Cach mang thang Tam dugc Hd Chi Minh va Dang tiep tuc phat trien trong dieu kien mdi, da dua den thang lgi ciia cuge khang chien ehdng thuc dan Phap (1945-1954) va khang chien chdng [r]
Trang 1TU" TyaNG DOC LAP TU" DO VOI CHliN LU'QC
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PGS LE MAU HAN
Ddn tdc Viet Nam cd tinh thdn cd ket, diim boc ldn nhau, doan ket chat che thanh mdt khdi thdng nhdt ngay cdng ben vung, cd y chi dgc lap vd khdt vgng tu do, cd y thuc
ve chii quyen, thdng nhdt ddt nudc Dgc lap tu do Id quyen vd cimg thieng lieng ciia dan
tdc Viet Nam Chii nghia ddn tdc, y chi doc lap, tu do la ddng chii luu xuyen sudt ciia
lich sic, la nen tdng tinh thdn ciia su trudng tdn vd phdt trien, la ddng luc vd dich ciia
Viet Nam trong su nghiep xdy dung vd bdo ve Td qudc, la sice manh de chien ddu ddnh
bai qudn xdm luge ngoai bang Nghien ciru tien trinh lich sic Viet Nam, Hd Chi Minh da
viet: " nhdy chi ddc lap vd Idng khdt khao tu do han la nhd qudn ddng sice manh,
nudc Nam da thdng" qudn phong kien Trung qudc den xdm luge nudc ta Tir lich sic
Viet Nam vd the gidi, Ngudi da neu mdt ludn diem ve quyen thieng lieng nhdt ciia cdc
nudc tren the giai rdng: "Tu do ddc lap la quyen trdi cho ciia mdi ddn tdc He mot ddn
tdc da dimg len kien quyet tranh ddu cho To qudc hg thi khdng ai, khdng luc luang gi
chien thdng dugc ho ,,2
T U giiia thi ky XIX, nudc ta bi thuc
dan Phap xam luge va thdng tri Viet
Nam tir mdt nudc ddc lap bien thanh mdt
nudc thugc dia Mau thuan giai cap ciia xa hdi
Viet Nam ed sir chuyen bien ldn Su xung dot
ve quyen lgi giai cap trong ndi bd dan tdc vdn
khdng dien ra gidng nhu cac nudc phuong
Tay ma cdn giam thieu ldn Mau thuan giira
dan tdc Viet Nam vdi thuc dan Phap trd thanh
mau thuan chii yeu, dien ra ngay cang gay gat
Dua tren ddng lire ciia ehii nghia dan tdc
truyen thdng, nhan dan Viet Nam da lien tilp
ndi day dau tranh, song vi thieu mgt dinh
hudng chien luge each mang khoa hgc phii
hgp vdi yeu cau phat trien mdi ciia dan tdc
nen chua cd the thanh cdng Trong bdi canh lich sir dd, ngudi thanh nien yeu nude va cap tien Nguyen Tat Thanh - Hd Chi Minh da dan than tren cac neo dudng ciia thi gidi de khao sat, hge hdi, suy ngam ve con dudng cim nudc, giai phdng dan tdc phii hgp vdi dieu kien dat nudc, lich sir va eon ngudi Viet Nam
Bang thien tai tri tue, vdi pham chat, nhan each va bang hoat ddng thuc tiln eiia minh Ho Chi Minh da nghien ciiu, ke thira va nang len tam cao mdi cua thdi dai ngudn gia tri van hoa
tu tudng truyin thdng, trong dd chii nghia dan tdc chan ehinh, su cd kit dan toe, y chi ddc lap
tu do la ddng chu luu xuyen sudt lich sir Viet Nam de ket hgp, tilp biln va tdng hoa, phat
Trang 2SU' NGHIEP VA TU' TU'6'NG H 6 CHi MINH
trien bien ehimg tinh hoa van hoa phuong Ddng
va tu tudng eac cuge each mang d Au, My d thi
ky XVII, XVIII, dae biet la hgc thuylt each
mang ciia Mae, Lenin, de de ra mdt he tu tudng
each mang toan dien, sang tao, mang tim vdc
mdt hgc thuyet each mang, khoa hgc ve giai
phdng va phat trien dan tdc, vi ddc lap, tu do
Ciing vdi viec xay dung ly luan each mang,
Hd Chi Minh da dao tao nhiing ehien si tien
phong each mang, truyen ba ly luan giai phdng
dan tdc vao Viet Nam va td ehiic nhan dan
Hge thuyet each mang giai phdng va phat
trien dan tdc ciia Hd Chi Minh duge truyen vao
Viet Nam da dap iing khat vgng thieng lieng va
ndng bdng eiia nhan dan Viet Nam, trudc het la
tang Idp hgc sinh, sinh vien, tri thiic yeu nudc
va cap tien Hg da din than di vao quan chung
de tuyen truyen, van ddng, td chiic nhan dan
diu tranh, lam day len trong ca nude mdt phong
trao dan tgc dan ehii ngay cang manh me Dieu
dd phan anh kha rd su trudng thanh ve chinh tri,
y thirc giae ngd eiia phong trao quan chimg
Nhu cau lap "Dang each menh" da chin mudi,
dua den su ra ddi ciia cae Dang Cdng san d Viet
Nam vao miia Thu nam 1929
Thue hien trgng trach lich sir cua minh ddi
vdi dan tdc va la phai vien eiia Qude te cdng
san cd day du quyen true tiep quyet dinh mgi
van de lien quan den phong trao each mang d
Ddng Duong, Hd Chi Minh da trieu tap dai
bilu ciia An Nam edng san Dang va Ddng
Duong edng san Dang, hgp tir ngay 6-1-1930
tai Cim Long, Hdng Cdng de hgp nhat thanh
mdt dang thdng nhat^
Khdng chi bing uy tin cua mdt ngudi md
dudng xay dung hge thuyet each mang va vdi
tu each phai vien ciia Qudc te cdng san ma cdn bang thai do ehan thanh va sire thuyet phue ldn, Hd Chi Minh da ehi cho dai dien ciia hai dang rd ve nhiing sai lam eiia hg va nhiing viec hg phai thuc hien da dua den sir ddng thuan, thdng nhat ca hai dang thanh Dang Cdng san Viet Nam Hdi nghj da nhat tri thdng qua Chinh cuong van tat, Saeh luge van tit - Cuong linh each mang dau tien ciia Dang va cac van kien quan trgng khac Hd Chi Minh ciing da quyet dinh phai td chirc mdt Ban Chap hanh Trung uong lam thdi
Ddng cdng sdn Viet Nam, dgi tien phong cua giai cdp cdng nhdn, ciia nhdn ddn lao ddng, ciia ddn tdc Viet Nam Id sdn pham ciia
su ket hgp hoc thuyet cdch mang Hd Chi Minh vd chii nghia Mdc- Lenin vdi phong trdo cdng nhdn vd phong trdo yeu nudc Viet Nam trong nhiing nam hai muai ciia the ky XX
Day la mdt dac trung eiia sir hinh thanh Dang Cdng san Viet Nam - Dang Hd Chi Minh Dang Cdng san Viet Nam ra ddi thdng qua su thir thach sang Igc, chgn lira lich sir, la su hien thue hoa trong cuge dau tranh ciia dan tdc theo
"con dudng each menh" eiia Hd Chi Minh Dang Cdng san Viet Nam ra ddi da tao ra mdt bude ngoat tren eon dudng phat trien ciia each mang Viet Nam Cuong linh each mang ciia Dang do Hd Chi Minh soan thao dugc Hdi nghi hgp nhat Dang nhat tri thdng qua da
de ra chu truong chien luge tu san dan quyen each mang va thd dia each mang de di tdi xa hdi cdng san; phai huy ddng sire manh eiia eac giai cap, tang Idp xa hdi gdm edng nhan, ndng dan, lien lac vdi tieu tu san, tri thirc, trung ndng, trung tieu dia chii va tu san ban xir
Trang 3nhim thue hien nhiem vu danh dudi chii nghia
de qudc Phap va phong kien lam cho nudc
Viet Nam duge dgc lap, tu do
Cuong linh dau tien eiia Dang da ket hgp
bien chimg yeu td dan toe va giai cap, trong
dd ndi bat len nhu mdt diem son sang chdi la
yeu td ddn tgc, tu tuong dgc lap, tu do Dd la
yeu td chii yeu quyet dinh tinh ddc dao ve tu
tudng va chii truong ehien luge eiia Hd Chi
Minh ddi vdi each mang Viet Nam chii khdng
phai la dieu "sai lam chanh tri rat ldn va rat
nguy hiem cho each mang"!"^ Giuong eao
nggn cd ddc lap tu do la co sd tu tudng chinh
tri, ddng lire ldn de thuc hien ehien luge dai
doan ket dan tdc, thanh lap Mat tran dan tdc
thdng nhat - mdt trong nhiing nhan td co ban
quyet dinh thang lgi ciia each mang Viet Nam
Ngay tai Hgi nghi thdng nhat Dang, Hd
Chi Minh da quyet dinh, sau khi thanh lap
Ban Chap hanh Trung uong lam thdi, ngoai
cdng tac hang ngay, phai td ehiic ngay Hgi
phdn de - tire la Mat trdn ddn tgc thdng nhdt
chdng de qudc
Ban chap hanh Trung uong chua kip thanh
lap Hdi phan de de tap hgp va td ehiic quan
chiing dau tranh, song vdi nggn cd ddc lap tu
do cua Hd Chi Mmh, ngay tu nam 1930,
phong trao each mang cd tinh quan chiing
rdng rai da nd ra d nhieu dia phuong, tieu bilu
la cac dia phuong cd phong trao len den dinh
cao nhu d Nghe An, Ha Tinh 0 hai tinh nay
da phat huy duge siie manh doan ket dan tdc,
khdng chi cd cdng ndng, ma cdn ed cac ting
Idp tri thirc, mdt sd si phu, phii ndng, trung
tieu dia ehii va mdt sd quan lai nhd d ndng
thdn ciing tham gia hoae img hg phong trao
Ngay ca khi phong trao each mang bi thuc dan Phap va tay sai khimg bd, dan ap da man, cac ting Idp tir tri thiic, trung tieu dia chii co
xu hudng each mang ciing van kinh phuc Dang Cdng san, phong trao cdng ndng va am tham ung hg each mang^
Tu tudng ddc lap, tu do cua Hd Chi Minh ngay cang tham dugm trong dudng ldi, chu truong, chinh sach va td chiic ciia Dang- nhat
la tir sau khi Ngudi ve nudc true tiep lanh dao eugc each mang giai phdng dan tdc
Tir thuc tien phong trao each mang nhiing nam 1930 den 1935 va sau sir chuyen hudng chinh tri cua Dai hdi VTI cua Qudc te Cong san Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang da cd nhan thirc ngay cang diing hon quan he bien chimg giira van de dan tdc va giai cap, giiia van de chdng de qudc va chdng phong kien, trong dd van de dan tdc la van de chii yeu xuyen sudt lich sir cua Viet Nam Van kien
Chung quanh vdn de chien sdch mod eua
Dang cdng bd thang 10 - 1936 da neu ro:
"Ddng Duong la xii thude dia , nhiem vu ciia Dang cdng san d dd khdng nhiing phai thau phuc da sd thg thuyen, ma cdn can phai thau phuc quang dai quan chiing ndng dan va tieu tu san d thanh thi, ddng thdi trong liic lap mat tran rdng rai, ehiing ta lai phai thau phue het cac Idp trong nhan dan"^ Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong, nhirng chien si cdng san ciia Dang chinh la con chau ciia eac dan tdc d Ddng Duong phai benh vuc anh em, ddng bao bi ap biic, chiln diu vdi khiu hieu
"Tat ca vi Td qude Dang phai la "dang cua dan chung bi ap biic, ddi tien phong eho cupc dan tdc giai phdng"'
Trang 4SU' NGHIEP VA TU' TU'6'NG H 6 CHi MINH
Tir khi chien tranh the gidi lan thii hai biing
nd, Phap - Nhat cau kit vdi nhau, nhan dan
cae dan tdc Ddng Duong sdng trong noi nhue
mdt cd hai trdng ap biic, cang lam cho mau
thuan giira cac dan tdc d Ddng Duong vdi
Phap - Nhat trd nen sau sac va gay gat hon
bao gid het Luc nay "Nhan dan Viet Nam
ai eiing chan ghet cuge ddi nd le, ai eiing
mudn ddc lap, tu do, va dang trong tu the mdt
ngudi len tieng van ngudi img hd"^
Giira luc dd, thang 5 -1941, Hdi nghi lan thir
tam ciia Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang hgp,
do Hd Chi Minh chii tri, da quyet dinh thay ddi
chien luge each mang tu san dan quyen bang
chien luge each mang giai phdng dan tdc, thuc
hien nhiem vu can kip la danh dudi Phap va
Nhat, gianh lai quyen doe lap, tu do De lam
trdn nhiem vu thieng lieng dd ddi vdi dat nude
phai thuc hien dai doan ket dan tdc trong mdt
mat tran cd tinh chat dan tdc rdng rai hon vdi
ten ggi la Viet Nam dgc lap ddng minh, ggi tat la
Viet Minh Sau khi danh dudi dugc Phap - Nhat
se thanh lap mdt nha nudc dan chii mdi theo the
ehe dan ehii edng hoa, la mdt nha nudc chung
ciia toan dan tdc chir khdng phai ciia rieng mdt
dang phai, eiia mdt giai cap nao ca Chinh phii
nudc Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hoa lay la cd dd
vdi ngdi sao vang nam canh lam ed cua toan
qudc Chinh phii ay do Qudc dan dai hdi cir ra
Ngay 25-10-1941, Viet Nam dgc lap ddng
minh - Viet Minh tuyen bd ra ddi "Viet Minh
chii truang lien hiep het thay cae gidi ddng
bao yeu nudc, khdng phan biet giau ngheo,
gia tre, trai gai, khdng phan biet tdn giao va xu
hudng ehinh tri, dang ciing nhau muu cuge
dan tdc giai phdng va sinh tdn"^
Ban Chuang trinh ciiu nudc ciia Viet Minh gdm 44 chinh sach ldn ve chinh tri, kinh te, van hoa, xa hdi va nhiing chinh sach cu the ddi vdi eac ting Idp nhan dan, cdt de thuc hien hai dieu ma toan the ddng bao trong ca nudc mong udc la:
1 Lam eho nude Viet Nam dugc hoan toan ddc lap;
2 Lam cho dan Viet Nam dugc sung sudng, tu do
Su thay ddi chien luge each mang tu san dan quyen thanh ehien luge each mang giai phdng dan tdc, vi ddc lap tu do la mdt chii truang diing dan, sang tao ciia Hd Chi Minh
Dd la CO sd chinh tri de thanh lap Viet Minh, mdt mat tran dai doan ket dan tdc tieu bieu, hoan chinh ve ehinh tri va td ehiic, tren dudng hinh thanh va phat trien Mat tran dan tdc thdng nhat Viet Nam Hd Chi Minh la Ngudi sang lap, lanh dao va ren luyen Mat tran, la hien than ciia khdi dai doan ket dan tdc
Sir ra ddi va hoat ddng ciia Viet Minh da ddng vien va tap hgp dugc sire manh eua dan tdc trong toan qudc dung len danh Phap dudi Nhat, xoa bd bd may eiia Nhat bang cuge khdi nghia dan tdc thang Tam - 1945, thanh lap Chinh phii lam thdi nudc Viet Nam Dan ehii Cdng hoa Day la mdt dien hinh thanh cdng
ve chien luge, phuang thiic va nghe thuat khdi nghia dan tdc, dua tu tudng ddc lap tu do ciia Hd Chi Minh thanh hien thue ciia cuge each mang giai phdng dan tdc d Viet Nam Vao giiia thang Tam - 1945, thdi co khdi nghia da chin mudi Co hdi ngan nam cd mdt eua dan tdc da den Theo quyet dinh ciia Dang
va Tdng bg Viet Minh, va Qude dan dai hdi
Trang 5mang tinh chit va tam vdc lich sir mdt td chirc
tiln than cua Qude hdi nude Viet Nam dan
chii mdi, da nhit tri quyet tam dem sire manh
eiia toan dan toe de chuyen xoay van nudc
bang cuge khdi nghia dan tdc, xoa bd bd may
thdng tri ciia Nhat, thanh lap chinh quyen
each mang eiia toan dan Viet Nam
Cuge Tdng khdi nghia thang Tam-1945 la
sir viing day manh liet vdi mdt tinh than diing
cam ciia khdi dai doan ket dan tdc Viet Nam
trong ca nudc Lire lugng quan chiing dugc td
chirc tir trudc hoac mdi dugc tham gia vao td
chiie Cim qude ngay trong dem trude eugc
khdi nghia, va ca ddng dao quan chiing chua
tham gia vao td chirc Viet Minh, theo menh
lenh ciia trai tim yeu nude, Idng khat khao
ddc lap tu do da xudng dudng dau tranh
gianh chinh quyen Ngay ea Bao Dai ciing da
ra tuyen cao thoai vi, de Chinh phu Dan chu
Cdng hoa thue hien quyen dieu khien qudc
dan Viet Nam, va tir nay dugc lam dan tu do
ciia mdt nudc doe lap Viee Bao Dai thoai vi
va tam ngay sau Le tuyen bd doe lap, Hd Chi
Minh da ky Sie lenh sd 23/SL (10-9-1945)
eir lam Cd van Chinh phii lam thdi la mdt sir
kien cd y nghia ve ea tinh than va tinh "hgp
phap hoa" truyen thdng da dugc thira nhan
tren the gidi
Ngay 2-9-1945, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh thay
mat Chinh phii lam thdi nude Viet Nam Dan
chii Cdng hoa - dai bieu cho toan dan Viet Nam,
long trgng cdng bd ban Tuyen ngdn dgc lap,
tuyen bd vdi qudc dan ddng bao va the gidi
rang: "Nudc Viet Nam cd quyen hudng tu do
va ddc lap, va thuc sir da thanh mdt nudc tu do
va ddc lap Toan the dan Viet Nam quyet dem
tat ca tinh than va lire lugng, tinh menh va cua cai de giir viing quyen tu do va ddc lap ay"'" Cuge each mang giai phdng dan tdc Viet Nam phat trien den dinh cao thang lgi bang
cuge khai nghia ddn tgc thang Tam nam 1945
Chinh phii nudc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hoa
la Chinh phii dgi dien cho todn ddn Viet Nam
chir khdng phai ciia rieng thugc ve mdt dang phai hoac mdt giai cap nao khac, nhu Nghi quyet Hdi nghi lan thii tam ciia Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang do Hd Chi Minh da vaeh ra
de ehi dao eho toan dan dau tranh bien thanh hien thuc cuge sdng eiia dan tdc
Khdi nghia dan tdc hay ehien tranh giai phdng dan tdc la phuong thirc diu tranh ea ban eiia nhan dan eac nudc thugc dia de gianh lai quyen ddc lap eua dan tdc V.I Lenin da timg de cap den: nhiing Id lira khdi nghia dan tdc, xuat hien gan lien vdi cuoc khimg hoang eiia chii nghia de qude, da bimg chay d eae thugc dia, d
ca chau Au va "da cd nhiing muu dd khdi nghia
d An - nam thugc Phap"" Khdi nghia dan tpc
la "mdt cuge khdi nghia nham thiet lap quyen ddc lap chinh tri ciia dan tdc bi ap birc, nghia la nham tao ra mdt qudc gia dan tdc rieng biet"'l
Va can thay rang, cuge khdi nghia dan tdc ding
la "bao ve Td qudc"! Ai chiu khd suy nghi mpt chut thi ciing deu nhan thay diing nhu the, vi bat cir "mdt dan tdc nao ndi day" ciing tu "bao ve" ehdng lai dan tdc di ap biic, bao ve ngdn ngii: ciia mmh, dit dai ciia minh "Bat cir mdt sir ap biic dan tdc nao ciing gay ra sir phan khang
trong quang dgi qudn chiing nhdn ddn, va xu
huang ciia bat cir mdt sir phan khang nao ciia
dan cu bi ap birc ve mat dan tdc eiing la khdi nghia dan tdc"'^
Trang 6SU" NGHIEP VA TU" TU-^NG H 6 CHI MINH
Cuge khdi nghia thang Tam - 1945 la mdt
dien hinh thanh cdng ve nghe thuat khdi nghia
dan tdc, phan anh rd tiem nang sang tao cua
Dang, eiia dan tgc ma trude het la Ho Chi
Minh, Ngudi da vaeh ra mdt he tu tudng each
mang Viet Nam mang tam vdc mdt hgc thuyet
giai phdng va phat trien dan tdc vi ddc lap tu
do Tren co sd hgc thuyet do, Ngudi da lanh
dao Dang vaeh ra dudng ldi ehinh tri, td chiic
lire lugng ciia dan tdc theo chien luge dai
doan ket dan tdc, thuc hien phuong thiic khdi
nghia sang tao, da dan den thang lgi eua cuge
each mang giai phdng, danh dudi dugc Phap
-Nhat, gianh lai quyen lam chii dat nudc, va
ngudn gia tri van hoa hon ngan nam lich sir
Cuge each mang thang Tam - 1945 la mdt
dien hinh thanh cdng ve sir thiic tinh y thiic dan
tdc vi ddc lap, tu do, ve siie manh cua khdi dai
doan ket dan tdc Ngay 6-10-1945, khi ndi
ehuyen vdi cae dai bieu eac bao ehi ve ndi tri,
ngoai giao nha nude, Hd Chi Minh da neu rd:
"Cd mdt dieu ehimg ta dang mimg la each
mang Viet Nam da cd mdt uu diem so vdi each
mang cac nudc Nga, Tau, Phap Cach mang d
dau thanh cdng ciing phai dd mau nhieu Cd
nudc phai chat diu vua Cd nudc ddng bao chia
dang phai, chem giet nhau lien tiep trong bao
nhieu nam Nude ta, vua tu thoai vi, cae dang
phai khdng cd may Trong mdt thdi gian ngan,
cae giai cap doan ket thanh mdt khdi, mudn dan
doan ket de muu hanh phuc chung la nude dugc
hoan toan ddc lap va chdng duge giac xam lang,
dudi bgn thuc dan tham ac ra ngoai bd cdi"
Thing lgi ciia eugc Cach mang thang Tam
-1945, lap nen nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng
hoa, dua Dang ta tu mdt dang hoat ddng bi
mat bat hgp phap trd thanh mdt dang cam quyen trong ca nudc la mgt minh chimg ve gia tri sang tao eiia hge thuyet giai phdng va phat trien vi ddc lap tu do va chien luge dai doan ket dan tdc ciia Hd Chi Minh
Giuong cao nggn cd ddc lap tu do, phat huy manh me ddng lire dan tdc, thuc hien chien luge:
"Doan ket, doan ket, dai doan ket Thanh cdng, thanh cdng, dai thanh cdng" lay khdi lien minh cdng ndng va tri thirc lam
CO sd, doan ket chan thanh vdi mgi lire lugng yeu nudc va tien bd ciia dan tdc trong eugc Cach mang thang Tam dugc Hd Chi Minh va Dang tiep tuc phat trien trong dieu kien mdi, da dua den thang lgi ciia cuge khang chien ehdng thuc dan Phap (1945-1954) va khang chien chdng My (1954- 1975), hoan thanh su nghiep giai phdng dan tdc va thdng nhat dit nude
1, Hd Chi Minh Todn tap: CTQG, H, 1995, T1, tr.80
2 5flyT.5,tr.7
3 To chiic Dong Duong Cong san lien doan den ngay 24-2-1930 dugc hgp nhit vao DCS Viet Nam Sir hgp nhat ca 3 to chuc cong san d Viet Nam da hoan tat
4,5 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn hen Ddng Todn
tap, CTQG, H, 1998,12, tr 236,229
6,7 5^^ T.6, tr 155,150
8 Hd Chi Minh Todn tap, CTQG, H 1995, T3,
tr.l74
9 Vdn Men Ddng Todn tap, CTQQ H, 2000, T.7,
tr.461
10 Tuyen ngdn doc l^cita nudc Viet Nam Ddn chii
Cong hod, Bdo Cim Qudc, so 36, ngay 5-9-1945
11,12,13 V.I.Lenin Todn u^, Tiln bg M, 1981,
T.30,tr.67,150,147
14 Hd Chi Minh Todn tap, CTQG, H, 1995, T 4,
tr.4344