Do tir be song trong cai noi ciia gia dinh va huong dang, dii da la quan trieu dinh the nhung khi ve lang (lang minh hay lang khac) van phai kieng de, ne trgng cac bd lao nhu trudc k[r]
Trang 1THE KY XVll, XVIII
7ir bao ddi nay, con ngudi ludn sdng
trong nhtrng don vj tu cu, ddn ddn
nhung dan vi tu cu dy dugc djnh danh la
lang Khi nha nudc ra ddi, lang trd thanh
don vj hanh chinh vdi tinh tu quan cdp co sd
cua nha nudc Song song vdi qua trinh binh
thanh va xuat hien lang, van hda lang cung
ra ddi Mdt trong nhtrng bilu hien cao quy
ciia van hda lang la tuc trgng xi Xi M,
nguyen nghia Han Viet la rang, ngudi it rang
la ngudi gia Trgng xi, trgng ngudi gia,
ngudi sd btru tri thiic kinh nghiem sdng va
lao ddng san xuat Ngudn gdc sau xa ciia nd
CO xuat phat diem tir co tang nen san xudt
ndng nghiep Ben canh tinh can cii chju khd,
ngudi dan ludn trdng chd vao sir uu dai ciia
thien nhien Mdi do den miia, ngudi ta deu
cau cho mua thuan gid hda, nhung de dugc
toai nguyen ma chi dua vao cau ciing khdng
thi chua han, yeu cau thiet yeu nhat la hg
phai nam bat dugc quy luat chuyen miia cua
tu nhien Va nhu the, chi cd ngudi gia mdi
tich luy dugc vdn kinh nghiem nay sau qua
trinh vat va vdi thdi gian Ngudi cao tudi bat
dau trd thanh tru cdt cho nilm tin, sir hanh
dien va Idng tdn trgng ciia dan lang
Chju anh hudng sau dam tir nhung triet ly
Nho giao ciia Trung Qudc, trong quan niem
ciia ngudi Trilu Tien va ngudi Viet Nam
xua kia ludn ludn tdn tai hai khai niem ddi
lap nhau: "xi tudc " (tudc phdm nhd tudi tac)
con ggi la "thiin tudc " va "quan tudc "(tudc
phdm nhd quan trudng), hay dan gian truyen
Th?ic sT, Giang vien Dai hpc Dong Thip
Od THj HA THO'
tung cau: "triiu dinh thuang tudc, huang ddng thuomg xi" (trieu dinh xem trgng chiic
tudc, huong dang xem trgng tuli tac) Tuc
trgng xi bat dau dugc dinh binh ddn vdi sir
hinb thanh va phat trien van hda lang Tiiy theo dieu kien, quan niem ciia timg dan tgc
ma nd dugc bieu hien khac nhau Theo nhjp sdng cua xa hdi hien dai, bieu bien ciia nd cd phan md nhat, co hd bj xe toac bdi ldi song phdng tiing cua Idp tre, tham chi la sir meo
md nhan each dang trd thanh van de gay nbiic nhdi cho nen giao due nudc nha Dau vet cdn sdt lai ma ngay nay chiing ta cd the khao ciiu dugc rd rang nhat la cac van ban huong udc chtr Han trong tirng giai doan ljch sii nhat djnh
Trong pham vi bai viet nay, chiing tdi chgn hai van ban huong udc chii Han cua Trieu Tien the ky XVII va mdt van ban d the
ky XVIII lam tu lieu dan chiing, cu the la:
- An Ddng huang ude viet nam 1602
- Mat Duang huang irdc viet nam 1648
- Bdn Khe huang udc viet giiia the ky
XVIII Trudc het, can cii de djnh ra each irng xir giiia ngudi vdi ngudi la do tudi Ve van de nay, ca hai ban huong udc chir Han Trieu Tien thi ky XVII deu chung mgt quy djnh Tac gia van ban khong dua ra do tudi cu the
ma idy tudi ban than lam cdt moc ddi chieu tudi ddi phuong:
"Ngudi trong huang gdp ddi tudi minh, minh phdi ddi xit vdi hg nhu cha Ngudi ldn han minh mudi tudi phdi ddi xit vdi hg nhu anh Ngirdi ldn han minh ndm tudi phdi kinh
Trang 2Nghien cicu khoa hgc
trgng hg Gap bgn be cua cha thi phdi vdi tich lOy ciia cdl vgt chdt, (khdng phdi bdng chao Ngudi ldn han minh mudi tudi tuy a rudng ddt hay hdng each chay chgt mdt chirc nai ngd vdng gap hg minh phdi hdnh li vu chinh quyin, mdt phdm hdm do nhd nudc thuang bdi Ngudi trong huang ldn han qudn chu ban cdp), md tiin thdn bdng tudi minh mudi Idm tudi gap hg minh phdi hdnh tdc" Viec dua ra each iing xu gitra ngudi
li thucmg bdi" vdi ngudi tir pham vi nhd la gia dinh den Sang thi ky XVIII, tren ca sd tilp thu An huong dang theo nguyen tdc trgng xi la bude Ddng huang udc va Mat Duang huang udc, tap dugt va hoan thien dan nhan pham ciia
tac gia van ban da dua ra each tinh cu thi con ngudi theo hudng chan - thien - my tir ban: dd hudng hg den each thd vua sao cho phai
"Cdc bgc tdn gid, nhiing ngudi duac ddn dao Trgng xi trong huong udc chii Han lang tdn kinh, y chi nhiing ngudi ldn han ta Trilu Tien the ky XVII, XVIII dugc xet den tir hai muai tudi trd len, nhiing ngudi cung a mdt sd diem co ban sau:
hdng vdi cha minh Niu nhu la con em ciia 1 Swtdn kinh
thdy tuy tudi khdng cao nhimg phdi ddi xir Day la yeu cdu tdt ylu dau tien Sir tdn nhu cdc bgc tdn gid kinh nay dugc cac tac gia van ban gdi ggn Cdc bgc trudng thucmg y chi nhiing ngudi trong khai niem dire nghiep % %.:
ldn han ta tit mudi tudi trd lin, ciing hdng - Tdn kinh trudng thugng (An Ddng anh minh Neu cdc bgc trudng thuang la bgn huang udc)
be cua cha hoac Id ngudi cd diic vi tdn quy - Tdn kinh trudng thugng (Mat Duang thi nen diing li ciia cdc bgc tdn gid di ddi huang udc)
ddi vdi hg - Kinh trudng thugng (Bdn Khi huang Nhiing ngudi ngang hdng chi nhung udc)
ngudi tudi khdng nhiiu, khdng thdp han ta Diic nghiep dugc xem nhu khung sudn mudi tudi Ldn han mudi tudi id cdc bgc due nit ra nhung con ngudi cd day du phdm trung nlin, nhd han Id thanh nien hanh phii hgp vdi my quan cua cdng ddng, Thliu niin chi nhirng ngudi nhd han ta tir mang y thurc he Nho giao Sir tdn kinh ciia mudi tudi trd xudng ngudi it tudi ban ddi vdi ngudi ldn tudi hon, Tre em chi nhiing ngudi nhd han ta tit hai mat khac cdn thi hien sir bilt on ciia the he muai tudi trd xudng Tuoi tuy nhd nhimg niu sau ddi vdi thi he trudc da cd cdng truyen
la ngudi cd dire hgnh ddng quy thi minh day nhtrng kinh nghiem quy bau cua ban phdi tdn kinh vd ddi dai vdi hg nhu nhiing than, giup thi he sau thich iing trudc sir thay ngudi bdng vai phdi lira vdi minh " ddi ciia hoan canh sdng Khdng ndi mdt each Nhu vay, du dk thdy tudi tac chilm mdt vj chung chung, tac gia van ban da cu the hda
tri quan trgng nhu thi nao trong giao tilp, hi Idng tdn kinh bdng nhirng hanh dgng thiet
ai khinh sudt lap tire bj ca cdng ddng len an thue thdng qua each chao hdi, mdi mgc, tien Sdng trong mdi trudng lang, tir khi sinh ra dua Khi gap hg ngoai dudng phai vai chao din khi tir gia cdi ddi nay, ai cung phai nhd nhu thi nao, khdng dugc tu tien cudi ndi nga ndm Idng quy tdc bdt di bdt djch dy Gidng nghieng, khi khong dugc hdi din thi khong nhu lang xa Viet Nam, dilu da-cd nghTa la, dugc phep tra ldi Theo dd, dua ra quy tac:
cu dan lang tiln than khdng phdi "bdng each "Gap ngudi ldn tudi do phdi sira ngay
70 NGHIEN CflTU OdNG B^C fl sd 3(97) 3-2009
Trang 3ngdn, vdi chdo phdi cung kinh " (Mat Duang
huang ude)
"Phdm khi gap cdc bgc tdn gid, trudng
gid di dga d ngodl dudng thi phdi nhanh
bude din vdi chdo Niu cdc bgc tdn gid,
trudng gid hdi chuyin thi trd ldi, neu khdng
thi dirng ngay sang mdt bin dudng di dai
cdc bgc tdn gid, tnrdng gid di qua minh vdi
chdo rdi tiip tuc dl tiip Niu minh cudi ngua
a chd cdc bgc tdn gid thi quay lgi md trdnh
cdn niu khdng kip quay lgi trdnh thi phdi
xudng ngua di bd di dai vd khi cdc bde tdn
gid cd ndi minh lin ngua thi phdi theo link
Ddi vdi bgc trudng gid dl ngua thi minh
phdi dung mdt ben dudng vdi chdo, dai din
khi cdc bgc trudng gid di qua minh lgi vdi
chdo ldn nira rdi mdi di tiip Niu minh di bd
md cdc bde tdn gid, trudng gid dl ngua thi
minh phdi quay lgi md trdnh cdn nhu minh
dl bd niu gap ngudi cd chirc quyin cudi
ngua thi minh ciing phdi Idm theo nhirng
diiu nhu trin Niu minh cudi ngua cdn cdc
bde tdn gid, trudng gid dl bd thi minh phdi
din thua, xudng ngua vdi chdo rdi trdnh qua
mdt ben Ciing nhu vay niu minh mudn dl
tiip phdi dai cdc bad tdn gid, trudng gid dl
xa rdi mdi lin ngua " (Bdn Khi huang udc)
v a khi cac bac tdn trudng den nha lam
khach thi each mdi ddn hg cung khac Mdi
hg thi dich than chu nha den mdi, dii cd ban
den may cung phai tu minh di mdi khdng
dugc nhd ngudi khac thay Khi cac bac tdn
trudng den nha thi con chau trong nha phai
xin ra chao hdi diing le tiet mdi the hien
dugc sir trgng xi tuyet ddi d mgi liic mgi noi
Nhdt la se phat nang nhtrng ai cd thai do bat
kinh Sire manh ciia huong udc ddi khi cdn
dugc bao trg bdng du luan Sir che cudi ciia
dan lang la each cbl tai cdn nghiet nga ban
nhilu so vdi hinh phat bang roi, cat bd hd
tjch hay true xudt khdi huong Cd the ndi
gidng nhu Viet Nam vai tro ciia bac trudng thugng trong sinh boat lang xa la tdi trgng
la tru cdt uy the bao \'e lang Bac trudng thugng dugc dan lang ngudng \gng tu\et ddi, nhu thudc do gia trj v l dOrc do va pham hanh de tir dd hg tu ran minh
2 Chinh sdch wu ddi
Tuc trgng xi da an sau vao tam thirc va
nghiem nhien trd thanh mdt phdn khong tbi
thieu trong each ddi nhdn xit thi cua cu dan lang Vi vay, trgng xi neu chi dirng lai d sir
ton kinh thdi chua du Thi nen, khi lap ra huong udc, tac gia van ban da quan tam den viec dua ra nhiing uu dai rieng danh cho cac
cu Trudc bet la vj tri ngdi thir trong cac ky bdi hgp, yen am cua huong Thir den la viec xii phat
Suot thdi gian dai trong ljch sir giao due cua hai nudc ddng van, da timg du nhap va sir dung chtr Han nhu mdt quoc ngtr, Trieu Tien va Viet Nam da hgc, thi cir theo Nho hgc, tiep thu triet de sach vd thanh hien de ren giua nhan each, trao ddi kien thire, tren nura la dd dat lam quan Do tir be song trong cai noi ciia gia dinh va huong dang, dii da la quan trieu dinh the nhung khi ve lang (lang minh hay lang khac) van phai kieng de, ne trgng cac bd lao nhu trudc kia
Tiiy tap tuc timg lang, cac cudc hdi he yen
am ciia huong dugc td churc d cac thdi dem khac nhau vao hai miia xuan va thu Muc dich ciia nhiing cudc hgi hgp nay khdng ngoai viec trao tuyen kinh nghiem cua the he trudc cho the he sau Chii tri cudc hgi hgp la cac bd lao trong lang va cac quan chirc Den day, chiing tdi xin dan so dd bo tri cho ngoi
ddy dii nhdt trong ban Mat Duang huang
ttdc:
Trang 4Nghien cihi khoa hgc
Sg do phan bo cho ngoi trong cac ky hgi hop huong
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Trang 5Thii bac ngdi thii trong huong dang the
hien vi tri ciing nhumg lgi ich vat chat, tinh
than va uy the ciia timg ca nhan Bac tdn
trudng ngdi d ngdi thii cao, ho dugc xep
ngang hang vdi quan phu trach quan ly
huong va quan do trieu dinh bd nhiem, ddi
khi cdn cd nhumg dieu le quy dinh rieng cho
bp la khdng phai dap chao trong mdt sd
trudng hgp, viec nay da cd quan LTdc Chinh
dam trach Cac bac tdn trudng cdn dugc
hudng them quyen lgi trong khi yen am, te
tu ciia huang: "Ngudi 60 tudi ngdi ngudi 50
tudi dung hdu di lam rd thir bgc tdn trudng
Ngudi 60 tudi duac ddng ba ddu dung dd
ciing, ngudi 70 tudi duac ddng bdn ddu dd
eiing, ngudi 80 tudi duac ddng ndm ddu dd
Cling, ngudi 90 tudi duac ddng sdu ddu dd
ciing Id di ndi rd each phung dudng ngudi
gid" Tac gia van ban ly giai them rdng dl
trd thanh ngudi cd bilu d l thi yeu cdu trudc
h a la phai bilt tdn kinh va nudi dudng
ngudi cao tudi: "Ddn vdo thi hiiu di, ra thi
tdn kinh cdc bgc trudng thuang, nudi dudng
ngudi gid sau mdi thdnh ngudi cd gido due
Trd thdnh ngudi cd gido dixc sau ddt nudc
mdi cd thi an dinh " Khdng chi trong huong
dang, ngudi cao tudi cung dugc trilu dinh
quan tam den:
"- Trong li ai thg cao bdo lin quan
- Al thg cao bdo lin quan "
Tac gia van ban lap luan: Cac bac tien
vuang ngay trudc cung can cii vao tudi tac
dl dinh thii bac tren dudi trong khi lap ra
phap luat va ll nghi cho ddt n u d c Ngoai ra,
ngudi cao tudi cdn dugc chilu cd den trong
vi?c xu phat N I U chdng may xay ra chuy?n
''anh em ddu dd nhau anh sal, em dung diu
phat, dung hay sal ciing chiu mdt nira, anh
phgt nhe, em phgt ndng Anh dung, em sal chi phgt tdi em " Ndi nhu vay cd nghTa la
"trong mgi trudng hgp bdt ludn phdn xir diing sal thi ndo thi phdn thdng ciing ludn thugc vi ngudi anh, ngudi cd tudi cao han Biin phdp rdn de ndy khien cho nhirng ngudi Idm em ludn bl thiit thdi khi phdn xir nhung lgi ddm bdo quyin lai vinh vlin cho nhirng al may mdn ducfc sinh ra trudc lam anh"
Nhung hinh phat ke trong huong udc mang tinh bdt budt ddi vdi moi thanh vien
Thi nhung vdi tuc trgng xi, ngudi ta khdng
thi phat bac trudng thugng dugc Thay vi chiu phat theo quy dinh thi hg nhan dugc sir khoan hdng:
"Thdng thudng nhimg ngirdi tudi gid sire yiu bi binh khdng thi chiu phgt roi duac thi phi bd mil vd sai con minh chiu phgt thay "
v l dilm nay, trong huong udc Viet Nam
cung dua ra cac uu dai tuong tu 6 lang xa
Viet Nam, len lao la mdt trong nhumg vinh
du ldn lao cua ddi ngudi Ngudi dii tu6i len lao (thudng la 50 hay 55 tuy tap tuc tung lang) dugc thu hudng sir trgng vgng cua dan lang, hg nghilm nhien nhan su uu dai vl vi U-i ngdi thii d dinh trung trong cac ky bdi hgp hay dugc miln mdt sd nghTa vu lao dich
khac, tham chi cd lang cd danh ca rudng Ido
diin dk cdp cho cac cu Vdi tu tudng xudt Ida vd su, ca Trilu Tien va Viet Nam da t^o
mgt thi diing vd hinh cho cac cu Cac cu bay gid tham gia vao viec phan bao, tu van, chi day cho dan lang, cdn cac viec nang nhgc khac danh trdng chd vao Idp tre vay
cdn phai ndi them rdng, tuy cd cimg mdt xudt phat dilm la ciing chiu anh hudng cua Nho giao, nhung trong huang udc quy djnh
Trang 6Nghien cihi khoa hgc
ve viec len lao d Viet Nam cung thdi ky cd
phan cau ky, phiic tap va ton kem ban
Ngudi dan lang quanh nam ddu tdt mat tdi
vdi rugng nuomg, lo an khdng dii vay ma dl
dugc cdng nhan la gidi Ien lao hg phai vay
mugn cda cai lam cd khao vgng lang De sau
dd la ng nan, tiing thieu, ngheo ddi ludn
Ngugc lai d Trieu Tien, y thiic tir nhumg Khd
khan cua nen san xuat ndng nghiep mang lai,
viec cdng nhan gidi len lao deu dugc su
cdng hudng ciia ca dan lang Hg khdng ddi
hdi gia chii thet dai cd ban, hg den chiic tung
kem theo vat pham it nhieu phu giiip chi phi
td chiic le tren tinh than tiet kiem nhung van
dam bao thirc thi day dii cac nghi thiic da
dinh Day la diem cue ky tien bd trong
huong udc ciia ngudi Trieu Tien bay gid,
giiip cu dan lang vai bdt ganh nang ciia cudc
sdng thudng nhat, tao lap diem tua tinh than
cho timg ca nhan va cho ca cdng ddng
Tdm lai, tuc trgng xi la mdt tap tuc tdt
dep, la can cii de xac dinh le tiet spng, biet
an ngudi ldn tuoi da cd cdng truyen day chi
ddn nhiing kinh nghiem ciia ban than, giiip
dan bilt each img xii trudc nhumg thien tai,
mdt miia va bao ve lan nhau Trgng xi, xet d
gdc do khac nd mang thai do "dn trin ngdi
trdc " Mdt dilu khdng thi phii nhan ca trong
huang udc chu- Han Trieu Tien va Viet Nam
thi ky XVII, XVIII nay la ddi khi tuc trgng
xi cdn dua din viec nhat nhat phai tuan theo
ngudi ldn tudi, khdng dugc cai lai Ma ngudi
ldn tuoi thi sd hiiu nhirng tri thiic kinh
nghiem, nhiing tri thiic kinh nghiem dd cd
diing, cd sai chii khdng phai la bat di bat
dich trong mgi trudng hgp Chinh dieu nay
phdn nao da chdi bd sir sang tao cua lap tre,
cii khu khu giii lay cai "tham cdn cd di " ay
la nguyen nhan tach rdi the he nay vdi the he kia tren ITnh vuc tu tudng y thirc he Van hda lang la hat nhan cua van hda dan tdc Mdi nudc mdi khac, tuy theo dac diem ciia timg
dan tdc, khi dua vao huang udc, tuc trgng xi
da dugc cac bac tiic nho cai bien lai cho phii hgp vdi thi gidi quan va nhan sinh quan ciia dan ban dia Tir dd hinh thanh nen ban sac van hda ciia rieng timg nudc ma khdng mdt
ai nhdm ldn ddng van hda ciia ngudi Viet va ngudi Trieu
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Trieu Tien thdi dgi xd hdi sir nghien ciru sir lieu timg thu quyen 1, Bao Canh van boa xa,
Korea, 1986
2 Pham Thi Thuy Vinh, Quang Chdu huang udc dieu muc bdn huang udc cd nhdt ciia Trieu Tien, Tap chi Han Nom so 3, 2005
3 www.vae.org vn
4 Do Thi Ha Tho, Nghien ciru vdn bdn huang udc chir Hdn Trieu Tien the ky XVII,
Luan van Thae sy, 2008