiep
cua Gia Long Ong d i n t a n g cfldng sfl kiem
soat cua chfnh quyen t r u n g fldng tdi ngi bg
cac tgc ngfldi t h i e u so' b i n g each tflng bfldc
xoa bd che do thd quan, thflc hign bien phap:
Ngfldi Kinh va ngUdi Thd cflng cai tri Nam
1829, Minh Menh bai bd lg thd ty the tap d
cac t r i n B i c t h a n h ndi chung va Thach Lam
ndi rieng, dat chflc Thd tri chau, Tri huyen,
Huyen thfla, Lai muc "khdng cfl thd ty, hao
muc, cfl trong h a t ai la ngfldi cd t h a n h hem,
tai nang, c l n can vo'n dugc dan tin phuc thi
chgn cfl tau len, khong dfldc theo trfldc xflng
la tap quan" (8) N a m 1834, M m h Menh ddi
chau Thach Lam t h a n h huyen va den thang
3 nam 1835, b i t d l u dat chflc lflu quan d day
Vua du r i n g : 'Tluyen, chau nao thd quan cdn
khuyet thi chgn l i y mgt •vien lflu quan bo
sung vao; cdn huyen, chau nao cd tho tri
huyen, thd tri chau, thd huyen thfla rdi thi
deu lflu lai d nguyen chflc, b i t t i t phai ddi bd,
chi mdi ndi dat them mgt chflc lflu quan, bd
lam tri huyen, tri chau, cdn nguyen tho quan
thi deu cho lflu q u a n hiep ddng lam •vigc" (9)
Nhfl vay, vdi chinh sach khon kheo "dat lflu
quan xen vdi tho quan de rang huge gifl gin
I i n nhau", Minh Menh da ap dat mo hinh quan ly m a n g tfnh tho'ng n h i t len •viing bien
•vien xa xoi, t h u hep quyen life cua cac thd tfl dia phfldng Chfla mgt n h a vua nao trfldc Minh Menh ap dung bien phap nay Chinh sach lflu quan da gay ra sfl b i t binh cua cac thd ty cd the Iflc lau ddi d dia phUdng, tieu bieu n h u thd ty Nong Van Van d Bao Lac Mac dfl trieu dinh da dap t i t cugc khdi nghia cua Nong Van Van nhflng tren thflc te, cac Thd ty v i n n i m quyen life Chinh sach "lflu quan" cua Minh Menh cdn gap phai sfl chd'ng ddi cua cac quan lai ngfldi Kinh Su khac biet
ve ngdn ngfl, phong tuc va khf h a u k h i c nghiet, da iam cho quan lai ngUdi Kinh -nhiing ngUdi dang chd bd nhiem hoac dang dUdng chflc tfl ehdi khdng mud'n len Hdn nfla, trieu dinh d xa khdng the bao ve n h a n dan, chd'ng lai cac vu roi loan va ngan chan quan Trung Quoc t r a n vao nhfl cac thd tfl dia phfldng Do dd, nhflng •vua ke vi Minh Menh
da cho lap lai tinh t r a n g cu b i n g each dfla thd
ty vao trong bg may bao ve va cai tri •vflng bien cfldng (10) Vigc cai tri dan cU •vflng bien
•vien giao cac n h a c i m quyen theo tap quan dia phUdng la giai phap de •vfla td'n ft chi phi, vfla dn dinh tinh hinh chinh tri, •vfla bao ve dflgc ldi fch kinh te cua qud'c gia Ban than chinh quyen thugc dia Ddng Dfldng sau nay ciing theo n h a Nguyen, duy tri sfl tdn tai cua cac quan lai dia phfldng, n h i t la ddng doi thd
ty trong viec cai quan k h u vflc bien gidi phfa
Bic
Md h i n h cai tri c i p chau den c i p xa d
k h u •vflc chau Thach Lam cho tdi d l u thdi Nguyen la mgt thiet che xa hgi chfnh tri
t r u y e n tho'ng cua cac thd tfl dia phfldng nhUng nd khong tdn t a i dgc lap ma g i n bd chat che, chiu sU chi pho'i cua chfnh quyen phong kien Dien h i n h la viec p h a n chia ddn •vi h a n h chfnh, ap dat he thdng xa
Trang 44S Rghien ciiru Ljeh sit s6 4.2Q10
thon Hign nay, chung ta chUa biet chfnh
xac khi nao trieu dinh trung Udng dat he
tho'ng quan ly hanh chfnh cip xa thon len
cac ban, mUdng d Thach Lam, chi biet
trong Dii dia chi cua Nguyen Trai ch^p
r i n g "chau Thach Lam cd 174 xa, 2 thon, 1
giap" (11) Den thdi Nguyen, can cfl vao ten
dia ba hien cd d ca hai thdi diem Gia Long,
Minh Menh va cudii Ten lang xd Viet Nam
nda ddu the ky XIX (thugc cdc tinh tii Hd
Tinh trd ra) (12), chung ta cd the tho'ng ke
tfldng doi dly du ddn vi hanh chfnh ca'p cd
sd d chau Thach Lam nhU bang 1
Cuo'i the ky XIX, theo Dong Khdnh dia
dii chi (13), cac ddn vi hanh chfnh cip cd sd
d chau Thach Lam cu thay ddi nhU bang 2
c a n cfl vao hai bang tho'ng ke tren, chung ta nhan tha'y dfldi thdi Nguyen, ddn
vi hanh chfnh cudi cflng cua chau Thach Lam chu yeu la ca'p xa (chiem 89,55% hoac 74,7%) Dieu dang chu y d day la sfl xuit hien cua mgt sd' ddn •vi hanh chfnh mang ten phd, phfldng (pho' Cao Binh, Lfldng Ma, Muc Ma va phfldng Na Lfl vao dlu the ky XIX va 13 phd vao cudi the ky XIX la An Binh (Cao Binh cu), Muc Ma, Lfldng Ma,
Tfl Chieng (Nfldc Hai hien nay), Tmh Oa,
Tra Linh, An Lai, Trung Thing, Bing Lau, Nam Nang, Ang Md, Phu Bac, Na Lan) Phd va phfldng la ddn •vi hanh chfnh dfldc
Bang 1: Ddn vi h a n h chinh cap cd sd chau Thach Lam nijfa dau the ky X K
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
D d n vi h a n h c h i n h c a p cof sd
Xa Thon Phd PhUdng Trai Dgng
T o n g c o n g
S o lifo(ng
120
8
3
1
1
1
134
Ty le % 89,55 5,97 2,23 0,75 0,75 0,75
100
Bang 2: Cac ddn vi h a n h chinh cap cd sd chau Thach Lam cuoi the ky XIX
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Dofn v i h a n h c h i n h c a p ctf sdf
Xa Thon Pho PhUdng Trai Dgng
Ap Bang Trang
T o n g c o n g
So liigfng
136
8
13
0
16
5
1
2
1
182
Ty le %
74,7
4,4 7,1
0 8,8 2,7 0,6 1,1 0,6
100
Trang 5Vai n^t vd chau Thach Lam 49
dat cho nhflng k h u d a n cfl l i y h o a t dgng
san x u i t va t r a o ddi h a n g hda iam nghe
sd'ng chfnh H l u h e t cac pho' cfla Thach
Lam deu n i m dgc bien gidi Viet - T r u n g
cho phdp c h u n g t a doan dinh r i n g , thdi
Nguyen, c h a u T h a c h Lam la mgt trdng
nhflng t r u n g t a m k i n h te h a n g hda, trao
ddi budn b a n p h a t t r i e n gifla nfldc ta vdi
nha T h a n h t r e n dfldng bg Phd' d day cd the
dfldc phien am tfl "Phjd" trong tieng Tay
dflng de chi ndi giao lflu buon b a n m a n g
tfnh ngoai thfldng Mgt so' phd', phudng
hinh t h a n h g i n lien vdi viec ddng dd cua
trieu Mac nhU phd' Cao Binh, phudng Na
Lfl, hoac la t r i n t h a n h thdi Le - Trinh nhU
pho' Muc Ma, LUdng Ma Nhflng phd',
phudng nay •vfla m a n g chflc n a n g kinh te,
•vfla m a n g chflc n a n g h a n h chfnh So' phd'
cdn lai h i n h t h a n h vao gifla t h e ky XIX,
g i n lien vdi cac chg, t r u n g t a m budn b a n
trao ddi gifla Viet N a m va T r u n g Qud'c
Theo Hodng Viet nhdt thdng dU dia chi •viet
vao nhflng n a m d i u the ky XIX, d p h d
Lfldng Ma "hai ben phd' deu la n h a cfla
ngfldi Hoa r i t t r u mat, chd b u a b a n toan
mat h a n g tfl T r u n g Qudc" hay phfa n a m
phd' Muc Ma cd chd Muc Ma, "chd b a n du
cac loai h a n g hda" (14)
Lang xa T h a c h L a m the ky XIX d i i n ra
ddng thdi h a i qua t r i n h : nong thon hda va
do thi hda Mgt so' k h u vflc vo'n dfldc coi la
pho', phudng bi ndng thdn hda trd t h a n h xa,
tieu bieu n h i t la phUdng Na Lfl Na Lfl vdn
la mgt p h i n cua k i n h do n h a Mac, khi m i t
vai trd lich sfl, k i n h te h a n g hda d day d i n
tan Iui Theo dia ba phfldng Na Lfl tai h a i
thdi diem Gia Long (1805) va Minh Menh
(1840), sd chu p h u c a n h giam tfl 51,52%
xudng 22,9% C h u p h u c a n h giam ddng
nghia vdi •vigc q u a n h e m u a b a n rugng d i t
giam, cfl d a n b a n dia khdng lam nghe khac
(thu cdng nghiep, budn ban ) ma gan chat
vdi ddng rugng Dieu dd cho t h i y phfldng
Na Lfl b i t d i u nong thdn hda trd lai, den thdi Ddng K h a n h , nd h o a n toan trd t h a n h mgt ddn vi h a n h chfnh san x u i t nong nghiep t h u I n t u y va ddi lai la xa Na Lfl Trong khi dd, so' Iflgng pho' thdi Ddng
K h a n h lai t a n g len dot bien so vdi hdi d i u the ky, x u i t h i e n t h e m 10 p h d mdi, dfl chfla
p h a i la phd' theo d u n g nghia, nhflng chflng
td mgt so' •vflng nhd cd •vi trf dia ly t h u a n ldi cho p h a t trien thfldng nghiep da d i n dd thi hda Den d l u t h e ky XX, p h d khdng cdn tdn tai la mgt ddn •vi h a n h chfnh c i p cd sd dgc lap n g a n g h a n g vdi xa nhfl trUdc ma triic thugc xa Vf du xa An Lai, tdng An Lai, p h u Hda An cd 16 b a n trong dd cd mgt pho' Quy
mo phd' da t h u nhd, trd t h a n h mgt bg p h a n cua xa He thd'ng phd' cua chau Thach Lam den day khdng cdn nfla ma chi cdn duy
n h i t phd'An Lai dflgc ke trong Dia danh vd
tdi lieu liiu trd vi lang xd Bac Ky (15) Nhfl
vay, cudi the ky XIX d l u XX, boat dgng budn b a n d Thach Lam da sa sut, kdo theo sfl ndng thon hda trd lai cua mgt sd •vflng Ben canh cac ddn •vi h a n h chfnh tren, d Thach Lam cdn x u i t hien trai, dgng, i p , trang, bang Day la ten ggi lang ban cua cac tgc ngfldi Nung, Dao, Hoa, Mdng Nhflng lang b a n nay cd the mdi dfldc h i n h
t h a n h d nhflng ndi giap gianh gifla cac xa, chfla dflgc sap n h a p vao xa nao, hoac dfldc chfnh quyen t r u n g fldng gifl nguyen khi td chflc h a n h chfnh va tfnh dd la mgt ddn •vi
t h u t h u e gio'ng nhfl xa, thon Sfl tdn tai song song nhieu ten ggi cua ddn vi h a n h chfnh c i p cd sd thdi N g u y i n da chflng td
r i n g n h a nfldc tuy cd g i n g vdi tay xudng cac lang xa, n i m l i y lang b a n d k h u •vflc mien n u i nhflng v l n tdn trgng truyen thdng va t a p q u a n lau ddi d dia phfldng Thdi Gia Long, dflng d i u xa v i n la xa trfldng va do dan dia phfldng tfl b l u Na m
Trang 650 Rghien curu Lich sir s6 4.2Q10
1828, M i n h M e n h da thflc h i e n cugc cai td
bg may q u a n ly l a n g xa: lap ly trfldng t h a y
cho xa trfldng, mdi xa chi cd mgt ly trfldng
va tfly theo quy mo l a n g xa n e u so' dinh tfl
50 den 149 t h i d a t t h e m mgt phd ly, t r e n
150 dinh thi d a t t h e m 2 phd ly Ly trfldng
va phd ly p h a i chgn trong so' nhflng ngfldi
"vat liic c l n can", p h a i do d a n l a n g b i u ra,
dugc p h u h u y e n xdt ky lai va b a m len t r i n
de c i p v a n b i n g , mgc t r i e n (16) Cugc cai to
nay dugc tien h a n h t r i e t de d k h u vUc phfa
B i c , ke ca d T h a c h L a m Qua k h a o s a t 22
dia ba Minh M e n h cua T h a c h L a m cho biet
chflc ly trfldng da h o a n t o a n t h a y t h e xa
trudng, mdi xa chi cd mgt ly trUdng va cac
chflc nhfl hfldng muc, s i c muc, ta ba, cai
tong, khdng t h i y x u i t hien phd ly Hai t i m
bia d Ngfldm Cai I, thugc xa Dai Lai, tdng
Tinh Oa (nay la xa N a m T u i n , h u y e n Hda
An) dfldc lap n a m T h a n h T h a i 4 (1892) ndi
ve viec hgp b a n xay t h a n h da, tfnh t o a n va
quyen gdp tien cdng thd cua cac chflc s i c
dia p h u d n g cho biet t e n mgt so' chflc trong
xa n h u ly trUdng, hUdng muc, doan trUdng,
ba hg, thd hao, s i c muc gia vien (17) NhU
vay, bg m a y cai tri c i p xa tdn tai song song
bg m a y q u a n ly cua chflc dich n h a nfldc va
bg m a y tii q u a n cua l a n g b a n Dai dien cho
bg may q u a n ly l a n g xa la S i c muc, dUdc
quyen diem chf vao dia ba cflng vdi chflc
dich (xa trfldng/thdn trfldng/ phfldng
trfldng/ ly trfldng) Quyen life cua thd hao
tuy bi t h u hgp nhflng t r e n thflc te, hg v i n
la nhflng ngfldi cd quyen quyet dinh cdng
•viec c h u n g cua l a n g xa Trong td chflc l a n g
ban, Muc lao ddng vai trd q u a n trgng trong
cac cong viec chung Bia den Vua Le d
phfldng Na Lfl l a p n a m Gia Long thfl 12
(1813) cho t h i y chi cd Phfldng trfldng va
cac Muc lao mdi dfldc quyen quyet dinh ve
•viec lap h a u t h a n (18) Hien nay, d xa
Hoang T u n g (phfldng Na Lfl cu) v l n cdn
k h u r u g n g m a n h a n d a n ggi la rugng Ong
lao Hoa ldi cua r u g n g n a y diidc dflng de hgi lao a n ud'ng d den •vua Le t r o n g nhflng ngay
I i tet Bia h a u l a p n a m T h a n h T h a i thfl 5 (1893) d c h u a P h d Cu (thugc p h d Muc Ma xfla) cho tha'y Muc lao v? mgt sd chflc dich
cu n h u Ciiu giap trUdng, Ciiu p h d t r u d n g
n i m t r o n g bg m a y tU q u a n , cd vai trd quan trgng t r o n g cdng viec cua pho' (19) Ve cd
b a n , tfnh tU t r j cua l a n g xa v i n dUdc bao
t o a n trUdc h e thd'ng h a n h chfnh do nha nUdc a p d a t xuo'ng NhUng c h u n g ta cung
c l n p h a i thfla n h a n r i n g , n h a Nguyen, tfl
s a u cai each cua M i n h M e n h da thiet lap dfldc mgt bg m a y q u a n ly k h a chat che d
T h a c h L a m tfl ca'p c h a u den xa
Ngfldi T a y - N u n g so'ng dinh cfl thanh cac b a n l a n g tfldng ddi sdm Qua viec tho'ng
ke ten b a n d c h a u T h a c h L a m thdi Nguyin
trong Dia danh vd tdi lieu liiu trd vi lang
xd Bac Ky (20), t a t h i y cac b a n cd dia danh
m a n g tien to' "Na" chiem ty le cao n h i t la 22,52%, s a u dd den "Lung" chiem 16,29% Dieu dd cho t h i y dia •vflc cfl trfl cua ban
l a n g la nhflng ndi •vflng da't t h i p , ven song, ven sudi, t r o n g cac t h u n g liing Dd la dieu kien tfl n h i e n thuEln ldi cho h o a t dgng sinh
h o a t va s a n xua't cua cfl d a n nong nghiep trdng lua nfldc
Do dieu k i e n tfl n h i e n va lich sfl quy dinh, cfl d a n t r o n g cac b a n , n a , k h a u , phja
d T h a c h L a m k h o n g t h e t u cfl t h a n h khdi cgng ddng d a n cfl dong due nhfl d mien xudi Cd b a n ldn k h o a n g 30 den 50 ndc nha, nhflng cung cd nhflng b a n nhd chi g i n chuc ndc n h a R a n h gidi gifla cac b a n cd the la mgt nggn nui, mgt cay cd t h u h a y mgt con suo'i nhd Tuy chi m a n g tfnh fldc lg nhflng dfldng r a n h gidi n a y dfldc mgi ngfldi ton
t r g n g va duy t r i tfl ddi n a y s a n g ddi khac Mdi b a n cd quyen sd hflu, q u a n ly, bao ve
va sfl d u n g d i t , rflng, r u g n g nfldng, ngudn nfldc cung nhfl m u o n g t h u , t a i nguyen
Trang 7Vai n^t ve chau Thach Lam 51
trong p h a m •vi cai q u a n cua minh Dflng
d l u b a n la trfldng b a n h a y cdn ggi la cdc
ban Trudng b a n do d a n b i u r a nhUng
trUdc het ngUdi dd p h a i thugc ddng hg ldn,
c6 uy tin, s a u dd mdi la ngUdi cd tU each
dao dflc td't, gidi iam an, cd k h a n a n g dieu
h a n h cong •vigc Trfldng b a n ddng vai trd
nhfl t h u linh cua cgng ddng cfl dan, ddn do'c
mgi ngfldi thflc h i e n nhflng quy fldc chung,
p h a n phdi d i t c a n h tac, giai quyet cac vu
t r a n h c h i p d i t dai, td chflc cac h o a t dgng
chung cua b a n nhfl thd cung thd cdng, iam
dfldng, t u sfla ngudn nfldc
Ban d chau T h a c h Lam phd bien dflgc
c i u t h a n h tfl nhflng gia dinh p h u quyen
thugc cac ddng hg k h a c n h a u Ban nhd
cung cd 2 - 3 hg, b a n ldn cung t r e n dfldi 10
hg, nhflng b a n nao cung cd 1 hoac 2 ddng
hg ldn chiem flu the, cd uy tfn va a n h
hfldng ldn tdi cac q u a n h e xa hgi trong ban
Do thfldng la nhflng ddng hg cd cong k h a i
pha d i t dai, lap b a n va dfldng nhien rugng
d i t td't thfldng n i m trong tay hg Vf du nhfl
d Ban Chap, xa Na Lfl, tdng H a Dam (xa
Hoang Tung, h u y e n Hda An) ddng hg Bfli
la 16n nha't, so' r u g n g d k h u •vflc nay h l u het
la cua hg Bfli, cd nhflng k h u rugng ldn tdi 9
m i u , chu yeu t a p t r u n g d ndi da't td't, b i n g
p h i n g , g i n ngudn nfldc
Trong lich sfl, T h a c h Lam la ndi cd
nhieu ddng hg ngfldi Kinh len sinh so'ng,
lau d i n hda n h a p vdi ngfldi Tay va tfl n h a n
la ngfldi Tay gd'c Kinh d B i c Ninh, Nam
Dinh, T h a n h Hda Vf du gia p h a ddng hg
Hoang d Lam Sdn, Hdng Viet ghi ro "ngay
xfla td q u a n d l a n g Gia Mieu t r a n g , thugc
huyen Td'ng Sdn, p h u H a Trung, t r i n
Thanh Hoa H a i vi tfldng hg Hoang p h u n g
menh vua Le len Cao B i n g d a n h dgp n h a
Mac; d a n h t h i n g dfldc vua Le phong d i t d
Phuc T a n g iam t h a i a'p, cho l i y dan 7 xa
xung q u a n h v u n g t h a i a'p iam, binh dinh
canh dien va phuc dich, •vinh t h a n g tfldc Phuc Q u a n Cong, chflc Tdng t r i n Cao
B i n g " (21) H a y ddng hg Le d Na Gifldng,
xa Phflc T a n g cung lflu truyen ong td la Le Vinh Tai, la ngfldi T h a n h Hda theo Le Ldi khdi nghia chd'ng Minh gianh t h i n g lgi, dfldc phong iam Thfla tfldng, dat p h u tai
B i c Ninh N a m 1430, ong dfldc lenh theo
•vua Le T h a i To len d a n h Be K h i c Thieu rdi sau dd dfldc lenh d lai tra'n gifl vflng Cao
B i n g Tren h o a n h phi cua ddng hg Le cdn
k h i c "Nguyen tfl B i c Ninh phfl ngfl gia" (22) Nhflng ddng hg nay da td chflc khai pha vflng d i t hoang, di dan lap t h a n h ban mdi Luc b a n d l u , mdi b a n cd the chi cd mgt hg hoac tuygt dai da so' nhflng ngfldi cflng mgt hg sinh sd'ng Song, qua nhflng bien dgng lich sfl nhfl sfl kien Nflng Trf Cao (the ky XI), vua Le Thai To dfla q u a n len d a n h Be K h i c Thieu (the ky XV), n h a Mac ddng do d Cao B i n g va n h a Le - Trinh dem q u a n tieu diet n h a Mac (the ky XVI -XVII), cU d a n d •vflng nay ft nhieu bi xao tron Sfl d a n xen gifla cac ddng hg trong mgt b a n dien r a m a n h me Vf du d b a n Na Lfl cd den hdn 10 ddng hg: Le, Bfli, Nguyin,
Lo, Giap, Dfldng nhflng dong n h i t va cd
uy tfn nha't la hg P h a m va hg Hoang To chflc ddng hg d Thach Lam khdng m a n h nhfl mien xudi, nhflng vigc t a p hdp cac
t h a n h •vien trong hg thfldng dfldc td chflc deu dan vao ngay 3-3 Am lich h a n g nam Mdi gia dinh cfl mgt ngfldi, lap t h a n h mgt doan di d i p mg td va mg trong hg, sau dd cflng n h a u a n udng, on lai t r u y e n thdng Ben canh mo'i lien ket ddng hg, cfl dan trong lang b a n Thach Lam cdn g i n bd vdi
n h a u thong qua td chflc "phe" (hgi hieu), hg ban, Thdng qua cae to chflc nay, hg s i n sang giflp n h a u ngay cong, tien, gao, rflgu, cui mdi khi gia dinh cd viec hieu, hy Cac mo'i q u a n h e t h a n tgc va thfch tgc luon
Trang 852 Rghien curu Ljeh si^ s6 4.2010
ching chit Iin nhau, tao thanh cdng ddng
cU dan tUdng dd'i doan ket va thd'ng nha't
2 Kinh te va v a n hoa
Nen kinh te chu dao cua Thach Lam la
ndng nghiep Huyen thoai ve sU ra ddi cua
nghe ndng lua nUdc d Thach Lam dUdc phan
anh qua truyen thuyet 'Tu Ludng Quan"
Truyen thuyet ke ring, Slao Cai la thuy td
cua ngUdi Tay, thiy ben bd suoi cd thfl cd
xanh, nhan tring an dfldc lien dem ve ca'y
xudng bai bun Sau dd, Bao Ludng nghi ra
each khuay da't vdi nfldc, rdi gieo hat dd
xudng thanh ma, nhd ma dem ciy Nhflng
hoat dgng dd hien nay cdn lflu lai trong
nhieu dia danh cua chau Thach Lam nhfl
Na Nien, Na Vai, Na Md, Na Lodng, Vd
Ma, Theo GS Trin Qudc VUdng "nghe
nong trdng lua nUdc ta ra ddi d vflng thung
lung tfl Van Nam - Quy Chau den Tay Bic,
Viet Bac, •vung "cai noi" eua cac dan tgc noi
tieng Tay - Thai" (23)
Rugng da't la cd sd dau tien cho sfl phat
trien ndng nghiep Ban diu, rugng da't la
cua chung ban lang (na cua hang mfldng,
dan so kin bjodc) Cung vdi sfl phat trien
cua xa hgi, sd hflu tfl nhan ve rugng da't
d i n xua't hien Den d l u the ky XIX, sd hflu
tfl nhan da hoan toan chiem Uu the d chau
Thach Lam Liy tdng Ha Dam lam vf du,
can cfl vao 13 dia ba tai hai thdi diem cua
mgt sd'xa, phfldng edn dfldc lflu gifl, ta thiy
mfle do phan bd' rugng da't cdng tfl nhfl
bang 3
Theo bang tren, sd hflu tfl d tdng Ha
Dam chiem ty le r i t cao (95,23% va 91,8%),
trong dd cd nhieu xa, phfldng hoan toan la
tu hflu nhu Na Lfl, Kim Giap, Phuc Cd Ty
le nay cao hdn nhieu so vdi trung binh cua
ea nfldc luc bay gid Theo Si hoan tu tri luc
cua Nguyin Cdng Tiep, d i t tU hflu chiem
tren 80% dien tfch canh tac ca nUdc Dieu
dd cho thiy, cd sd kinh te cua cU dan trong lang ban Thach Lam khong phai la rugng da't cong ma chfnh la rugng da't thugc quyen sd hflu cua gia dinh Tu hflu phat trien manh thfldng cho phdp chiing ta hen tfldng den sfl hflng thinh cua kinh te hang hda Dieu dd chi dflng vdi cac lang xa d ddng bing, cdn d mien mii thi khong ddn gian nhfl the Rugng d i t tU nhieu cd the do mua ban nhUng ciing cd the do cac gia dinh tU khai pha cac thung lung, bai bdi, canh tac lau
d i n bien thanh sd hflu tfl nhan, n h i t la d nhflng vflng xa trung tam, dieu kien di lai khd khan Thflc te cho tha'y, cd nhflng lung rgng nhflng thugc quyen sd hflu tfl nhan lau ddi cua 1 hoac 2 gia dinh cd cong khai pha d l u tien VI du Lung Tan thugc
xa Gia Bing, tdng Ha Dam, chau Thach Lam (nay thugc xa Minh Tam, huyen Nguyen Binh) rgng 3,5ha thugc quyen sd hflu lau ddi cua 2 gia dinh ngfldi Dao den khai pha tfl the'ky XVII - XVIII (32)
Chau Thach Lam la •vung tap trung nhieu canh ddng rgng, tuy chat lfldng dit chi thugc hang 2, 3 nhflng cd ngudn nfldc tudi ddi dao, thuan ldi cho trdng trgt Theo
Ddng Khdnh dia dU chi, phu Hda An (chau
Thach Lam) cd rugng da't cac hang theo sd gdc la 16484 m l u 2 sao 12 thudc, nhUng hien mdi khai khan dUdc 9787 m i u 7 sao 7 thudc 5 ta'c (33) Vdi quy da't dd, Thach Lam
tu lau da trd thanh vUa lua cua Cao Bing Ngoai cay lua nUdc, ddng bao cdn trdng cac loai cay hoa mau, lam nUdng riy, khai thae cac san vat tu nhien cua rflng nhU gd, may, song, nfla hay cac loai thiic pham thfldng ngay nhfl mang, hoa qua, na'm, rau rflng NgUdi dan Thach Lam cdn biet iam mgt
so nghe thu cong nhu trdng bong, det vai, nhugm vai, dan lat, lam mat mfa, giiy, chum vai, gach ngdi NhUng hg chi coi dd
la cac nghe phu va thUdng tranh thu lam
Trang 9Vai n^^ ve chau Thach Lam 52
B a n g 3: Tinh h i n h r u o n g dat chau Thach Lam qua hai thcKi diem 1805 va 1840
T«n xa,
plmdng
m Lff (24)
m Dkm (25)
Kim Giap (26)
Xuan An (27)
VuTuy^n(28)
Gia B^g (29)
Phiic Co (30)
Cii Son (31)
T6ng
Gia Long 4 (1805)
Tu di^n
Sd luong (mSu.sio
thudc.tic)
344.7.0.3 115.4.7.6 40.6.14.3 173.8.1.1 166.3.13.1 28.6.12.4 8.5.0.0
868.2.3.8
Tile (%)
100 85,16
100 97,57 94,87
100
100
95,23
Quan di^n
Sd luong (mSu.sio
thudc.tic)
0 20.1.1.8
0 4.3.5.5 9.0.0.0
0
0
29.1.1.8
Ti le (%)
0
14,84
0
2,43 5,13
0
0
4,77
Minh M6nh 21 (1840) Tudi^n
Sd luong (mSu.sao
thudc.tic)
347.1.13.3 117.47.6 40.6.14.3 175.8.1.1
28.6.12.4
115.6.0.1 825.4.3.8
Tile (%)
99,6 88,2
100 97,5
100
68,7
91,8
Quan di^n
Sd luong (mSu.sJio
thudc.tic)
0.5.2.0 15.7.1.8
0 4.3.5.5
0
52.6.3.2
69.1.12.5
Ti le (%)
0,4 11,8
0 2,5
0
31,3
8,2
luc ndng n h a n S a n p h l m lam r a h l u n h u
chi de phuc vu cho cugc sd'ng gia dinh,
mang tfnh tU cung tii c i p Ddi khi, nhflng
san p h l m nay cung dfldc m a n g r a trao doi
d cac chd Tuy n h i e n cung cd mgt so' lang
nghe ndi tieng nhfl det thd c i m , iam chum
vai d Nfldc Hai, n g h e r e n d Lung C h u n g (xa
Hdng Viet) D l u t h e ky XIX, h e thdng chd
lang m a n g tfnh lien vung da h i n h t h a n h d
Thach Lam Chd hgp t h e e phien, cfl 5 ngay
mgt phien:
"Hdng Cdp tdp Hdng Lung
Hdng Lung vung long Hdng Seng
Hdng Seng teng Nd Gidng
Nd Gidng khoang Hdng Bd
Hdng Bd md td Hdng Cdp"
Dich la:
Nfldc Hai tiep den N a m N h u n g
Nam N h u n g v u n g xuo'ng Cao Binh
Cao Binh ddn Na G i a n g
Na Giang n g a n g Md S i t
Md s a t trd ve Nfldc Hai)
Theo dd, chg N a Giang hgp ngay 1, ngay 6; chd Md S i t hgp ngay 2, ngay 7; chg Nfldc Hai hgp ngay 3, ngay 8; chd Nam N h u n g hgp ngay 4, ngay 9; chd Cao Binh hgp ngay
5 ngay 10 Cae chd nay each n h a u khoang hdn 10km va cfl l l n lUdt nhU vay, trong ca
t h a n g tao t h a n h mgt vdng khdp kin, ngUdi dan ludn cd dieu kien t h a m dii vao boat dgng trao ddi h a n g hda Hg den chd khong chi de m u a ban ma cdn de giao lUu van hda, md rgng mdi q u a n he va sU hieu biet cua minh Chfnh chd lien •vflng cung da tao dieu kien cho qua t r i n h hda hdp tgc ngfldi d Thach Lam ndi rieng va Cao B i n g ndi chung d i i n ra m a n h me
He thd'ng chd d Thach Lam cdn la ndi budn b a n vdi T r u n g Qudc Trong tdng sd 23 phd' dfldc tho'ng ke d Cao B i n g vao thdi Ddng K h a n h , Thach Lam cd 13 phd' (chiem 56,5%) Chflng td hoat dgng trao ddi h a n g hda b i n g dfldng bg gifla Viet Nam va
T r u n g Quoc r i t p h a t trien va dfldc thflc hien thdng qua tuyen bien gidi dong b i c , trong dd Thach Lam la mgt trgng diem Trong cac pho' chd nay, cfl dan chu yeu la ngfldi Hoa d T r u n g Qud'c sang va ngfldi
Trang 1054 Rghien curu Ljeh sir s6 4.2Q1Q
Kinh d dfldi xudi len buon ban Vi du d thi
t r i n Nfldc Hai hien nay, cfl dan chu yeu la
ngfldi Tay gdc Kinh tfl Bic Ninh, Thanh
Hda, Nam Dinh va ngfldi gdc Hoa Hg
den tap trung buon ban va sinh song d day
tfl sdm nen hdi d l u the ky XIX da hinh
thanh chg a'p tfl chieng Nfldc Hai (Nfldc
Hai tfl chi'nh i p thi) (34) Hoac phd Lfldng
Ma diu the ky XDC, "hai ben phd deu la
nha cfla ngfldi Hoa r i t trfl mat d l u pho'
cd chd, v l i ngay mgt phien, ngfldi Kinh,
Thd, Hoa, Nflng tu tap buon ban ddng due"
(35) Cfl dan Thach Lam ban cac s i n phlm
nong nghiep nhfl gao, trau, bd, ngfla, ga,
vit, cac san p h l m thu cong va mua ve
nhflng dd dflng thiet yeu nhfl dd phuc •vu
cung te, le hgi, Dieu nay the hien ro qua
bai hat ddng dao cua tre em Tay:
"Long liia khai lao
Khai dp ckdo Long Chu
Khai mu Quy Rin
Khai pin Nd Gidng
Khai mdc vdng Hdng Bd"
Dich la:
Xuo'ng thuyen di chd ban thud'c la
Ban ap chao chd Long Chau
Ban ldn d Que Lam
Ban bun chd Na Giang
Ban bfldi Hang Bd (36)
Cac chd nay thu hut ra't dong ngfldi
Diu the ky XX, mgt si quan ngfldi Phap da
tho'ng ke so' ngfldi den chd trong khu vflc
Thach Lam nhfl sau: chd Nfldc Hai co 500
ngudi, chg Cao Binh la 800, chd Nam
Nhung la 1200, chd Md S i t la 400, chg
Trung Thing la 400, chd Tinh Oa la 200,
chg Na Giang la 200 (37) Nhflng con sd
nay xac nhan sfl phat trien cua thfldng
nghiep d chau Thach Lam the ky XIX
Tren cd sd phat trien kinh te nong nghiep ket hdp vdi thu cong va thUdng nghiep, cU dan Thach Lam da xay diing cho minh mgt nen van hda rieng, mang dac trUng tgc ngUdi va vung mien Cung nhu nhflng •vflng ngfldi Tay khac, cac ban d chau Thach Lam dfl cd lich sfl lau ddi hay mdi lap, bao gid cung cd mieu thd thd cong
do ngfldi lap ban dflng len Thd cong cua ngfldi Tay cd chflc nang gin gio'ng thanh hoang lang cua ngfldi Kinh d mien xudi Dd
la vi t h i n bao ve, che chd cho dan lang dfldc
an cfl lac nghiep Trfldng ban la ngfldi chiu trach nhiem phan cong cac gia dinh cham nom mieu thd cong Vao nhflng ngay Ii tet, gia dinh nao cung den t h i p hfldng, xin phfl
hg cho gia dinh Thay mat cfl dan trong ban, trfldng ban hoac ngUdi gia cd uy tfn trong ban dflng ra cung te vao dip dlu nam, le ha dien, thflgng dien hoac khi trong lang xay ra dich benh de ciu mong sfl an binh, thinh •vfldng cho nhan dan Do
dd, mieu thd cong thfldng g i n lien vdi Ii hgi elu mfla, hgi long tdng cua dan ban Viec thd cung tho cdng cflng vdi nhflng sinh hoat van hda tinh t h i n da Jang da trd thanh chit keo g i n ket cgng dong cfl dan trong ban, khong phan biet ddng hg, ngfldi den trfldc hay ngfldi den sau
Chau Thach Lam dUdc coi la trung tam chfnh tri, kinh te cua tinh C?o P i n g trong nhieu the ky nen ndi day sdm ti^'p nhan ddng ngUdi Kinh tfl dfldi xudi len, ddng ngfldi Hoa, Dao, Mong tfl Trung Qudc sang Sfl hda hdp ve cfl dan da dfla Thach Lam trd thanh mgt trung tam giao thoa, tiep bien van hda gifla cac tgc ngfldi Tay -Nflng - Hoa, Tay - Dao, Tay - Mong va dien hinh hdn ca la Tay - Viet Ddng ngfldi Viet tfl dfldi xudi len sinh sd'ng va dinh cfl d Thach Lam b i t d i u tfl the ky X - XI, nhflng dong n h i t la vao the ky XVI - XVII gin hen