Ciing vrii su xuat hien cua Dring Duong Cong san Dang va An Nam cring sin Ding, Tan Viet each mang dang da hoi than thanh Dring Duong Cring sin lien doan. Tiep dri, tri chiic niy da n[r]
Trang 1TRAO 001
VAI TRO CUA TAN VIET CACH MANG DANG
trong lich sit Viet Nam
PGS,TS DINH TRAN DUONG
Cho den nay, viec nghien cim crii ngurin
_ ' cua Dang Cong sin Viet Nam, die biet li
Hrii Viet Nam cich mang thanh nien va Tin Viet
each mang dang hay crin qui it Nhimg cring frinh
hien cri chua phin inh diy du die diem vi vai fro
ljch sir cua hai to chiic niy frong qui trinh chu
nghTa yeu nuric tiep nhin vi ket hgp nhuan
nhuyen vrii chii nghTa Mic - Lenin de hinh thanh
dpi lien phong ciia giai cip cring nhan va ciia dan
toe Viel Nam trong nhirng nam 20 ciia the ky XX
Doi vrii Tan Viel each mang ding, chiing trii
da tin chpn cac ngurin sir lieu, bien tip thinh mrit
so chuyen de girii thieu vrii ban dpc trong nhung
nam gin day tren Tgp chi Lich sir Ddng vi tiep
do da cri gang bri sung, chinh ly, bien tip thanh
sach Tdn Viet cdch mgng ddng trong cugc vdn
ddng thdnh Idp Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Ngm (Nhi
xuat ban Chinh trj Quric gia an hinh nim 2006)
Trong bii viet niy, chiing trii murin lim ro
ihem mrit vii diem cin thiet khi dinh gii vai trri
ljch sir cua Tin Viet cich mang ding trong Ijch
sir each mang Viet Nam
/ Vi ten ggi Tdn Viet cdch mgng ddng
Tan Viet each mang dang la mrit buric phat
trien ciia Hcii Phuc Viel, tuong img vrii mrit giai
doan Irong qua frinh chuyen hoa ciia nhifrig ngurii
* Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Nrii
tri thiic yeu nuric frr Phuc Viet (1925) den Dring Duong Cring sin lien doin (1929), hi lap tmring ciia chii nghTa yeu nuric sang lap tmring cring sin Do la mrit dau in ljch su "dam net xet tren ca hai phuang dien cuong ITnh chinh trj va co ciu tri chirc; da trri thanh ten gpi quen thuric ciia nhirng ngurii hoat dpng yeu nuric vi ci nhifrig
ke chring phi each mang thai bay giri Vi vay, nhieu dang vien lao thanh cang nhri ve crii nguon cua Dang, cing tu hao ve Tin Viel each mang dang - lri chirc dau lien da dua hp trii con during each mang diing dan ciia din trie Trong qui frinh chuyen hoi khring ngimg tir Phuc Viet den Tan Viet each mang ding rrii Dring Duong cring sin lien doin- mrit to chirc lien than ciia Ding Cong sin Viet Nam, nhieu ngurii tri thirc yeu nuric da chuyen hria thanh nhifrig ngurii cring sin
Cri ngurii cho rang, vrii du an Khdi lien hiep
Qudc gig (3-1929), Dio Duy Anh da dat diu
cham het cho Tan Viet, rang Tin Viet da tan ra Dinh gii nhu viy li thieu mot cii nhin day dii tir Phuc Viet den Dring Duong cring sin lien doan, khring thiy dugc nhung khri khan cua ngurii lri thirc duong thrii va khring dinh gia dung vai trri cua hp trong curie van dpng ihanh lap Dang
2 Tdn Viet cdch mgng ddng ndm trong qud trinh chuyin hod mgnh me lie Phuc Viet din
Trang 2Ddng Duong Cgng sdn liin dodn (nhimg ndm 3 Tich cue tim hiiu ede td chirc yeu mrdc,
1925 -1930) md lire luong tiin phong, ddng vai kiin tri ddu tranh cho sir thdng nhdt phong trao trd ndng cot la nhirng tri thire ye u nude gidi phdng ddn toe
Tu nira curii thi ky XIX, cic sy phu yeu nuric Tin Viet each mang ding srim hieu ro gii tri
da xi than vi nghTa Irin vi cho din ci gin het 30 ciia bii hpc ve doin ket din trie Hp diu tranh cho nam diu thi ky XX, vrii tim nhin rong ban, lop sy thong nhit ciia phong trio dan trie vrii tit ca fri thirc duong thai cung khring vugt qua dugc tim nguyen li de ciiu nuric Ngay frr luc vira mrii thyc tl phu phang "Trim lan thit bai ma khring thanh lap vi frong surit qui trinh phit frien cua mgt lan thinh cring" Rrii vin vrii kbit vgng dgc Tan Viet, cugc diu tranh de hiring nhit cic to lip ty do, hi siic manh ciia chu nghTa din trie, tu chiic yeu nuric khring ngimg dugc dit ra
nggn lira tinh thin Viet Nam, nhirng ngurii tii Vira moi ra drii (7-1925), Phuc Viet da cii Le chinh frj dau the ky XX fro ve ciing vrii nhifrig Duy Diem tim each lien he vrii nhirng ngurii Viet thanh nien fri thiic tin hpc ma phin Ion la nhifrig Nam dang hoat dpng ri viing Dring Bac Xiem
''ciru gia tir di " da khring chju cui diu tmric gong (Thii Lan) vi Quing Chiu (Tmng Quric) Tir do
xieng nri le, hp quyet tim ciing nhin din diu vin de hgp nhit voi Hgi Viet Nam cich mang tranh de gianh lai dric lap cho Tri quric, hanh phuc thanh nien lurin lurin dugc coi li mgt tieu chi hoat cho dring bio; coi dri li sy sring crin va vinh dring, mrit yeu cau buc thiet drii vrii Tin Viet quang ciia ngurii tri thirc Viet Nam cich mang ding Nhieu dai bieu cua Tan Viet Diu la dugc rgi chieu giin tiep nhieu ban la true dugc cir sang Quang Chau van dgng hgp nhat tiep nhung hr hrring cich mang cua Nguyen Ai Tiep theo Le Duy Diem li Trin Phu, Tran Hau Quric - Hri Chi Minh da dugc Tan Viet drin chio Toin, Nguyen ST Sich vi Phan Ding Luu da nring nhiet Sau chuyen di diu lien ciia Le Duy sang gap Tring bg Viet Nam cich mang thanh Diem vi sau dri la Tran Phii tiep xiic voi Viet Nam nien bin viec hpp nhit
cich mang thanh nien vi hpc tip tai Tmring huin Trong 4 nim 2 thing trin tai Tin Viet each luyen chinh tri ri Quing Chau, Hgi Phuc Viet di mang ding da cri tren 5 lin ban bac viec hgp nhat chuyen con during giii phring din trie tiieo khuynh vrii Hrii Viet Nam cich mang Thanh nien Liic thi huong cich mang vri sin Ban lanh dao Tring bg, bj mrit vii dring chi ciia minh dugc cir di hgc ri Ban lanh dao cic ky bri vi hiu het cic ding vien Tmong huin luyen chinh trj cua Thanh nien ve ciia Tin Viet each mang ding da chuyen tiiinh giy khri khin, luc thi khring dugc Ban lanh dao Dring Duong Cring sin lien doan De sau dri, voi Ky bg Thanh nien Tmng Ky chip nhin; hoac vai frri tich cue, chu dpng, sing tao ciia lanh tu cung cri the do drii hrii ciia phia Tin Viet qui cao Nguyen Ai Quric, Dring Duong Cring sin lien doin murin dit "Tong bp hpp nhit" frong nuric, v.v ciing voi Dring Duong Cong sin Ding vi An Nam Thing 7-1928, vio thai diim curie thuong Cong sin Ding hgp tiiinh Ding Cgng sin Viet lugng hgp nhat dimg tmric nguy co bj dri vo hoan Nam- chinh dang duy nhat lanh dao each mang Dri toan Tan Viet da trieu tap Dai hrii ri Hue, chuyen
la su tiie hien dim net cua cugc giao duyen ljch sir doi ding danh vi tuyen bri boat dgng dric lip vrii giira chu nghTa yeu nuric vrii chu nghia Mic-Lenin Viet Nam each mang Thanh nien Nhung khat khi giai cip cring nhin moi hinh thinh ri Viet Nam vpng dric lip hr do vi bii hpc Ijch sir vl doan ket
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da nhac nhri hp khring dugc phep nin Iring dii da
nhieu lan hgp nhat khring thinh Tin Viet each
mang ding lai quyet djnh cir dai bieu ciia hp tiep
tuc trii Quing Chiu khan thiet frao drii voi lanh
dao Tong bp Thanh nien xuc tien srim viec hgp
nhat hai to chiic Tin Viet cung da chuin bj cir
mot doan dai bieu sang gap Ban chap hinh Quric
te cring sin ri Mariccova trong tmring hgp cugc
thuong lugng voi Viet Nam cich mang Thanh
nien that bai mgt lin nti'a Tit ci nhung dieu dri nrii
len tinh cim nring thim cua Tin Viet drii voi con
during mi lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quric da lya chpn
0 Nam Ky, Ky bri Tin Viet each mang ding
da CO su lien he vrii Ding Thanh nien cua Trin
Huy Lieu vi Viet Nam Quric din ding Nghien
cim nhirng moi quan he nay, chiing ta cang thiy
ro: tuy sac thai cua chii nghTa yeu nuric cri khic
nhau nhung trich nhiem ljch sir drii vrii din trie
deu li mot Hp da den vrii nhau trong mot tinh the
day kho khin, nhieu su kien xiy ra sau vu
Bacbie: Nguyen Duy Trinh va Dao Xuin Mai bj
bat, mot sri cin bp trong dri cri Hi Huy Tap phai
ra nuric ngoii, cu Nguyen Dinh Kien (Bi thu Ky
bp Tan Viet ri Nam Ky) bj Wiring che Mac dii,
luc bay giri cic dang phai dang trong tinh trang
"thai nghen ve tu turing", hoac dang huong theo
nhifrig phuang phap cich mang khac nhau,
nhung deu dung tren nen ting cua chii nghTa yeu
nuric, nen deu cri mrit quyet tim chung la phii
doan ket dau tranh giinh cho dugc dric lap, tu do
Tan Viet each mang ding da bri qua nhieu
dieu kien "ngat ngheo"ma tiirii dri nhirng ngurii
tri thirc khri chap nhan, de huong trii sy tiiong
nhat phong trao dan trie Sy tiep nhin nhanh
chong vi kien djnh con during each mang ciia
lanh lu Nguyen Ai Quric, cung nhu su chi dao sac
ben ciia Ngurii tai Hrii nghj hgp nhit da mang lai
niem vui va vinh quang cho Tan Viet cich mang
dang: Ngiy 24-2-1930, Dring Duong Cring sin
lien doan dugc Chap uy lam thoi cring nhan la mot frong ba bri phan hgp thanh Dang Cring sin Viet Nam
4 Khdng ngimg tgo dimg nguon lire cho su nghiip gidi phdng ddn tdc
Mrit trong nhirng net nrii bat ciia Tdn Viet cdch
mgng ddng la coi trpng nhan tri con nguoi,
thuring xuyen cham lo brii during, ren luyen dang vien chuin bj ngurin luc cho phong trio
Nhimg nim curii the ky XIX dau the ky XX, fri thiic Viet Nam da cri cich nhin mrii ve dan trie Van de dan trie phai gin ket voi vin de binh dang, bic ii, vrii dric lap, tu do, im no va hanh phiic ciia dring bio Nhung murin khoi day mrit phong trao thi tmric het phii cri ngurii tri chiic lanh dao Sire lanh dao friy thuric vao ca sri lugng
vi chit lugng cua bri miy dieu hanh each mang Tin Viet each mang ding da cri nhiing con ngurii het Iring vi nuric vi din, cri nhifrig bac danh nho cring hien trpn drii cho Tri quric Vugt qua nhifrig nam thing bj tii diy, trri ve hg da diu dit, dpng vien va cimg the he thanh nien tri thirc mrii lien nhanh tren con During kich menh ciia Nguyen Ai Quric Tir Phuc Viet den Dring Duong Cring sin lien doan khring ngat quang, ma chi cri mot su tien hoi phii hgp vrii quy luat van dring ciia xa hrii, voi xu the phit trien cua thrii dai
Drii sich ciia chinh quyen thuc din voi cic cuu chinh trj pham li giim sit, theo drii, quan thuc chat che, sin sang bat giam frri lai; drii vrii nhung giao chirc mrii, thuong tim cich chuyen
drii noi lim viec dua trii ''vimg mg thiing nuac
doe", de cich ly hg vrii quan chiing yeu nuric,
giy khri khan ve drii sring, giet dan, giet mrin hp Tham dpc ban, chung'crin tim each phao tin drin nhim gay nghi ky trong nrii bp cic to chirc yeu nuric vi nham gay chia re phong trio cich mang, thuc hien ke sich "khring dinh ma tan" Dring thai vrii cac bien phip tren, chiing con
Trang 4hing mat tham rinh rap tren cic myen during
bien girii de chan bat nhung ngurii xuat duong
sang cac tmng tim each mang ciia Viet Nam ri
nuoc ngoii Chinh quyen thyc din cho ring dri
li cich nhe nhing nhit mi vin dip tit phong
trio giii phring din trie ngay hr khi crin tning
n-uric Nhung cic "Qudc sir phgm" van khring
son Iring, van ngiy ngiy lo qudc sir Mang chi
Phuc Viet hr nguc tii Crin Dio trri ve, cac cu
cing nhay cim hon vrii thai cuoc Le Van Huin,
Nguyen Dinh Kien, Huynh Thuc Khang, Tran
Ky Phong, Tran Hoinh, Le Dai, 'w li nhung
lanh hi tinh thin cua Irip thanh nien tri thu'c trong
burii diu tao dung nguon luc lanh dao Hp sin
sang nhin mpi trich nhiem chinh trj tmric toi in
thuc din de bio ve cho lop tre, bio ve nhirng
chiu con, nhiing hpc trri dang nrii nghiep hp
du-gc an toin trong boat dgng bi mat Mrit sri ding
vien chu chrit ciia Tdn Viet nhu Tran Mring Bach
(Trin Dinh Thanh), Phan Kiem Huy, Hoing
Dire Thi, Hi Huy Tip, Trin Van Tang, khi bj
chuyen drii den noi khic ciing deu ra sire tuyen
tmyen, lua chpn quin chiing phit trien tri chirc,
nri lyc giy dyng co so mrii
Qua nhieu ngurin hr lieu, qua Van kien Ding
va qua Hrii ky ciia cic bac lao thinh cich mang,
giup ta khang djnh Tan Viet each mang ding li
mrit tri chirc kha tio bao trong viec brii during
huin luyen ding vien Khring chri dgi hpp nhat
mot cich thu dpng, mi chu dring trong viec tim
hieu cic dring tu turing tien bp, cic hpc thuyet
each mang, nghien ciiai chii nghTa Mic-Lenin
qua cic ngurin sich bao hgp phip va bi mat Tan
Viet crin cir nhieu thanh nien tri thirc (trong dri
cri Le Duy Diem, Trin Phii, Hi Huy Tap,
Nguyen Sy Sich, Phan Ding Luu, ) trii
Truong huin luyen chinh tri cua Viet Nam cich
mang thanh nien ri Quang Chiu (Trung Quric)
de tryc tiep tiep nhin nhifrig quan diem co ban
ciia lanh hi Nguyen Ai Quric, tren co so dri ve nuric chgn lua quin chung, tri chirc cic lop huan luyen; va ciing khong y lai Tmong huin luyen chinh tri cua Viet Nam cich mang thanh nien Tin Viet da tich cue mri cic lop huin luyen cho dang vien Co sri xa hgi ciia Tin Viet li giai cip cring nhin, nhan din lao dgng, tmric het la nhirng dring nghiep, ban be quen biet, nhung ngurii trong gia trie Tin Viet each mang ding
da thim nhip co sri myen tmyen giac ngg vi dao luyen hg, tao dieu kien cho viec mri rgng phong trio Nhri viy mi thinh phin xa hgi cua Tan Viet cich mang ding rit phong phu; tir nhimg sT phu, giio chiic, hgc sinh, din din da cri nhieu cring nhan, nring din trri thanh ding vien hoac quin chiing tich cyc
Trong mgt thrii gian khring dii, cri nhieu to chiic yeu nuric (Viet Nam each mang thanh nien, Viet Nam quoc din ding, Thanh nien cao vgng
ding, ) dua tranh van dring, nhung Tdn Viet van
CO dugc mgt sri lugng ding vien khring durii 800 nguoi Sy cri mat cua hg tren ci ba ky, die biet la
ri nhieu tinh thinh tren dii dat mien Tmng, da grip phan thiic day giai cip cring nhin, giai cap nring din vi cic tang Irip thanh nien hgc sinh vao Iran tuyen diu tranh ciia din trie
Vrii cich lim dri Tin Viet khong chi day nhanh cugc van dgng thinh lap Ding Cring sin Viet Nam mi crin grip mot phin quan trpng tao nen ngurin lyc lanh dao ciia Dang trong each mang din trie din chu nhin din ma true tiep truric mat li cao trio each mang 1930-1931 Dimg nhu lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quric da du bio 10 nim truric dri: "Dang sau
sy phuc tiing tieu cue, ngurii Dring Duong giau mrit cii gi dang srii sue, dang gio thet va
se bring nri mrit cich ghe grim, khi thrii co din
Bp phin uu tu cri nhiem vu phii thuc day cho thai CO dri mau den"
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5 Ddu dn lich sir trong nhimg ndm thdng tgo
dimg nin ddn chii edng hod Viet Nam
Ciing vrii su xuat hien cua Dring Duong Cong
san Dang va An Nam cring sin Ding, Tan Viet
each mang dang da hoi than thanh Dring Duong
Cring sin lien doan Tiep dri, tri chiic niy da nam
giir trpng trach mrii ciia Dang Cring sin Viet Nam
tren dja ban ma nri da hmg hoat dpng vi ciing voi
loan Dang, toin dan buric vio cao trio each mang
1930-1931 Durii ngpn cri cua Ding Cring sin
Viet Nam, nhieu chien sT cring san cri crii ngurin
tir Tan Viet cich mang dang nhu Le Mao, Le
Viet Thuat, v.v da xi than trong curie diu tranh
chong ap biic va brie lot cua chu nghTa thuc din
Phap va phong kien tay sai Tring Bi thu Tran
Phu tmric giri phut hy sinh da dan dri anh em
dong chi: "Hay giu- viing chi khi!"
Cac the he ngurii Viet Nam cung khring the
nao quen nhung chien sT cring san da lin Irin
Irong thrii ky 1936-1939 de cring khai tuyen
tmyen during lrii chinh sich ciia Ding Ly luin sac
ben CLia hg frong curie dau franh vi mrit mat frin
chung chong phit xit, chring chien franh, chring
phan dpng thuric dia vi tay sai, drii dan sinli, din
chii da lao nen ting cho su hinli thanh dao quan
chinh tri rong Ion cua cich mang Viet Nam
Nhan dan ta khring the nao quen: cimg vrii
khrii nghTa Nam Ky, truric mui simg ciia ke thii
tan bao, nhieu chien sT uu tu ciia cich mang
Viet Nam da nga xuring trong dri cri Tring Bi
thu Ha Huy Tip, Uy vien Trung uong Ding
Cong sin Dong Duong Phan Dang Luu, Bi thu
Thanh uy Sai Grin - Chg Lan Nguyen Thj
Minh Khai, vv Dri la nhirng con ngurii "vifrig
chi ben gan", "kien tam giir da" tren con during
ciru nuck day chring gai mi "Neu crin sring
con lam each mang!", la nhung tam guang ngrii
sang chu nghTa yeu nuric - chu nghTa anh hiing
each mang Viet Nam
Nen dan chu cring hoa dugc khai sinh, nhilu guong mat cua "mot tiirii Tan Viet" xuit hien trong Quric hrii diu tien ciia nuric Viet Nam mrii E)ri la cac ring Vo Nguyen Giap, Le Viet Lugng, Chu Van Bien, Dang Thai Mai, Ngu\'en Duy Trinh, Trin Hiifr Duyet, Le Lgc, Hoang Van Diem, Tran Hiru Due, Trin Quang Phiet va ba Trin Thj Que v.v Ngoai nhifrig ngurii tham gia lanh dao, dilu hanh bp miy Nhi nuric ri Tmng uong va cac dja phuang con cri nhieu ngurii grip phan ding ke trong viec tao dung nen van hoi each mang nhu Hai Trieu, Dang Thai Mai, Vo Liem Son, Hoai Thanh, v.v Die biet cri ca mrit danh luring van vri song toan - Dai luring Vo Nguyen Giap Chiing trii cho rang, nghien ciiu ljch sir mrit tri chirc cich mang khring nen chi girii han trong khring gian va thrii gian nhat djnh Brii, tri chirc dugc kien tao tu' con ngurii cho nen cin xem xet
ca crii ngurin vi su phat trien cua con ngurii trong ljch sir; ke ci khi mi "cii vri bpc" ciia nri
da ket thuc sir menh ljch sir Con ngurii yeu nuric chinh la te bio ciia chii nghTa yeu nuric, la
su toa sang gia tri ciia mot tri chirc, la cau noi ciia cic quan he da chieu trong ljch sir, gan ket cic nhan tri lich cue tao nen phong trao each mang, tao nen tmyen thring Viet Nam Cac tri chuc each mang va nhirng con ngurii ciia cac tri chirc iy dugc girii thieu trong mot cong trinh nghien cim Ijch sir cung chi li su phac hpa ciia mot bieu tugng Brii chua the nrii len het thay nhifrig gii tri dich thuc mi hp da am tham the hien boat dring trong nhung dieu kien ngat ngheo mrit crin mrit mat Tren tinh than ay, chiing trii lurin tu nhan thay trong mpi cring frinh CLia minh deu cri nhung thieu sot Mong rang dric gii yeu men ljch sir dan trie chi bao va neu cri the cung cap tu lieu de chung trii chinh sira, hoan thien cic vin de nghien ciru ciia minh ve Tan Viet each mang ding