Nhiem vu ciia Gia Djnh thanh, theo Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi gdm: "trdng coi cac viec binh dan, thue djch va hinh an ciia 5 tran: Phien An, Bien Hoa, VTnh Thanh, Djnh Tadng va Ha [r]
Trang 1TO CHUC BO MAY QUAN LY HANH CHINH NAM BO NlTA DAU THE KY XIX: TIJTGIA DINH THANH DEN NAM KY LUC TINH
NGUYfiN NGOC PHUC
kien ty nhien, ciing n h a ljch sd sudt
ca qua trinh trade, trong va sau khi ngadi
Viet khai pha, thyc thi chii quyen, Nam Bd
sdm da djnh hinh, xac lap vdi t a each mpt
khdng gian ljch sii - van hoa (1) Cac dac
diem dja ly, ljch sU dan cU, van hoa tdc
ngadi khong chi tac dpng tdi ddi sdng kinh
te xa hpi ma cdn la nhan to' chi phdi qua
trinh td chiic, hoat ddng ctia bp may quan
ly hanh chinh, nhat la trong nhiing giai
doan giao thdi ljch sil Dau the ky XIX, khi
chinh quyen trung Udng mdi thiet lap, thUc
lyc chUa du manh de cd the vifdn xud'ng
nam quyen kiem soat, chi phd'i toan bp lanh
tho Vi the, trong qua trinh chpn lUa, xay
dyng md hinh quan ly, trieu dinh Hue
khdng the khong can nhac de'n ye'u td' viing
mien cua Nam Bo Phadng an Gia Djnh
thanh thUc chat dUdc xem la giai phap qua
dp tren con dUdng ciing ed', tang cUdng siic
manh quyen lyc ciia trieu dinh Nguyen He
qua cua giai phap nay la hang chuc nam
dadi thdi Gia Long va dau trieu Minh
Menh, tif cd ca'u hanh chinh ciing n h a thiet
che quan ly di kem, Nam Bp dUdc td chiic,
dieu hanh bdi mpt chinh quyen dja phadng
ma tinh tU tri dadc coi la dac diem ndi bat
Nhin n h a n bd'i canh ciing nhiing nguyen nhan, tac dpng tren se gdp p h a n tim ldi dap cho cau hdi vi sao, bang phadng each nao, trong ma'y thap ky dau the ky XIX, tit thiet lap Gia Djnh thanh, rdi xoay chuyen, dUa den viec chia dat, hinh thanh lyc tinh Nam
Ky Sud't qua trinh dd, tUdng quan quyen liic chi'nh quyen trung Udng - dja phadng la ye'u to' quye't djnh cho mdi bade di va sii liia chpn, de cud'i ciing tao nen nhilng bie'n chuyen sau sac ca ve thiet che hanh chinh lan cd cau quyen lyc Nam Bp Theo hadng tiep can nay, bai viet ciia chiing tdi se gdp phan daa ra nhiing ly giai, nham gdp phan lam r5 them thyc cha't, can nguyen ciia qua trinh tren
1 Gia D i n h t h a n h - biidc c h u y e n qua do cua N a m Bo trong Viet Nam thong nha't ,
Giila nhilng ngdn ngang be bpn ciia cdng cudc kie'n thie't da't nadc, thiet lap va to' chile bp may quan ly h a n h chinh la nhiem
vu vd Cling quan trong Y thilc dadc dieu
do, nha Nguyen - vdi vai trd ndi bat ciia hai vua dau trieu Gia Long, Minh Menh - da gianh nhieu tam siic, nd lyc cho sil mang nay
• Th.S Khoa Lich sii - TrUdng DHKHXH&NV - DHQG HN
Trang 2Td chtrc b6 may quin ly hanh chinh 21
Nam 1802, sau khi len ngdi, vua Gia
Long chia ca nadc thanh 27 tra'n (Dang
Ngoai cii) va doanh (Dang Trong cii) Dang
Ngoai cd 13 tra'n va 1 phu Phung Thien
(nam 1805 ddi lam phii Hoai Dilc), Dang
Trong cii gom 14 doanh (tni doanh Quang
Dilc sau ddi thanh phu Thita Thien, tii nam
1808 cac doanh cdn lai deu lan ladt ddi
thanh tra'n) Tuy nhien, trieu dinh chi tnic
tie'p quan ly 4 "tnic doanh" (gdm "til Quang":
Quang Binh, Quang Trj, Quang Dilc - Thtra
Thien, Quang Nam) ciing 7 "cd tra'n" (Nghe
An, Thanh Hda, Quang Ngai, Binh Djnh,
Phii Yen, Binh Khadng va Binh Thuan)
Dd'i vdi nhiing doanh, tran cdn lai, d
Dang Ngoai cii, nam 1802, vua Gia Long
lap ra Bac thanh, pham vi gom nam npi
tra'n (Sdn Nam Thadng, Sdn Nam Ha, Kinh
Bac, Sdn Tay va Hai Dadng) va sau ngoai
tra'n (Thai Nguyen, Lang Sdn, Tuyen
Quang, Cao Bang, Yen Quang va Hang
Hda) Nha vay, vdi Bac thanh, lan dau tien
trong ljch sil trieu Nguyen, mpt ca'p hanh
chinh trung gian, quan ly tnic tiep dja ban
rpng, gdm nhieu tra'n dadc thiet lap
Dilng dau Bac thanh la Tdng tra'n, dadc
trieu dinh giao cho "trpng than tra'n giil"
Tdng tra'n cd quyen lyc rat ldn: "pham
nhilng viec cat bai quan lai, xil quyet kien
tung, deu dadc tiiy ma lam rdi sau mdi
tau" Cac cd quan giiip viec Tdng tra'n d BSc
thanh gdm ba tao Hd, Binh, Hinh, cd nhiem
vu "theo quan Tdng tra'n de xet bien cdng
viec" (2)
Dadi Bac thanh, cac ca'p hanh chi'nh cd
tra'n (gdm npi va ngoai tra'n), phii, huyen,
tdng va ddn vj hanh chinh cd sd
thon/xa/phadng Theo quy djnh, moi tran
dat hai ty Ta thiia, Hiiu thila Moi ty d ndi
tra'n dat 1 cau ke, 1 cai hdp, 1 thu hdp va
22 ngadi thupc ty Cap phu, huyen, moi
phu dat 2 de lai, 10 thdng lai; huypn dat 2
de lai, 8 thdng lai; mdi phii huyen deu cd 50 linh le; ca'p tdng dat 1 tdng tradng, 1 pho tdng Rieng dd'i vdi cac ty Ta thifa, Hiiu thifa thudc 6 ngoai tra'n chi dat 1 cai hdp, 1 thu hdp va 13 ngadi thudc ty (3)
Cdn vdi Nam Bp, nam 1800, Nguyen Anh ddi phii Gia Djnh thanh Tra'n Gia Djnh (4), diing dau la Lau tra'n Ddn vj hanh chinh doanh liic nay cd ban gid'ng nha thdi ky Dang Trong (5) Diing dau doanh la Lau thu, giiip viec cd Cai ba, Ky luc Nam
1804, Gia Long thay the hai ty Tadng than
va Xa sai bang viec dat ty Ta thila va Hiiu thila, mdi ty 100 ngadi, chia lam bdn phdng
Hd, Binh, Hinh, Cdng Sai Lau tra'n chpn cac ty cua chinh doanh thudc tran de sung
bd (6)
Tuy nhien, phai den nam 1808, nhiing thay ddi can ban ve quan ly hanh chinh Nam Bp mdi thyc sy bat dau Vua Gia Long "tha'y dja the Gia Djnh rpng ldn", sau khi "sai dinh than ban ky viec kinh ly de giii gin bd coi cho vilng manh" (7) da quyet djnh thiet lap d Nam Bd mpt khu vyc hanh
chinh mdi vdi ten gpi Gia Dinh thdnh (8)
Pham vi gdm dja gidi ciia 5 tran (vd'n la cac doanh): doanh Phien Tra'n ddi lam tra'n Phien An, doanh Tra'n Bien ddi lam tra'n Bien Hoa, doanh Vinh Tra'n ddi lam tra'n Vinh Thanh, doanh Tra'n Djnh ddi lam tra'n Djnh Tadng va tra'n Ha Tien (dat tir nam 1810) Nhiem vu ciia Gia Djnh thanh,
theo Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi gdm: "trdng
coi cac viec binh dan, thue djch va hinh an ciia 5 tran: Phien An, Bien Hoa, VTnh Thanh, Djnh Tadng va Ha Tien, ddng thdi cdn kiem lanh dao tii xa them tra'n Binh Thuan d phia Bac Pham viec binh thi do thanh chi huy, cdn cac viec thue ma, hinh
an thi tra'n ty sap dat" (9)
Ciing n h a Bac thanh, diing dau Gia Djnh thanh la Tdng tra'n, ngoai ra cd Hipp
Trang 322 Rghien ciJru Lich sit s6 2.2010
tdng tra'n (sau ddi la Phd Tdng tra'n) Dgi
Nam thiic luc cho biet nam Gia Long thii 7
(1808): "Bat dau dat chile Tong tra'n thanh
Gia Djnh la'y Nguyen Van Nhan lam
Tdng tra'n, Trinh Hoai Dilc lam Hiep tdng
tra'n Ban a'n Tdng tra'n thanh Gia Djnh (a'n
bac niim hinh sa tii)" (10) Quyen han cua
Tdng tra'n ra't ldn: "pham trua't thang quan
lai, hang ldi t n i hai, ta't ca viec thanh va
viec bien cadng deu cho tuy nghi ma lam"
(11)
Giiip viec cho Tdng tra'n Gia Djnh, tii
nam 1813, Gia Long dat bdn tao Hd, Binh,
Hinh, Cdng Ngadi dilng dSu moi Tao se
la'y til chile Tham tri, Thiem sil d cac bp
biet phai xud'ng (12) Tuy tilng giai doan va
yeu cau cdng viec cy the, sd' vien lai d cac
tao cd sil thay ddi Nam Minh Menh thii 2
(1821), trieu dinh chuan djnh ba tao Hp,
Binh, Hinh d Gia Djnh thanh mdi tao 2
Thiem sii, Cdng tao 1 Thiem sy, phai til
moi bd Hp, Binh, Hinh 1 vien Thiem sil daa
de'n Gia Djnh thanh lam cac cdng viec ciia
Bang 1: So' n h a n vien cun hai ty Ta thita, Hufu thifa cua Gla Dinh
t h a n h
Ty/phdng
Ty Ta thCra:
Phdng Lai
Phdng Binh
Phdng Hinh
Ty HQu thCra
Phdng Hd
Phdng LS
Phdng Cdng
Cpng
Chiic vu C&uk«
1
1
2
Cai h«fp
2
2
4
Thu hop
2
2
2
2
2
2
12
Ban ty
10
20
30
30
10
20
120
C6ng
69
69
138
Bang 2: So' litcfng yk p h a m h a m lai vien cua Gia Dinh t h ^ n h
Phong
Lai
H6
L4
Binh
Hinh
CPng
C6ng
Thu lai Chanh bat
phim
6
Chanh curu phim
1
3
1
2
3
2
12
Vi nh&p liru
15
35
10
25
30
25
140
Cdng
17
39
12
28
34
28
158
3 tao Hd, Binh, Hinh Nam 1824, Minh Menh lai cho Hd tao dadc bd them 1 vien Thiem sil, Binh tao thi Lang trung, Chii sii mdi chiic 1 vien, Hinh tao moi chile Thiem sii, Lang trung, Chii sil moi chile 1 vien (13)
Cac cdng viec cy the ve h a n h chi'nh, t a phap, quan sil d Gia Djnh thanh dapc giai quye't thdng qua hai ty Ta thila, Hiiu thila, mdi ty cd 3 phdng Ty Ta thila gdm cac phdng Lai, Binh va Hinh, ty Hilu thiia gdm
cac phdng Hd, Le va Cdng Theo Khdm
dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sii le, nam 1808, sd
nhan vien thupc hai ty Ta thila, Hiiu thila ciia Gia Djnh t h a n h dadc quy djnh (Xem bang 1) (14)
Nam 1821, Minh Menh cho ddi chiic Cai hdp cac thanh, dinh, tra'n lam Tha lai chanh bat pham, Thu hdp lam Tha lai chanh cilu ph^m (15) Sau 1 nam, lai tiep tyc "ddi djnh lai so' vien chile d hai thiia ty
va cac thanh dinh tra'n", sd' nhan sii tai cac
phdng dadc tang them
22 ngadi, cy the: "ba phdng Lai, Binh Hinh thupc Ta thiia ty va ba phdng Hp, Le, Cdng thudc HQu thila ty, mdi phe:-'3 1 ngadi Cau ke Phdng Lai, bat ciiu pham t h a lai deu
1 vien, vj nhap lau 15 ngadi Phdng Binh,
bat ph^m 1, cilu ph^m
2, vi nhap lau 25 Phdng Hinh, bat ph^m
1, cvJu pham 3, vj nhap lau 30 Phdng Hp, bat ph^m 1, ciiu ph^m 5,
vj nhap lau 35 Phdng
Li, bat ciiu ph^m deu
1, vj nhap lau 10
Trang 4Td churc bO moy quin ly hbnh chinh 22
Phdng Cdng, bat ciiu pham deu 2, vj nhap
lau 25" (16)
Tha lai giiip viec tai moi phdng ciing
dadc quy djnh cu the Nam 1821, sd ladng
va ph^m ham lai vien ciia Gia Djnh thanh
nha sau (Xem bang 2) (17)
Nam 1829, trong chii dich tiet giam
quyen lyc va tai cd ca'u bd may quan ly d ca
hai thanh, nhan viec bp Lai: "tau xin xem
cdng viec phien hay gian ma djnh so' nhan
vien nhieu hay it, cho dapc thich dang",
Minh Menh da ban hanh hang loat cac quy
djnh thay ddi, cho: "djnh ngach nhan vien d
cac tao, phdng, cue thudc Bac thanh va Gia
Djnh Gia Djnh thi Hinh tao kiem quan
Le phdng, Tir chadng kiem quan Lai phdng,
ma Bac thanh thi Binh tao kiem quan Le
phdng, Hinh tao kiem quan Lai phdng"
(18), cu the (19) (Xem bang 3)
An phdng (phdng giii a'n) dat nam 1829:
"lam mpt phdng rieng, nhang thupc thanh
a'y chuyen giQ Cac cdng viec phdng a'n,
khdng phai le thupc tao nao trdng coi" (20)
Cd che dieu hanh, quan 1^ cac Tao cung
dadc dieu chinh: "hien dat chile ta hQu
Thdng phan mdi chiic 1 vien, ta hQu Kinh
ljch moi chQc 1 vien, deu tam chi chQc ham
Chu sii, Ta vy ty Hp, Binh, Hinh, chia giQ
cdng vipc ciia ba phdng Lai, Le, Cdng thanh
a'y Cdn chQc Thdng phan, Kinh ljch khdng
phai dat nQa" (21)
Dadi Gia Djnh thanh, ve mat hanh
chinh, dQng dau mdi Trdn \k Tra'n thu (22)
(vo quan), giiip vipc cd cac chQc Hipp tra'n,
Tham hiep (van quan) (23)
Tadng ty ca'p Thanh, quan ly cac cdng
vipc hanh chfnh, t a phap, xay diing, quan
dpi d mdi tra'n dapc bd' tri thanh hai tao
(gdm 6 phdng), n h a n g n h a n sy cu the thi
khac biet Theo quy djnh nam 1808: 'Ta thQa, HQu thQa d cac tran, doanh va cac ty thudc lai cac dao, phan djnh so' nhan vien ph^m trat cd khac nhau, hai thQa ty chia lam 6 phdng" (24) Cy the, so'nhan vien cac tran Phien An, Bien Hoa, Vinh Thanh, Djnh Tadng gdm (Xem bang 4) (25)
Nam 1822, Minh Menh giam nhan sy thudc cac ty d hai tran Phien An, Djnh Tadng tQ 118 xudng cdn 108 ngadi (26) Rieng dd'i vdi tra'n Ha Tien, nam Gia Long 13 (1814), hai ty cung so'nhan sy mdi dapc thiet lap, gdm 46 ngadi, cd ca'u ddn gian hdn so vdi 4 tra'n cu Cy the, ty Ta thQa Cau ke, Cai hdp, Thii hdp deu 1 ngadi, 20 Ban ty Ty HQu thQa Cau ke, Cai hdp, Thu hdp deu 1 ngadi, 20 Ban ty Dao Long Xuyen va dao Kien Giang tQ nam
1808 ty thupc lai deu cd 1 Thu hdp, 10 ban
ty Tuy nhien, nam 1814, khi hai dao nay cho lp vao tra'n Ha Tien, dQdc chuan djnh dat ty Thupc lai Cai hdp, Thu hdp deu 1 ngadi, 20 Ban ty (27)
Dadi tra'n, trade va sau thdi ky thiet lap Gia Djnh thanh, qua trinh dien each ddn vj hanh chinh daa de'n sy bien ddi manh ve
quy md, sd ladng phu, huyen, tdng,
thon I xd I ngu I thudc Ca'p phu trade nam
1808 chaa cd, khi dat Gia Djnh thanh, nhieu huyen dapc nang thanh phii, tdng trd thanh huyen mdi Nha tradng hdp tra'n
Phien An, theo Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi,
gdm 1 phu, 4 huyen, 8 tdng, 460 xa, thdn, phadng, a'p, diem Trong dd phu Tan Binh trade la huyen, nay cai ddn len lam phu, gdm 4 huyen:
- Huypn Binh Dadng (trade la tdng), ddi thanh huyen; lanh 2 tdng Binh Trj, Dadng Hoa mdi dat
Trang 524 Rghien curu Lich sil s6 2.2010
Bang 3: Chiic n a n g va n h i e m vu ciia lai vien Gia D i n h t h a n h
Ho, T i o
Tio HO ki«ni
phong C6ng vi cue Tao tac
Tao Binh IciSm
phdng Lai
Tio Hinh kiem
ph6ng L^
Phong a'n
Cong
Lang trung
1
1
1
3
Vien ngoai lang
2
2
2
1
2
1
10
Chil sir
2
2
2
1
2
1
10
T u Vll
2
3
2
1
2
1
11
Ch^nh b&t curu phim thu lai
7
7
9
5
7
4
5
44
Vj nhap luu
50
40
50
20
40
15
215
Cong
64
54
66
28
54
21
6
293
Bang 4: So' n h a n vien cac T r a n P h i e n An, Bien Hoa, Vinh T h a n h va Dinh Tiidng
Ty/ph6ng
Ty Tk thiJa:
Phbng Lai
Phong Binh
Ph6ng Hinh
Ty Hiiu thira
Phbng HO
Phong hi
Phbng cang
Cong
Chile vu
Cau ke
1
1
3
Cai hop
2
2
4
ThO hop
2
2
2
2
2
2
12
Ban ty
10
15
25
25
10
15
100
C6ng
59
59
118
Bang 5: Cd cau dcfn vi h a n h chinh cac cap cua Gia Dinh t h a n h sau n a m 1908
Tr4n
Phien An
Bien Hoa
Dinh Tudng
VTnh Thanh
Hi Tien
Cpng
Phu
1
1
1
1
4
Huy^n
4
4
3
4
2
17
Tdng
g
8
6
6
4
32
Th6n/xa/fip
460
310
314
353
103
1.540
- Huyen Tan Long (trade la tdng), lanh 2
tdng Tan Phong, Long Hang mdi dat
- Huyen Phadc Loc (trade la tdng); lanh
2 tdng Phadc Dien, Loc Thanh mdi dat
- Huyen Thuan An (trade la tdng Binh
Thuan); lanh 2 tdng Binh Cach, Thuan Dao
mdi dat (28)
Cac tra'n Bien Hoa, Djnh Tadng, Vinh
Thanh va Ha Tien deu cd tinh trang tadng
ta Thd'ng ke tif Gia Dinh thdnh thong chi,
cd ca'u ddn vj h a n h chinh cac ca'p d Gia
Djnh thanh sau nam 1808 gdm (Xem bang
5) (29):
So sanh cac con sd' tren vdi thdng ke
nam 1776 ciia Le Quy Ddn cang thay rd
hdn sa bien ddng ddn vi h a n h chinh cac ca'p thuQc Gia Djnh t h a n h (30)
Vdi each thiic td chiic h a n h chinh, quy djnh cat dat, tuyen chon quan lai tren, cd the tha'y, cd ca'u bo may chinh quyen Gia Djnh thanh chaa t h a t quy cu, dn djnh, phadng thiic td chiic quan ly mgt sd linh
vac cdn kha ddn gian Bdn tao, luc phbng thuoc hai ty Ik nhiing cd quan thvta hanh
thuoc cac linh vac khac nhau, dti dadc bd tri theo each de lien he nd vdi hinh anh mot
"tieu trieu dinh", n h a n g giiia tao, ty, phdng, cac cd che phdi hdp, quy djnh v l thanh tra, giam sat hoat dpng chaa cd, hoac ne'u cd thi vai trd ciing chi md nhat Ben canh dd, nguyen tac quan lai ca'p tra'n
Trang 6Td chtrc b6 may quin ly hanh chinh 25
dat dadi sa dieu khien trac tiep, nhan chi
thj ttr Tdng tra'n, khdng dagc lien he t h i n g
vdi cac bo d trung adng ciing n h a ta'u t n n h
VUdt ca'p len hoang de; ngutjfc lai, trieu dinh
ciing chi lam viec vdi dja phadng thdng qua
Tdng tra'n Dieu dd cho tha'y sa lien he giQa
luc bd d trieu dinh vdi nhiJng cd quan thiia
hanh 6 phdng, n h a t la vdi ca'p tra'n kha han
che
Quy trinh tuyen chon, bd tri nhan sa,
each thiic biet phai quan lai trj nham tai
Gia Djnh ciing cd khdng it bat cap Ngay tii
nam 1813, khi lap bdn tao thuoc Thanh,
Tham tri hoac Thiem si,l dadc dieu phai tii
luc hg cd the ddng thdi nam giQ mgt hoac
hai tao Nhieu Tham tri, Thiem sa dadc
giao quan linh cac tao khdng diing vdi bd
vien quan dd Chang han, nam 1813, Ta
Tham tri Cdng bo Nguyen Khac Thieu lanh
Cdng tao kiem ly Ho tao, HQu Tham tri
Hinh bg Le Ba Ph^m lanh Hinh tao kiem ly
Binh tao, Han lam thj tha Nguyen Cdng
Djnh lam Thiem svl Hd bg, Han lam vi$n
Le Hy lam Thiem si,J Binh bg, sung lam
cdng viec hai tao Hg, Binh (31) Nam 1820,
la'y HQu Tham tri Binh bd Nguyen Xuan
Thuc linh Cdng tao, Hg tao Gia Djnh,
Thiem si,l Hinh bg TrSn HQu Chau lam
bi^n 1^ Hinh tao, Cdng tao, Thiem si,r Hg bg
Ngd Quang DQc bien ly Hg tao kiem bi$n
Binh tao (32) Nam 1821, la'y HQu Tham tri
L^i bg Tr£n Van Tuan linh hai tao Binh,
Cdng; HQu Tham tri Hd bd Nguyen Xuan
Thyc Unh Hg tao (33)
Cach thQc bd dung, bd' tri nhan sQ nay
khien cho quan he giQa cac ty, phdng, tao,
cung n h a giQa quan lai Gia Djnh thanh
phQc tap hdn Trd lai vdi danh sach nhan
sa bd nhiem trong hai nam 1820, 1821 tren
day, se tha'y mgt loat nhQng quan h^ k6p
Trfin HQu Chau la thuge ca'p dadi quyen
cua Nguyin Xuan Thyc d Cdng tao, ddng
thdi vSn chju sa dieu hanh cua vien quan dQng dau Hinh tao Gia Djnh thanh khi dd Thiem sa Hd bg Ngd Quang DQc giup viec cho Nguyen Xuan Thuc d Hd tao, song van phai thac thi cac nhiem vu tai Binh tao do Tham tri Tran Van Tuan phu trach! Tren phadng dien quan ly, each thQc bd tri "lien thdng" giQa cac tao tai Gia Djnh thanh nha vay dadng nha de tiet giam, song thac ra lai cho tha'y tinh chaa quy cu,
dn djnh cua td chQc bg may, nhan sa Tham tri, Thiem su cung n h a nhieu nhan vien luc
bg khac cd the dadc dieu chuyen, nham linh mgt hoac hai tao khdng thudc bd vien quan nay Cung vi the, trong dieu hanh xQ
ly cdng viec nha mdn ciia cac tao, phdng, nhieu tradng hdp do kiem nhiem, quan linh nen khd cd the tim thay sa phan djnh chQc nang, quy trach nhiem mdt each ranh rot
0 khia canh khac, da'u a'n, anh hadng tQ
md hinh td chQc chinh quyen quan si,l la mgt dac diem de nhan tha'y trong bd may quan ly hanh chinh Gia Djnh Sudt thdi ky Gia Djnh thanh, tQ Tdng tra'n - ngadi nam giQ quyen lac cao nhat cho den Phd Tdng tra'n, Hiep Tdng tra'n, Tra'n thii phan nhieu xuat than tQ vd quan Chinh vi nam giQ nhQng vj tri quan trgng trong h$ thdng chinh quyen, vd quan trd thanh the lac cd vai trd, anh hadng ra't ldn Le Van Duy^t -ngadi giQ chQc Tdng tra'n Gia Djnh thanh hai iSn la tradng hdp dien hinh
Tdng tra'n la ngadi nam trong tay cd che quan ly va thac thi quyen lac ra't rgng, gom cac khau tQ ca't nhac, bd dung, bai mien quan lai thudc cap, chi huy dieu dgng quan ddi, giai quyet cdng viec thadng ngay The lac, anh hadng cua vien Tdng tra'n khdng qua khd de cd the vadt ra khdi t^m kiem soat ciia trieu dinh Mat khac, quyen han
to ldn dd de trd thanh manh da't thuan lgi
de dung dadng y dd gay dang thanh the,
Trang 726 Rghien cixu Lich sit s6 2.2010
cat cQ q u y e n l a c ciia vien q u a n t r j n h a m
" t h e n h t h a n g m g t coi" xa each t r i e u d i n h
Ddn cQ t r a d n g h d p , n a m 1821, t r o n g mgt
l a n , T d n g tra'n Le V a n D u y e t t h a u n a p 219
n g a d i t u y e n c h g n t r o n g so' con e m q u a n lai
Gia D j n h , bd vao cac chQc vu *^anh c h i n h
dja p h a d n g (34) Viec c h e n l u a n a y cho tha'y
rd s a chi p h d i b i i q u a n he ca n h a n giQa
n g a d i t h a m gia t u y e n chgn vdi Tdng tra'n
Ke't q u a t u y e n l a a da k h d n g t r a n h k h d i viec
n g a d i n a m giQ q u y e n l a c dja p h a d n g c h u
y e u dadc chgn tQ n h Q n g n h a n v a t cd q u a n
h e m a t t h i e t vdi T o n g tra'n h d n la vdi c h i n h
q u y e n t r u n g a d n g R a n g budc giQa q u a n lai
Gia D j n h vdi T o n g tra'n vi t h e se n g a y c a n g
rd ret, s a u sac h d n so vdi t r i e u d i n h ,
Cd le, t r i e u N g u y e n sdm da n h a n r a
"nguy cd" n a y , cho nen, cac vj t r i q u a n t r o n g
t r o n g bg m a y q u a n lai Gia D j n h t h a n h , viec
t h u y e n chuyen, cat n h a c n g u y e n tac d e u
p h a i t h d n g q u a t r i e u dinh Song ro r a n g ,
k h d n g t h e t r a n h k h o i sQ c h i p h o i , t h a o t u n g
c u a vien T d n g tra'n q u y e n l a c
N h Q n g d i i n bie'n t r e n d a y , mgt m a t ,
p h a n a n h d u n g t i n h h i n h , t h a c l a c ciia
c h i n h q u y e n t r i e u N g u y e n k h i dd M a t
k h a c , la b i e u h i e n c u a s a d u n g h o a , "chia se" q u y e n l a c , t r o n g d i e u k i e n n a n g iQc so vdi m o n g mud'n c u a c h f n h q u y e n t r u n g
a d n g cdn cd k h o a n g e a c h c h a a t h e k h a c
p h u c Song, ne'u t i n h t r a n g n a y t d n t a i
k h d n g k i e m s o a t h o a c k i e m s o a t k 6 m h i e u
q u a , nd k h d n g chi cdn l a n g u y cd t i e m t a n g ,
m a se t r a c t i e p p h a d n g h a i de'n q u y e n iQc
t r i e u d i n h Vi t h e , M i n h M e n h d a chii dgng,
k h d n k h e o n h a n g c u n g k h d n g k e m q u y e t liet, tQ t h u y e n c h u y e n , t h a y t h e d a n n h a n
sQ, c a t g i a m sd' q u a n lai Dd l a n h Q n g chi da'u b a o h i e u cho cudc t h a y ddi ldn lao s a p
d i i n r a •, r • ;, , ":i,ii i
(con nUa)
CHU THICH
(1), Vii Van Quan: Nam Bd - mgt so'vd'n de tie'p
can thie't che qudn ly xd hgi, in trong: Lich sii nghien
ctJu va phitdng phap tiep can (Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa
hoc Xin thil nha't De an khoa hoc xa hoi cS'p Nhk
nU6c: Qua trinh hinh thanh \k phat trien vilng da't
Nam Bo), Nxb, The gidi, Ha Noi, 2008, tr, 139,
(2) Quoc sii quan trieu Nguyen: Dgi Nam thUc
luc, ban dich, tap 1, Nxb, Giao due, Ha Ngi, 2002, tr
528
(3) Dgi Nam thUc luc, tap 1, sdd, tr 523
(4) Trinh Hoai Diic: Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi,
ban dich, Nxb, Tong hdp Dong Nai, 2005, tr 115 Tuy
nhien, theo Dgi Nam thUc luc, viec nay bat ddu vao
nam 1802 (Dgi Nam thUc luc, tap 1, sdd, tr 487),
(5) Theo Gia Dinh thdnh thong chi, nam 1805,
khi Gia Long lenh cho 5 doanh, tra'n cua Gia Dinh:
"ke khao diy dii ve sU tich, cUdng viic, tho san
trong dia hat, cung vdi dudng sa xa g£n, nui song cho nao binh thUdng, cho nao hiem ydu, ve thanh ban do, ch6p thanh bien ban, ghi chii ro rang de lam thanh trinh luc", 5 doanh tra'n liic nay vSn la Phien Tra'n, Tra'n Bien, Vinh Tra'n, Trfi'n Dinh va
Ha Tien (Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, sdd, tr
115)
(6) Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 1, sdd, tr 617 (7) Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 1, sdd, tr 716 (8), Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 1, sdd, tr 716, (9) Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, sdd, tr 120 (10), Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 1, sdd, tr, 739, (11), Dgi Nam thUc luc, ban dich, tap 2, Nxb
Giao due, Ha Noi, 2004, tr, 62
(12) Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 1, sdd, tr 873
Trang 8T^ chtrc bp may quAn ly hanh chinh 27
(13) Noi cac trieu Nguyen: Khdm dinh Dgi
Nam hgi dien sU le, b a n dich, t a p 2, Nxb, T h u a n
Hoa, Hue, 1993, tr, 259,
(14), Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU le, t a p 2,
sdd, tr 257
Trong khi d6, cung theo quy dinh n a m 1808, so'
lUdng n h a n vien 6 cac cd q u a n tUdng iing tai Bac
t h a n h la:
(15) Dgi Nam thUc luc, t a p 2, sdd, tr 149
Ty/ph5ng
Ty Ti thCra
Phdng lai
Ph6ng binh
Phbng hinh
Ty HOH ihilta
Phbng tiO
Phbng \i
Phbng cbng
Cpng
Chile vu Cau
ki
1
2
2
1
1
7
Cai hop
1
2
2
2
1
1
9
Thu hcrp
2
4
4
4
2
2
18
Ban
40
80
80
80
50
70
400
Cong
220
214
434
(16) Dgi Nam thiic luc, t a p 2, sdd, tr, 227-228
(17), Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hdi dien sii le, t a p 2,
sdd, tr, 258-259
(18) Dgi Nam thUc luc, t a p 2, sdd, tr 918,
(19), Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU le, t a p 2,
sdd, tr, 260-261,
(20), Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU le, t a p 2,
sdd, tr, 261
(21) Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sUle, t a p 2,
sdd, tr, 261,
(22) Nam 1808, sau khi dat Gia Dinh t h a n h ,
chClc quan diing ddu tra'n liic nay khong tha'y ch6p
trong chinh sii, c6 le cho den trUdc nam 1810 v i n la
cac chiic Luu thii, Cai ba, Ky luc Nam Gia Long thii
9 (1810), trieu dinh khi dd mdi ban chi du: "Doi chiic
Luu thu cac tra'n tii Quang Ngai ve Nam lam Trah
thu" (Dgi Nam thUc luc, t a p 1, sdd, tr, 803),
(23), Nam 1827, vua Minh Menh "chi du quan
tra'n tam tii phSin tii tinh Q u a n g Nam trd vao
Nam, chua'n theo n h u q u a n tra'n tii Nghe An trd ra ddi iam Hiep tra'n, T h a m hiep, khong phai giii nhiing chiic d a n h Cai ba, Ky luc va Hiep ly nhu
trUdc" (Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sii le, tap 2,
sdd, tr 137-138) Rieng tra'n H a Tien ngay tCf nam Gia Long thii 10 (1811) da cho dat chiic Hiep trS'n, De'n day thi ca'p tra'n cCing cac chCfc vu difng
d i u tra'n d Bac t h a n h va Gia Dinh t h a n h da dUdc thong nha't, chi con d mien T r u n g van ton tai 4 dinh dudi sii q u a n ly cua trieu dinh
(24) Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU le, tap 2,
sdd, tr, 160
(25) Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU le, t a p 2,
sdd, tr, 161-162
(26) Dgi Nam thUc luc, t a p 2, sdd, tr 228, (27), Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU le, tap 2,
sdd, tr 164-165,
(28), Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, sdd, tr
121-132,
(29) Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, sdd, tr 121-178,
(30), Nam 1776, theo thong ke ciia Le Quy Don
trong Phu bien tgp luc, ddn vi h a n h chinh cac ca'p d
Nam Bo cd:
Dinh/tra'n
Phien Tra'n TrSn Bien Long H6
Cpng
Phil Huy^n/chau
1
1
1
3
Tong
4
4
3
12
ThOn/xa/a'p
650
320
350
1.320
(Xem Le Quy Don: Phu bien tgp tuc, ban dich,
Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi, 1977, tr, 196-197),
(31) Dgi Nam thUc luc, t a p 1, sdd, tr, 873 (32), Dgi Nam thiic luc, t a p 2, sdd, tr, 60 (33), Dgi Nam thiic luc, t a p 2, sdd, tr, 115, (34), Muc luc L, bdn trieu Nguyin, tap 2, Uy
ban phien dich s\i heu, Vien Dai hoc Hue, 1962, tr,
28,