nhan. tiing ldp tieu thuong. ehu trang trai vii mdt so nhdm xa hiii khiic... Nga) trong tirng giai ciip. tiing liVp xii hpi cimg dign ra sy phan liing ve nghg nghiep. trinh dp hpc vim[r]
Trang 1TONG QUAN VE XA HOI VIET NAM
TRONG QUA TRINH DOI MOI DE PHAT TRIEN VA
HOI NHAP QUOC TE
Pham Xuan Nam*
1 Trudc khi di vao trinh biiy chu dg ngu
trgn, chiing tdi thay can lam ro ngu nghTa cua
may tir kbda (key words) se duge su dyng
trong bai vigt:
- Mgi Id "xd hgi"
Mpi ngudi dgu bigt, tir xii hpi co ca nghTa
rpng va nghTa hep Theo ngliTa rdng xii hdi la
tir dimg dg chi mdt hinh thai xii hdi nhiit dinh
vdi tat ca eac ygu td cau thiinh cua no, bao
gom CO sd kinh tg, co cau xa hpi kign tnic
thupng tang chinh tri ddi song van hda Cdn
theo ngliTa hep tu xa hdi dung dg chi ITnh \ yc
xa hpi trong tuong quan vdi cac ITnh vyc kinh
te, chinh tri, van boa ciia xa hdi tdng the
Vdi each higu nhu thg viec nghien eiiu xa
hpi Viet Nam mpt mat doi hoi phai phan biet
no vdi cac ITnh vyc kinh te chinh tri van hda:
mat khac lai phai dat nd trong mdi quan he tac
dpng qua lai vdi cac ITnh vyc trgn dac biet lii
moi quan he tuong tac giira kinh tg vii xa hgi
Giao su, Tii'n si
Vien Khoa hot Xa hoi Viet Nam
- Hat Id "phdi irien xd hgi"
Phat trign xii hdi co the dugc higu lii sy van dgng bign doi theo hudng tien bp hgp qu\' luat thuan long ngudi cua co' cau xa hpi cac thiet chg xa hdi viec giai qu)gt cac nhu ciiu cua ddi song con ngudi trong xii hpi va ciic mdi quan he xa hpi cua eon ngudi
- Ba Id "hgi nhap qudc le"
Hpi nhap quoc te tren ITnh vyc xii hpi la tham gia ky ket \a ihyc hien cac cong udc quoc te ve xii biii van dung cac lieu chi cua quoc te de do trinh do phat trien xii hoi cua minh ma rpng hgp tiic quoc te \ e linh \ uc phat trign xa hpi va d6ng gdp sang kien kinh nghiem cua minh cho viec giai quyet nhirng viin de xii hpi chung cua cong dong quoc le
DT nhien tren dii)' chua phai la nhirng dinh nghia khoa hpc \ e cac khai niem co lien quan mii chi lii nhirng dinh nghTa limi \ iec (working defenitions) bao dam cho tinh nhiit quan cua nhirng van dg se dugc de cap den sau dii) :
Trang 2Pham Xuan N a m Tong quan ve xa hoi Viet Nam
- Nhin lai tinh hinh xa hdi Viet Nam trude
thdi ky ddi mdi
- Nhung chu truang chinh sach ddi mdi
cua Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam trgn ITnh vuc
phat trign xa hpi tir 1986 dgn nay
- Nhirng thanh tyu da dat dugc
- Nhilng ygu kem bat cap cdn lai
- Mdt sd kiin nghj nham gdp phan thiic day
xa hpi Viet Nam tiep tuc phat trign \'a hdi nhap
ngay cang sau vdi thg gidi
2 Nhin lai thdi ky trudc ddi mdi (tir cuoi
nhitng nam 70 - giila nhirng nam 80 ciia thg
ky trudc), do nhigu nguygn nhan, chii ygu la
do nhirng sai lam mang nang tinh chu quan
duy y chi trong nhigu ehii truang, chinh sach
ciia Dang va Nha nudc ve cai tao xa hdi chu
nghTa va xay dyng chu nghTa xa hdi theo mpt
mo hinh eii da loi thdi cho nen chi may nam
sau khi hoan thanh thang lgi sy nghiep khang
chign chong My cim nude, giai phdng mign
Nam thong nhat Td qudc thi Viet Nam da
lam vao cupc khung hoang kinh tg - xa hpi
tram trgng
San xuat nong - cong nghiep dinh ddn Luu
thdng, phan phdi ach tac Lam phat d mirc ba
eon so Ddi sdng eua eac tang ldp nhan dan sa
sut ehua timg thay 0 thanh thi, luong thang
cua cpng nlian vign chuc ehi du song 1 0 - 1 5
nga)' 0 ndng thon, viio liie giap hat ed tdi
hiing trieu gia dinh ndng dan thieu an Tigu
eye xa hdi lan rpng Ldng dan khdng yen
Tinh hinh dign bign dgn muc, vao khoang
tu cuoi nam 1985 dgn cudi nam 1986, nghTa la
sau that bai ciia cupc tong digu chinh gia
-luong - tign (9-1985) dai da sd quan chiing
nhan dan cam thiy khdng the tiep tyc sdng nhu cii duge nira; ddng thdi cac co quan lanh dao quan ly ciia Dang va Nha nude eung thay r5 khdng thi tiip tyc duy tri nhilng chu truang chinh sach da loi thdi hoac chi thay ddi eo tinh chat chap va nira vdi mdt sd chinh sach
rigng le nao dd thdi , -i" '••
3 Vdi phuang cham "nhin thdng vdo su that", Dai hpi VI cua Dang Cdng san Viet
Nam (12-1986) da nghigm khac ty phg binh vg nhirng sai lam da qua va dg ra duong loi doi mdi toan dien nham dua dat nude ra khoi khung hoang, dan di vao thg dn dinh va phat trign Tir sau Dai hdi VI cdng cupc ddi nidi ngay cang di vao chieu sau Trude nhilng van
dg mdi nay sinh tir cudc sdng, Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam da rat coi trgng tdng kgt thyc
tign a trong nudc ddng thdi md rdng tam
nhin ra bgn ngoai tham khao va tigp thu nhilng kinh nghiem hay cua the gidi dg khong ngimg bd sung, hoan thien dudng ldi ddi nidi trgn tat ca cac ITnh \ y e kinh tg chinh tri van hda xa hdi
Rigng trgn ITnh vyc phat trign xa hdi nhiing ehu truang ehinh sach ldn eua Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam trong thdi ky ddi mdi lii:
- Ngu cao vai trd eua ehinh saeh xa hpi xem trinh dp phat trign kinh te la digu kien \ at chat dg thyc hien chinh sach xa hdi thyc hien tdt chinh sach xa hpi la dpng lyc quan trpng dg thiic day phat trign kinh tg
- Cd CO chg ehinh sach hd trg dg ngudi lao ddng ty tao ra viec liim cho minh vii cho ngudi khae Khuygn khieh liim giau hgp phap di ddi vdi tich eye xda ddi giam ngheo Coi mgt bd phan dan eu giiiu trude lii can thiet cho sy phat trign
Trang 3Tong quan ve xa hpi Viet Nam Pham Xuan Nam
- Ton trpng lgi ich chinh dang ciia mpi giai
tang xa hdi thyc hien chg dp phan phoi chii
ygu theo ket qua lao ddng va hieu qua kinh tg
dong thdi theo mue dong gdp vdn eiing cac
nguon lue khac va thdng qua phuc lgi xa hpi
- Xem giao dye va dao tao la quoc siich
hang dau nham phat huy nguon lyc eon ngudi
- ygu to CO ban de phat trign xa hdi tang
trudng kinh tg nhanh va ben vdng Thirc hign
cong bang xa hdi trong giao dye tao dieu kien
dg ai ciing dugc hge hanh
- Phat trign sy nghiep y te phan dau giam ty
le mac benh, nang cao thg lyc, tiing tuoi thp va
phat trign gidng ndi Thyc hien edng bang xa hpi
trong cham sde sire klioe nhan dan eo ehinh
sach trg cap vii bao hiem y tg cho ngudi ngheo
- Dat con ngudi vao vj tri tmng tiim cua mpi
chign luge, chuang trinh, ke hoach, dy an phat
trien; tao digu kien eho ai nay deu co co hpi phat
trign va sir dimg tdt nang lyc cua minh
Trong qua trinh td chirc thyc hien nhimg
chil truong, chinh saeh neu tren Dang va Nhii
nudc Viet Nam luon khang dinh liiy doi mdi
kinh tg la trung tam ddng thdi coi trpng ddi
mdi chinli trj xa hpi viin boa vdi nhirng budc
di va hinh thirc phii hgp
4 Kgt qua la sy nghiep ddi mdi toim dien d
Viet Nam hon 20 nam qua da dat dugc nhirng
thiinh tyu to ldn, cd y nghia quan trgng ve
nhieu mat, ma d day ehi tap trung trinh biiy
nhirng thanh tiru vg phat trign xa hdi the hien
o nhirng diem chii ygu sau:
- Cimg vdi sy bien ddi cua co ciiu xa hgi
mil then chdt la co ciiu xii hdi - giai ciip tinh
nang dpng xa hdi ciia mpi tang ldp diin cu
dupe phat huy, ddi song eiia dai da so ngudi diin trong nirdc duge cai thien
d thdi ky trudc doi mdi do chu truong da) manh cai tao tiit ca cac thanh phan kinh tg gpi
la phi xii hpi chu ngliTa de nhanh chong xa) dyng mdt nen kinh tg "thuan nhiit" dya trgn chg do sd hiru cong cdng vg tu lieu san xuiit dudi hai hinh thuc quoc doanh va tap thg, keo theo sy ra ddi ciia mdt ea ciiu xa hdi gian don gom giai cap cdng nhan giai ciip nong diin tap the va tiing ldp tri thirc xuiit than tir eong nong
(gpi tat la "hai giai mgi tdng") Khi chu)en
sang thdi ky ddi mdi ciing vdi qua trinh phat trign ngn kinh tg thi trudng nhigu thimh phan diiy manh cdng nghigp h6a hien dai hoa tirng bude phat trien kinh tg tri thirc thi co ciiu xii hdi da bien ddi theo hudng ngii) cimg da dang
va phong phii ban Co eau dd gid day khong
con bj bo hep trong khuon kho "hai giai nidi ldng" nira ma bao gdm giai ciip cdng nhiin giai
ciip nong diin tiing ldp tri thirc tang ldp doanh nhan tiing ldp tieu thuong tigu chu ehu trang trai vii mdt so nhdm xa hiii khiic Nga) trong tirng giai ciip tiing liVp xii hpi cimg dign ra sy phan liing ve nghg nghiep trinh dp hpc vim, chuyen mdn va thu nhiip Co ca nhirng nhom vugt trdi vii nhirng nhdm yen the
Thyc te dii chirng to su bien doi cua co cau
xa hpi theo hudng ke tren thiil su lii mot su
"edi trdi" ldn, giai ph6ng manh sire san xuiii trong diin, khign cho tung ngucri, tirng gia dinh dil thupe biit eir giai tang xii hpi niio cimg phai tim mpi each khai thac cac tiem nang ve \'6n lao dpng ky thuat kign thirc vii kinh nghiem lam an dg thoat ddi vugt ngheo vuan len linn giau cho minh vii gdp phim xii)' dyng d;it nudc Chinh tinh niing dpng xa hpi iiy duong nhir la
Trang 4Pham Xuan Nam Tong quan ve xa hdi Viet N^rm
mpt "phep la" da co tac dung nhanh chong da)'
liii tinh trang suy thoai ui tre a thdi ky bao cap
trude day \'ii thdi luong sinh khi nuii liim
chu)'en biin ro ret tinh hinh san xuat va dai
song o ca thanli thi \ a nong thon Theo kgt qua
diiu tra cua Tdng ei,ic fbong ke da co khoang
80 - 85% gia dinh ty danh gia co muc song kha
Ign so vdi trudc Tdng san pham quoc npi tinh
binh quan diiu ngudi da tang tu 200 USD nam
1990 Ign 1.024 USD niim 2007 niim 2008
- Ket qua phat trien kinh te nhirng niim qua
dii cho phep Nha nudc hu) dimg dugc them
cac nguon hie dc tiing diiu tu cho phat trien xii
hpi So vdi khuygn nghi cua Hgi nghi Thugng
dinh Thg gidi \g Phdt triin xu hgi hpp o
Copenhagen Dan Mach (thang 3-1995) moi
nudc nen dimh 20% ngan sach himg niim cho
viee giai qu)'gt nhimg \an dg xii hpi thi tir
1996 dgn nay trung binh irnii niim Chinh phu
Viet Nam dii danh tdi 24 - 26% ngan sach Nhii
nudc de chi cho cac chuong trinh dim so - ke
hoach boa gia dinh tao \ iec lam xoa doi giam
ngheo xii) dyng eac eong trinh ha tang thiet
) eu o \ img dong biio cae dan tpc thieu so phat
trign giiio due phat trien )' te xii)' dyng mang
ludi an sinh xii hpi bao ve nidi trudng phong
chdng cac te nan xa hpi
- Dang chil y la nhan thuc cua xii hdi \ e
viee lam \ii giai qu)et viec liim da cd sy
chu)'en bien dang kg Tu cho bao cap toim bp
trong giai qu)et viec linn Nhii nudc dii chuvgn
trpng tam sang xiiy dirng phap luat (Bg Lugt
Lao dgng 1994) tao lap co chg chinh saeh
nham hircing dim \ ii ho trg cac thimh phiin kinh
te phat trien san xuiit kinh doanh tao them
nhieu \iec lam mdi Tir nam 1991 din nam
2000 trung binh moi nam ca nuiie dii uiai
quv'gt cho khoang 1 - 1 2 trieu ngudi cd edng
an viec linn: tu 2001 din 2007 con sd dd tiing len 1.4 - 1.5 trieu ngudi Ngoai ra mdi nam Viet Nam edn dua khoang 70.000 ngudi di xuiit khau lao ddng tai mdt sd nucrc trong khu
\ y c va tren thg gidi Dg hpi nhap \di the gidi
\g ehinh sach lao dijng trong nhiing nam qua Viet Nam dii lan lugt ky ket \ a thge hien cac van ban phap ly qudc te quan trgng \ e qii)gn lao dpng nhu: xcia bo lao ddng cuting hue xoa
bo phan biet trong tii)en dung \ ii nghe nghiep xoa bo hinh thirc lao dgng tre em
- Cupc van dgng xda ddi giam ngheo do thiinh pho ITd Chi Vlinh khoi xucTng tu niini
1992 dii nhanh chdng lan toa ra pham \i ca nu'dc Niim 1995 Bao cao eua Chinh phu Viet Nam tai Hdi nghi 1 hugng dinh Copenhagen \g
Phdi irii'n xd h()i da khang dinh xoa doi giam
ngheo lii mpt ehinh saeh qudc gia quan trpng Tiep do Chinh phu lai cho xii) di,mg \ a ban
himh ( 7?/t';; luge loan dien ve lang iritong vd giam ngheo 2001-2(110 Viin ban chign luge
nil) lii ciin cu quan trgng de phat hu) moi nguon lyc a trong nuoc ddng thdi eung lii ea SO' de cac nha tai trg quoc te hd trg \ iet Nam phat trien kinh te vii giam ngheo
Ket qua lii tv le ddi ngheo a Viet Nam theo chuiin qudc gia da giam tu 30% niim 1992 xuong cdn giin 7% niim 2005 Mi) nam giin dil) khi ap dyng chuiin ngheo qudc gia mdi ty
le hg ngheo da giam tir 18"( diiu niim 2006 xuong giin 15% cudi niim 2007 Cdn theo chuiin ngheo qudc lg do Ngan hang I h i gidi phoi hgp vdi long cue Thdng kg Viet Nam tinh toiin thi t)' le ngheo cua Viet Nam dii giam tu 58% nam 1993 xuong edn 28.9% nimi
2002 vii 22% niim 2005' Nhu xav, Viet Nam
Trang 5Tong quan ve xa hdi Viet Nam Pham Xuan Nam
da "hoan thanh sdm hon 10 nam so vdi kg
hoach loan ciiu: giam mpt nua t)' le ngheo viio
niim 2015" ma Miic liim Thien nien ky (MDG)
cua Lign hgp qudc da de ra"
- Sy nghigp giao due ed budc phat trign mdi
ve quy mo da dang hda ve loai hinh dao tao vii
dang duge tigp tyc doi mdi, chan chinh ve myc
tieu npi dung va phucmg phap de niing cao
chat lugng day vii hpc Niim 2000 ca nudc dat
chuan quoc gia ve xda nan mil chir va pho cap
giao due tieu hpc Tinh den cuoi niim 2007 co
trgn 40 tinh thanh pho dat chuiin phd cap
trung hpc co siV Ty le ngudi ldn (tii' 15 tuoi tra
Ign) bigt chir dii tiing tir 85% cudi nhirng niim
1980 Ign ti-gn 90% nam 2005 Tu nam 2001
den nay trung binh himg niim quy md diio tao
nghg cho ngudi lao dpng tiing 10% quy mo
dao tao cao diing, dai hpc tiing 7,4% Nhirng
sinh vien ngheo duge Ngiin hang ehinh siich xii
hpi eho vay tign vdi liii suiit uu diii de theo
lipc Hgp tac qucic tg vg dao tao o biic dai hpc
ngay cang dugc mo rgng
- Chirong trinh mue tieu quoc gia ve diin so
- kg hoach boa gia dinh thdi ky 1991-2000
dugc thyc hien tdt da dua ty le tang dim so
giam tir 2.1% xuong 1.36% Vdi thimh tich
nay Viet Nam dii duge Lien hgp quoc tiing
giai thuong vg eong tac diin sd Sau dd do chu
quan thoa miin ty le tiing diin sd da nhich Ign
1.44% vao nam 2004 Miiy nam giin day ty le
tiing dan sd giao ddng giii'a 1.15% va 1.17%
- Cdng tae ehiiiii soc sire khoe nhiin dim co tien bd Cac chi sd sire khoe cpng dong dugc nang len Ap dung eac tigu chi eua UNICEF
ty le tre em dudi 5 tuoi su)' dinh dudng giam
tu 42% niim 1995 xudng con 25"o niim 2005 Trong cimg ibiTi gian l) le tu vong cua tre em dudi 1 tuoi giam tuong img tir 68"oo xuimg eon 18%o tre em de song Cong tuc tiem chung ma rdng duge thyc hien Mdt sd dich benh hiem ngheo duge thanh toan Tudi thp trung binh eua ngudi diin tir 63 tudi nam 1990 tiing len 73.7 tuoi niim 2005
- Theo dimh gia eiia Chuang trinh phat irien Lign hgp quiic (UNDP), ehi so phat trien con ngudi (HDI) eua Viet Nam eo xu hudng tang deu dim \a lien tuc trong may chuc niim qua:
tu 0.590 nam 1985 liin lugl tiing len 0.620 niim 1990 0.672 niim 1995 0.711 nam 2000 vci 0.733 niim 2005''
Neu so \'di thir bae xep hang (jDP binh quiin dim ngudi thi xep hang HDI cua \iei Nam nam 2005 \ ugt len 18 biic; GDP binh quim dim ngu'O'i xep thir 123 tren timg so 177 nirtie dugc thong ke cdn HDI thi xep thir 105/177 Dieu do chirng to sir phiit trien kinh
tg - xil hpi cua Viet Nam co xu hudng phuc \'u sir phin trien eon ngucri bao dam lien bp \ii cdng biing xii hpi kha born so \di mpt sd nudc dang phiit trien cd GDP binh quim diiu nguiri cao ho'n Viet Nam
C6 the thil) rii dieu do qua bang sau da):
Trang 6Pham Xuan N a m Tong quan ve xa hdi Viet Narm
Bang 1: So sanh chi so HDI ciia Viet Nam va mgt so niroc khac tren the gidi nam 2005
Tgn nudc
Angigri
Viet Nam
Inddngxia
AiCap
Nam Phi
.AnDd
Gia tri
HDI
0.733
0,733
0.728
0,708
0,674
0.619
Tuoi thp trung binh
2005
71,7
73,7
69.7 70,7 50.8 63.7
Chi sd vg timg
Ty le bigt chd a ngudi ldn
1995-2005 69.9
90,3
90,4 71,4 82,4 61,0
ITnh vuc GDP binh quan dan ngudi theo PPP
2005
• 7.062
3.071
3.843 4.337 11.110 3.452
Xgp hang HDI trong
sd 177 nudc
104
105
107
112
121
128
Xgp hang GDP/ngudi (USD PPP) trir di xgp hang HDI
- 2 2
18
6
- 1
- 6 5
- 11
Co quan he vdi ehi so phat trign con ngudi
chi so phat trien lign quan den gidi (GDI) eua
Viet Nam nam 2005 lii 0.732 xip thir 91 trgn
157 nudc dugc thong kg So phy iid la dai bigu
Quie hpi nam 2007 la 25.8% so vdi 17.7%
nam 1990'
- Ngoai ra viec thye hien chinh sach uu dai
doi vdi nhung ngudi eo edng (nliung gia dinli
liet sT nhung ba me Viet Nam anh hiing) chain
sde nliinig tre em mo edi lang thang co nhd
cuu mang nliinig ngudi tan tat nudi duiing
nhtnig ngudi gia co don cim trg dimg biio d
nhimg vimg bi thign tai da dugc ca Nha nudc
va cpng ddng xa hdi hgt sire quan tam
Nhin chung sau gan 10 nam doi mdi Viet
Nam da ra khoi khung hoang kinh t i - xii hpi
nghigm trpng va tu nam 1996 da budc sang
giai doan tigp tyc day manh toan dien cong
cupc doi mdi day manh cong nghiep boa hien
dai boa vi muc tigu ddn gidu nudc mgnh xd
hgi cong hang, ddn chu van minh
5 Song dg bign myc tieu dd thanh hien
thye Viet Nam cdn phai no lyc phin diu khae
phuc khdng it ygu kem bat cap:
- Nhung nam gan day tdc do giam ngheo cd
xu hudng cham lai, tinh trang tai ngheo cd xu hudng gia tang, nhat lii a nhirng vimg siiu vimg xa vung ddng biio dan tpc thigu sd viing thudng bi thign tai dich benli va tir cudi nam
2007 den nay lai chiu tac ddng manh boi su) thoai kinh tg trgn thg gidi va lam phat tang cao
a trong nude Tinh theo chuan quoc tg dgn cuoi nam 2007 t) le ngheo ehung cua ca nude con khoang 18% tuang duong 1 5 - 1 6 trieu ngudi trong tdng sd tren 85 trieu dan Khoang each thu nhap giira nhdm 20%o giau nhit va nhom 20% ngheo nhat trong tdng sd dan eu da tang tu 4.43 lin nam 1992-1993 Ign 8.14 lin nam 2006*' Nhu vay xda ddi giam ngheo giiip cho ngudi ngheo vuon Ign trung binh va kha gia van edn lii mpt thach thirc ldn dii \'di trign vpng phat trign xa hdi eua Viet Nam
- Mae du tv le thit nghiep a thimh thj dii giam tu 8 - 9% \iio diu nhirng niim 1990 xudng con trgn 5% nam 2007 nhirng tir dau niim 2008 den na) lai dang ed xu hudnti uia tang do nhieu doanh nghiep phai thu hep san xuiit kinh doanh, giam bdt viec limi de ddi pho vdi lam phat va gia ea leo thang Dae bigt
Trang 7To'ng quan ve xa hdi Viet Nam Pham Xuan Nam
trong nong thdn nan thieu viec lam kha
nghiem trpng Ty le thdi gian lao ddng duge
sit dung trong do tuoi d ndng thdn hien nay ehi
dat khoang 80% Nhirng nam gan diiy, viec thu
hii dat dai dg xay dyng khu edng nghiep, md
rpng dd thi duge thye hien mdt each d at d
khong it dia phuong da khign cho mdt bd phan
nong dan bj mat dat canh tae ma khdng duge
dgn bil thoa diing, khdng dugc hd trg dao tao
de chuygn sang cae nghg phi ndng nghiep ngn
lai cang lam tang thgm ty le thigu viec lam va
that nghigp o ndng thdn
- Trong ITnh vyc giao dye ndi dung chuong
trinh giang day va hge tap vira qua tai vua lac
hau; CO cau nganh nghg dao tao thigu ciin ddi,
phirang phap day va hpc cu ky, chat lugng
nguon nhan lyc dugc dao tao ra noi chung con
thap so vdi nhigu nudc trong khu virc va trgn
the gidi, chua dap irng dugc ygu eau day manh
cong nghigp boa, hien dai boa Cdn ton tai mpt
sy chgnh Igch kha rd vg digu kien hge tiip, eo
sd trudng ldp giua thanh thi va ndng thdn
mign xuoi va mien niii Ty le hoc sinh sinh
vien la con em cac gia dinh ngheo di hge diing
tuoi va hpc Ign cae ciip hpc cao dang eo xu
hirdng giam dan
- Trong linh virc cham sde sii'c khoe nhiin
dan mang ludi y tg tuy dugc md rdng nhung
trang bi cdn thigu thdn phan bd ehua hgp ly
chua thuan tien eho diin Co chg chinh sach
bao higm y ti thu vien phi vii kham chira benh
cho ngudi ngheo edn nhigu bat cap Ude tinh
moi nam eo hang van ngudi ngheo phai vay
lai, ban gia cim, gia siic hoae tai san eo dinh
de tra vien phi Vi thi ddi vdi ngudi ngheo hi
benh, nhit la ciic benh nang doi hoi dich vu )
te chat lugng cao, la mdt rui ro co the da) hp
vao biin ciing
- Bgn canh do nhigu viin dc xa hpi nhirc nhoi do mat trai ciia kinh te thi trudng de ra dac biet khi vai trd quan ly cua Nhii nudc con ygu khi viee thyc thi ky cuong phep nude ehua nghigm la te tham nhung, budn liiu ke ca buon ban phu nir va tre em vii nhimg te nan xa hdi khiic nhu bao lyc gia dinh ma tii) mai dam keo theo sy lii) lan cua benh HIV VIDS van dang dien bign phirc tap a iiliieu noi Tai mpt sd thiinh phd ldn va khu eong nghiep tap trung 6 nhigm mdi trudng rat nghiem trpng \a tro thanh van de xa hdi birc xiic
6 Tu nhirng digu noi tren mpt ciiu hoi co y nghia quan trpng dupe diit ra doi vdi gioi nghign ciru ly luan vii gidi boat dpng thyc tien cua Viet Nam hien nay la can phai liim gi vii liim thg niio dg gdp phan phiit hu) nhirng lliimh tyu da dat dupe, khiic phuc nhirng yeu kem con lai eua qua trinh phat trign xa hpi theo hudng tign bd cong bang va hdi nhap vdi the gidi That ra khdng cd ciiu tru Idi de dimg \ a gian don cho eiiu hoi dugc diit ra tren diiy luy vii) ciin cu vao nhirng kinh nghiem thyc te ca thanh cdng va ban che eua sy nghiep doi mdi
o Viet Nam ban 20 niim qua dong ibiri tham khao kinh nghiem the gidi cluing toi thu de xuiit mdt sd kign nghi co tinh chiit he quan diem vg phat trign xii hpi va hpi nhiip quoc te cua nudc ta trong thdi gian tdi nhu sau:
Thic nhdt phat trien xa hpi \ii hoi nhiip
quoc te doi hoi phai eo mpt nen kinh te timg truong nhanh hieu qua cao vii hen virng Boi
le chi CO mpt nen kinh te nhu the thi iiKri co kha niing huy dimg cac ngudn luc \al chiit cho phat trien xa hdi theo hudng lien bo \a cong biing de hpi nhiip ngii) cimg siiu \'di the giii'i Khong the dat tdi sir phiit irien xii liiti theo
Trang 8Pham Xuan N a m Tdng quan ve xa hoi^VieUl^ilLLi
hudng trgn niu nin kinh ti trong nudc tri tre ea Nhii nude vii xa hdi dan sy Nhii nuac de la suy thoai Ngugc lai ciing khong the cd mdt chien lucre, chinh saeh ke hoach chuong nin kinh li tiing truang nhanh co hieu qua cao trinh dy an phat uien xii hdi tai nuac mmh sa
mdt xii hgi vdi da s i dan trgn co so do mo rdng giao luu hcrp tac \oi
vi the chit cac nudc khac tren the gidi \ e nhung \an de
\ a ben vu'ng trong
chung thap kem vg tri tue dm yeu vt
su) thoai vi dao dire \ a mpt bp phan dang ke
lao dgng lam vdo canh that nghiep ngheo ddi
bi da)' ra ngoai le xii hpi
7V;(f hai phat trien xa hdi theo hudng tien
bi) eong bang va hpi nhap qudc tg cd the va
cin phai ho trg lan nhau lam tien dg \ii dieu
kien cho nhau Phat trign xii hpi trudc bet can
khai thac din mire toi da cac nguon lyc ndi
sinh cua dit nudc nhung ngudn lyc ndi sinh
do se duge nhan len khi co su ket hgp \ a bd
sung bdi cac nguon lyc qudc te bao gom ea
nguin lyc xal chiit (nhu vdn k) thuiit edng
nghe) \a nguon lyc tinh thiin (nhu kien thuc
kinh nghigm y tuong) Irong mdi quan he
giira ngudn lyc trong nude vd nguon lire quoc
te thi nguon lyc trong nude lii quyet dinh
nguon lyc qudc le lii quan trgng
Thic ha dg thiic dii)' sy phat trign xii hpi
theo hudng tign bp eong biing \ a hgi nhiip \ di
the gidi cd hieu qua can phat huy vai tro cua
Chu thich:
hai ben hoae nhieu ben deu quan tiim .Xii hpi dan su (bao gdm cac td chiie phi ehinh phu eac td ehiie phi lgi nhuan cac td ehirc tu thien cae nbimi hiinh ddng cac quy cua cgng ddng cac hdi nghi nghiep cac hgp tae xa cac to chirc edng doiin phu nir thanh nign \ v ) tien himh eac hiinh dpng tap the ty nguven xung quanh \iec chia se nhung lgi ich myc dich \a gia tri \g phat trien xii hpi giira cac doi uic thuoc hai ha) nhieu nudc \ d i nhau
Tdm lai \di nhirng thanh tyu quan trgng \ a nhung kinh nghiem quy bau cua cdng cudc dot mdi toiin dien dat nudc trong ban 20 nam qua chimg ta hoiin toim ed ea so de tin riing tuimg lai phiit trien xii hgi \ii hgi nhap qudc te eua Viet Nam trong nhung nam sap ldi lit sang sua
\'ii Viet Nam se ra khoi tinh trang kem phat trien vdo niim 2010 tien tcii tra thiinh mdt nude edng nghiep theo hucVng hien dai \iio nam 2020 sanh \ai vdi cae nude be ban khiip niim chiiu
1 Nguv'en Thi Kim Ngim (Bg truo'ng Bo Lao diing - Tluicrng binh - Xii hpi): \d luc phdn ddu thuc hien cd hieu qua chinh sdch an sinh xd hoi Tap chi Cong san so thang "'-2008 tr I 8
2 Co quan Dai dien Lien hop quoc tai Viet Nam: Dua cdc muc lieu ihien men kv din vdi ngudi ddn
Hii Npi 2002 tr I
3 UNDP: Bdo cdo phdi trien con ngicai 200~'200H (Dich \ ii xuat ban vdi sy chap thuan cua UNDP)
HaN6i2007 u 241
4 Nhu'tren tr, 236-237
5 Nhir tren tr 333 350
l : : • • I - ' - • • •
6 Ngu\en Thi Kim Ngim Tap chi dii dan tr 18