Thuc ra, Hd Chi Minh da sdm nhan thirc dugc tam quan trgng cua tinh hgp phap eua nha nudc, vai trd eua phap luat trong quan ly xa hdi va hoat ddng cua nha nude, nhat la trong vide ba[r]
Trang 1TU'TU'ONGHOCHIMINH
TirTirdNC HO C H I MINH
^
VE NHA Nifdc KIEU MOH Of VIET NAM
PGS, TS NGUYEN VAN MANH
Tu mdng Hd Chi Mmh vd
xay dung nha nude kidu
mdi bet sire phong phu, toan didn,
khdng chi cd gia tri ddi vdi each
mang Viet Nam ma cdn mang
tinh phd bidn, ddng gdp vao kho
tang ly luan each mang ciia giai
cap edng nhan va nhan loai tidn
bd ti'dn toan thd gidi Cd thd khai
quat ndi dung m mdng Hd Chi
Minh vd nha nude kidu mdi ti'dn
nhirng didm ea ban dudi day:
1 Ve ban chat giai cap cua
nha niro-c kieu mdi
Hd Chi Minh da nhan manh va
phan tich cu the bdn chdt giai cdp cua nha
nude XHCN Ngudi khang dinh giai cap cdng
nhan Dang eua giai cap cdng nhan cd vai trd
la ngudi lanh dao nha nude va xa hdi Vi thd
ban chat giai cap sau sac cua nha nude XHCN
thd hidn d chd nha nudc XHCN phai do dang
cdng san lanh dao, phai thd hien y chi cua giai
cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao dgng Ngudi
cho rang: sd dl giai cap cdng nhan cd vai trd
lanh dao la do nd cd "dgc tinh cdch mgng"\
Quoc hgi l(hda I, ky hgp thir VI quyet dinh sifa doi Hien phap ban hanh nam 1946 va nhat tri bau Chii tich Ho Chi Minh lam Tafdng ban sira doi Hien phap (29-12-1956)
"Ddc rinh cdch mgng eua giai cap edng nhan
la: kidn quydt, tridt dd, tap the, cd td chuc, cd
ky luat Lai vi la giai cap tidn tidn nhat trong sue san xuat, ganh trach nhidm danh dd che
do m ban va dd qudc, de xay dung mdt xa hdi
mdi, giai cap cdng nhan ed thd tham nhuan mdt m mdng each mang nhat, tuc la chu nghia Mac - Ldnin Ddng thdi, tmh than dau tranh cua hg anh hudng va giao due cac ting ldp khac Vi vay, vd mat chmh tri, tu tudng, td chuc va hanh ddng, giai cap cdng nhan deu
* Hge vien CT-HC qudc gia Hd Chi Minh gUf vai trd ldnh dgo"
Trang 2Hd Chi Minh da phan bidt rd su khac nhau
giira nha nudc kidu mdi vdi nha nudc da ed
ti'ong Uch su Ngudi chi rd: "Nha nudc mdi
cua ta va Nba nudc cu, tinh chdt khdc nhau
Tinh chdt cua mdt nha nudc la: trong nha
nudc ay, giai cap nao thdng tri, giai cap nao bi
thdng tri Nha nudc ay bao vd lgi ich cua giai
cap nao, dan ap giai cap nao Nha nudc cii
nam trong tay de qudc va phong kidn, tinh
chat nd la dd qudc phong kidn, la phan ddng
Nha nudc ta ngay nay la nam trong tay nhan
dan chdng de qudc va phong kidn Tinh chdt
nd Id nhdn ddn ddn chu chuyin chinh"^ Hd
Chi Minh edn ehi rd tinh chdt chuyin chinh
cua nhd nudc XHCN la chuyen chinh ciia
nhan dan dudi sir lanh dao cua dang cdng san
nham bao ve lgi ich eua nhan dan va ehuydn
chinh chi ap dung vdi bgn dd qudc, phong
kien, phan ddng
Tu tuang dgi dodn kit cua Hd Chi Minh
da tgo eo sd xd hdi rpng ldm vd vitng chdc
cho nha nudc kidu mdi Ngudi timg ndi:
"Doan kdt, doan kdt, dai doan kdt - Thanh
cdng, thanh cdng, dai thanh edng" Tu
tudng Hd Chi Minh la thue hidn dai doan
ket dan tde, "bat ky ngudi nao, bat ky nhdm
nao, neu hg tan thanh boa binh, thdng nhat,
ddc lap, dan chu thi chimg ta eiing san sang
that tha doan ket vdi hg"'' Dai doan kdt
theo m tudng Hd Chi Minh la "doan kdt dai
da sd nhan dan", "doan kdt rdng rai, lau
dai", "Doan kdt la mdt chinh sach dan tdc,
khdng phai la mdt thu doan chinh tri Ai
cd tai, cd due, ed sue, ed ldng phung sir Td
qudc va phuc vu nhan dan thi ta doan ket
vdi hg"^ my vay phai chdng hai khuynh
hudng sai lam: "cd dgc, hep hdi va doan
kdt vd nguydn tae"^
2 Nha nirdc kieu moi la nha nirdc thuc su* ctia dan, do dan, vi dan, tat ca quyen lire nha nirdc thuoc ve nhan dan
Bdn canh vide nhan manh tmh giai cap cua nha nudc kidu mdi d Viet Nam, Hd Chi Minh ciing ehi rd trong nha nude ay tinh giai cap
boa quydn vdi tinh nhdn ddn vd tinh ddn tdc
"Trong nude Viet Nam Dan ehu Cdng boa cua
chimg ta tat ca mgi quydn lire ddu la ciia nhdn
ddn, tuc la eua giai cap edng ndng, tidu m san
va tu san dan tde Bdn giai cap ay do giai cap
cdng nhan lanh dao, lay cdng ndng liin minh
lam ndn tang, doan kdt cac giai cap dan ehu va cac dan tdc trong nudc dd thuc hanh dan chii ehuydn chinh"^, "d nudc ta chinh quydn la eua nhan dan, do nhan dan lam ehii"^
Nhan dan thuc hien quydn lam ehu nha nudc va xa hgi thdng qua eae co quan nha nudc do nhan dan bau ra, hoac true tidp tham gia quan ly nha nude va xa hdi, kidm tra giam sat boat ddng eua cac co quan nha nudc, can bd edng chuc nha nude, bai midn nhirng ngudi khdng xung dang, ke ca nhiing ngudi lam viec trong Chinh phu Ngudi ehi rd: "O nude ta ehinh quydn la eua nhan dan,
do nhdn ddn ldm chu Nhan dan bau ra cac
Hdi ddng nhan dan, Uy ban khang chien hanh ehinh dia phuang, va Qudc hdi cung Chinh phii Tmng uong Trong cac eudc bau
eu cdng dan Viet Nam tir 18 mdi trd len, khdng phan bidt gai trai, tdn giao, muc tai san, trinh do van boa, khdng phan bidt ndi gidng ddu cd quydn tham gia Dd la mdt each rat hgp ly dd nhan dan lao ddng thue hanb quydn thdng tri eua minh"; "nhan dan
la dng chu nam ehinh quydn Nhan dan bau
ra dai bidu thay mat minh thi hanh chinh quyen ay
Trang 3TU'TU'ONGHOCHIMINH
Dd nhan dan thuc hien dugc quydn luc
eua minh phai giac ngd cho nhan dan y thuc
dugc quydn lam chu cua hg Hd Chi Minh
ehi rd: "Nha nudc ta ngay nay la cua tdt cd
nhitng ngucn lao ddng Vay cdng nhan,
ndng dan, tri thuc each mang can nhan rd
rang: hidn nay, nhan dan lao ddng ta la
nhung ngudi lam chii nudc ta, chu khdng
phai la nhiing ngudi lam thud cho giai cap
bde lot nhu thdi eii nira Chiing ta cd quyen
va ed du diiu Men di tu tay minh xay dung
ddi sdng tu do, hanh phuc cua minh Da la
ngudi chu Nha nudc thi phdi cham lo vide
nudc nhu cham lo vide nha Da la ngudi
ehu thi phai bidt tu minh lo toan, ganh vac,
khdng y lai, khdng ngdi chd"'°
3 Nha nudc Ideu moi la nha nirdc hop
hien, hop phap, thuc hien quan ly xa hoi
theo phap luat va ket hop chat che vdi giao
due tu tudng, dao due
Cd ngudi eho rang, Hd Chi Minh de cao
"dire tri", coi nhe "phap tri" Dd la didu ngd
nhan, khdng dung vdi quan didm cua
Ngudi Thuc ra, Hd Chi Minh da sdm nhan
thirc dugc tam quan trgng cua tinh hgp phap
eua nha nudc, vai trd eua phap luat trong
quan ly xa hdi va hoat ddng cua nha nude,
nhat la trong vide bao vd quydn va lgi ich
cua nhan dan Va d Ngudi, ca trong nhan
thuc va trong hanh ddng da thd hidn dugc
trinh do kdt hgp nhuan nhuydn giira "due
tii" va "phap tri"
Ngay tir khi chua gianh dugc chinh
quydn, ti'ong "Ban yeu sach cua nhan dan An
Nam", da dau tranh ddi Chmh phu Phap phai
thuc hien chd do cai tri Ddng Duong bing
hidn phap va luat thay cho chd do cai tri bang sac ldnh eua Toan quydn Ddng Duong ma
"Chinh phu mau qudc" khd kidm soat "Thay
thi chi dp ra cdc sdc linh bdng chi do ra cdc dgo ludt"^^
Ngay sau Cach mang Thang Tam thanh cdng, trong tmh thd each mang mudn van khd khan, Hd Chi Minh da nhanh chdng lanh dao Tdng mydn cir bau Qudc hdi dd cd co sd xay dimg Hidn phap nam 1946 - Hidn phap dau tidn cua Viet Nam va Ddng Nam A - tao ca sd phap ly cao nhat trong ca hoat dgng ddi ndi va ddi ngoai, khang dinh sir ra ddi hgp hidn ciia Nha nudc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng boa tmdc cdng ddng qudc td
Trong qua trinh lanh dao xay dung nha nudc kidu mdi d Viet Nam, Hd Chi Mmh da
ky hon 60 sac ldnh, chi dao soan thao Hien phap nam 1946 va Hidn phap nam 1959, tao
CO sd phap ly cho td chuc boat ddng cua nha nudc kidu mdi d Viet Nam
Dac biet trong hoan canh sau khang chien chdng Phap bdn bd cdng vide, Ngudi van quan
tam chi dao xay dung Lugt hdn nhdn - gia
dinh, Ludt Lao ddng, Ludt Cdi cdch rupng ddt,
la nhirng van ban luat quan trgng Udn quan den quydn, lgi ich cua nhan dan lao ddng
Trong lanh dao Nha nudc quan ly xa hgi theo phap luat, tang cudng phap chd, Hd Chi Minh coi trgng cac bidn phap phdng ngira, ran
de hon la trung tri, "phdng bdnh" hon "chua bdnh" Trong bai ndi chuydn vdi can bd nganh
Tu phap nam 1951, Hd Chi Minh da chi ro: xet xir cdng minh, kip thdi la tdt, nhung lam sao dd khdng phai xet xir hoac xet xu ngay cang it di thi tdt hon Tir quan didm dd., Ngudi
Trang 4ehi dao tang cudng cae bidn phap giao due,
phd bien, tuydn tmydn giao due, giai thich,
hudng din thuc hidn phap luat, giao due m
mdng, dao due eho can bd, edng chuc
Trong cdng tac lanh dao, Hd Chi Minh ludn
ludn thd hidn tinh cdm thuong yiu, dp lugng,
nhung Ngudi ciing thd hidn rat rd thdi dp
nghiim khdc ddi vdi khuyit diim vd cdc vi
phgm ciia cdc cdn bd, cdng chirc
Hd Cbi Minh khdng chi quan tam van dd
xay dung phap luat, quan ly xa hdi theo phap
luat ma Ngudi edn quan tam ddn ndi dung eua
phap luat XHCN, bao dam cho phap luat trong
nha nudc kidu mdi la phap luat dan chii, thd
hidn duge tu do, y ehi va lgi ich cua nhan dan
Ngudi chi rd: "Luat phap eua chiing ta la y
ehi eua giai cap edng nhan lanh dao each
mang phap luat cua ta hidn nay bao vd
quydn lgi eua hang trieu ngudi lao ddng
phap luat eua ta la phap luat that sir dan ehu, vi
nd bao vd quydn tu do dan ehii rdng rai eho
nhan dan lao ddng"'^ Mat khac, Ngudi eiing
ndi rd "gidi han" cua tu do, dan chu rdng rai, tii
do d day se la tu do trong ky luat khdng phai la
til do vd chinh phu: "Nhan dan ta hidn nay ed
til do, til do ti'ong ky luat Mdi ngudi ed tii do
eua minh, nhung phai tdn ti'gng tu do eua
ngudi khac Ngudi nao sir dung quydn tii do
ciia minh qua mue ma pham ddn tu do cua
ngudi khac la pham phap"'^
4 Nha nudc kidu mdi la nha nudc cd
trach nhiem va chiu trach niiiem trudc nhan
dan, bao dam cho cong dan lam trdn ngiiia
vu doi vdi nha nudc va xa hoi
Hd Chi Minh ludn ludn khang dinh "ehe do
ta la chd do dan chii, tue la nhan dan la ngudi
ehu, ma Chinh phu la ngudi day td trung tiianh cua nhan dan Chinh phu ed mgt mue dich la: hdt long hdt sue phimg sir Td qudc, phung sir nhan dan" Mat khac, Hd Cbi Minh nhan manh trach nhidm phap ly eiia Nha nudc, can bd cdng chirc nha nude ndu khdng lam tdt chirc nang nhidm vu, quydn ban cua minh Ngudi chi rd:
"Ndu dan ddi Dang va Chinh phu cd ldi; ndu dan ret la Dang va Chinh phu cd ldi; ndu dan ddt
la Dang va Chinh phu ed ldi; ndu dan dm la Dang va Chinh phu ed ldi"'"*
Trong nha nude XHCN, ddi vdi edng dan, quydn va nghia vu ludn ludn gan bd vdi nhau Nha nude edng nhan va tao dieu kidn de nhan dan thuc hidn quydn tu do, dan ehu eua mmh,
cdn cdng ddn phdi ldm trdn cdc nghia vu ddi
vdi nhd nudc vd xd hpi Phat bidu vd sira ddi
Hidn phap nam 1946, Hd Chi Minh chi rd:
"Do tinh chat eua Nha nude ta, do che do kinh
te va xa hdi eua chimg ta, Nha nude chang nhiing edng nhan nhirng quydn lgi cua cdng dan ma edn bao dam nhirng didu kien vat chat can thiet dd eho cdng dan that sir dugc hudng cac quydn lgi dd Trong chd do ta, lgi ich eua Nha nude, cua tap the cimg lgi ich cua ea nhan can ban la nhat tri Cho ndn trong khi dugc hudng nhiing quydn lgi do Nha nudc va tap the mang lai eho minh thi mgi ngudi edng dan phai tu giac lam trdn nghia vu ddi vdi Nha nudc, ddi vdi tap thd"'^
5 Nha nudc kieu mdi la nha nudc trong sach; ngan chan, loai trir dutfc quan lieu, tham nhiing, lang phi va cac hien tuong tieu cue Idiac trong bo may nha nudc
Nghidn cim di san ly luan eua Hd Chi Minh thay rd su quan tam dac bidt, sir ban
Trang 5TU'TU'ONGHOCHIMINH
khoan, tran trd cua Ngudi vd van dd nay Hd
Chi Minh thay rd nhiing can bdnh nay de doa
sinh menh eua Dang, cua nha nudc kidu mdi
va chd do XHCN Chimg la giac ngi xam, la
kd thu cua chu nghia xa hdi
Sir quan tam lo lang dac bidt cua Ngudi
minh ehiing trdn nhiing didm sau day:
Mpt Id, ngay tu tac pham Dudng cdch
minh - dimg dd huan luyen can bd chuan bi
cho each mang Viet Nam tir nhiing nam
1925-1927 d Quang Chau, Hd Chi Minh da
danh bai hge dau tidn "Tu each mgt ngudi
each menh" dd huan luyen can bd, trong dd
chu y den dao due va nhiing pham chat cua
ngudi can bd each mang
Hai Id, sau khi Nha nudc Viet Nam Dan
chu Cdng boa ra ddi dugc 45 ngay, Hd Chi
Minh phat hidn nhung can bdnh quan lidu,
tham nhiing, lang phi va tidu cue khac da
phat sinh trong bd may nha nudc kidu mdi
Ngay 17-10-1945 ti'ong "Thu gui Uy ban
nhan dan cac ky, tinh, huyen va lang",
Ngudi nhae nhd: "Chiing ta phai hidu ring
cac CO quan eua Chinh phu tiu toan qudc cho
ddn cae lang, ddu la edng bde eua dan, nghia
la dd ganh vac vide ehung eiia dan, chu
khdng phai dd dd dau dan nhu trong thdi ky
dudi quydn thdng tii eua Phap, Nhat Vide
gi cd lgi cho dan ta phai hdt sue lam Vide gi
cd hai den dan, ta phai hdt sue tranh"'^
Trong thu, Chu tich Hd Chi Muih da chi rd
nhung can bdnh mdi xuat hien va ein phai
khac phuc la: ti-ai phdp, cay thd, hu hoa, tu
tiing, chia re, kidu ngao''
Ba la, trong nhiing giai doan khd khan cua
each mang hoac nhimg ngay Id Idn, Chu tich
Hd Chi Minh ddu viet nhiing tac pham dd cap ddn van dd dao due, pham chat ciia can bg Ching ban, "Sira ddi ldi lam vide" (1947),
"Phai tiy sach bdnh quan Udu" (2-9-1950),
"Cin tiy sach bdnh quan lidu" (2-9-1951),
"Thuc banh tiet kidm, chdng tham d, lang phi, chdng benh quan lidu" (1952), "Chdng quan lieu, tham d, lang phi" (31-7-1952), "Nang eao dao due each mang quet sach chu nghia
ca nhan" (3-2-1969)
Bdn Id, trong hau hdt cac bai ndi, bai viet td
didn van d dai hgi Dang cho den cac budi ndi chuydn, gap gd vdi can bg cac cap, Hd Chi
Minh ddu de cap van dd cdn, Mem, Him,
chinh, chi cdng vd tu cua ddi ngii can bg
6 Xay dung doi ngii can bo, cong chuc nha nudc Ideu mdi
Day ciing la van dd ma Chii tich Hd Chi Mmh dac biet quan tam Ngudi cho rang: "can
bg la gdc cua mgi edng vide"'* "Mudn viec thanh cdng hoac that bai ddu do can bd tdt hoac kem"'^ Trong van de xay dung ddi ngii can bd cua Dang, Nha nudc, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da nhan manh nhiing van dd chu yeu sau day:
Vi cdng tdc ddo tgo, bdi dudng cdn bp, cdng chiec
Hd Chi Minh ludn khang dinh vai trd
quan trgng cua cdng tdc ddo tgo, hudn luyen cdn bd Ngudi cho rang: "Can bd la
cai gdc cua mgi cdng vide", "vi vay huan luyen can bg la cdng vide gdc cua Dang" Cdng vide gdc ed nghia la cdng vide phai lam diu tidn, thudng xuydn, lau dai, cd tim nhin chidn luge Dao tao, huan luyen can bo ludn ludn la ydu cau biic xiic cua Dang, cua
Trang 6sir nghidp each mang, Ngudi nhin manh:
"Dang ta td chuc trudng hge ly luan eho can
bd la dd nang cao trinh do ly luan cua Dang
ta dang giai quydt su ddi hdi cua nhidm vu
each mang va tinh hinh thuc td eiia Dang ta,
de Dang ta ed thd lam tdt hon edng tac cua
minh, hoan thanh tdt bon nhidm vu each
mang vl dai eua minh"^' Ngudi chi rd:
"cude each mang xa hdi chu ngbia la mdt
cude bien ddi khd khan nhat va sau sac nhat
Chiing ta phai xay dung mdt xa hdi, hoan
toan mdi, xua nay chua tung ed trong lich
sir dan tdc Chung ta phai bidn mdt nude
ddt nat, cue khd thanh mdt nudc van boa
eao va ddi sdng moi vui banh phue Chung
ta phai tidn hanh nhiing nhidm vu do trong
nhirng didu kidn dae bidt cua nude ta, nghia
la tren eo sd cua mdt xa hdi vira thoat khdi
ach thue dan phong kidn, hdt sue lac hau
Trong nhiing dieu kidn nhu the ehiing ta
phai dimg nhiing phuang phap gi, hinh thiic
gi, di theo tde do nao dd tidn dan Idn ehu
nghia xa hdi
Mudn giai quydt tdt nhirng van de do,
mudn do bdt md mam, mudn do pham sai lam
thi ehung ta phai hge tap kinh nghidm eiia cac
nudc anh em va ap dung nhirng kinh nghidm
ay mdt each sang tao"^^
Trong bai "Ndi vd edng tac huan luyen va
hge tap" tai Hdi nghi huan luyen toan qudc lan
thu nhat, Hd Chi Minh rat coi trgng vai trd
cua ngudi thdy vd chi ra yeu edu tiiu chudn
cua ngudi thdy, ngudi di hudn luyen
Hd Chi Minh ehi rd: "Ngudi huan luyen
eua doan thd phai lam kidu mau vd mgi mat:
til tudng, dao due, ldi lam vide" Mat khac
"Ngudi huan luyen phai hge them mai thi mdi lam duge cdng vide huan luyen eua minh"
"Ngudi huan luyen nao tu eho minh la da bidt
du ca rdi thi ngudi do ddt nbat"^'^
Vi ndi dung, chuong trinh, tdi lieu gidng dgy
Trong tac pham "Ndi vd cdng tac huan
luyen va hge tap", Hd Chi Minh chi rd npi
dung, chuong trinh, tdi lieu gidng dgy "phai
lay nhung tai lieu vd ehu nghia Mae - Lenin lam gdc" nhung phai "lua chgn, xdp dat lai" cho phu hgp vdi trinh do ngudi hgc Ngoai nhirng tai lieu ve ehu nghia Mae - Ldnin, theo Hd Chi Minh "kinh nghidm do ngudi hgc mang ddn" ddu la "nhirng tai lieu thiet thue" can "trao ddi, gom gdp lai" Mdt ndi dung khdng kem phan quan trgng phai duge xep trong chuong trinh hge tap do la "nhirng ehi thi, nghi quyet, luat, lenh eiia doan the
va Chinh phu" "Phai thue hanb khau bidu: lam vide gi hge vide ay Can bd d mdn nao phai hge cho thao cdng vide d trong mdn ay"^'* Hd Chi Minh bd sung lam rd thdm ndi dung hgc tap bao gdm ea ly luan va thuc
tidn cua nhan loai Ngudi eho rang "Ly ludn
la sir tdng kdt nhirng kinh nghiem cua loai ngudi, la tdng hgp nhiing tri thuc ve tu nhien va xa bdi tieh trir lai trong qua trinh lich sir"^^ vi vay chiing ta phai nghidn cuu tidp thu cd ehgn Ige tri thue, kinh nghidm eua ea nhan loai
Ndi vd phuong chdm dgy vd hgc trong tac
pham "Ndi vd edng tac huan luyen va hge tap", Hd Chi Minh ndu nhirng didu co ban sau day: "Cdt thidt thuc, ehu dao ban tham nhidu"; "Huan luyen tir dudi Idn"; "Gan ly luan vdi cdng tac thue td va phai nham dap
Trang 7TU'TU'ONGHOCHIMINH
ung diing nhu ciu ciia thuc tidn" Hd Chi
Mmh chi rd: "Huin luyen can bd cdt dd cung
cap can bd cho cac nganh cdng tac "; "Cac
nganh cdng tac nhu la ngudi tidu thu hang
Ban huan luyen nhu la ngudi lam ra hang"
Vi phuang phdp dgy vd hgc, Ngudi chi rd:
"Hgc tap d tmdng eua doan thd khdng phai
nhu hge d eae tmdng ldp cii ", "phdi biit tu
dpng hgc tap" Thay giao phai "ndng cao vd
hudmg ddn viec tu hgc"
Theo Ngudi, dd "tu ddng hge tap" thi dang
vidn, can bd phai bidt hgc dd lam gi? hgc d
dau? nghia la cd thdi dp, ddng ca, muc dich
hgc tap dung dan; "hgc dd sira chiia tu
tudng", "tu dudng dao due each mang"; "hgc
de tin tudng"; "hgc dd hanh"
Thdi dp hgc tap dung dan la "hgc d trudng,
hgc d sach vd, hgc lan nhau va hge nhan dan",
"khidm tdn, that tha, tu nguydn, tu giac", "dgc
lap suy nghi va tii do tu tudng", "bao vd chan
ly, ed nguydn tic tinh, khdng dugc ba phai,
didu hoa", "doan kdt manh dan phd binh va
that tha tu phd binh"
Vi dpng ca muc dich hgc tap, ed le cd
dgng nhat la trong nhiing didu ma Ngudi da
ghi trdn sd vang tmydn thdng cua Tmdng
Nguyen Ai Qudc Trung uong (nay la Hge
vidn Chinh tri - Hanh chmh qudc gia Hd Chi
Minh): "Hgc dd lam vide, lam ngudi, lam can
bd Hge dd phung su Doan thd, giai cap va
nhan dan, Td qudc va nhan loai"
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh rat quan tam cdng tac
lua chgn, ddnh gid, sic dung can bd Ngudi day
"phai bidt rd can bd", "phai cit nhie can bg cho
diing", "phai kheo dimg can bg", "phai giiip
can bd cho diing", "phai giir gm can bg"^'
Mudn lua chgn can bd diing can can cu vao nhiing ydu eau sau day:
"Nhirng ngudi td ra rat trung thanh va hang hai trong cdng vide, trong liic dau tranh Nhiing ngudi lidn lac mat thidt vdi dan chimg, hidu bidt dan chiing Ludn ludn chii y ddn lgi ich cua dan chimg
Nhiing ngudi cd thd phu trach giai quyet cac van dd trong nhiing hoan canh khd khan
Ai sg phu trach va khdng cd sang kien, tiii khdng phai la ngudi lanh dao
Nhiing ngudi ludn ludn giir diing ky luat
Dd la nhiing khudn khd dd lua chon canbg"^l
Dd xay dung ddi ngii can bg du nang luc pham chat dap ung ydu cau xay dung Nha nude kidu mdi Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da
tdng kdt ndm cdch ddi xu dung dan vdi doi
ngu can bd la:
"Chi dgo: tha cho hg lam, tha cho hg phu
trach, du sai lam chiit it ciing khdng sg Nhung phai ludn ludn my theo hoan canh ma bay ve cho hg vd phuong hudng cdng tac, each thuc cdng tac dd hg phat tridn nang luc
va sang kidn cua hg
Ndng cao - ludn ludn tim each cho hg hgc
thdm ly luan va each lam vide
Kiim tra - khdng phai ngay nao ciing
kidm tra Nhung thudng thudng kidm tra
de giiip hg nit kinh nghidm, sira chira khuyet diem, phat tridn uu didm Giao cdng vide ma khdng kidm tra, den liic that bai mdi chii y ddn The la khdng bidt yeu dau can bd
Cdi tgo - khi hg sai lam thi dimg each
"thuydt phuc" giup cho hg sira chira
Trang 8Giup da - phai eho hg didu kidn sinh sdng
day du ma lam vide Khi hg dau dm phai ed
tiiude thang Tuy theo hoan earth ma giup bg
giai quyet van de gia dinh "^^
7 Nha nudc kieu mdi phai cd bien phap
kiem tra, giam sat hoat dong cua bo may
nha nudc, can bo, cdng chuc nha nudc
Theo Hd Cbi Minh, trong boat ddng cua bd
may nha nudc kidu mdi, vide kidm tra, giam
sat la ydu eau khach quan Nd giup phat hidn
mat xau, mat tdt eiia ehu tmong, ehinh sach;
ngan chan khuyet diem, bieu duong uu didm
eiia can bd, theo ddi vide thi hanh chinh sach,
phap luat
Ngay tir nhiing ngay dau eua chinh quydn
each mang, ngay 23-11-1945 Chu tieh Hd
Chi Minh ky Sac ldnh thanh lap Ban thanh
tra dac bidt vdi nhidm vu "thanh tra tat ea
cae edng vide va cac nhan vidn eua Uy ban
nhan dan va cac eo quan cua Chinh phu"
Ngudi nhan manh: "Mudn chdng bdnh quan
lieu, bdnh ban giay; mudn bidt eae nghi
quydt ed duge thi hanh khdng, thi hanh ed
dung khdng; mudn biet ai ra siie lam, ai lam
qua ehuydn, cbi mdt each, la khdo Mim sodt
Kidm soat kheo bao nhidu, khuydt diem ldi
ra hdt, hon niia kidm tra kheo vd sau khuydt
diem nhat dinh bdt di" "Cd kidm soat
mdi bidt rd can bd va nhan vidn tdt hay xau
Mdi bidt rd uu didm va khuyet diem eua eae
eo quan Mdi bidt rd uu diem va khuyet
diem eiia cac menh ldnh va nghi quydt"
Ngudi edn ehi rd mudn kiem soat cd kdt qua
tdt "vide kidm soat phai cd he thdng, phai
thudng lam ", "ngudi kidm soat phai la
nhirng ngudi rat cd uy tin" va "khdng phai
eu ngdi trong phdrig giay ma chd ngudi bao eao, ma phai di tan noi, xem tan chd" kdt hgp kidm soat "tir dudi Idn" va "tir trdn xudng"^"
Vdi nhirng m mdng va quan didm neu trdn, Hd Chi Minh chi rd thanh tra, kiem tra, giam sat trong nha nude kidu mdi khdng ehi
la dd xir ly vi pham ma ehu ydu la sira chiia khuydt didm, la "tai mat" eua trdn, la "ngudi ban" eua dudi
Ky niem 120 nam Ngay sinh Chu tieh
Hd Chi Minh ehung ta cang nhan thire toan didn va sau sac ban di san ly luan eua Ngudi vd nha nudc kidu mdi Tu mdng Hd Chi Minh vd nha nude kidu mdi mai mai la
di san ly luan vd gia eua each mang Viet Nam va the gidi
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14 Ho Chi Minh Todn
tap, CTQG, H, 2000, T 7, tr 212, 212, 217,
429,438,438,217,218,218,572 10.5cft/,T.10,tr 310-311 11.5(?J,T.3,tr.436
12, 13 Hd Cbi Minh: Ve nhd nuoc vd phdp
lugt Nxb Phap ly, H, 1995, tr.l86, 186
15.5^^,T.9,tr.593-594
16 Sdd, T.4, 56
17 Xem: Sdd, T.4, 57
18 19, 20, 24, 27, 28, 30 Sdd, T.5, tr 269,
240,269, 270-271, 274, 275, 276-277, 287-288
21 22, 25 Sdd T.8, ti' 492,493-496,497
23, 26 Sdd, T.6, tr 45^6,48
29 Sdd, T.5, tr 273-277