Rumani hy vgng su trg giiip ve vdn, kT thudt ciia MT ndi rieng va cac nudc phuong Tay ndi chung se giiip cho Rumani cd the tim dugc "cdng cu" de phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, [r]
Trang 1TU* Ufu A/IOI V€ MOI QUnN H€ RUMnNI - AAI TRONG THRP NI€N 70 CUR THCKI XX
PGS.TS Dao Tuan Thanh
Khoa Lich sie - Trwang Dai hpc Supham Hd Ngi
1 Trong thdi ki dien ra cugc Chien
tranh Lanh (1947 - 1989), cude ddi ddu giiia
hai cue Xd - Mi, giira hai he thdng xa hdi ddi
lap nhau - xa hdi chii nghia (XHCN) vd tu
bdn chu nghia (TBCN) da khien cho bdu
khdng khi chfnh tri vd quan he qudc te the
gidi ludn ludn d trong tinh trang cang thang,
ddi nghich, keo theo bao ban thu, ldi keo
phdn cdn lai cua the gidi vdo vdng xody ciia
cude ddu tranh cd tfnh chat "sdng cdn" giira
hai phe Trong ban bdn thdp nien dd, cd Lien
Xd va MT deu tim kiem trong hang ngQ ddi
phuang nhirng "con ngua thdnh Toroa",
diing nhieu each tiep can khac nhau hdng
lam suy yeu ddi phuong Vd ciing trong bdi
canh nhu vdy, nhiing qudc gia nhd be cilng
phai tim ra phuang thirc ngoai giao thfch hgp
hdng bao ve lgi feh dan tgc, quyen lgi eua
dat nudc sao cho hieu qud nhdt, tdt nhat Tir
each dat van de nhu vay, bai viet nay mudn
dua ra mdt vf du minh hga trong ddi sdng
quan he qudc te duong dai, dd la trudng hgp
ciia Rumani mdt nudc thudc phe XHCN
-da biet each tan dung tdi -da nhirng yeu td
thudn lgi "nhd nhoi ft di" trong mdi quan he
ddi ddu giira hai sieu cudng (Lien Xd va MT)
dl khdng dinh "ban sac" cua minh tren san
khdu chinh trj thi gidi trong thdi ki tdn tai
ciia cuoc Chiln tranh Lanh
Sau khi cugc Chien tranh Lanh ket thuc hai thdp ki, viec cdng bd dan nhii'ng tu lieu luu trQ cua Rumani va MT' da gdp phdn ven len buc man bi mat cua eudc ddi ddu giua hai sieu cudng Xd - MT trong ban 40 nam cua
the ki XX Trong sd tap chi Historia (Lich
sir, sd 89, nam IX, thdng 5 nam 2009), qua khai khdc kho luu trQ cua Rumani, tien sT Constantin Moraru da cho cdng bd phdn thu
nhat cua bai viet cd nhan de: "Bucarest -Sinaia (2-3 thdng 8 ndm 1975) Nhieng cupc hpi ddm giiea Ceause'§cii - Ford" (I)
(Bucure§ti - Sinaia ( 2 - 3 august 1975) Convorbirile Ceause§cu - Ford (1) dang trong
muc "Cdc tu lieu qui hiem" (Documente
inedite) da cung cap cho ngudi dgc nhieu thdng tin thii vi Theo nha nghien cuu
Constantin Moraru: "Cdc tu lieu heu trie tgi Trung tdm lim trie Quoc gia Rumani da khdng dinh tinh xdc thuc cua phdn ldn cdc tu lieu md Bp Ngogi giao Mi cong bo ndm 2008"^ Trong ndi dung bdi vilt nay chiing
Nam 2008, Bg Ngoai giao MT da cong b6 mgt s6 tu lieu lien quan den giai doan earn quyen ciia cac T6ng thong Nixon va Ford, trong do bat mi mgt phin nhung dieu ma du luan MT va thi gioi chua duoc bilt vl mdi quan he MT - Rumani trong giai doan 1973 - 1974
" Constantin Moraru, Bucure^li - Sinaia (2 - 3 august
1975).Convorbirile Ceause^cu Ford (1) (Bucarest
-Sinaia (2 - 3 thang 8 nam 1975) NhCmg cuoc hgi dam
giua Ceause5cu - Ford), trong Historia, s6 89, nam
IX, thang 5 nam 2009, tr 3 - 8 (tilng Rumani)
Constantin Moraru, s.d.d, tr 4
Trang 262 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (119).2010
tdi mudn gidi thieu nhung tu lieu md chung
tdi tilp can dugc, qua dd hi vgng se gdp
phdn lam sdng td nhung "bf an" cua lich su
cugc Chien tranh Lanh
2 Quan he Rumani - MT ndi rieng vd
Rumani - cac nudc phuong Tay ndi chung
da dugc cdi thien dang ke trong nhiing nam
70 cua thi ki XX Minh chung cho nhdn dinh
tren Id hdng Ioat cdc eudc tham vieng vd tiep
xiic cap cao giQa hai nudc dien ra vdo cdc
nam 1969, 1973 vd 1975 (dang ke Id chuyen
tham Bucaret (Bucuresti) cua Ngoai trudng
MT Hemy Kissinger vdo thang 11 nam 1974;
chuyen tham MT cua ngudi dirng ddu Ddng
vd Nhd nudc Rumani, Nicolae Ceau§escu,
ngdy II thdng 6 nam 1975) Ben canh cdc
eudc gap cap nguyen thu qudc gia, sd ldn gap
ga vd tiep xuc cap Chfnh phu, Qudc hdi da
tang gdp ddi^ Mdi quan he song phuong
khdng chi trong ITnh vuc chinh tri, kinh tl
md cdn cd van hda
Trong thap nien 70 cua the ki XX, quan
he kinh te giQa Rumani vd MT da khdng
ngimg dugc cai thien nhd nhQng nd luc ciia
hai ben Md ddu la viec ngdy 4 thang 12 nam
1973, tai Washington (MT), Phdng Thuang
mai vd Cdng nghiep Rumani vd Phdng
Thuang mai MT da ki kit thda thudn hgp tac,
dat nen mdng cho sir ra ddi ciia Hpi ddng
kinh ti Rumani - Mi (Consiliul economic
romdno - american; td chirc ddu tien dugc
thdnh lap trong mdi quan he kinh tl giua MT
vdi mdt nudc thuoc khdi XHCN) Ngdy 28
thang 7 nam 1975, Qudc hdi MT da bd phieu thdng qua dao Mat cho phep Rumani dugc hudng quyln tdi hue qudc trong quan he kinh te vdi MT Su "sudi dm" trong quan he kinh te tren da dgn dudng cho chuyen vieng tham Rumani cua Tdng thdng MT Gerald Ford, trong cdc ngdy 2-3 thdng 8 nam 1975 Trong thdi gian d tham Rumani, lanh dao cdp cao Rumani vd MT da thdo Man nhieu van de quan trgng lien quan den mdi quan he song phuong vd da phuong, nhung vdn de ndi com cua quan he qudc te md hai ben cung quan tam nhu: tdc ddng ciia cuoc chien tranh Viet Nam, van de Trung Qudc, Trung Ddng, vdn de Dire, giai tru qudn bi, an ninh chau Au, van de Nam Tu thdi hdu losip Tito, each thuc ddi phd vdi eudc khung hodng kinh te the gidi
Bai viet nay chi de cap tdi nhQng van de lien quan den quan he song phuong Rumani
- MT qua tu lieu mdi duac phfa Rumani cdng
bd^
Xin gidi thieu nguyen van van ban ghi lai cuoc hdi ddm giua Chu tich Rumani, Nicolae Ceau§escu^ vdi Tdng thdng MT Gerald Ford ngdy 2 thang 8 nam 1975 tai Cung dien cua Hdi ddng Nhd nudc Rumanil
"Bien ban ve cugc hdi dam giQa ddng chf Nicolae Ceause§cu vdi Tdng thdng MT, Gerald Ford (2-3 thang 8 nam 1975) 2 thdng
8 nam 1975
Chung toi se dl cap den moi quan he giua Rumani
va cac nuoc phuang Tay vao thap nien 70 cua thi ki
XX trong khuon kho nhQng bai vilt khac
^ Constantin Moraru, s.d.d, tr 3
" Ngudn: D.A.N.I.C, fond CC al P.C.R - Sectia Exteme, dosar 277, f 1 - 26 (cota provizorie)
' Xem them, Dao Tuan Thanh, Vi chi do doc tdi Nicolae Ceause^cu, tap chi "Nghien ciru Ljch su" s6
6 (362), 12(44-55)/2006, tr 44 - 55
* Dan theo, Constantin Moraru, s.d.d, tr 5-6
Trang 3(Jti lieu nuVi til ntai quait Ite 63
Tdi mat (Strict secret)
Tdm quan trgng dac biet
(de importanta deosebita)
Ngdy 2 thang 8 nam 1975 da dien ra
cuoc hdi dam chfnh thirc tai Cung dien ciia
Hdi ddng Nhd nudc Rumani, giQa ddng chf
Nicolae Ceause§cu, Chii tich nudc Cdng hda
Xa hdi chu nghTa Rumani vd Gerald Ford,
Tdng thdng MT Tham gia cude hdi ddm cdn
cd: ve phia Rumani - Thu tudng Manea
Manescu, Bd trudng Ngoai giao George
Macovescu; ve phfa MT - Ngoai trudng
Henry Kissinger
Gerald Ford: Nhu tdi da ndi hdm qua,
thua ngdi Chii tich, tdi rdt mimg vi chiing ta
cd khd nang phdt trien mdi quan he thuang
mai song phuong giQa hai nudc (3 khfa canh
ndy, Ngdi da giiip dd chiing tdi rat nhieu
Ddng chi Nicolae Ceaiise§cu: Tdi
mudn ndi lai mgt lan nQa rang xin chdo
miing Ngdi sang tham Rumani Tdi cho rang,
mot su that Id, mdi quan he giQa hai nudc
chiing ta dang phat trien rat tdt dep Vdi viec
dao Mat Thuong mai vd Thda thuan song
phuang bat ddu cd hieu luc, chiing tdi hy
vong rang, sir trao ddi thuang mai se phdt
trien manh me hon
Tren thuc te, chung ta da cd mdt sd
lugng ldn cac thda thuan, chiing ta cd khudn
khd phdp li tdt va mdt tinh than tdt Tdi cdn
phai ndi vdi Ngai rang, tdi da nhdn dugc
hang chuc cac birc dien cua ban Ianh dao cua
cac cdng ty MT va mdt sd thdnh vien cua
Qudc bdi MT, trong dd, hg deu bdy td sir hai
ldng lien quan vl viec dao Mat Thuang mai
cd gid tri hieu lire phdp 11 Mdt dieu hien nhien Id, cdc doanh nghiep Rumani vd cac cdng ty MT cdn phdi hdnh ddng de hien thuc hda ndi dung ciia bdn Thda thudn thuang mai
- vdn da tao mdt ca sd phdp If tdt cho mdi quan he
Ve phia cac chfnh phii, hg da lam dugc nhieu viec, vd tat nhien, cdn Miieu viec khac nQa cd the hien thuc hda trong tuong lai Mdt sd linh vuc chi do phfa MT ddm nhiem,
vf du nhu viec cho Rumani hudng nhQng uu dai hai quan ndi chung Chiing tdi khdng the cho phia MT hudng nhQng uu dai tuong tu Vdn de thu hai md chiing ta de cap den,
dd la viee xde dinh nhiing nguyen tac ca ban nham ki ket Thda thuan hgp tdc ddi ban Tuang tu, chiing tdi khuyen khfch viec hien thuc hda nhQng thda thuan dang cd hieu luc trong cdc ITnh vuc khoa hgc vd van hda, cdc hdnh ddng cu the dang d giai doan nghien cim hay thuong lugng
Tdi can phdi ndi rang, theo quan diem cua tdi, vdi MT chiing tdi da thuc hien dugc mdt Ioat cdc thda thudn tdt, vd viec di vdo cugc sdng thuc te cua Thda thudn Thuang mai, chung ta da cd, tren thuc te, nhQng dieu kien rat tdt de cung nhau ldm viec tren ca sd hai ben cung cd lgi
Tdi cung da thdo Man vdi cac ban ciia tdi vd chiing tdi da di den ket Man ring, chimg tdi khdng cd dieu gi ddi hdi tu phfa
MT
Gerald Ford: Chiing tdi chi ddi hdi tinh
ban cua Ngai, vd Ngdi Chu tich tilp tuc cd ddng gdp quan trgng nhdm thuc hien nhung
Trang 464 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (1 ^ ^^0
thda thudn vd nhiing cam ket ma chiing ta da
kf ket ngay hdm qua d Helsinki
Henry Kissinger: Ve van de Thda thudn
hgp tdc dai ban, thua Ngdi Chii tich, chiing
tdi da dam chdn tai chd mdt thdi gian nham
khdng tao ra nhung dieu hieu lam tu phfa
Qudc hdi cho tdi khi thda thuan ve quyen uu
dai tdi hue qude dugc thdng qua Bay gid
khdng cdn vat cdn ndo nQa tren eon dudng kf
ket Thda thuan hgp tac ddi han, lien quan
den vdn de ndy, hai ben da nhat tri vdi nhau
ve nhiing nguyen tac ca ban
Ddng chi Nicolae Ceause§cii: De kf ket
cdc de dn hgp tdc song phuang, tdi mudn bdy
td hy vgng rang, trong khudn khd quan he
kinh te, cdn xuat phat tu vi trf cila Rumani,
vdi tu each la mdt nudc dang phat trien,
ngodi nhQng uu dai md chimg ta da de cap
den, se can mgt sd uu tien trong ITnh vuc tai
chfnh vi tdi tin rang, se dp dung nhQng qui
dinh cua Mat phdp MT
Gerald Ford: Cd phdi Ngdi mudn de
cap den EXIMBANK vd cdc thi cbl tdi
chfnh khac?
Ddng chi Nicolae Ceause^cu: Theo
each nhin nhan cua tdi, nhung gi lien quan
din EXIMBANK, thdng qua Thoa thugn
thuang mgi, da dugc lam sdng td d miic do
nhdt dinh Dieu ma tdi mudn ndi den d day Id
viec phia MT dp dung - khdng phdi la viec
hiem khi ldm, la cho hudng nhQng khodn tin
dung vdi lai sudt rdt thdp trong thdi gian dai
Gerald Ford: Ngdi cd dl cap din
chuong trinh trg giup danh cho cac nudc
dang trong qua trinh phat triln?
Henry Kissinger: Van dl cac oan tfn
dung vdi lai suat thap rdt khd giai quyet khi nhin nhdn dudi gdc do v l trinh do phdt trien hien tai ciia Rumani Chiing tdi da xem xet kT luang van dl ndy trudc day, va bdy gid se tiep tuc xem xet lai, sau khi chung tdi trd ve nudc Du thi ndo, tdi tin rdng van de nay se gap nhung khd khan nhdt dinh d Qudc hdi, vi
hg cd the nhdn manh rang, Rumani khdng cdn d giai doan phdt trien de ma cd the nhan dugc cdc khoan tin dung vdi lai sudt thdp Tuy vdy, chiing tdi cd the iing ho Rumani trong khudn khd cac the che tai chinh qudc te, vf du nhu Ngan hang The gidi
vd thdng qua EXIMBANK (Ngan hdng Xudt nhap khau) Tuong tu, chiing tdi se khuyen khfch cae khodn dau tu tu nhdn, vd trong trudng hgp nay, khdng phdi de cap den viec gidm lai sudt nQa
Gerald Ford: O Rumani cd boat dong
cac chi nhanh cua cdc ngan hang MT, vf du nhu Chase Manhattan?
Dong chi Nicolae Ceause^cu: Tdi tin
rang chimg tdi cd the gidnh dugc sir thanh cdng mdi d Qudc hdi MT, nlu nhu cac Mioan tfn dung dugc sir dung de thuc Men cdc muc tieu cu the trong ndng nghiep, trong viec chdng lai lut ldi, cdi thien he thdng thiiy lgi
O day de cap den cac hoat ddng dai ban, va cac khodn tin dung khdng mang tfnh chung chung md gan lien vdi viec hien thuc hda cdc
du an cu the
Henry Kissinger: Bay gid, sau khi Ngdi
da thuylt phuc dugc Thugng nghi sT Jackson, su tin tudng ma chung tdi cd 'rong
Trang 5(Jt£ liiu ntdi ol ntoi quait Iti, 65
nd lire cua Ngai tang len dang kl Thuc chdt,
Ngai da ddi xu cirng rdn vdi dng ta gidng
nhu dng ta ddi xir vdi chiing tdi
Ddng chi Nicolae Ceause^cu: Tdi da
noi vdi dng ta rang vdi each hanh xu nhu
vay, dng ta khdng the la mdt irng cu vien
Tdng thdng cd trien vgng
Henry Kissinger: Chiing tdi cd the xem
xet van de lien quan den khodn tin dung ddnh
cho ndng nghiep Cho den thdi diem ndy,
day Id van de chiing tdi khdng quan tam
nhieu lam
Gerald Ford: Lieu cd phai nghT den cdc
may mdc ndng nghiep, eac td hgp che bien
ndng sdn vd nhQng thu khdc nua nham tang
cudng khd nang sdn xudt?
Dong chi Nicolae Ceause§cu: Quan
diem ciia chiing tdi la, trudc het, can danh uu
tien cho cdc cdc cdng trinh thuy lgi, cdi thien
ddt dai, chdng lai tinh trang lut ldi
Gerald Ford: Tdi tin rang, vdi cdc du an
nhu vdy, su trg giup cua Ngan hdng The gidi
cd the Id gidi phdp phu hgp nhdt
Henry Kissinger: Trong chuang trinh
vien trg cua chung tdi danh cho nudc ngodi,
chiing tdi ddnh nhieu khodn trg giup cho
phdt trien ndng nghiep Cho den thdi diem
hien tai, chiing tdi chua bao gid xem xet van
de ndy ddi vdi trudng hgp Rumani
Gerald Ford: Chung tdi se xem xet vdn
dl ndy, thua Ngai Chu tich
Ddng chi Nicolae Ceause^cu: Phdn cdn
lai chimg tdi se lam tdt cd ldm sao de chiing
tdi cd mdi quan he tdt vd chimg tdi bdo dam
rdng se md rdng d mirc do cd the su hgp tdc vdi cdc cdng ty MT trong ITnh vuc kinh te"
3 Ndi dung cua cugc hdi dam cho thdy, mdi quan he song phuang giQa Rumani vd
MT da dugc cdi thien dang ke trong bdi cdnh tdn tai cude Chiln tranh Lanh Cd the ndi, trong tat cd cdc nude XHCN Ddng Au, cd le Rumani Id nudc dugc MT coi Id "con ngua thdnh ToToa" trong chinh sdch ddi ngoai ciia minh Mdi quan he tdt dep giQa Rumani vd
MT se md dudng cho nhiing "lgi ich kinh te
cu thi" md MT ddnh cho Rumani Cd le, MT
da mudn biln Rumani thdnh "tam guong" de cdc nudc XHCN khdc vd Lien Xd soi vao, cho hg thdy hg se dugc gi neu cdi thien mdi quan he vdi MT, thay "mdi quan he ddi dau" bdng "ddi tdc", thay "cang thang" bang "hiru hdo" Viec MT coi trgng viec cai thien mdi
quan he vdi Rumani xudt phdt tie chinh lgi ich ciia Mi Ve phfa Rumani, dudng ldi ddi
ngoai "than phuong Tdy" ciia nhd lanh dao Nicolae Ceause§cu nham can bang mdi quan
he vdi Lien Xd cung da tao dieu kien "can"
de sudi dm mdi quan he Rumani - MT Rumani hy vgng su trg giiip ve vdn, kT thudt ciia MT ndi rieng va cac nudc phuong Tay ndi chung se giiip cho Rumani cd the tim dugc "cdng cu" de phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, ddng thdi gidi quyet duge nhung khd khan
do tdc ddng cua cugc khiing hodng kinh te
the gidi Theo chiing tdi, chinh lgi ich qudc gia la chdt xuc tdc ldm ndng dm mdi quan he
Rumani vd MT trong thdp men 70 cua thd ki
XX Cd Ie, neu khdng cd sir trao ddi lgi feh,
se khdng cd bdt ki mdt su nhugng bd hay gan ket ndo trong mgi mdi quan he qudc t l d bdt ki thdi dai nao