Tokugawa? Cd hai nguyen nhan chinh dan din sir thay ddi to Idn nay. Thii nhat la do sir thay ddi trong nhan thuc va thai do ciia cac han nay ddi vdi ddi phuang va thir hai la do cdng[r]
Trang 1QUYEN MAC PHU TOKUGAWA (N^A SAU THE KY XIX)
NGUYIN TI£N LUIC* HUYNHPHIAJNGANH"
7IT giira the ky XIX, Nhat Ban da phai
ddi mat vdi cuoc khung hoang toan
dien va sau sac Them vao dd, Nhat Ban
dung trudc nguy ca bi de qudc phuang Tay
thuc dan hda Trudc tinh canh dd, viec lat dd
che do Mac phii Tokugawa da Idi thdi, thoat
khdi nguy ca roi vao ach nd le ciia cac nude
de qudc va trd thanh mot nude tu ban hien
dai da trd thanh mot nhiem vu cap thiet
Trong edng cuoc lat dd Mac phii Tokugawa
khdng the khdng ndi den sir ddng gdp ciia 4
han (phien) Idn nhat nam d phia Tay Nam
Nhat Ban bao gdm Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa,
Hizen Satsuma han (nay la Kagoshima ken)
nam d cue nam ciia diio Kyushu, Choshu han
(nay la Yamaguchi ken) nam d phia nam dao
Honshu, Hizen (nay la Saga ken) nam d gdc
tay nam Kyushu va Tosa (nay la Kochi ken)
nam d dao Shikoku Tuy vao thdi ky Mac
phu Tokugawa cac han nay bi xep vao loai
han ngoai phien (tozama) nhung day la
nhirng han cd sire manh va uy the rat Idn nen
dugc ggi la cac hiing phien Tay Nam
-Satschodohi (dugc ghep tir nhirng am dau
tien trong ten ggi cua bdn han nay nhu "Sat"
(Satsuma), "Cho" (Choshu), "Do" (Tosa,
dugc bien iim tir to sang do) va "Hi"
(Hizen)
*Tien sT, Giam doc Trung tam Ngiiien ciru Nhat Ban,
Truang dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi & Nhan vSn, Thanh pho
H6 Chi Minh
**Thac sT Trung tam Nghien ciru Nhat Ban, Truong dai
hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi & Nhan van, Thanh pho Ho Chi
Minh
Trong bai viet niiy, bang ngudn tu lieu phong phu ma cung chiing tdi suu tam dugc, ciing nhu thira ke thanh tuu nghien ciru ciia cac tac gia trudc, chiing tdi mudn lam sang
td ve vai trd cua the lire Tay Nam ddi vdi viec lat dd chinh quyen Mac phii Tokugawa
va xay dung quyen Minh Tri vao nira sau the
ky XIX
L Cac han Tay Nam voi sy hinh thanh
tu- tuong Sonno Tobakn (Ton Vuong dao
Mac)
Viec chinh quyen Mac phii Tokugawa ky ket cac hiep udc bat binh dang vdi My va cac nude phuang Tay bap chap sir ddng y CLia Thien hoang da lam day Ien Ian sdng phan ddi chinh quyen nay tir khap mgi noi
Tir dd ndi Ien phong trao dao Mac (lat dd
Mac phu) vdi chii truang lat dd chinh quyen Tokugawa thanh lap mot chinh quyen mdi
do Thien hoang dirng dau vdi sir lanh dao cua cac han Tay Nam la Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen
Trong lich sir, bat ky mot phong trao dau tranh nao deu phai dua tren mot he tu tudng dan dudng He tu tudng nay se vach ra muc tieu va dudng Idi dau tranh cu the cho phong trao dd Phong trao nay bat dau tir tu tudng
Sonno Joi (Ton Vuang nhuang Di) va sau dd
phat trien thanh Sonno Tobaku (Ton Vuang
dao Mac) Qua trinh phat trien tir tu tudng Ton Vuang nhuang Di den Ton Vuang dao Mac da dugc trinh bay kha nhieu trong cac
sach viet ve lich sir Nhat Ban Tuy nhien nhirng the lire nao hay nhirng nhan vat nao
NGHIEN Ciru DONG BflC fl SO 9(103) 9-2009 55
Trang 2Nghien citu khoa hgc
da ddng gdp vao sir phat trien cua nhirng tu
tudng dd thi rat it ai de cap den Khi ndi den
vai trd ve mat tu tudng cua cac han Tay
Nam trong viec lat dd chinh quyen
Tokugawa la ndi den vai trd cua chung trong
viec hinh thanh va phat trien cua tu tudng
Sonno Joi va Sonno Tobaku
Sonno Joi la mot he tu tudng ra ddi vao
cudi thdi ky Mac phu Tokugawa, la he qua
true tiep cua sir yeu kem va bat luc cua
chinh quyen Mac phu Tokugawa trudc sir de
dga ciia cac cudng qudc phuang Tay Sonno
(Ton Vuang) tire la iing bd Thien hoang cdn
Joi (nhuang Di) nghTa la danh dudi phuang
Tay ra khdi Nhat Ban Ngudi cd edng dau
tien trong viec truyen ba tu tudng Sonno Joi
a Nhat la lanh chua thu hai ciia Mito han cd
ten la Tokugawa Mitsukuni Sau dd tu tudng
nay dugc Tokugawa Nariaki ke thira va phat
trien thanh mot hgc thuyet vao nam 1858
Neu nhu Mito han la noi san sinh ra tu tudng
Sonno Joi di thi Choshu han chinh la noi nd
dugc phat trien den mirc hoan thien de trd
thanh mot trao luu tu tudng phd bien trong
ca nude Tu tudng Sonno Joi phat trien
manh me d Choshu han chu yeu thdng qua
hai nhdm: thir nhat la nhdm do Sufu
Masanosuke, mot quan chuc trong chinh
quyen han dirng dau va nhdm thu hai la do
Yoshida Shoin, mot nha giao due va nha tu
tudng ndi tieng luc bay gid lanh dao Ca hai
nhdm nay deu ung hd tu tudng Ton Vuang
nhung ddi vdi nhdm Masanosuke thi Idng
trung thanh vdi Thien hoang gan lien vdi
Idng trung thanh vdi lanh chua cdn nhdm
cua Yoshida thi Ton Virang cd nghTa la tuyet
ddi trung thanh vdi dang tri tdn Thien hoang
Trong hai nhdm nay thi nhdm ciia Yoshida
cd vai trd tich cue han trong viec truyen ba
tu tudng Ton Virang nhuang Di a trong han
va ngoai han Trong tu tudng ciia minh,
Yoshida dac biet nhan manh vai trd cua
Thien hoang nhu la ngudi lanh dao cao nhat cua dat nude va dng dugc xem nhu bieu
tugng cua tu tudng Ton Vuang nhuang Di a
Choshu han ciing nhu phong trao dau tranh dua tren he tudng nay
Ci Satsuma han thi tu tudng Sonno Joi va phong trao Sonno Joi ra ddi va phat trien
manh trong nhirng nam 1858 - 1860 Mot trong sd nhiing ngudi giir vai trd tru cot cua phong trao nay d Satsuma han la Saigo Takamori Phan Idn nhiing ngudi tham gia
phong trao Sonno Joi a Satsuma han deu
xuat than tir vd sT cap thap va da sd deu cdn kha tre vdi tudi ddi tir 20 den 30 Sir tre hda trong lire lugng tham gia da lam cho phong
trao Sonno Joi a Satsuma han mang tinh qua
khich va bao ddng cao
C> Tosa han ngudi dau tien tiep thu tu
tudng Sonno Joi va khai sinh ra phong trao
nay la Takechi Zuian Dudi sir lanh dao ciia
dng, nhirng tri thirc Sonno Joi a Tosa da xac
dinh dudng Idi tdn kinh Thien hoang, danh dudi phuang Tay mot each kien quyet
De thuyet phuc lanh chua cua minh tham
gia vao boat dgng Sonno Joi ciing vdi lire
lugng cua hai han Satsuma va Choshu, Takechi da scan ra mot ban ke hoach nham
de khdi phuc lai quyen lire cho Thien hoang trong dd gdm cd ba budc:
+ Thu nhat, toan bd viing ddng bang Kinai phai nam trong tay cua trieu dinh va khu vuc nay phai dugc bd tri bSng quan ddi dudi su kiem soat cua Thien hoang
+ Thir hai, chinh sach Sankin Kotai (Tham can giao dai) phai dugc sua lai Cac lanh chiia dia phuang thay vi each mot nam phai den Edo de thuc nghTa vu Sankin kotai
nhu trudc kia thi nay ddi lai la din Kyoto dk
chau Thien hoang va thdi gian luan phien la tir mot hay ba lan trong 5 nam
+ Thir ba, Trieu dinh phai la ngudi quylt dinh chinh trong nhirng van de chinh tri cua
Trang 3qudc gia va Mac phii phai tdn trgng va lam
theo quyet dinh ciia Thien hoang'"
Ben canh viec truyen ba tu tudng Sonno
Joi cac han Tay Nam cdn cd nhirng ddng
gdp to Idn trong viec phat trien he tu tudng
nay len mot tam cao mdi Dd chinh la tu
tudng Sonno Tobaku - tu tudng chinh dan
dudng cho phong trao Tobaku (dao Mac),
true tiep lat dd sir thdng tri cua che do Mac
phii Tokugawa Hai tu tudng nay cd sir
gidng nhau d y thir nhat tire la deu ndi den
yeu td Sonno - tdn kinh Thien hoang nhung
lai khac nhau d y thir hai Trong khi tu tudng
Sonno Joi nhan manh viec danh dudi ngudi
phuang Tay thi tu tudng Sonno Tobaku lai
de cao viec danh dd Mac phu Tuy nhien, hai
tu tudng nay khdng he ddi lap nhau ma chi
la bieu hien cua sir phat trien cao ban ve mat
nhan thirc ciia the lire Tay Nam trudc thdi
cuoc Cd rat nhieu nguyen nhan dan den sir
chuyen bien ve tu tudng nay Ngoai su thay
ddi trong nhan thirc va tu duy cua nhii'ng
ngudi lanh dao cac han Tay Nam thi cd hai
nguyen nhan true tiep dan den sir hinh thanh
cua tu tudng Sonno Tobaku va phong trao
Tobaku Dd chinh la sir kien Shimonoseki va
Kagoshima vao nam 1863 Sau khi bi cac
cudng qudc phuang Tay danh bai trong hai
tran chien nay thi Satsuma va Choshu da
nhan ra rang viec true xuat ngudi nude ngoai
ra khdi dat nude la mot dieu khdng de gi lam
dugc va tu tudng nhuang Di (joi) la hoan
toan khdng thuc te Cd the ndi, tir thdi diem
khi chinh quyen Tokugawa ky cac hiep udc
bat binh dang vdi cac nude phuang Tay cho
den khi tran chien Shimonoseki dien ra vao
1863 thi cac lanh chua Tay Nam van chua
thay dugc sire manh ap dao ciia cac nude
phuang Tay va van tin tudng vao sire manh quan sir ciia minh trong viec true xuat nhirng ngudi nude ngoai ra khdi dat nude Nhirng tdn that nang ne ve ngudi va cua ma Satsuma han va Choshu han phai ganh chiu trong tran chien d Kagoshima va Shimonoseki da khien cac han nay birng tinh
va nhan thay mot sir chenh lech kha xa ve ky thuat quan sir Ian vii khi chien dau giira cac han nay vdi phuang Tay Tir nam 1864 Satsuma han va Choshu han da chuyen tir lap trudng chdng ddi sang thai do hda hieu, than thien, va chu ddng hgc tap phuang Tay Okubo Toshimichi, mot nhan vat cd vai trd quan trgng trong chinh quyen Satsuma da viet trong hdi ky cua minh nhu sau "Sau that bai cua Choshu d Shomonoseki thi tat ca
nhirng chi sT Ton Vuang nhuang Di, ke ca
nhung nhirng ngudi cd thai do cue doan nhat ddi vdi phuang Tay cung phai sang mat ra
va phai thira nhan rang kha nang true xuat phuong Tay la mot dieu khdng cd thuc Gid day chinh hg lai yeu cau md cira dat nude NhCrng lanh dia cd it the lire ban nhu Tosa, Hizen thi lai cd khuynh hudng tang cudng
thuang mai vdi cac nude phuang Tay"* \
Tir viec nhan thirc dugc tinh khdng thuc
te cua tu tudng nhuang di, cac han Tay Nam
da phat hien ra sir can thiet phai cai each duy tan dat nude de dua Nhat Ban tien kjp vdi cac nude phuang Tay de rdi tir dd mdi cd the giir vurng dugc nen dgc lap cua minh Tuy nhien luc nay Nhat Ban khdng the thuc hien dugc dieu dd bdi su tdn tai ciia chinh quyen Tokugawa Do dd viec can lam liic nay la phai lat dd chinh quyen Tokugawa, vat can chinh trong budc dudng phat trien ciia Nhat Tir cudi nam 1866 cac han Tay Nam da
* Marius B Jansen, "Takechi Zuian and the Tosa
Loyalist Party", The Journal of Asian Studies, Volume
X V i i l , No,2, February 1959, tr206
( 2 )
Peter Komici<i (2000), Uteiji Japan
-economic and social history 1868 ~ 1912
University Press, Volume II, tr 32
Political
Harvard
Trang 4Nghien citu khoa hgc
chinh thirc chuyen tir tu tudng Sonno Joi
sang tu tudng Sonno Tobaku vdi phuang
cham chinh la lat dd chinh quyen phong kien
quan su de tra lai quyen lire cho Thien hoang
theo trat tu vdn cd cua nd Su ra ddi ciia tu
tudng Sonno Tobaku cd vai trd quan trgng
trong viec dinh ra mot hudng di mdi cho dan
tdc Nhat Ban vao nira sau the ky XIX ciing
nhu true tiep lam biing nd phong trao danh
dd su cai tri ciia Mac phu Tokugawa tren
pham vi toan qudc Ben canh dd, sir ra ddi
ciia tu tudng Sonno Tobaku cdn tao co sd
cho viec hinh thanh khdi lien minh chdng
Mac phii vdi ndng cdt la khdi lien minh ciia
bdn han: Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen
2 Nhung dong gop ve mat tai chinh ciia
cac han Tay Nam trong sy nghiep lat do
chinh quyen Mac phu Tokugawa
Ngoai vai trd ve tu tudng, cac han Tay
Nam cdn cd nhirng ddng gdp to Idn ve mat
tai chinh ddi vdi edng cuoc lat dd Tokugawa
Nhirng ddng gdp nay the hien khac nhau tuy
theo dieu kien tai chinh cua tirng han
Ddi vdi Choshu han thi viec cd dugc nen
tai chinh virng manh de tham gia tich cue
vao phong trao lat dd Tokugawa la nhd vao
viec thanh lap ra co quan Buikukyoku Day
la CO quan chuyen trach ve tiet kiem va dau
tu tai chinh cua han Ndi mot each khac nd
mang hinh thirc gidng nhu mot ngan quy tiet
kiem ma trong dd tien chi dugc phep chi ra
trong nhCrng trudng hgp can sir dung khan
cap hay de dau tu vao nhirng ITnh vuc that
can thiet cho sir phat trien cua han Vi the
Buikukyoku cdn cd mot ten ggi khac la quy
Buiku Cd the ndi chinh nhd quy Buiku ma
Choshu han da can bang ngudn tai chinh va
cd kha nang thanh toan ng trong khi cac han
khac thi lam vao tinh canh tung thieu Trong
giai doan Bakumatsu (cudi thdi ky Mac phu)
quy Buiku ddng mot vai trd rat quan trgng:
hau bet ciic vu khi ma Choshu han mua tir
cac nude phuang Tay deu tra bang tien Buiku, nhirng chi6n dich ciia Choshu han nham chdng lai chinh quyen Tokugawa trong giai doan 1862 -1868 cung dugc ho trg tai chinh tir quy buiku Nam 1865 chinh quySn Choshu da diing 92.400 ryo*'^' tir quy
Buiku dk mua 7.300 khau siing ciing vdi mot
con tau chiln Idn de chien dau vdi Mac phii Tokugawa'"** Khdng nhirng the sau khi lat dd dugc chinh quyen nay thi Choshu cdn rat nhiSu tien vang trong ngan quy cua minh va 70% trong sd dd da dugc chinh quyen han dang tang cho Thien hoang Minh Trj Cd the ndi n8u khdng cd quy tiet kiem Buiku thi Choshu han khdng the ddng vai trd lanh dao trong viec lat dd Tokugawa
Trong khi Choshu han cung cd nen tai chinh cua minh bang quy Buiku thi Satsuma han lai chgn bien phap dgc quyen ve hang hda de tang cudng ngudn du trir ciia chinh quyen han Ngoai viec dgc quyen ve mia dudng dugc xem la "qudc sach" hang dau trong viec day manh kinh te lanh dia thi Satsuma cdn md rong sir dgc quyen ra nhieu san pham khac nhu dau, virng, me, mat ong Tuy nhirng bien phap dgc quyen cua Satsuma han gay ra sir bat binh cho tang Idp thuang nhan nhung nd da giup cho chinh quyen han cd the kiem soat dugc nen kinh te cua lanh dia minh mot each triet de va quan trgng ban nira la nd lam cho ngan quy ciia lanh dia khdng ngirng tang Ien Vao nam
1864 sau khi bi that bai trong tran chien vdi Anh d Kagoshima Satsuma da thay ddi thai
do cua minh ddi vdi cac nude phuang Tay
ma dac biet la Anh Tir bd tu tudng "Joi'
(chdng phuang Tay), Satsuma da theo dudi
'^' Don vj do vang vao thai Mac phu Toi^ugawa 1 rye vang = 17.85g vang S ^
'•** Albert M.Craig (1961), Choshu in the Meiji Resloratiol?^'
Harvard University Press, tr.316
Trang 5chinh Siich "phii qudc cudng binh", day
miinh sir phat trien kinh te va quan sir cua
lanh dia Vao Iiic nay thi ngudn ngan quy
vdn dii dugc tich luy khii nhieu ciia Satsuma
da dugc van dung de mua vii khi, tau chien
siing dai bac ciia Anh Ben canh dd chinh
quyen Satsuma cdn diing tien de thue ngudi
Anh qua giang day va huan luyen cho lire
lugng hiii quan ciia minh Nhd vao sir dau tu
cd hieu qua nay ma hai quan ciia Satsuma
khdng ngirng Idn manh Ciing vdi ddi quan
Kibeitai ndi tieng cua Choshu han, lire lugng
hai quan cua Satsuma da nhieu Ian danh bai
dugc quan ddi cua Mac phii Tokugawa trong
nhung Iran danh quyet dinh cudi ciing
Neu nhu Satsuma han ndi tieng vdi chinh
sach dgc quyen, Choshu han ndi tieng vdi
quy Buikui thi Tosa han va Hizen han lai
dugc biet den vdi chinh sach phat trien
thuang mai mang tinh rong md va cd hieu
qua ciia minh Khiic vdi Satsuma han va
Choshu han la hai lanh dja thuc hien chinh
sach phiit trien kinh te mang nang tinh doc
quyen va dan ap thuang nhiin mot each
quyet liet, Tosa han va Hizen han lai cd mdi
quan he kha than thiet vdi nhirng thuang
nhan va sir dung hg de lam giau cho ngudn
tai chinh ciia minh Giua chinh quyen han va
gidi thuang nhan tdn tai mot mdi quan he
hai chieu ciing cd Igi NhCrng thuang nhiin
thi can den su giup dd, che chd cua chinh
quyen han de viec budn ban cua minh dugc
thuan Igi, va ngugc lai thi chinh quyen han
cung can cd sir hgp tac vdi thuang nhan de
mua ban lua gao, san vat dia phuang va lii
chd dua de vay ng khi gap tung thieu ve tai
chinh Ben canh dd cac lanh cbiia cua Tosa
va Hizen cdn cd mdi quan he tdt vdi cac
thuong nhan Idn d Osaka thdng qua nhirng
thuang nhan trong han va nhCrng ngudi cho
vay nang lai
Do chinh sach tuong ddi rong md ciia chinh quyen ban ma nbCTng thuang nhan d cac ban niiy da cd dieu kien kinh doanh tdt ban va trd thanh nhirng ngudi giau cd Vii de den dap edng cm do nhung ngudi thuang nhan niiy trd thanh nhung ngudi tai trg dac luc ve mat tai chinh cho cac boat ddng chinh tri va quan sir cua chinh quyen han trong viec dao Mac Trong sd cac thuong nhdn cd ddng gdp ve tai chinh cho chinh quyen Tosa ban khi nd tham gia vao cac boat ddng quan
su lat do chinh quyen Tokugawa thi ndi tiing nhat la Iwasaki Yataro (1835-1885) Iwasaki Yataro xuiit than tir mot gia dinh ndng dan ngheo d Tosa han Nam 1865, dng lam viec tai Kaiseikan, mot edng ty chuyen trach van de phiit trien edng nghiep ciia Tosa han ma diic biet la edng nghiep hang hai Thdng qua edng ty nay, dng da giiip Tosa han mua 1.300 khau sung*^' vdi^hi phi 4000 ryo va nhirng khau siing nay da dugc diing
de trang bj cho quiin ddi cua Tosa h^n khi nd tham gia ciing vdi quan ddi ciia Satsuma d Kyoto viio cudi nam 1867 Ngoai ra, Iwasaki cdn khuyen khich chinh quyen han cir ngudi
ra nude ngoai de hgc tap ve kinh te va quan sir vdi sir tai trg cua thuang nhan nude ngoai Ngoai sir trg giup ciia cac thuang nhan trong nude, cac han Tay Nam ma dac biet la Satsuma han va Choshu han cdn nhan dugc sir iing hd dang ke tir phia cac doanh nhiin ngudi Anh va ngudi Phap sau khi hai han nay chuyen sang thai do tich cue vdi cde nude phuang Tay Ddi vdi trudng hgp Phap, mac dii chinh phu ciia nude nay tich cue iing
hd ve tien bac va vu khi de giiip dd nha ciim quyen Mac phu khdi phuc lai quyen luc dang
bi suy yeu tram trgng ciia minh cac thuang nhan cua nd lai cd cam tinh vdi cac han Tiiy
' * E - Herbert Norman (2000), Japan's Emergence as a
modern state, Nxb Vancouver, Toronto, tr 49
Trang 6Nghien citu khoa hgc
Nam ban Trong nhirng nam 1863-1864,
nhirng thuang nhan Phap da vien trg
400.000 France (tuang duong vdi 73.000 dd
la) de giiip Satsuma ciing cd sire manh quan
sir ciia minh, trong khi dd ngudi Anh da chi
ra 200.000 ddla de giup cho Satsuma va
Choshu han mua mot con tau chien va 6000
khau sung dai bac*^* Day chi mdi la nhCrng
sd lieu dugc edng bd mot each chinh thirc
tren van ban Chac chan cdn cd nhieu khoan
tien vien trg khac tir phia cac thuang nhan
nude ngoai ma van chua dugc edng khai
Chinh vi nhirng khoan ddng gdp nay ma lire
lugng quan ddi cua cac han Tay Nam cd uu
the ban so vdi quan ddi cua Mac phii ve ddi
sdng vat chat, vii khi Va day cung la
nhCrng nhan td cd vai trd quyet djnh ddi vdi
thang Igi ciia lien minh cac han Tay Nam
trong cuoc ddi dau vdi Mac phu Tokugawa
3 Vai tro ve quan sy ciia cac han Tay
Nam trong viec lat do chinh quyen Mac
phii Tokugawa
3.1 Cac han Tiiy Nam vo'i sie hinh thdnh
luc lugng dao Mac
Trong cac lanh dia phong kien cua Nhat
Ban vao cudi thdi ky Tokugawa thi Satsuma
han va Choshu han la bai ban cd the lire ve
kinh te, chinh tri va quan sir kha manh Tuy
nhien hai han nay lai cd truyen thdng thii
dich Ian nhau Sau khi Dd ddc Matthew
Perry den Nhat Ban yeu cau md cua va sau
khi chinh quyen Tokugawa lien tiep ky ket
cac hiep udc bat dang vdi cac nude phuang
Tay thi Satsuma han va Choshu han da theo
dudi hai lap trudng, quan diem hoan toan trai
ngugc nhau: trong khi Satsuma chii truang
Cdng vQ hgp the vdi y mudn hgp nhat trieu
dinh va Mac phu thi Choshu han lai theo
dudi chinh sach Tdn Vuang nhuang Di mot
"'' E - Herbert Norman (2000), Japan's Emergence as a
modern state , sdd tr 319
each kien quylt Them vao dd, sau "sir kien cam Mdn" vao thang 7 nam 1863 vdi sir that bai nang ne cua Choshu han trudc lien minh Satsuma va Aizu, mau thuan giira Satsuma han va Choshu han cang them gay gSt Vdi mdi mau thuan sau sac nhu vay thi lam th8 nao hai han nay cd the ciing hgp tac
dk hinh thanh nen mot lien minh chdng
Tokugawa? Cd hai nguyen nhan chinh dan din sir thay ddi to Idn nay Thii nhat la do sir thay ddi trong nhan thuc va thai do ciia cac han nay ddi vdi ddi phuang va thir hai la
do cdng lao cua hai chi sT Tosa han la Sakamoto Ryoma va Nakaoka Shintaro Sakamoto Ryoma va Nakaoka Shintaro la nhirng chi sT sdm nhan thirc dugc mdi de dga tir cac nude phuang Tay ciing nhu rat bat man vdi sir bat luc va yeu kem ciia chinh quyen Mac phii Hai dng ciing da thay dugc tinh can thiet cua viec hinh thanh mot lien minh de lat dd Tokugawa Lien minh nay phai hdi tu dugc nhCrng tiem lire ve kinh te, chinh tri, quan su du manh de cd the danh bai dugc mot chinh quyen phong kien quan sir da tdn tai vCrng chac gan ba the ky va lien minh nay chi cd the la cac han Tay Nam Tir cudi 1865 hai chi sT Tosa han nay da bat tay vao viec van ddng hinh thanh lien minh Satsuma - Choshu trong dd Sakamoto se nhan trach nhiem lam ngudi lien lac cua phia Choshu de van ddng Satsuma tham gia vao lien minh cdn Sakamoto Ryoma se la ngudi lien lac cua Satsuma de van dgng Choshu Nhd vao sir nhan thuc chinh tri than dao ciing tai ngoai giao kheo leo cua Sakamoto
ma nhCrng nha lanh dao cua Satsuma han va Choshu han deu da chap nhan de nghi ve viec hinh thanh lien minh Satsuma -Choshu Ngay 12 thang 11 nam 1866 lien minh Satsuma- Choshu da chinh thirc dugc thanh lap trong bi mat Cuang ITnh ciia lien minh nay la mot ban dieu udc gdm sau dieu do
Trang 7chinh tay Sakamoto soan thao vdi sir ddng y
cua ca Satsuma va Choshu Ndi dung cua
ban mat udc nay nhu sau:
Neu Tokugawa gay chien vdi Choshu,
Satsuma se dua quan den Kyoto va Osaka de
biio dam an loan cho trieu dinh Thien hoang
va de kiem che Tokugawa
1 Neu Choshu thang trong cuoc chien
tranh nay, Satsuma se lam trung gian giira
Choshu vdi Trieu dinh
2 Neu Choshu that bai thi Satsuma se cd
gang bet sire de giup dd cho Choshu va xin
Trieu dinh tha thir cho Choshu
3 Neu khdng cd chien tranh Satsuma van
se lam trung gian giua Choshu va Trieu dinh
4 Neu chinh quyen Tokugawa, Aizu hoac
Kuwana can thiep vao cac hgat ddng chinh
tri ciia Satsuma thi han nay se gay chien vdi
Tokugawa
5 Neu Choshu dugc sir tha thir ciia trieu
dinh thi Satsuma va Choshu se ciing nhau
hgp tac de phuc vu cho Trieu dinh*^'
Tren co sd hinh thanh lien minh Satsuma
- Choshu thi mot lien minh giira Satsuma va
Tosa cung da ra ddi khdng lau sau dd Vao
ngay 22 thang 6 nam 1867 thi Okubo, Saigo
va Komatsu ciia Satsuma da ciing vdi Goto
Shojiro va Sakamoto Ryoma cua Tosa ky
mat udc chinh thirc thanh lap lien minh
Satsuma - Tosa Vdi sir ra ddi ciia hai lien
minh Satsuma- Choshu va Satsuma - Tosa
thi lire lugng ndng cdt trong viec lat dd
Tokugawa ve co ban da dugc thanh hinh
Chinh lien minh nay da ddng vai trd chii
chdt trong viec tieu diet hoan toan chinh
quyen Mac phu trong cuoc chien tranh Mau
Than nam 1868 khep lai gan 3 the ky cai trj
O)
Albert M.Craig (1961), Choshu in ihe Meiji Restoration,
sddtr.318
Ciia ddng hg Tokugawa dgn dudng cho Minh Tri Duy tan tien budc
3.2 Vai tro ciia cde han Tay Nam trong Oseifuku (Vuang chinh phuc cd) vd Bosh in senso (Chien tranh Miiu Than)
Sau khi lien minh Satsuma-Choshu dugc hinh thanh thi phong trao lat dd Mac Phii khdi phuc lai quyen lire cho Thien hoang dien ra manh me Tir dau nam 1867 den thang 10/1867 thi phong trao nay dien ra theo hai khuynh hudng khac nhau: mot ben
la khuynh hudng danh dd Mac phii bang phuang phap hda binh do Tosa han phat ddng thdng qua chinh sach Dai chinh phiing hoang cdn mot ben la khuynh hudng danh
dd Mac phu bang bao lire vu trang do lien minh Satsuma-Choshu dirng dau Tuy nhien tir sau thang 10 nam 1867 trd ve sau thi phe chii truang danh dd Mac phii bang phuang phap hda binh da bi that bai hoan toan va cudi ciing phai chiu hgp tac vdi phe bao ddng ciia lien minh Satsuma -Choshu Cd mot dieu dang ndi d day la trong qua trinh lat dd hoan toiin chinh quyen Mac phu ke tir khi chinh sach Dai chinh phung hoang vdi chu truang hda binh gianh dugc thang Igi budc dau cho den khi quiin ddi ciia Tokugawa Yoshinobu bi danh bai hoan toan trong cuoc chien tranh Mau Than thi the lire
da tao dung va chi phdi thdi cuoc van khdng
ai khac ban la cac han Tay Nam: Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen Chinh cac han nay
da tao nen mot sir chuyen ddi ngoan muc tir chinh quyen Mac Phii da Idi thdi sang chinh quyen Minh Tri
Vao ngay 8/12/1876, Thien hoang da ban sac lenh Osei Fukko (Vuong chinh phuc cd), danh dau sir thanh cdng cua phong trao dao Mac khi Tudng quan Yoshinobu bi budc phai tir chirc va trao tra lai quyen lire thuc su cho Thien hoang Day dugc xem la mot cuoc
Trang 8Ngh ien citu khoa hgc
"chinh bien cung dinh" trong dd cac han Tay
Nam cd vai trd rat Idn ve mat quan su
Tir dau nam 1867, trong sd lire lugng
quan ddi ciia cac han ddng d Kyoto thi lire
lugng quan ddi ciia cac ban Tay Nam, nhat
la quan ciia Satsuma han va Chosu han la rat
Idn Con sd nay da khdng ngirng tang len
vao giira va cudi nam 1867 khi phong trao
Ton vuang ddo Mac phat trien ram rd Ben
canh Satsuma va Choshu thi quan ddi cua
Tosa va Hizen d Kyoto cung kha ddng
Chinh lire lugng quan ddi nay da yem trg ve
mat quan sir ben ngoai de Thien hoang tuyen
bd hieu lenh khdi phuc lai quyen lire Vao tdi
ngay 8/12/1867 khi dai bieu lenh Vuong
chinh phuc cd dugc ban ra thi quan ddi ciia
Satsuma, Choshu phdi hgp ciing vdi quan
cua Hizen va mot sd han khac da chiem giir
nhung noi trgng yeu ciia trieu dinh de tranh
su ngan can tir phia chinh quyen Mac Phu va
cac han ddng minh ciia nd Dudi ap luc ciia
ddi quan hiing hau ciia cac han Tay Nam,
Tudng quan luc bay gid cua Mac Phii la
Yoshinobu khdng cdn each nao khac la phai
tir chirc va tra lai quyen lire cho Thien hoang
Luc lugng quan ddi cua cac ban Tay Nam
khdng chi da khien cho chinh quyen Mac
Phu sup do ma cdn dap tan y dd gay dung lai
quyen lire ciia nd thdng qua mot loat cac tran
chien dien ra tir nam 1868 den nam 1869 ma
lich sir van thudng bay ggi la cuoc chien
tranh Mau Than (Boshin) Cuoc chien tranh
Mau Than la ten ggi chung ciia mot loat cac
cuoc giao tranh dien ra giira quan ddi Mac
phu vdi quan ddi cac han Tay Nam Trong
cuoc chien tranh nay thi cd hai dac diem ndi
bat dang chu y: thir nhat, trong tat ca cac tran
giao tranh nay thi quan dgi cua lien minh
Tay Nam deu gianh thang Igi tuyet ddi Thir
hai, tuy cd nhieu han'^' tham gia danh dd Mac phii nhung thanh phan chu chdt Iiic nao cung la bdn han Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen trong dd nhieu nhat la lien quan Satsuma -Choshu chiem ban 80% sd lugng quan dao Mac Cd nhieu tran dau trong cuoc chien tranh Mau Than ma quan ddi Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen chiem tuyet ddi Chinh nhirng vi tudng ITnh tai ba cua cac han nay nhu: Saigo Takamori (Satsuma), Omura Masujiro (Choshu), Yamagata Aritomo (Choshu), Okuma Shingenobu (Tosa), Okuma Hacbitaro (Hizen) da gdp phan lam nen thang Igi vang ddi trudc lire lugng quan ddi ddng dao cua Mac phu ciing vdi cac han ddng minh
Ben canh sir ddng gdp ve mat lire lugng thi cac han Tay Nam cdn la ngudn cung cap
vu khi quan sir chu yeu cho quan ddi phia Tay cua Thien hoang trong cac tran giao tranh vdi quan Mac phu, dac biet la Hizen
Do sdm cd dieu kien tiep xiic vdi khoa hgc
ky thuat hien dai cua phuang Tay thdng qua cang Nagasaki nen Hizen da khdng ngirng phat trien ky thuat quan sir cua minh Vao nam 1853 nd da san xuat thanh cdng siing dai bac ciing vdi hang loat cac vu khi khac nhu sung, thuoc nd Do do nd dugc menh danh la "cai Id vu khi" ciia Nhat Ban vao nira sau the ky XIX Trong nhilu tran chiln quyet djnh cua cuoc chien tranh Mau Than, Hizen han da cung cap nhCrng tan thude siing
cd sire cdng pha Idn ciing vdi nhiJng khau dai bac hien dai dugc che tao theo kilu mlu cua Anh de giiip luc lugng Tay Nam pha thanh
Qua sir kien Vuang chinh phuc cd vao cudi nam 1867 va cudc chiln tranh Mau than
* Ngoai Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen thi con co sir tham gia cua mot so han khac nam 6 phia Tay Nam Nhat Ban nhu Owari, Bizen, Higo, Tsu, Kii, Omura, Sadowara
Trang 9(1868-1869) cd the khang dinh rang sire
manh quan su cua cac han Tay Nam chinh la
nhan td cdt Idi tao nen thang Igi ciia sir
nghiep dao Mac Tuy phai ddi mat vdi lire
lugng quan ddi ddng dao cua Mac Phii vdi
sir giup dd cua cac cd van quan sir ngudi
Phap nhung quan ddi cac ban Tay Nam vdi
sT khi cao, vii khi hien dai va dac biet cimg
vdi tai chi huy xuat chung cua Saigo
Takamori - mot vi tudng tai ba ciia Satsuma
han - nen da danh bai hoan toan lire lugng
Mac Phil
Thdi ky Minh Tri la mot trong nhirng thdi
ky quan trgng nhat trong lich sir Nhat Ban
Khi nhac den thdi ky nay ngudi ta thudng
hay nhac den Thien hoang Minh Tri, ngudi
da dua Nhat Ban tir mot nude phong kien lac
hau trd thanh mot cudng qudc kinh te va
quan sir ngang hang vdi cac nude phuang
Tay Tuy nhien de tao nen anh biio quang
sang chdi cua thdi ky nay, dang sau vai trd
cua Thien hoang thi khdng the khdng ndi
den sir ddng gdp vd ciing to Idn ciia the luc
Tay Nam tire bdn ban Satsuma, Choshu,
Tosa va Hizen Cac han nay khdng nhCrng da
giup Thien hoang Minh Tri khdi phuc lai
quyen lire cua minh ma cdn cd sir ddng gdp
to Idn trong viec xay dung chinh quyen mdi,
dac biet la thdng qua cdng lao cua cac chinh
tn gia Tay Nam tai ba
Trong cdng cudc danh dd sir thdng tri cua
Mac phii Tokugawa khdi phuc lai quyen lire
cho Thien hoang thi Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa
va Hizen la nhCrng han di dau ddng thdi cung
la lire lugng ndng cdt lat dd che do Mac phii
Chinh tiem lire kinh te, sire manh quan sir va
dac biet la nhCrng mdi mau thuan khdng the
dieu hda dugc vdi chinh quyen Mac phu da
lam cho cac han niiy cd kha nang dam nhan
vai trd to Idn mil Ijch sir Nhat Ban dang ddi
hdi Iiic bay gid Dd chinh la lat dd sir thdng tri cua mot che do da Idi thdi, thilt lap nen mot che do mdi tien bd ban va tren co sd do tien hanh duy tan dat nude de tranh nguy ca
bi bien thanh thuoc dia ciia cac cudng qudc
phuang Tay Ngay tir khi phong trao ddo
Mac phat trien tren toan qudc thi cac han
Tay Nam da sdm vuon Ien vi tri lanh dao phong trao Chinh nhCrng vd sT tai ba cua cac han nay ma dien hinh la Saigo Takamori, Okubo Toshimichi (Satsuma), Kido Takayoshi (Choshu), Sakamoto Ryoma, Nakaoka Shintaro (Tosa), la nhirng ngudi
cd cdng thuc day phong trao phat trien cung nhu chuan bi nhu-ng each thirc, budc di cu the de dua phong trao dao Mac tien den thang Igi cudi ciing
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Albert M.Craig (1961), Choshu in the
Meiji Restoration, Harvard University Press
2 Peter Kornicki (2000), Meiji Jeipan
Political, economic and social history 1868
-1912 , Harvard University Press ( 3 Volume)
3 E.Herbert Norman (2000), Jeipan's
Emergence as a modern, Nxb Vancouver,
Toronto
4 ^mZ^B.\^ Hani Goro (1956), B^;^f,|if5if 5S Meiji Ishin Kenkyu (Nghien cicu ve cuoc Duy
Tan Meiji), Iwanami
5 mU:^^^ Hattori Shiso (1972), B^;^ft5&
Meiji Ishinshi (Meiji Duy tdn sic), Aoki Bunko
6 Le Van Quang (1998), Lich sic Nhe'tt Bern,
Nxb Til sach trudng Dai hoc KHXH & NY
7 E 4 ^ | > Tanaka Akira (1995), B^^^ltfir
Meiji Ishin (Meiji Duy Tan), Yoshikawa
Kobunkan
NGHIEN CUU DONG BflC fl SO 9(103) 9-2009 63