Treng cac giai doan sau nay va hien nay, nhieu heat ddng tu tap, hanh tri cflng nhfl hoang dfldng Phat phap cila Phat giad Viet Nam, nhat la khu vflc Nam Bd va Thanh phd Hd Chf Mmh, [r]
Trang 138 Nghien curu Ton giao So7 (Sc8- 2009
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VAI TRO CUA PHONG TRAO CHAN HUNG PHAT GIAO 0 MIEN BAC
001 ven SIT PHAT TRIEN CUA PHAT GIAO VIET NAM THE KI XX
P heng trae chan hflng Phat giae dien
ra tfl niia d i u the ki XX d Viet Nam
noi chung, d Mien Bac ndi rieng, cd the
ndi, da tad ra mdt bfldc ngcat quan trpng
trdng tien trinh phat trien cila Phat giae
Viet Nam Vdi tinh chat cua met cudc
"each mang Phat giae", pheng trae nay
da chuyen Phat giao Viet Nam tfl truyen
thdng sang hien dai, bieu hien d met sd
phfldng dien tieu bieu nhfl: td chflc Tang
ddan, dad tad Tang tai, hdang dfldng Phat
phap,v.v
Ve phiidng dien to chiic Tdng dodn
L i n d i u tien treng lich sil Phat giao Viet
Nam cd sfl ddi mdi can ban ve mat td
chflc Hinh thflc Tang dean truyen thd'ng
la eac td dinh, sdn mdn binh dang nhau
trdng tu tap va dad tad Tang tai, tflc la
"md hinh td ebfle Phat giac hang ngang",
nay chuyen thanh cac Hdi Phat giad,
dfldc cbia thanh cac cap tfl cac xudng
tha'p, tfl trung fldng den dia phfldng, tflc
la "md hinh td chflc Phat giac hang dpc"
bad gdm khdng cbi cd ngfldi xuat gia ma
cdn nhieu thanh p h i n khac treng xa hdi
De vay trflde nam 1945 mac dfl thflc dan
Phap chfla cho phep thanh lap Tong hpi
Phat giae Viet Nam, nhflng sfl ra ddi eua
cac Hpi Phat giad ba ky Bac Trung
-Nam va cac chi hdi Phat giad dia phfldng
da gdp p h i n quan trpng giup hdat ddng
Phat giad Viet Nam phat trien thee chieu
hfldng tich cfle
Ve cdng tdc ddo tao Tdng tdi Vdi pheng
trao chan hflng Phat giao, sfl nghiep giao
due Phat giao Viet Nam khdng dflng lai d
LETAMD.AC' cac sdn mdn, td dinh, eac ki an cfl kiet ba dfldi mai chfla, ma da tien tdi thanh lap cac trfldng Phat hpc dad tao tang ni thee ldi mdi, quy cu va ed he thd'ng tfl sd cap den cao cap, trong dd ed sfl ket hdp hai hda gifla ndi dien va ngdai dien gifla Phat bee
va the hpe, dao tac nang cac, dad tad chuyen sau Khdng dflng lai d dd, de phuc
vu chd cdng cudc chan hflng Phat giad trflde mat cflng nhfl sfl nghiep phat trien Phat giac Viet Nam lau dai, cdng tac giae due Phat giao trdng giai ddan nay cdn chu trpng den viec hfldng tang ni hpc tap cac nghe nghiep xa hdi the tuc, cil hpc tang tu hpc d nfldc ngeai"'
Ve phiidng dien hoang diidng Phdt phdp Cdng viee nay treng giai doan c h i n
*hUng Phat giao chil yeu dfldc sfl giup sflc cila bac chi, nha xua't ban, vdi nhflng xuat b i n pham Phat giac b i n g chfl Qud'c ngfl ddn gian, de dpc, d l hieu, nen dat hieu q u i cae Viec sii dung chfl Qud'c ngfl
de phd bien giac li Phat giad cung gdp
p h i n thuc day viec hpe chfl Qud'c ngfl trcng Phat til va q u i n chung nhan dan Dang chu y la cdng cudc chan hflng Phat giac dfldng thdi da tad ra mdt cudc
t r a n h luan va trad ddi y kien rdng rai va sdi ndi tren sach bao ve nhieu van de tfl tfldng triet hpc va giae If Phat giae vdi nhflng tri thflc ve ddi sd'ng va thflc tien xa
* TS., Vien Nghien cuu Ton giao, Vien Khoa hpe
Xa hpi Viet Nam
1 Xem: Le Tam Dae Cdng tdc gido due tdng ni a
Hpi Phdt gido Bdc Ky Tap ehf Nghien cim Tdn gido
sd 5/2006, tr.35-42
Trang 2Le Tam DSc Vai trd cua Phong trdo Chdn hiing Phdt gido 39
hdi Cudc t r a n h l u a n n a y gdp p h i n t h u c
day sinh b o a t hpc t h u a t va t r a n h l u a n
hpc t h u a t t r o n g xa hdi Ve m a t b a n chat
cudc t r a n h l u a n va t r a o ddi la sfl "li giai
lai" mdt sd' giae If P h a t giae cho thfch hdp
vdi sU p h a t t r i e n cila xa hdi h i e n dai Sii
"If g i i i lai" n a y c a n b a n thed h a i hudng;
Mdt la, bdc tach nhflng yeu td t r e n g giao
li P h a t giao dfldc cho la k h d n g p h a i cila
P h a t giad, p h a bd nhflng k i e n c h a p , bieu
lam ve P h a t giao, cei P h a t giao la mdt tdn
giao me tin, xa l a n h cudc ddi, k h d n g cdn
sflc sd'ng H a i la, chflng m i n h P h a t hpc cd
nhieu diem phfl hdp vdi k h e a hpc hien dai
t r e n g viee xem xet cac h i e n tfldng tfl
nhien va h i e n tfldng xa bdi
Ben c a n h nhflng diem c h u n g so vdi
Mien T r u n g va Mien N a m n e u tren'"'
theo c h u n g tdi, p h e n g t r a o c h a n hflng
P h a t giae d Mien Bac cd t h e m m e t sd vai
trd ndi b a t k h a c ddi vdi sfl p h a t trien cua
P h a t giao Viet N a m t h e ki XX
Thii nhdt, de cao tii tiirfng "Nhdn gian
Phdt gido" Anh hfldng m a n h me tfl met
trong nhflng ndi d u n g chinh ciia phong
trao chan hflng P h a t giae d T r u n g Qude do
Hda thfldng Thich Thai Hfl lanh dae, tfl
tfldng "Nhan gian P h a t giad" x u a t hien
ngay khi Hdi P h a t giad Bac Ky dfldc t h a n h
lap (nam 1934), the hien qua nhieu bai viet
dang tren td Dudc Tue, cd q u a n ngdn luan
cua Hdi vdi ndi d u n g n h a n m a n h dad Phat
la mdt tdn giad \n cudc ddi, dad P h a t quan
thiet den ddi sd'ng xa hdi the tuc Ngfldi
chfnh thflc khdi xfldng va p h a t trien tfl
tfldng "Nhan gian P h a t giad" d Viet N a m cd
le la n h a P h a t hpc cfl si Dd N a m Til
Nguyen Trpng T h u a t T r e n td Duo'c Tue,
cudi n a m 1935 d i u n a m 1936, de cu the
hda tinh t h a n "dad P h a t trdng cudc ddi",
dng de nghi cen em P h a t til tai gia td chflc
dam cfldi trflde P h a t dien'^' Chi tiet bdn
dng cdn viet leaf bai dfldi tieu de Nhdn
gian Phdt gido, t r e n g dd de cap nhieu den
khfa canh cua ddi sd'ng ndng thdn cai tae
va hfldng d i n ddi sd'ng d khu \aic nay thee
tinh t h i n dao P h a t
Tfl tfldng n h a n gian P h a t giad dd Nguyen T r p n g T h u a t tiep thu va khdi xfldng da n h a n dfldc sfl t a n thfldng va ling hd cila n h i e u n h a If l u a n P h a t giad Mien Bae, ca ve If t h u y e t lan thflc h a n h , tieu bieu la n h a sfl Thich Trf Hai va cfl si Thieu Chilu N g u y e n Hflu Kha
Tfl n a m 1935 den n a m 1954 n h a sfl Thfch Trf H i i da viei g i n 200 bai d a n g
t r e n cac bae: Dudc Tue Tinh Tien Tin
titc Phdt gido Dieu Am Phiidng Tien, va
m e t sd sach nhfl Gia dinh gido due Kinh
Thap Thien, Cdi hrii cua vdng md.v.v
t r o n g dd h a u b e t de cap den tfl tudng
n h a n gian P h a t giad T a t ca nhflng y tfldng t r e n dfldc dng tdng hdp lai va li
l u a n hda t r o n g tac p h a m Nhdn gian Phdt
gido drii ciidng viet n a m 1971 xuat ban
n a m 2003 Theo sfl phac thao nay n h a n gian P h a t giao la m e t k h u vflc xa hdi
P h a t giao t h u a n tuy n a m song song ben trong mdt xa hdi thflc te "Qud'c dp P h a t giao" theo sfl h i n h d u n g cila dng cd cac ddn vi b a n h chfnh, cac cd q u a n ddan t h e chia theo Ifla tudi, gidi tfnh, nghe nghiep;
cd k i n h te, van hda, xa hdi thfldng mai,
du lich r i e n g biet,v.v T a t ca dfldc van
h a n h mdt each bai hda de t a o r a mot xa hdi k h d n g cd te n a n xa hdi, khdng cd ke xau, k h d n g cd giai cap giau nghee, inpi ngfldi deu b i n h d a n g vdi n h a u , deu tu thien lam l a n h tfl bi cflu khd Dd la d a n g thflc "chil n g h i a xa bdi P h a t giad", nghia
la mdt kieu xa hdi li tfldng t h e e quan diem P h a t giae'^'
Trdng tac p h a m Con diicJng hoc Phdt d
the ki thiiXX x u a t ban lan dau nam 1952
2 Xem them: Nguydn Dire Sir 17 " ' '•" ""^' hiring
ciia phong trdo chdn hirng Phdt gido d Bdc Ky Tap
chf Nghien ciru Tdn gido sd 4/2006 tr 15-19
3 Xem them: Le Tam Dac Ve nghi le ket hdn irirdc
Phdt dien Tap ehi Nghien cim Phdi hoc sd 3/2006
tr.58-60; va Le Tam Dae Le thdnh hdn tai ngdi chiia
a Viet Nam: Lich sir vd hien tai Tap ehf Nghien ciru Tdn gido sd 3/2008 ir.44-49
4 Xem Ihem: Tiii'ch Ddng Bdn Hod iliirang Thich
Tri Hdi vdi hodi bdo nhdn gian Phdt guio lap clii Nghien cim Tdn gido sd 4/2006 tr.20-24
Trang 340 Nghien cuu Ton giao S67 &8- 2009
cfl si Thieu Chilu Nguyin Hflu Kha cung
the bien mdt each cu the chu trfldng "Nhan
gian Phat giad" b i n g mdt tfl tfldng ma
Nguyen Qud'c Tuan tam dinh danh la "tfl
tfldng Luc hda - Ngu Minh"*^'; dd la quan
niem ve Tang gia va cac thanh phan cua
Tang gia, nhflng cdng viee chinh dd'n Tang
dd, cae nguyen t i c dp sinh, cac hinh thflc tu
tap va sinh heat cua Tang lfl,v.v phfl hdp
vdi thdi dai mdi
Khdng dflng lai d phfldng dien li luan,
cac nha cii each Phat giac d Mien Bic da
bfljc d i u bat tay vac van ddng va thiic
hi^n met sd' ndi dung cu the cua tfl tfldng
nhan gian Phat giad nhfl; td chflc le
thanh hdn chd cen em Phat til tai ngdi
chua, md trfldng nudi day cac cd nhi, xay
dflng trfldng Van Hanh d chua Ham Ldng
(Ha Ndi), dfl kien xay dflng dai tflng lam
d Thfldng Tin (Ha Tay), c h u i n bi md
mang khu di tfch Yen Til (Quang
Ninh),v.v
Treng cac giai doan sau nay va hien
nay, nhieu heat ddng tu tap, hanh tri
cflng nhfl hoang dfldng Phat phap cila
Phat giad Viet Nam, nhat la khu vflc
Nam Bd va Thanh phd Hd Chf Mmh, da
va dang thflc hien thee tfl tfldng nhan
gian Phat giad ma cac nha cii each Phat
giao d Mien Bac tflng khdi xfldng va bfldc
dau thflc hien treng giai dean chan hflng
Phat giae nila dau the ki XX
Thii hai, ndng cao vi tri vd vai trd cda
Phdt gido Viet Nam tren triidng Phdt gido
qude te Trflde nam 1945, heat ddng Phat
giio qud'c te cua Hdi Phat giao Bac Ky da
tfldng ddi sdi ddng va cd hieu qua thdng
qua viee cil nhflng hpc tang flu tu tu hpc d
Trung Qud'c nam 1937 (Thfldng tea Thich
Tri Hai), d Campuchia nam 1938 (eac
thfldng tpa Thich T h i i Hda va Thich
Thanh Gian); cac chuyen vieng tham qua
lai gifla Hdi Phat giac Bac Ky vdi td chflc
Phat giao cac nfldc trcng khu vflc nhfl
Lad Campuchia Thai Lan; cac chuyen
vieng tham cua cac nhan vat Phat giae
quan trpng nfldc ngoai ma tieu bieu nha't
la sfl kien Hda thfldng Thfch Thai Hfl tham Hdi P h a t glad B i c Ky tai chua Quan Sfl vao nam 1940,v.v
Tuy nhien, vi the va vai trd cua Phat giad Viet Nam vdi Phat giao qud'c te chi ndi bat sau nam 1950, cu the la sau nhflng hoat ddng hen tuc va hieu qua ciia phai dean Phat giao Viet Nam, ma chii yeu la Hdi Phat giao Viet Nam Bic Viet, do Thflpng tpa Thich Td' Lien lam trfldng ddan, ddi vdi sfl kien thanh lap va heat ddng cua Hdi Lien hflu Phat giao The gidi Tfl ngay 10 thang 5 den ngay 20 thang
5 nam 1950, khi d An Dp (de sfl l i m lan
ve thdi gian dien ra Hdi nghi Phat giad The gidi l i n thfl nhat), ddan Phat giad Viet Nam da tiep xuc va giang thuyet ve Phat giao Viet Nam tai Hdi Phat giao Dai
Bd De (Calcutta, An Dp), yet kien vdi Thu hien Bengale, tiep kien vdi Tdng thd'ng
An Dp - Ngai Prasad Rajendra,v.v
Tfl ngay 26 thang 5 den ngay 5 t h i n g
6 nam 1950, ddan Phat giad Viet Nam dfl Hdi nghi Phat giad The gidi tai Cdldmbd, Sri Lanka, cflng vdi 25 doan Phat giac khac thanh lap Hdi Lien hflu Phat giad The gidi (Wdrld Felldwship of Buddhists) Nam 1951, dean Phat giao Viet Nam dfl Hdi nghi bat thfldng Hdi Lien hflu Phat giad The gidi tai Cdldmbd, Sn Lanka, de
ra chfldng trinh va thae luan phfldng phap thiet lap hea binh; dfl Hdi nghi Van hda Phat giao The gidi l i n thfl nhat tai Sanchi, An Dp Nam 1952, de.an Phat giao Viet Nam dfl Hpi nghi Phat giao The gidi l i n thfl hai tai Tokyo, Nhat Ban (tai Hdi nghi nay, vdi uy tni va anh hfldng cua minh, Thfldng tpa Thich TdLieii dfldc
b i u la Phd Hdi trflcmg Hdi Lien hflu Phat giao The gidi),v.v • •
5 Nguydn Qude Tuan Thieu Chim Ngnven Hilii
Kha: Phdt phdp vd Ddn tdc 1'ap chi Nghu-n i irii 'I dn giao, so 1/2003 lr.33 t •, ;.,.,:, ,.,,.,
Trang 4Le Tam Dac Vai trd ciia Phong trdo Chd'n hirng Plmt gido 41
Trong tat ca nhflng cudc tiep xuc va
lam viec, Thfldng tpa Thich Td Lien vdi tfl
each la trfldng ddan, da gidi thieu met
each xuat sac ve Phat giae Viet Nam, lam
cho nhflng ngfldi dfldc tiep xuc cd cim
tinh, an tfldng td't dep ve Viet Nam va
Phat giad Viet Nam Tai cac hdi nghi
Phat giad the gidi, dean Phat giad Viet
Nam deu cd nhieu ddng gdp dang ke vae
sU thanh cdng chung'^'
Nhu vay, cd the k h i n g dinh, trUdc
nam 1954, cac td chflc Phat giao d Mien
Bic, vdi nhflng ddng gdp tieu bieu va nei
bat cua Thfldng tpa Thich Td' Lien, cd vai
tre quan trpng treng viee nang cao vi the
cua Phat giao Viet Nam tren trfldng Phat
giad qud'c te, dat nen mdng cho cdng tac
Phat giao qud'c te cua Giae hdi Phat giao
Viet Nam sau nay • • , '
Thii ba, ddng gdp ddng ke vdo sii kien
thdng nhdt Phdt gido todn quoc ndm
1951 Tren thiic te, y tfldng thd'ng nhat
Phat giao toan quoc xua't hien ngay tfl
cudi thap kl 20 cila the ki XX''' Tuy
nbien, viec thd'ng nhat td chflc Phat giao
chung cho toan qud'c, do nhieu li de khach
quan va chil quan, da khdng the thflc
hien dfldc vad thdi diem dd
Nbu cau thd'ng nhat te chflc Phat giae
Viet Nam tiep tuc dfldc van ddng sau nam
1945 Sfl thd'ng nhat met td chflc Giao hdi
cho toan qud'c la y thflc va niem mong mdi
cua Phat giao dd ca ba mien Tuy nbien,
nhu ciu thiet tha nay rd rang cbi thflc sfl
dfldc dat ra va tien hanh ed hieu qua sau hdi
nghi lin thfl nha't cua Phat giad the gidi tai
Cdldmbd, Sri Lanka, nam 1950, thanh lap
Hdi Lien hflu Phat giae The gidi, ma Viet
Nam trd thanh mdt thanh \aen cbinb thflc,
vdi nhflng ddng gdp dang ke cua cac td chflc
Phat giad d Mien Bic, nha't la vai trd quan
trpng cua Thfldng tpa Thich TeLien
Trd ve tfl Hdi nghi Colombo, Thfldng tpa
Thich Td Lien, vdi tfl each la trfldng ddan
Phat giad Viet Nam, thanh vien sang lap
Hdi Lien hflu Phat giao The gidi, da tich cfle
tien hanh nhieu heat ddng van ddng thd'ng nhat Phat giao toan qud'c Cdng viec nay da nhan dfldc sfl tan thfldng va ung bd cua Hdi Lien hflu Phat giae The gidi cung nhfl cac
td chflc Phat giao d Mien Trung va Mien Nam Viet Nam dfldng thdi®
Khi nhan duyen da hdi du, dieu kien treng nfldc va qud'c te da chin mudi bdi nghi thd'ng nhat Phat giad toan qud'c da dien ra tfl ngay 6 den ngay 9 thang 5 nam 1951 tai chua Tfl Dam, Hue Hdi nghi da nhat tri tbdng qua b i n Dieu le, Ndi quy cua Tdng hdi Phat giad Viet Nam, ciing nhfl be thdng
td chflc cua met leai hinh Giao bdi chung cho Phat giao toan qud'c
Tdm lai, sau nhieu cd' ging nd Iflc chung, trong dd cd vai trd dang ke cua cac
td chflc Phat giao d Mien Bac, tieu bieu la sfl ddng gdp quan treng cua Thfldng tpa Thich Td' Lien, den nam 1951 nbu cau thd'ng nhat Phat giae Viet Nam da trd thanh hien thflc Sfl thd'ng nhat nay tuy chfla dfldc triet de vi met sd' li de, treng
dd chil yeu la do nhieu vflng mien cua dat nfldc van cdn dfldi sfl thd'ng tri cua thflc dan Phap, nhflng sfl kien nay la tien de
va tien than quan treng cho nhflng bfldc phat trien cila Phat giae Viet Nam cac giai doan tiep thee, nha't la sfl thd'ng nhat mot each tean dien vae thang 11 nam
1981, sau khi dat nfldc hoan toan giai phdng, thanh lap ra mdt td chflc duy nhat ciia Phat giao Viet Nam la Giao bdi Phat giao Viet Nam./
6 Xem them: Thuong tpa Td Lien Ky sir phdi doan
Phdt gido Viet Nam di An Dp vd Tich Lan Nxb Ton
giao Ha Ndi 2007: va Thi'eh Gia Quang Hod thuong
Td Lien vdi cdng tdc quan he qude te ciia Phcil gido Viet Nam Tap chi Nghien cim Tdn gido, so 3/2007
tr.34-38
7 Xem: Nguydn Dai Ddng, Le Tam Dac Sir Tdm
Lai vd viec van dong chdn hung Phdt gido a Viet Nam ddu the ki XX Tap ehi Nghien ciru Tdn gido sd
6/2007, tr.31-40
8 Xem: Le Tam Ddc Hda ihuang Thich Td Lien vdi
sir thdnh lap Tdng hdi Phdt gido Viet Nam nam
1951 Tap ehf Nghien ciru Tdn gido sd 3/2007
tr.29-33.'