Theo yeu clu ciia Cu Ldn (mdt ngudi cd chiic quyln va rIt dugc kinh trgng) boa sT Idxikhide phai ve mdt bii:c binh phong diln ta tit ca ndi thdng khd ciia dia nguc vdi hinh anh ciia [r]
Trang 1AKUTAGAWA (NHAT BAN) VA CUA NAM CAO (VIET NAM)
PHAM THI THU*
O o sanh van hgc Nhat Ban va van hgc
LJ Viet Nam la mdt vln d l cdn kha
mdi Tren tap chi Nghien cicu vdn hgc, gin
dly xuat hien hai bai viet so sanh van hgc co
Viet Nam va Nhat Ban ciia Doan Le Giang
vdi tieu di: So sanh quan niem vdn hgc trong
vdn hgc co Viet Nam vd vdn hgc cd Nhdt
Bdn va Basho - Nguyen Trdi - Nguyin Du
nhicng hdn tha ddng dieu Trong bai viet nay,
chiing tdi mud'n tiep tuc hudng nghien ciiu
tren blng viec so sanh nhin vat tha boa trong
truyen ngln cua hai nha van Akutagawa va
Nam Cao
1 Trudc bet la vai net vl Akutagawa
Akutagawa (1892-1927) la mdt cay but thien
tai ciia nln van hgc hien dai Nhat Ban Mac
dil mat d tuoi 35 nhung Akutagawa da d l lai
mdt di san quy gia vdi tren 140 tac pham
thugc thi loai truyen ngln va cac bai nghien
ciiu Truyen ngln ciia Akutagawa dugc danh
gia la nhiing trang viet phong phu vl ndi
dung, da dang vl hinh thiic va mang tinh tu
tudng bac nhlt d Nhat so vdi trudc dd Gidi
nghien cuu phe binh khdng ngln ngai tdn
vinh dng la mdt "bac thly uu tii" cua thi loai
truyen ngln; la mdt hien tugng van hgc phu:c
tap nhung lai bet sdc hip din ciia van hgc
Nhat Ban dlu the ki XX; la mdt trong nhtrng
ngudi khdi dau ciia nln van hgc hien dai
Nhat Ban, ngudi gdp phln dua nln van hgc
a'y hoa chung vdi van hgc th6' gidi^'^ Cd thi ndi, neu khdng cd su tien phong cua Akutagawa nen van hgc hien dai "xii Phii tang" se khdng cd su toa sang vdi hai giai Nobel danh cho Yasunari Kawabata (1968)
va Oe Kenzaburo (1994) Bdi vay, sau khi dng mat, ten cua dng dugc lay lam ten giai thudng van hgc danh cho cac nha van tre xuat sic d Nhat
Phong Vii la djch gia cd cdng dlu trong
viec dua Tuyen tap truyen ngdn Akutagawa
den vdi ddc gia Viet Nam Ong cho ring:
"Thirc te Nhat Ban da hinh thanh chu nghTa hien thue ciia Akutagawa va chu nghTa hien thue ay cua dng ciing nhu cua van hgc Nhat Ban dlu the ki XX dugc xac lap khi nd vugt qua mdt ben la chu nghTa tu nhien va mdt ben la chu nghTa suy ddi"*^' Cac hgc gia Nhlt Ban duang thdi coi Akutagawa la thu lanh ciia trudng phai sang tac theo "chu nghTa tan hien thue"*''' Va khi dat Akutagawa ben canh Nam Cao, chiing tdi riit
ra dac diem: Tuy dai dien cho hai nln van hgc d hai qud'c gia Chau A khac nhau ve the che nhung su tuang ddng d l nhan thay giira Akutagawa va Nam Cao la su tuang ddng vl
' Thae sT NgiJ van, Dai hoc Su pham Thai Nguyen
' Phong Vu (2000), M6t d6i net ve Akutagawa va truyfin ngdn ciia ong, Akutagawa - TuyS'n tap truySn ngdn, Nxb Hoi nha van, tr 344, 345
"' Nhir trieh dan 1
(3)
Khuong Viet Ha (2005), Cdc kliuynh hirang phdn ti(
nhien chii ngliTa trong vdn lipc Nlidl Bdn dau the ky XX Ngliien ci'ni vdn hpc so 8, tr 126
Trang 2thdi dai Ciing sdng vao nhirng nam dlu cua
the ki XX, Akutagawa va Nam Cao dlu la
dai bilu xult sic cho nln van hgc hien dai
ciia hai dan tdc va cting thi hien trong tac
phlm cua minh mdt "thu" ggi la "chii nghTa
hien thirc" Do dilu kien lich sir d hai nude
khac nhau nen cd rat it kha nang hai nha van
chju anh hudng ciia nhau Nhung qua tac
phlm cua hg, ta cd thi khang djnh ring hg la
nhtrng "tin do" ciia van hgc ddng y thiic
-mot dong van hgc dugc khdi xudng tir the ki
XIX vdi cac dai bilu kiet xuat nhu:
L.Tonxtoi, Ddxtdiepxki, Sekhov Vi the,
loai nhan vat dugc lua chgn trong tac pham
ciia Akutagawa va Nam Cao la nhirng nhan
vat ma su tu y thu:c da trd thanh mdt nhu clu
tu than Tir dac dilm nay, chiing tdi khai thae
nhan vat tha boa ciia Akutagawa va Nam
Cao khdng chi d su tha boa cua nhan vat ma
con 0 sir tu y thiic cua nhan vat vl tha boa
2 Tha boa la qua trinh con ngudi bj mlt
di ban chat vd'n cd ciia minh lam cho nd trd
nen xa la vdi chinh nd va nhirng ngudi xung
quanh Qua trinh tha boa diln ra do nhung
tac dgng nhilu chilu tir hoan canh xa hdi
Con tu y thiic la giai doan phat triln cao
nhat ciia y thii:c, la qua trinh con ngudi tu
nghiln nglm vl minh va the gidi xung
quanh Tuy nhien, qua trinh nay khdng chi
diing lai d miic do suy nglm thdng thudng
ma nhilu khi nd cdn pblt triln den miic
gilng xe, dau ddn trong ndi tim cua con
ngudi
Trong truyen ngln cua Nam Cao, hoan
canh xa hdi dugc ndi den 11 xa hdi thue dan
nira phong kien Xa hdi ay vdi chinh sach
boc lot ha khic cua che do thue dan va sir
thdng tri tan bao ciia bgn phong kien tay sai
da bop nghet mgi dudng sdng, bdp meo nhan
each, nhan pham ciia con ngudi lam cho nd
bien dang khdng cdn la ngudi nua Cac nhan vat cua Nam Cao du dugc hien than trong hinh hai mdt anh ndng dan hay trong tu each ciia mdt ngudi tri thiic dlu luon ludn cd nguy
CO bi bin ciing boa din den tha boa, bien chat The nhung, nhan vat cua Nam Cao khdng chi tha boa nhu cac nhan vat cua Ngd Tit Td, NguyIn Cdng Hoan ma cao hon nd cdn cd y thirc vl sir tha hoa, chdng lai sir tha hoa dl bao ve "ban chat nhan dao" ciia con ngudi Dgc truyen ngln cua Nam Cao khong
ai cd thi quen hinh anh mdt anh Chi Pheo hiln lanh trd thanh mdt con quy dir cua lang
Vu Dai La mdt ngudi nong dan dich thirc, Chi Pheo cung gidng nhu bao ngudi nong dan khac mong mud'n co mdt mai Im gia dinh, vg chdng yeu thuong nhau Vay ma cai
xa hdi 6 trgc, thdi nat vdi nhirng ke gian hung nhu Ba Kien da tudc mlt cua Chi Pheo nilm hanh phuc nho nhoi va dly han vao canh til tgi Va nha tii thue dan - phong kiln gidng nhu mdt "cd may" san xult hang loat
da bien nhirng Chi Pheo, Binh Chii:c, Nam Thg tir nhirng ngudi nong dan hiln lanh trd thanh nhirng ke sat nhan mat nhan tinh sal hai chinh ddng loai ciia minh The nhung, khdng ai ngd dugc ring tinh yeu da danh thiifc phln ngudi d Chi Pheo va hln mudn lam mgt ngudi luong thien Tuy nhien, Chi Pheo sau khi thiic tinh da nhanh chong nhan
ra hln khong thi lam ngudi luong thien dirge nira Hanh ddng Chi Pheo riit dao dam chet
Ba Kiln va dam chinh minh la mdt minh chiing cho su tu y thiic cua nhan vat vl quyln sdng, quyln dugc lam ngudi Nhan vat Chi Pheo la diln hinh cho kilu ngudi ndng din bi tha hoi nhung da tu y thirc dc chdng lai su tha hoa
Cung nhl'n manh den vln de tu y thirc va sir tha boa ciia con ngudi nhung nhan vat ciia
Trang 3Akutagawa so vdi nhan vlt ciia Nam Cao cd kl vl mdt ten day td mdi bi chu sa thai trong nhilu khac biet Trudc het la vl hoan canh cai dem trii mua d cong thanh Raxidmdn va
xa hdi Thdi nien thieu, Akutagawa sdng vao gap mdt mu gia nho trdm tdc cua ngudi chet nhung nam cudi ciia thdi ki Minh tri (1868 - Hln bit ngay mu gia vi cho ring mu dang 1912) nhung nhung tac pham dau tien ciia lam mdt dilu ac khdng thi tha thii: dugc, dng lai dugc ra ddi dudi trieu dai ciia hoang nhung rdi ngay sau dd, bin lai tudc doat bd
de Taisho (sau khi Minh tri ket thiic) Liic Kimdnd duy nhlt tren than thi gia yeu cua nay, nude Nhat co ban da trd thanh mdt nude mu vdi ly do neu khdng lam the thi bin se
de qud'c chii nghTa hung manh Tuy nhien chet ddi Cau chuyen cho thay mdt thue te sau khi chien tranh the gidi ket thiic, Nhat dau ddn la cai ddi va cudc sdng khdng cd ldi Ban lam vao tinh trang suy thoai nang nl, su thoat da bien con ngudi thanh nhirng ke rdi loan xa hdi dudi thdi hoang de Taisho cudp, ke trdm Dl dugc sdng sdt, con ngudi ngay cang trd nen sau sic Tit ca bdi canh ay trd nen tan nhin vdi ngay ca ddng loai cua
da dugc Akutagawa dua vao trong truyen minh 6 dly, Akutagawa va Nam Cao gap ngln ciia dng nhung khdng true dien nhu nhau d mdt dilm la ca hai nha van dlu diing trong tac pham ciia Nam Cao ma mang mau cai ddi dl lam phuong tien bilu dat cho sir sic rieng Cac nhan vlt tha hoa cua tha hoi ciia con ngudi Nhan vat ngudi cha
Akutagawa la nhung con ngudi hien dai trong Tre con khdng dicac dn thit chd vi
nhung lai dugc phac boa d nhilu thdi dilm mieng an ma nhin tam hanh ha vg con; Hay
khac nhau va trong nhung hoan canh khac ngudi ba trong Mgt bua no vi ddi qui ma nhau Sd dT nhu vay vi da sd cac truyen ngln phai "an chuc" nha ba Phd Thu di rdi chet
cua Akutagawa dlu dugc xly dung dua tren nhuc nha vi "mdt biia no" Cdn ten day td
cac clu chuyen ljch sii hoac nhiing cau trong Cong thdnh Raxidmdn cung nhu mu
chuyen gia tudng mang mau sic hoang gia nhd trdm tdc ngudi chei cung vi cai ddi dudng, ky ao Trong khi dd, cac truyen ngln ma "van bit die dT' phai lam ke cudp, ke ciia Nam Cao lai di vao nhirng chuyen vat trdm Ban than mdi nhan vat dlu cd y thiic vanh ddi thudng, nhung chuyen tudng chirng va each clt nghTa rieng vl viec lim ciia nhu khdng mud'n viet vdi nhung con ngudi minh Mu gia nho trdm tdc thi cho ring mu cung bet siic ddi thudng hien huu xung nho trdm tdc cua ngudi chet vl trong xa hdi quanh cudc sdng cua nha van, tham chi la cung cd rat nhilu ngudi lam cdng viec nhu chinh nha van tnii, tham chi cdn tan nhin hon mu Hon nira,
Neu nhu Chi Pheo la truyen ngln md dlu nhiing ngudi chet ma mu da nh6 tdc dlu la
va la dinh cao cua ddi van Nam Cao thi nhirng ke da tirng lam mdt hoac mdt sd dilu
truyen ngln Cong thdnh Raxidmdn cung la ac vl vay hg "xiing dang" bi nho trdm tdc
cai mdc dau tien danh dau su nghiep van hgc Cdn ten day td, trudc khi gap mu gia cung da ciia Akutagawa Ca hai truyen ngln dlu "din do xem nen chiu chet ddi hay la lam ke thanh cdng khi khlc hoa hinh anh nhung con trdm" thi den liic nay khi nghe "triet ly" cua ngudi dudi day bi tha hoa do tac ddng ciia mu, hln khdng cIn phai phln vln niia, hln
hoan canh xa hdi Cong thdnh Raxidmdn lly bilu ring hln lly bd Kimdnd tren ngudi mu
cdt truyen tir mdt cau chuyen co Cau chuyen vi mu cung "xung dang" bi nhu the va neu
6 6 NGHIEN CUU OONG BflC fl SO 4(98) 4-2009
Trang 4khong thi hln chet ddi Tdi ac cd "bien
chumg" cua ten dly td va mii gia la ldi td cao
danh thep xa hdi Nhat Ban duong thdi, xa
hgi ay da "dao thai" con ngudi, bien hg tii
nhii'ng ngudi lao ddng chan chinh trd thanh
nhirng ten cudp, ke trdm bit nhin Mugn mdt
cau chuyen co, Akutagawa mud'n ndi len
tham trang ciia chinh xa hdi Nhlt Ban hien
dai ma ong dang sdng Bdi vay, du sdng d
hai qudc gia khac nhau vl thi che nhung
dudng nhu giira Akutagawa va Nam Cao
trong truyen ngln Cdng thdnh Raxidmdn va
Chi Pheo dlu cd chung mdt nilm true cam
vl thue trang xa hdi va su tha boa ciia con
ngudi thugc ting Idp dudi dly sdng trong xa
hoi do
3 Ndi den su tu y thiic cua nhan vat trong
tac pham cua Akutagawa va Nam Cao, ta cIn
nhin manh den clc nhan vat tri thii:c Bdi
nhan vat tri thiic thudng hay ca nghT, suy tu
vl cugc sdng, tham chi cdn tu md xe, din vat
ngi tam dl hoan thien minh Trong truyen
ngln ciia Nam Cao, cac nhan vat ly la Diln
trong Gidng sdng, Hd trong Diri thica, Hai
trong Quen dieu do, Diln trong Niccyc mdt
hay nhin vlt "Tdi" trong Nhicng truyen
khdng mud'n viet, Mua nhd, Lao Hgc Hau
hit cac nhin vlt nay dlu la nhtrng nhin vlt
ca nghT, cd ddi sdng tu tudng va tinh cam
phong phii, nhilu sic thai Hg ludn sdng
trong trang thai suy tu, tran trd, cd khi ndi
gian vd cd vdi vg con nhung rdi lai an ban,
xot xa Hg xuat thin la nhirng nha van, nha
giao luon Ip ii nhirng gil'c mo, hoai bao
chinh dang nhung lai bj ndi lo com ao "ghi
sat dlt" Bdi vay, hg lim vao bi kich tinh
thin va ludn tu y thiic tim each d l thoat khdi
thirc tai nghiet nga, nhilu khi hg cdn gilng
xe ngi tam d l vugt len cudc sdng com ao tim
thudng nhung cang cd glng quay dap hg
cang liin sau hon vao vung lly tha boa vi pham ngay chinh nguyen tic sdng do minh
dl ra Diln trong Gidng sdng "nguyen cam
chju tat ca nhiing thieu thdn, doa day" miln
la dugc thoa "cai mdng van chuong"; Hd
trong Ddi thica thi vira mudn trd thanh mdt
nha van noi tieng cd tac pham dat giai Nobel lai vira mudn "nang dd ke khac tren ddi vai ciia minh" Vay m l cudi cimg nhtrng gilc
mo ly cung tan bien bet chi vi hg cIn tiln de nudi vg con, nudi ban than nhung tiln khdng kiem dugc thi hg lai din vat, trach moc vg con, trach mdc chinh minh va lam vao bi kich khdng cd ldi thoat
Neu nhan vat tri thiic trong tie pham ciia Nam Cao la ting Idp tri thu-c tilu tu san mdi dugc hinh thanh trong xa hgi thirc dan nira phong kien thi trong tie phlm ciia Akutagawa kieu nhin vat nay xult hien kha phong phii Hg cd thi la hoa sT, bac sT va tat nhien la ca thi sT va hg cd diem chung la dlu dugc dat trong tinh trang bi tha boa Khac vdi cac nhan vat tri thii:c ciia Nam Cao, cac nhan vat tri thii:c ciia Akutagawa bj tha hoa khong phai vl cii ddi va ddng tiln ma vl nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau, trong nhirng hoan canh khac nhau va bien do tha hoa
cung rIt phire tap Truyen ngln Nhicng ndi thdng khd ciia dia nguc la mdt minh chirng
rIt rd rang Day la mdt trong nhtrng truyen ngln xult sic nhat ciia Akutagawa Truyen xoay quanh ba nhan vat: Hoa sT, Cu Ldn va con gai boa sT Theo yeu clu ciia Cu Ldn (mdt ngudi cd chiic quyln va rIt dugc kinh trgng) boa sT Idxikhide phai ve mdt bii:c binh phong diln ta tit ca ndi thdng khd ciia dia nguc vdi hinh anh ciia nhirng pham nhan bi hanh hinh blng nhirng each d l man nluii Mud'n ve dugc bii:c binh phong nay
Trang 5Idxikhide phai cd rlt nhilu nguyen mlu va hoa Nhin vlt boa sT la mdt loai nhin vat tri dng ta da tu tao ra nhiing nguyen mlu I'y thiic tha hoa rat ddc dao cua Akutagawa bang each hanh ha nhung hgc trd ciia minh Con ngudi cd thi bi tha boa bdi nhieu each Tuy nhien, de ve canh trung tam ciia biic va tha hoa vi nghe thuat cung la mdt trong tranh - canh mdt ngudi phu nii ngdi trong cd nhirng each dd Chi tiet cudi cung cua tac
xe ngua bj thieu chay roi tit tren cao xudng, pham, sau cai chet cua cd con gai, ngudi boa
hoa sT cIn den su giup dd ciia Cu Ldn Va sT hoan thanh kiet tac va tu vln Y)6 la mdt
trong mdt dem tdi khdng trang, hoa sT da bilu hien cho thi'y qua trinh din vat dau khd dugc chiing kien canh tugng kinh hoang dd va tu hdi cai cua ngudi hoa sT
nhung that khdng ngd ngudi phu nii bi thieu Trong truyen ngln Vii dn mang the'ky dnh chay dau ddn, quIn quai trong cd xe ngua lai sdng, nhan vat blc sT Kitabatake la nhin vlt
chinh la ngudi con gai ma boa sT rat mure yeu chinh ddng thdi ciing la ngudi gay ra "vu an thuong Ket thiic truyen, ngudi hoa sT hoan mang" Bac sT Kitabatake la ban than cua vg thanh bde ve va tu tir ngay sau dd Cai dang chdng ba tudc Honda Nhung ngay tii khi ban ciia cau chuyen nay la ngudi hoa sT da cdn nien thieu, Kitabatake da yeu say dim chip nhan mgi dau khd, tham chi hi sinh tinh ba tudc phu nhan Honda - Akiko ddng thdi mang cua cd con gai ddc nhat de hoan thanh cung la cd em hg cua minh, tuy nhien dd lai kiet tac cua cudc ddi Trong cai dem kinh la mdt mdi tinh elm Sau khi du hgc d Anh hoang, ngudi boa sT khdng may may quan qud'c trd vl, Kitabatake dugc tin Akiko da tim den cd con gai dang chet mdt each dau lay mdt vien giam ddc nha blng - Mixumura ddn nhu the nao Trai tim va khdi dc dng ta vi ten nay da dung ddng tiln de pha hdn udc luc dd cbl biet den mdt dieu duy nhat la than giira Akiko vl ba tudc Honda Tiic gian va phuc vd ban "ve dep cua nggn lira dd hdng cam phln trudc su dlu cang va de tien ciia
va than hinh ngudi dan ba quIn quai trong Mixumura, bac sT da lap ke hoach am sat lira" Vdi ngudi boa sT nay, nghe thuat la cai hln Blng kinh nghiem cua mdt thay thud'c dich quan trgng nhlt va de dat dugc nd, dng danh tieng, bac sT da giet chet Mixumura
ta sin sang lam mgi viec kl ca "hien tam hdn blng nhiing vien thud'c ma ai cung nghT ring minh cho quy" (Akutagawa ) Neu xet d tu bin chet vi dot tir Nhung sau dd khdng lau, each mdt ngudi nghe sT cd thi ndi boa sT dau ddn, gilng xe trudc tdi ac cua minh, Idxikhide la mdt nghe sT "trich nhiem" nhat Kitabatake da tu sat va dl lai bde thu la cau nhung neu xet d tu each mdt con ngudi ma chuyen dugc kl Nhu vay, su tha hoa bilu
cu thi la mdt ngudi cha thi Idxikhide lai la hien d nhan vat nay chinh la su tha boa d mdt ke sat nhan sat hai chinh con gai minh hanh ddng giet ngudi mac du ddng eg cua Nilm say me nghe thuat trong con ngudi boa hanh ddng dd la chinh dang Trudc phap
sT chiem mdt vj tri qua ldn, nd lam at di cai luat, Kitabatake hoan toan vd tdi nhung trudc ban chat ngudi vd'n cd ciia dng ta cho nen luong tam nghi nghiep, viec lam ciia diing trudc cii chet tham thuong cua cd con Kitabatake la khdng the tha thii Vdi mdt bac gai vd tdi, dng ta khdng cam tha'y dau ddn sT, thud'c phai dung de cuu ngudi nhung
ma chi thay cam hdng nghe thuat dugc thang Kitabatake lai diing nhirng vien thud'c I'y dl
68 NGHIEN CflTU OdNG B^C fl SO 4(98) 4-2009
Trang 6gilt ngudi Bdi vay ca clu chuyen la mdt
chuli dai dau ddn, quIn quai cua nhan vat
trudc tdi ac ma minh gay ra Nhung dd chua
phai la tit ca nguyen nhin khien Kitabatake
tu vln Bdi sau cai chet ciia Mixamura, ba
tudc Honda va Akiko da ket hdn, cam giac
ghen tudng va long vi ki ldn din trong tam
tri Kitabatake va anh ta lo sg den mdt ngay
nao do anh ta se giet hai ngay ca ba tudc de
doat lay Akiko Diing trudc nguy co tha boa
va su ich ki tan nhin trong tam hdn,
Kitabatake quyet dinh giet hai chinh minh de
khong con phai dau khd, din vat trudc nhiing
suy nghi tan ac Day cd thi coi la bilu hien
cao nhlt ciia qua trinh tu y thiic d nhan vat
nay
Ddt nude ciia cdc thuy ddn la mdt truyen
ngln dugc sang tie trudc khi Akutagawa tu
vln khong lau Truyen ngln dugc danh gia la
tac pham co tinh chit tdng kit qua trinh tim
toi tu tudng sang tac ciia Akutagawa Tie
pham dugc xay dung dudi hinh thiic mgt cau
chuyen tudng tugng hoang dudng vdi but
phap chim biem, hai bude Dly la mgt clu
chuyen do mdt benh nhan bi thin kinh mang
sd hieu hai muoi ba trong mdt benh vien tam
thin kl lai Anh ta k l ring: vao mua he ba
nam trudc trong mdt lln di den sudi nude
nong, anh ta da bi lac vao the gidi cua loai
Kappa - mdt sinh vat buyen thoai sdng dudi
nude 6 dd, anh ta da dugc chiing kiln tit ca
moi bieu hien trong cudc sdng cua loai
Kappa tir td chite xa hdi, tdn giao, triet hgc,
van chuong, thi che chinh trj, san xult, dao
dire, gia dinh tham chi ca tinh yeu gidng
het nhu con ngudi nhung la mat trai cua nd
Thirc ra hinh anh ciia loai Kappa chinh la
hinh anh con ngudi tha hoa vdi dly nhirng
thoi tit va the gidi ciia chiing la hinh anh ciia
xl hdi tu san Nhat Ban Cac nhan vat trong truyen tir giam ddc hang thuy tinh Ghero, bac sT Tsace, triet gia Maggo, quan toa Bepp, thi sT Tdcc, tham chi ca cd vg hoa khdi Kappa ciia Baggo Tat ca dlu bde Id nhirng bilu hien ciia su tha boa rd net Chlng ban d nhan vat Ghero (giam ddc hang thuy tinh), ban chit ciia chii nghTa tu ban da an sau trong tiing quan niem Vdi Ghero cung nhu nhung con Kappa tu ban khac, d dlt nude ciia loai Kappa, viec san xult hang loat may moc se sa thai hang chuc cong nhan mdi ngay va nhirng cdng nhan bi thai nghiep do
se dugc xa hdi giai quyet blng each an thit
hg Ndi vl vln dl nay, Akutagawa mudn du bao nhirng nguy co tha boa khung khilp se den vdi xa hdi Nhat Ban hien dai
Trong truyen ngln nay, Imi y cd nhan vat thi sT Tocc la mdt nhan vat kha gan vdi cac nhan vat van sT ciia Nam Cao Neu nhu d nhin vat ciia Nam Cao, su "cau tha" trong van chuong dugc coi la sir "bit luong", "de tien" thi d nhan vat thi sT Tocc sir "cau tha"
ly phii bi tra gia blng cai chit Mgt trong nhtrng ly do Tdcc elm siing tu bin vao dlu minh la vl anh ta cam thly vdi tu each mdt nha tho thi anh ta da hoan toan thit bai Biic thu cudi Cling Tdcc de lai la bai tho gidng y chang "Miniona" ciia Got Dd la chuyen an
d p van chuong Cdn chuyen khac, Tdcc tu tir VI cam thly cudc sdng thue tai qua nham chan va vo nghTa ly vl vly anh ta chet dl biet nilm vinh quang sau khi chet nhu the nao The nhung khi sang the gidi ciia nhirng bdng
ma, linh hon ciia Tocc da tra Idi mgi ngudi trong ll clu hdn ring: cudc sdng ciia cac vi than chang khac gi cudc sdng ciia anh ta trudc kia cung nham chan, vd nghTa va nhieu dau khd Vi vay rat cd the den mgt liic nao
Trang 7dd khi d the gidi ben kia, anh ta se tiep tuc
cam Sling luc va ket lilu ddi minh blng tu
phiic sinh Xly dung hinh tugng nhan vlt
Tdcc, nhilu ngudi cho ring Akutagawa da
cd du cam vl su bat luc cua ban thin dng
cung nhu nhilu tri thiic Nhlt trong xa hdi tu
ban Bdi vay, chi trong khoang thdi gian
ngln sau khi hoan thanh tac pham Ddt nicdc
ciia cdc thuy ddn, Akutagawa da udng thud'c
ngu tu vln khi mdi d tudi 35 Cai chet ciia
dng "la mdt ldi canh tinh nghiem khlc ddi
vdi ddng dao gidi tri thiic cdn dao ddng trong
viec chgn dudng" {Bach khoa todn thu vdn
hgc Nhdt Bdn, 1954)
4 Akutagawa la mdt tac gia cdn kha mdi
vdi ddc gia Viet Nam du tuyIn tap truyen
ngln ciia dng da dugc dich va gidi thieu d
nude ta tir nam 2000 Sang tac ciia
Akutagawa ludn tao dugc hiing thu dac biet
cho ngudi dgc va dac dilm nay cting la mdt
dac diem dl nhan thay d nha van Nam Cao
-Viet Nam Dilm tuong ddng thii vi nay la
ddng lire thiic day tac gia bai viet tim hiiu va
so sanh sang tac cua hai nha van ndi tren Cd
thi ndi, dilm gap gd ddc dao nhai trong sang
tac ciia Akutagawa va Nam Cao chinh la d
nghe thuat xly dung nhin vlt tha boa Thue
te van dl nghien cuu nhin vlt tha boa trong
van hgc khdng phai la mdt van dl mdi
Nhung neu dat van di nay trong cai nhin ddi
sanh giira mdt tac gia Nhat Ban va mdt tie
gia Viet Nam thi bin la cdn mdi me Trong
sang tac ciia Akutagawa va Nam Cao, nhan
vat tha boa la mdt phuong tien giup nha van
len an xa hdi va canh tinh cop ngudi trudc
nhiing nguy ca tha hoa dugc nay sinh tir xa
hdi dd Vdi bai viet nay, chung tdi da khai
quat nhan vat tha boa trong ^ac phlm ciia
Akutagawa va Nam Cao thanh'hai loai nhan
vat la: nhan vat thugc ting Idp dudi day
trong xa hgi va nhan vat tri thiic Qua do,
chung ta da phln nao thl'y dugc sir tuong ddng va di biet trong sang tac cua hai nha van thugc hai nln van hgc Chau A Tuy nhien, bai viet nay mdi chi la nhung ddi sanh bude dau ve nghe thuat xly dung nhin vlt cua Akutagawa va Nam Cao, trong khi dd sing tie cua hai nha van nay cdn dat ra nhilu phuong dien khac cIn tim hiiu nhu: nghe thuat tran thuat, nghe thuat td chiic khdng-thdi gian, nghe thuat td chdc ket ca'u Va ngay trong nghe thuat xly dirng nhin vlt cung cdn nhilu khia canh dang dl so sanh nhu each thiic td chdc cac cudc thoai ciia nhin vat, each khlc boa nhan vat qua ngdn ngii, ngoai hinh Nhirng khia canh nay se dugc chiing tdi de cap den trong mdt djp khac thuan tien hon
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
(1) M Bakhtin (1993), Nhicng vdn de thi phdp Ddxtdiepxki, Nxb Giao due, Ha Ngi
(2) Ha Minh Diic (1999), Nam Cao todn tap,
NXB Van hgc Ha Ngi
(3) Doan Le Giang (1997), So sanh quan niem vdn hoc trong vdn hoc cd dien Viet Nam vd Nhdt Bdn, Nghien cicu vdn hgc sd9
(4) Doan Le Giang (2003), Basho - Nguyin Trdi - Nguyin Du nhicng hon tha dong dieu, Nghien cicu vdn hgc sd 6
(5) Khuong Viet Ha (2005), Cdc khuynh
hudng phdn tu nhien chii nghTa trong vdn hgc Nhdt Bdn dau the'ky XX, Nghien cicu vdn hgc sd
8, U 126
(6) Phong Vu (2000), Mgt ddi net ve
Akutagawa vd truyen ngdn ciia ong, Akutagawa
- Tuyen tap truyen ngan, Nxb Hgi nha van, tr
344, 345