cimg vdi nhirng giai cap trong dang cap thir ba (tu san, thuang nhan, cdng nhan...). nhan dan da dirng ldn dau tranh ehdng lai ehinh sach thud eua chfnh qu)dn phong kidn. Anh va Phi[r]
Trang 1VAI TRO CUA QUAN CHUNG NHAN D A N TRONG
CUOC CACH MANG TlT SAN P H A P
Le Thi Anh Dao
Khoa Sir, Dai hoc Khoa hpc Hue
Nhan loiii da trai qua nhirng ehang
dudng ph<it tridn khae nhau mdi mdt giai
doan danh dau mdt sy phat tridn khae nhau
vdi nhirng cung bac va mau sac ridng bidt
Thdi ky can dai eiia ljch sir thd gidi la thdi
ky danh dau sy biing nd eua hang loat cac
cudc each mang khiie nhau trdn thd gidi
trong dd sy biing nd Ciic cudc Ciich mang tu
san ddng vai trd riii quan trgng trong vide ra
ddi va phat tridn eiia chii nghTa tu ban eiing
nhu md ra mdt thdi k) mdi trong quii trinh
phat tridn ciia van minh loai ngudi Ciieh
mang tu san Phap eudi thd ky XVIII ki cudc
dgi eiich mgng da dd lai diiu an dam net
trong tidn trinh phat tridn ciia each mang
chau Au va each mang thd gidi thdi can dai
trong dd vai trd ciia quan chimg nhan diin
trong cudc each mang la rat quan trgng
Nude Phap trude ciich niiing lit mdt
qude gia phong kien ndng nghiep lae hau
Til) nhidn lrong Idng chd do phong kidn da
lhai nghcn mam mdng quan he tu ban ehu
nghTa Ydu td kinh id tu ban ehu nghTa bat
dau xam nhap mdt each manh me vao trong
dai sdng kinh te xa hgi cua nude Phiip lam
tha) ddi can ban tinh trang kinh td ciing nhu quan he giai cap Ben eanh dd sy khimg hoang cua chd do phong kidn ngay eang trd ndn tram trgng Dudi sy thdng trj ciia vua Louis XVI nude Phap roi vao linh trang khung hoang vd tai chfnh ngan khd qudc gia
bi tut giam ddi sdng nhan dan lam vao tinh trang khdn ddn khdng Idi thoai
irude khi ciich mang ehua biing nd ndng dan Phap bai dau phan hoa ihanh nhidu
bd phan ed qu)cn lgi khae nhau nhung tuu ehung hg ddu chiu sy bde lot tan nhan cua dia ehu phong kidn dudi nhidu hinh thire khae nhau Quan chimg nhan dan xem chd do chuydn chd cua vua Louis la ke thii khdng dgi trdi ehung eua hg Do vay, nhirng cudc khai nghTa eiia ndng dan lidn tidp biing nd Dae bidt cimg vdi nhirng giai cap trong dang cap thir ba (tu san, thuang nhan, cdng nhan ) nhan dan da dirng ldn dau tranh ehdng lai ehinh sach thud eua chfnh qu)dn phong kidn Hon nira vao nam 1786 Anh va Phiip ky thuong udc ha thap thud nhap eang ddi vdi hang hda cua Anh Thoa thuan nay
da lam eho hang hda ciia Anh chidm ITnh thj
Trang 2tru'dng Phap ga)' ndn tinh trang that nghiep
ddi vdi dai da sd ngudi dan lao ddng d Phap
nhicu ngudi lam vao tinh trang khd khan,
khdn ddn Trong dieu kidn khd khan vd mgi
mat tinh tfeh eye ve mat chinh trj trong
quang dai quan chimg nhiin diin ngiiy eang
ldn eao Dii)' chinh ki ddng lye la tinh thiin
dua ddn sy thanh edng eua euge each mang
Nhu Vii)' ngay khi cdeh mang ehua
biing nd trude nhirng dp bire bde lot eiia
chfnh quydn phong kidn dia ehu quan ehiing
nhan dan da bat dau dirng ldn phan khdng
qu)'dt liet Tir nam 1787 ddn nam 1789 tinh
the each mang o' Phdp da sap chin mudi
nhimg cudc dau tranh etia quan chimg nhan
dan no ra ngd) eang nhieu hon Trong didu
kien nude Phap lue ba) gicr quan ehiing
nhan dan da tro thanh dgi quan ehu lye dirng
vd phi'a giai cap tu san de ehdng phong kidn
Hon nira ludng gid mdi eua trao luu "Trii'l
hge {nil sdng " da thye sy chuan bi ve niilt tu
tuang cho euge each mang "Nhimg nhd Irii'l
hge nhd kinh le hge nhirng ngirdi vii'l vdn
khi benh virc nliinii; lir lironi:: lii'n lien, nhimg
Ur lirong lien hg dd soi dudng cho nhdn ddn
vd soi dirirng mot cdeh khdch quan de Idm
euge each mgng sdp den "'
J'<x\ Hgi nghj ba dSng cap khai mac nga)'
5/5/1789 tai Versailles, vua Louis XVI da
khdng dd ciip ddn tinh hinh trong nirdc ma
chl nhan manh den van dd tai chfnh trong dd
)eu eau nhah dan phai ddng gdp ihdm Dieu
A Manli-ed (1965) Dai edeh mang Phdp NXB
Khoa hge xii hgi 1 lii Noi lr.46 47,
nay cang lam tang thdm mau thuan giira quan ehiing nhan dan va chinh quydn phong kidn Trud'c tinh hinh dd quan chimg nhan dan lai tfeh eye img hd dang cap thir ba (dai didn la giai cap tu san) trong vide bao vc Hdi nghj Lap hidn va quan trgng hon la lidn hanh tan edng vao ngye Bastille ngiiy 14 thdng 7 ndm 1789 - bieu tugng cua ehinh quydn ehu)dn che nha vua noi day da tirng giam cam rat nhidu ngu't)'i dan vd lgi Vide danh chidm duge phiio ddi Bastille la mdt thdng lgi vT dai cua nhan dan Paris, ddnh dau sy
mo mdn ciia Cach mang tu san Phdp (Sau nd)' ngdy 14 thdng 7 dugc lay lam ngd)' qude khdnh etia nude Phap) Sau thdng Igi nd) nhan dan Phdp lidp tyc dau tranh khdng nhirng chTa miii nhgn vdo tang ldp dia ehii
ma cdn nhdm thang vao mdt bd phdn thuang gia dau CO', nhirng ngudi bao thud bde lot nhan dan Nhu vay ngay tir budi dau eua each mang quan chimg nhan dan da tich eye phdt huy dugc sire manh dodn kdt giai cap dau tranh chdng ke thti trudc mdt Id phong kidn quy tde 'Lriidc mdt hg da dirng vd phia giai cap tu san (dang cap thir ba) dd bao vd qu)dn lgi cua giai cap minh Luy nhidn sau nhirng thdng lgi cua cdeh mang khi chinh quydn ciia giai cap tu san dugc thanh kip lo
sg trude phong trao dau tranh ngdy cdng ldn eao eua qudn chimg giai cap tu san (phdi lap hidn) da phai quan ddi qude gia qua) trd lai Iran dp phong trdo Bdn ciinh dd llgi nghi Lap hien cung khdng cd nhirng chinh sdch tfeh cue dam bao qu)dn Igi eho ngirdi dan lao ddng Vi vii) ldn sdng dau tranh eua
Trang 3'^Oai Iri) ena qndn ehnnq 57
quan chiing ngay cang dang cao ddi thi u)
va keo tdi dien Versailles dd ydu cau chinh
phu giai qu)dt van dd ddi sdng cho nhan dan
Hdi nghi Lap hidn phai xudng thang chap
nhan diing van ban dd ehinh thue edng bd
phdp lenh xod bo nhirng dae qu)dn phong
kien Tuy dd) chf Id hinh thire ddi phd eua
giai cap tu san nhung trong ehirng mye nhat
djnh Cling ed the thay phong trdo qudn ehirng
nhan dan da phan ndo cd tde ddng ldn (i,en
giai cap tu sdn va bao vd duge nhimg thdnh
qua cdeh mang
Cudc edeh mang ngdy 10 thdng 8 nam
1792 eua quan chimg nhan dan mdt kin nira
tan cdng vdo ehe do qudn ehu ddng thdi ndi
Ciie eiia giai cap lu sdn cimg bj kit do toa thi
ehinh each miing - Cdng xa Paris - duge
thdnh liip lien thye te Cdng \ a Paris da roi
vdo sy khdng ehe eua nhdn dan lao ddng
Ldn sdng ddu tranh khdng ngimg dang
eao khi da kit dd duge nen ehu)en ehe qiuin
ehu nhdn dan liii tidp tyc ddu tranh ehdng kii
nhirng phan tu phan ddng trong giai cap tu
san Ngd) 31 lhdng 5 nam 1793 nhdn dan
dau tranh bat vd xet xu nhimg ngudi theo
phai Girondc phan bdi kii edeh mang
Bude vao giai doiin thir ba cua cudc
Ciieh mang - giai doan thdng trj eua nen
chuydn chfnh edeh m;ing lacobins \ai trd
eua quan chimg nhdn dan eang duge phdt
hu) cao do Ngodi Cdng xa Paris Hiep hgi
Nhan dan a cdc dia phirong la trung tam gido
dye chinh trj ddi vdi quan chimg edn cd Uy
ban Cdeh niiing dirge td ehire ddu khap trong
loan qude Dd) la td chirc ed vai trd tap -hgp rdng rai qudn ehiing nhdn dan tham gia vdo ede cdng vice qudc gia cimg nhu nhirng cudc dau tranh chfnh trj Nhu viiy lrong nhirng eo quan doan thd trdn khdng thieu vai trd eua qudn chimg nhdn dan Hg la lye lugng chu ehdt vd true tiep tham gia vao ede euge dau tranh Sy tap hgp quan chimg nhan dan \ao trong ede td ehire nil) eho thd) cudc dau tranh eua qudn chiing nhdn dan trong euge edeh miing cd sy dodn kdt ehiit ehe diic biet nhimg menh lenh cua chfnh qu)en eiing nhu nhimg khdu hidu dua ra se dirge tru)en diit mdt edeh nhanh ehdng
Khdng dimg kii dd quan chimg nhdn dan liii tiep lye thye hien nhiem vy eao ea eua nude Phdp luc bd) gid dd la ehdng ngoiii xam Nam 1792 nude Phdp dimg trudc mgt
khd khan ldn la thii \\on\i giiie ngodi Lien
minh Plmng kien Chau Au dang tini edeh can thiep vdo nude Phdp Do vd) nhiem vy eua cdeh mang liie bd) gid khdng elii ddnh dd phong kien ma edn thye hiC-n nhiem \u ehdng ngoai xdm Mdt kin nira nhan dan
Phdp dirng Ien giuong eao nggn cb ddu tranh
\i sy tdn \ong eua dan tdc Dudi sy lhdng trj cua phdi lacobins (giai doan thir ba eua cudc cdeh mang) lenh tdng ddng vien trong todn qudc duge ban hdnh (ngd) 23 thdng 8 nani
1793) Phdp lenh vidt: "Bdi ddu lir ngiiv hdm
inn- eho idi ngdy qudn ihii bi dudi ra khoi Idnh ihd eua nude ciiny hod Ii'nin lhi nhdn ddn Phdp deu phai ed nghia vu di ipidn dieh Tlhinli niin llii di ddnh liigc nhiniii iiiiirdi
Trang 4ddn dng dd cd gia dinh lhi chi' tgo vii khi vd
van tdi luong ihirc; phu nir may leu hgt, may
y phue vd phue vu Irong y vien; Ire con lhi
cdt vdi cii de Idm nhirng eudn hang; ngirdi
gid lhi ra qiidng Inrdvg de cd xiiy linh than
diing cam cua cdc chien sT luyen Inndn mgi
ngiriri biet cdm thii nhd vua vd keu ggi mgi
ngiriri lhdng nhdl Irong nude cdng hod"'
Tat cd mgi ngudi khdng phan bidt gid tre
gai, trai ddu nhiet liet hudng irng ddng gdp
mdt phan sue lye ciia minh vdo cudc khdng
chidn Nhd sy nd lye khdng ngirng tir phia
chfnh phii ciia phdi Jacobins va tir phfa nhan
dan, each mang da gidnh dugc thdng lgi ldn
Ci trong nude, cae euge bao loan da dugc
tran dp nhu bao loan d Marseille, Vandee
Dac bidt, ddn luy cudi eiing cua mdt sd phdn
tir phdn cdeh miing ciia phdi Gironde Id Lyon
eiing bj diip tat khdng chd 0 ben ngodi
Phdp Cling gianh nhidu thdng lgi ldn Den
thdng 10 ndm 1793, quan Phdp da hai ldn
danh bai quan Ao, thdng 12 ndm 1793 ddy
kii qudn Anh ra khdi Toulon; quan Tay Ban
Nha vd Y cimg bi ddnh bat Vdo cudi nam
1793 quan Phdp da ddnh thdng qudn dich
trdn lanh thd ciia minh
Nhu vay ndn chuydn chfnh cdeh mang
Jacobins da tao ra dugc nhirng thang Igi to
ldn cho nude Phap: thang thii trong giac
ngodi ddng thdi xod bd dugc chd do phong
kidn d Phdp, mang ddn quydn Igi eho nhdn
Luu To Xirong Quang Nhan Uong Han 1 hCra Van
(2002) IJch su Ihti gidi ihdi can daL'Vd^ 3 NXB TP
1 lo Chi Minh tr 309
dan lao ddng Dd cd dupe thanh edng dd ben eanh sy nd lye khdng ngirng va bdn chat cdeh mang ciia phdi Jacobines can phai kd ddn vai trd to ldn ciia quan chimg nhan dan Phap Nhan dan da tich cue hudng irng tham gia vdo cdeh mang dudi mpi hinh thirc iing
hd chinh quydn trong cdc chii truang, chinh sdch vd tidn hanh dau tranh cdeh mang Trong didu kidn nude Phap dang gap khd khan ve mgi mat ndn kinh td lac hau, que quaL cac phan tir phdn loan dang tim cdeh chdng phd cdeh mang, nhung phdi Jacobins
da gianh dugc thdng lgi trong vide day liii quan xam luge ra khdi lanh thd Didu nay bat ngudn tir vide phdi Jacobins da bidt doan keL dya vdo nhdn dan vd phdt huy cao dp tinh than dau tranh chdng lai dp bire bde lot vd ke thii xdm luge
Trdi qua ba giai doan ciia cudc cdeh mang thdng lgi ciia giai cap tu sdn ddu cd su ddng gdp eiia quan chimg nhdn ddn lao ddng Khi giai edp tu sdn da gidnh dugc quydn lanh dao de dam bdo quydn lgi cua giai cap minh, giai cap tu san da quay lai dan dp phong trao dau tranh ciia nhan dan Tuy nhidn, xet trong didu kidn cu thd ciia cdeh mang Phdp liic bay gid, cd thd nhan thiiy giai doan thdng trj ciia phdi Jacobins la each mang nhat Hp da ludn ludn dirng vd phfa nhdn dan ban hanh nhung ehinh sach thidt thye ddp irng nguydn vpng etia nhan dan lao ddng, dac bidt la chinh sdch rupng dat Ho da nhan thay sire manh vai trd ciia nhan dan nen trong tidn trinh each mang
Trang 51)ai Iri) ena qndn ehiinq 59
hp da lien minh chat ehe vdi nhan dan Nhan
xet vd nhirng ngudi Jacobins Ldnin cho
rdng: }' nghia lich sir vT dgi cua nhirng ngudi
Jacobins chdn ehinh, ciia nhirng ngiriri
Jacobins ndm 1793 Id ir chd hg Id nhirng
ngiriri lacobins di viri nhdn ddn, vdi da sd
each mgng Khi danh gid vd vai trd ciia
quan chiing nhan dan trong cudc edeh mang
tu sdn Phdp Chu tjch Hd Chi M i n h cimg
cho rang: Ddn Phdp luy lirong ihirc il, sung
ong ihii'u nhirng chi nhd' gan edeh mgng md
Irong dep niii loan, ngodi phd eiidn^ quyen
Va Ngudi cung da khdng djnh: Cdeh mgng
Phdp da dgy cho chiing la: edn^ ndn}^ Id ^de
eua each mgng Ddn khi mgnh lhi ipidn linh
ndo, simg dng ndo ciing khdng ehdng lgi
noi^ Trong bat cir mdt cudc edeh mang nao
neu khdng cd ydu td quan chimg nhdn dan thi
cudc each mang dd lat ydu se thai bai Nhan
dan la ndng cdt Id ddng lye dua ddn sy
thanh cdng eiia edeh mang Ddi vdi ciich
mang Phdp xuydn sudi trong tidn trinh eua
cudc cdeh mang ddu ed sy ddng gdp ldn kio
cua nhdn dan Giai cap t u sdn da lidn minh
vdi nhan dan dp dyng phuong sdch edeh
mang dd xod bd chd do phong kidn Idi thdi
cimg vdi phuong thirc sdn xuat lac hau tao
dieu kidn m d dudng eho quan he sdn xudt
mdi phdt tridn Day la didu kidn vat chat de
gidi quydt dugc khd khdn ciia nude Phdp
ddng thdi day nhanh tidn trinh cdeh mang
dua den sy thdnh edng mdt each nhanh nhdt
Do vay cd thd thdy rang, cudc dai edeh
mang Phdp xet vd chidu sau hay chieu rdng
ddu vugt qua cudc cdeh mang t u sdn d Anh
vdo thd ky X V l l vd cudc chidn tranh gidnh
ddc lap d M y vao cudi thd ky X V I I P
Cudc Cdeh mang T u sdn Phdp eudi the
ky X V I I I Id mdt euge dai each mang cd y
nghTa vd eiing ldn lao khdng nhirng ddi vdi
nude Phdp ma cdn ed y nghTa ddi vdi each
mang ehau Au vd the gidi I rong euge each
mang nay da xuat hien nhidu tu tudng dan
ehu tidn bd eua ciic nhd Khai sdng va tu
tuong Ly do - Binh dang - Bde di trong bdn
i i i y d n ngdn Nhdn quydn vd Dan quydn da
khang djnh hon nira sy tidn bd vd y nghTa
eua cudc edeh mang Ddc bidu ddi vdi cudc
Cdeh mang T u san Phdp giai cap tu san dd
lidn minh vdi nhdn dan di cimg vdi nhan dan
dc4u tranh chong thii trong giac ngodi dua den
sy thanh cdng eiia cdeh mang Ndi vd cdeh
mang Phap V l Ldnin da eho rang: Todn the
nhdn ddn vd diic biel Id qudn ehiing, n^lua Id nhimg giai cap bi dp hire dd dimg Ien, vdi Idng nhiet linh cdeh mgng vd bir ben
^ Nhieu liie gia (198.^I lu lieu giang diiy lich su ihe
gidi can did N.XM (iiiio due I lii Noi Ir 62
•* llo Chi Minh luyen liip ( 19S0) NXB Su ihiil 1 lii
Ngi ir 244
^ Ho Chi Minh sdd U 2.'i7
'' Luu 16 Xirong Quang Nhim 1 long I liui Ihita Van sdd ir 324