Trieu: Cac tin do phai hanh huong den thanh dia Mecca it nhat 1 lan trong dofi (Hajj: A one -in-a lifetime pilgrimage to Mecca). Nghien ciru ve kinh Koran, co the thay Hoi giao c6 mgt[r]
Trang 1TftUHOeONG
Tran Thi Lan Huong*
PHAN I: HOI GIAO O TRUNG DONG
Ton giao dong vai tro quan trgng trong
viec nhan dien mot quoc gia, mot khu vuc
Hoi giao tuy ra doi muon hon cac ton giao
khac 6 Trung Dong (570-632 sau cong
nguyen), nhung som tro thanh ton giao duoc
hau bet dan so ban dao Arap ua chuong
Ngay nay, c6 toi 90%o dan so Trung Dong
theo dao Hoi, so con lai la theo dao Do thai,
Kito giao va mot vai ton giao khac Tuy
nhien, do nhirng dac thii co ban cua dao Hoi,
cong them nhirng bien dgng Heb sir - xa hoi
o khu vuc Trung Dong, ba loai ton giao Ion
nhat Trung Dong la Hoi giao Do Thai giao
va Kito giao khong tim ra duoc tieng noi
chung, khong tao nen duoc sir doan ket giira
cac dan tgc, ton giao Thanh pho Jerusalem
hien dang la thanh dia chung cua ba ton giao:
Hoi giao, Do thai giao va Kito giao O do
luon dien ra bao dgng, chien tranh, tranh
gianh lanh tho giiia Israel va Palestine trong
* Tliac SI, Vien Nghien cim Cliau Phi va Trung Dong
ban 40 nam qua Do khong chi don thuan la cuoc chien tranh quan sir, no tiem an ben trong la sir mau thuan giira ba loai ton giao Ion nhat viing Trung Dong
1 Ljch SLF ra do-i va nhiPng giao ly CO' ban cua H6i giao
Hoi giao ra doi vao dau the ky thir VII t^i ban dao Arap do nha tien tn Muhammed sang lap Mac dii la ton giao ra doi mugn nhat 6 Trung Dong vao dau the ky VII sau cong nguyen (trong khi do Do thai giao ra dofi a Trung Dong thugc dien lau nhat, tir
2000 nam truofc cong nguyen, Thien chiia giao CO mat 6f Trung Dong tir the ky I sau cong nguyen), nhung Hoi giao hien nay la ton giao c6 vi tri quan trgng nhat khu vuc Trung Dong Lich su hinh thanh va phat trien cua Hoi giao gan lien voi bg kinh Koran (Qur'an) Tuong truyen rang kinh Koran la su noi ket nhirng dong tu tuong ve mgt ton giao dgc than khgi dau tir to phu Abraham, sau do den Mai sen, qua Jesu va cuoi ciing la Mohammed Tir 2000 nam
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Trang 2Tran Thi Lan Hi/gng Ton giao va nhO'ng tu'dng quan
truoc cong nguyen, nguoi Arap da biet den
Thanh cua Abraham ma hg ggi la Alia Dieu
do CO nghia la nguai Arap da tho Alia tir
XXVII the ky truoc khi co Muhammed va
dao Hoi Qua nhieu the ky tiep xiic voi van
boa Do thai, nguoi Arap rat quen thugc voi
cac nhan vat cua Kinh thanh Cuu uac
(Torah) Tir the ky thir I den the ky thir VII,
nguai Arap tiep xuc voi nhirng nguofi Kito
giao thugc de quoc Byzantine rgng Ion va tir
cac nuoc lang gieng nhu Syria, Ai Cap
Mac dii CO rat it nguoi Arap theo dao Ki to
giao luc bay gio, nhung hg ciing bi anh
huong phan nao tir Ki to giao Trugc khi
kinh Koran ra doi, nguofi Arap bi danh gia la
mgt chung tgc khong co van boa va khong
CO ton giao gianh rieng cho hg
Khi kinh Koran xuat hien vao the ky thir
VII, ngugi Arap tu hag vi hg c6 mgt Thanh
kinh viet rieng bang tieng Arap Nguoi Arap
da don nhan kinh Koran va dao Hoi voi mgt
tinh than dan tgc va van boa Arap, khien dao
Hoi sau do dugc lan truyen nhanh chong va
kinh Koran tro thanh mgt chat keo gan ket
cac bg lac Arap lai vgi nhau, bien khoi Arap
tro thanh mgt khoi dai doan ket Sau khi kinh
Koran va dao Hoi ra dai, toan viing Trung
Dong da dat toi dinh cao cua su phat trien tir
the ky VIII den the ky XIII va giai doan nay
dugc danh gia la Thai dai hoang kim (The
Golden Age) cua nhirng nguoi Hoi giao
Trung Dong Vao thofi diem nay, nguoi Arap
rat ham chuong nen van hoa Hy Lap va hg
ehii trgng den nghien ciru toan hgc, thien
van, khoa hgc thuc nghiem Dau the ky VIII,
Baghdad (Iraq) xay dung truong dai hgc dau
tien tren the gioi va Baghdad tro thanh mgt
trung tam van boa Ion nhat the gigi Trong
cac the ky sau do, nhieu tac pham triet hgc, y
khoa, toan hgc, van hgc cua nguoi Hy Lap duoc dich sang tieng Arap Nguoi Arap ciing
da phat minh va dong gop cho nhan loai rat nhieu tien bg, dac biet trong ITnh vuc y khoa
Do ham chuong khoa hgc, Trung Dong Hoi giao thai ky the ky thir VIII den the ky thir XII duoc danh gia la khu vuc van minh tren the gioi
Thoi dai Hoang kim cua nguofi Arap xuat phat truoc het nho loi day cua Muhammed
trong kinh Koran: "'Ai ho nha di tim hieu biet
la di dung con duang cua Chua Lay Chua! Xin Nguai hay ban them su hieu biet cho con" (He Who leaves the home in search of
knowledge is walking in the way of God Oh
my Lord! Increase me knowledge Koran 20:114)'
Kinh Koran la mgt quyen kinh gom c6
114 chuong (suras/chapter) va 6236 cau tho (verses) Sir phan bo cac cau tho trong cac chuong khong deu nhau, chuong dai nhat c6
287 cau tho, chuong ngan nhat chi co 3 cau tho Phan Ion kinh Koran duoc Muhammed Viet tai thanh dia Mecca, so con lai viet tai thanh dia Medina Muhammed viet kinh Koran tren la eg kho va tren nhirng tam da sue vat phoi kho Cuon kinh sau nay duoc luu giir la do eo nhirng co gang sao chep va phuc hoi cua nhieu vi vua khac nhau ciia ban dao Arap, trong do phai ke den cong cua vi vua Uthman (644-657) Khac voi Kinh thanh Cuu uoc (Torah), kinh Koran ngoai viec de cap den nhirng van de thieng lieng va Heb sir, con de cap den nhirng giao ly co ban gianh rieng cho nguofi Hoi giao Day c6 the duoc danh gia la bg luat dau tien va cao nhat cua nguoi Hoi giao Vi du: Cam cho vay nang lai (Koran 2:275); Cam an thit Ion, thit da ciing, cam an tiet canh (Koran 5:3), Cam co bac
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Trang 3Ton giao va nhCtng tWcfng quan Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng
(Koran 5:90); Cam san ban trong thofi gian
hanh huong ve Mecca (Koran 5:93), Phai an
chay trong thang Ramadan (Koran 2:182);
Phai rira tay sach se truoc khi cau nguyen
(Koran 5:6); Khang dinh uu the cua dan ong
(Koran 4:34); Phu nir ngoai tinh bi nem da
cho chet (Koran 4:15); Bi dong dinh hoac
chat bet chan tay neu chong lai thanh Alia va
thien sir Mohammed (Koran 5:3)
Tuy Kinh Koran khong c6 10 dieu ran
nhu Kito giao, nhung kinh Koran ciing liet
ke 10 dieu tuong tu: 1 Chi ton tho thanh
Alia; 2 Vinh danh va kinh trgng cha me; 3
Ton trgng quyen eua nguoi khac; 4 Hay bo
thi rgng rai cho nguoi ngheo, 5 Cam giet
nguoi, trir nhirng truong hgp dac biet; 6
Cam nggai tinh; 7 Hay bao ve va chu cap tre
mo coi; 8 Hay cu xir cong bang voi mgi
ngugi; 9 Hay giii sach tinh cam va tinh than
trong sach, 10 Hay khiem ton
Ngoai nhirng giao ly tren, kinh Koran con
de ra 5 nghia vu can ban bugc mgi nguoi Hoi
giao phai thuc bien, do la: niem, le, trai,
khoa, trieu Day duoc coi la 5 tru cot ca ban
ciia Hoi giao, cu the la: Niem: Tin do phai
thuong xuyen tung niem cau Sahadah
"Khong CO Thugng de nao ximg dang dugc
tho phung ngoai Thanh Allah va nha tien tri
Muhammed, La ila ha il allah" (There is no
God but Allah and Muhammed is his
prophet La ila ha il allah"; Le: Moi tin do
hang ngay phai hanh le 5 lan huong ve phia
thanh dia Mecca (Salah: Turing to Meccaa to
pray 5 times a day); Trai: tire trai gioi Trong
thang le Ramadan, mgi tin do khong an
uong, khong quan he tinh due tir khi mat trai
mpc den khi mat troi lan (Sawn: Fasting
during daylight hours through the month of
Ramadan), 4 Khoa: Mgi tin do phai tham
gia boat dgng bo thi, tir thien bang each trich 2,5% thu nhap eiia minh cho nhirng nguofi Hoi giao khac (Zakat: Setting aside 2,5% of income to benifit the Muslim community), 5
Trieu: Cac tin do phai hanh huong den thanh
dia Mecca it nhat 1 lan trong dofi (Hajj: A one -in-a lifetime pilgrimage to Mecca) Nghien ciru ve kinh Koran, co the thay Hoi giao c6 mgt so uu diem va nhung uu diem nay da dua xa hoi Trung Dong buoc vao thoi dai hoang kim tir the ky VIII den the ky XII Ke tir khi kinh Koran ra dofi Hoi giao tro thanh mgt sire manh chinh tri va tinh than khong the cuong lai dugc eua toan the dan Arap, no khien nhirng de che sieu quyen
lire a viing Trung Dong liic bay gio la
Byzantine roi vao giai doan sup do Dao Hoi
da thuc sir lap di cho trong ve tinh than cho nguoi dan Arap vi hg khong can phai vay mugn cac loai ton giao khac la Kito giao va
Do thai giao da ton tai a Trung Dong thai gian truoc the ky VII Su phat trien cue thinh cua dao Hoi ke tir the ky VII den the ky XII
la do Hoi giao yeu cau cac tin do phai c6 long trung thanh tuyet doi vai Thanh Alia va Mohammed, chi ton tho dgc than va to ra uu viet hon hien tugng than thanh hoa trong cac nha thof ciia phuong Tay Do xuat hien voi tu each la mgt ton giao dgc than, nguoi Arap cam thay dao Hoi de thuyet phuc hon cac dieu kien nang ne phirc tap cua dao Do Thai
va dao Kito Dao Hoi chi yeu cau cac tin do trung thanh di theo mgt thanh than duy nhat
va tuan theo 5 tru cot co ban Hon the nira, nhirng giao ly cua dao Hoi da thiic day viec xay dung mgt xa hoi Trung Dong co nhirng chuan muc dao dire het sire chat che Chinh nhirng uu diem tren cua dao Hoi da khien nguoi Arap trong nhirng the ky dau tien tiep
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Trang 4Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng Ton giao va nhCtng tWcfng quan
nhan kinh Koran c6 y thirc xa hgi, dan tgc va
tinh than doan ket, hgc hgi khong ngirng
nhirng tien bg cua nen van minh nhan Igai
Sau khi Muhammed chet Hoi giao Trung
Dong dugc phan lam hai nhanh: Shia va
Sunni Ngugi Hoi giao Sunni tu coi minh la
nhanh chinh thong va truyen thong eua dao
Hoi Tir Sunni xuat phat tir cum tir "ahl
al-Sunna", nghTa la con nguoi cua truyen
thong Nguoi Hoi giao Sunni siing kinh tat
ca cac dang tien tri duoc neu trong kinh
Koran, dac biet la Muhammed Trong khi
do, nguoi Hoi giao Shia theo nghTa day du
la "Shiat Ali" tu coi minh la quyen cua All,
con re Muhammed va hg tu coi hg la nhirng
nguoi di theo duong loi chinh tri, noi doi
trong viec lanh dao cong dong Hoi giao Ca
hai nhanh Hoi giao nay deu ton tho thanh
Alia va Muhammed, ciing thuc hien 5 tru cot
CO ban cua Hoi giao Tuy nhien, ngay tir khi
Mohammed chet, hai nhanh tren da c6
nhirng xung dot lien quan den viec ai se la
nguoi lanh dao dao Hoi Cho den nay, hai
giao phai nay van thuong xuyen no ra nhiing
xung dot gay gat Cuoc each mang Iran nam
1979 da dua ra chuong trinh nghi su Hoi
giao Shia cap tien, dat ra thach thirc ve than
hgc va tu tuong doi vgi che do bao thii cua
phai Sunni, dac biet a khu vuc vimg Vinh
Tai Lebanon, nguofi Hoi giao Shia dugc
trgng vgng va c6 tieng noi chinh tri manh
me Tuy nhien, g nhieu nuoc khac, su xung
dot giira Hoi giao Sunni va Shia ngay cang
sau sac Mgt so luan thuyet bao thu cua
nguoi Sunni da chu truong ban thii nguoi
Shia Tai Pakistan da dien ra Hch sir dam
mau giira nguoi Shia va nguofi Sunni trong
thap ky 1980 Tai Iraq, cuoc chien ton giao
giiia ngugi Shia va ngugi Sunni van dang
tiep dien Nhu vay co the thay nhirng ran nirt giiia nguoi Sunni va nguoi Shia dang tao nen mgt sir chia re va thong nhat trong dao Hoi Ngay nay, nguofi Sunni chiem tcri 85%) dan
so theo Hoi giao 6f khu vuc Trung Dong, va nguoi Shia chi chiem khoang 15%o Nguofi Sunni chu yeu song o cac nuoc viing Vinh GCC, Iraq, Ai Cap, va nguofi Shia song chii yeu o cac nuoc Afganistan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, Syria, Arap Xeut, Iran Bin
- Ladin la nguofi Hoi giao dong Sunni Sir da dang ben trong cua Hoi giao sau khi Muhammed mat da lam suy giam kha nang lien ket thanh mgt khoi thong nhat manh me cua ngUQfi dan Arap Vgi nhirng dien bien moi day cua chu nghTa khung bo quoc te, the gioi da phan chia Hoi giao thanh hai phai: phai on hoa (nguofi Shia) va nhiing ke cue doan (nguofi Sunni)
2 Khung hoang trong xa hoi H6i giao va SLF xudt hien cua Hdi giao CLFC
doan
Thai diem ket thuc giai doan hung thinh eua Hoi giao o Trung Dong duoc danh dau bang cuoc thap tu chinh lan thir nhat (1096-1099) cua Cong giao La Ma tran sang tan pha Trung Dong, tieu diet khoang 30.000 ngugi Arap Hoi giao va lap nen mgt vuong quoc rgng Ion gom cac nuac Palestine, Libanon, Syria Nguofi La Ma da cai tri nguoi Hoi giao viing Trung Dong khoang 2 the ky - thong qua 6 cuoc thap tu chinh, khien khoang 3 tneu nguofi Arap bi thiet mang trong giai doan 1096-1291 Tiep theo
do, Trung Dong phai chiu sir dan ap thong tri cua quan Mong Co trong the ky XIV-XV Mgt vi vua cua quan Mong Co vao cuoi the
ky XV lai la tin do Hoi giao dong Sunni da cho quan sang Trung Dong de tieu diet tin do
SgggiS^
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Trang 5Ton giao va nhO'ng tu'dng quan Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng
Hoi giao dong Shia tai Iran va Iraq Vao the
ky XV va XVI, Trung Dong nam duoi de
che cai tri Ottoman eua Tho NhT Ky De che
Ottoman da khong che Trung Dong cho den
dau the ky XIX cho den khi cac nuoc Trung
Dong roi vao thugc dja ciia Anh va Phap^
Trong suot 7-8 the ky bi ap birc duoi nhieu
de che nuoc ngoai khac nhau ke tir the ky
XII den dau the ky XX, xa hgi Trung Dong
bi roi vao vong luan quan Hau het nguoi
dan Trung Dong bi mil chir, song trong dien
ngheo kho va Hoi giao dugc cho la ciru canh
de ciru roi linh hon va the xac eua cac tin do
Sir cuong tin ve Hoi giao bat dau xuat hien
trong giai doan nay Trong mat cac tin do
Hoi giao, the gioi chi eo cac tin do Hoi giao
va nhiing nguofi khong phai la nguoi Hoi
giao (non-Muslims) Hg do loi sir ngheo kho
va ap birc ciia minh cho cac nugc phuong
Tay va hg ggi do la nhirng nguoi khong theo
dao Hoi Tat ca long cam gian deu duoc bien
minh bang loi chiia trong kinh Koran Hg
cang cam thii bao nhieu thi long cuong tin
ton giao lai cang cao bay nhieu
Trong kinh Koran, ngoai nhiing dac diem
uu Viet, con chira dung nhieu ngi dung cvre
doan Theo Luat Hoi giao, the gioi duoc
phan chia thanh hai lanh dia: Dar al - Islam,
CO nghTa la viing dat cua Hoi giao, va Dar
al-Harb, c6 nghTa la vimg dat cua chien
tranh Jihad dugc nhac den trong kinh Koran
nhu la mgt cum tir chi nghTa ""dau tranh",
""chien dau" Cum tir nay thuong dugc sir
dung trong truang hgp dien ta s\r chien dau
vi Chua cua mgt tin do de chong lai nhirng
ke khong theo dao Hoi hoac boi giao Vi du
nhu: "Hay chien dau vai nhirng ai khong co
long tin vao Chua va Ngay tan the" (Fight
those who believe not in God and the Last
Day-Koran, 9:29),
Hoi giao cue doan phat trien rat manh ke
tir nam 1996 khi Bin Laden^ dua ra Fatwah
-mgt quyet dinh ton giao chinh thirc keu ggi nhirng nguofi Hoi giao giet linh My dang dong quan o Arap Xeut Nam 1998, Fatwah
viet "'Giet nhirng nguai My va dong minh cua chiing - ca luc luong dan su va quan doi
- la nghia vu thieng lieng cua moi nguai Hoi giao, nhirng nguai co the lam mot dieu gi do cho ddt nuac ciia minh", va ""Tu do cho al-Aqsa Mosque va xoa sach quan doi My va dong minh tren nhirng manh ddt cua nguai Hoi giao"'* Bin Laden da lap ra luc luong
al-Qaeda vofi muc tieu "Xoa bo mgi anh huong cua tu tuong nuoc ngoai trong cac nude Hoi giao, va hinh thanh nhiing nha nuoc Hoi giao moi"' Luc luong al-Qaeda hien nay dang boat dgng a tren 60 nuoc tren the gioi, trong
do phong trao Jihad duoc sir dung triet de de chong lai Do Thai giao, Ki-to giao, Hin-du giao Ke tir sau vu khiing bo a My vao ngay 11/9/2001, luc luong khung bo cua al-Qaeda
do Bin Laden cam dau khong ngirng Ion
manh, gay ra nhieu vu khung bo dam mau a
kbSp cac nuoc My, phuong Tay, Iraq, Lebanon, Israel - Palestine va nhieu nuofC khac Su phat trien nhanh eua lire lugng Hoi giao cue doan khien My va nhieu nuofc phuong Tay dau dau Day duoc coi la mgt hinh thai chien tranh moi tren the gioi, trong
do mgt ca nhan, mgt to chirc nho, mgt nugc nho CO the tan cong bat cir luc nao mgt nuoc Ion manh bang chieu thiic 6m bom tu sat Cuoc chien chong khung bo - chu yeu nham vao lire lugng Hoi giao cue doan - chua dem lai ket qua kha quan va tren thuc te khong it ngUQfi Hoi giao dang ngam ngam iing ho Binladen chong lai My va phuong Tay Theo khao sat o Anh, eo toi 98% nguoi dan Hoi giao song a Anh cho rang hg se khong chien
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Trang 6Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng Ton giao va nhO'ng tu'cfng quan
dau vi nugc Anh, nhung eo toi 30%) ngugi
Hoi giao song g Kuwait tin rang Bin Laden
la mgt chien binh tu dg, Cuu tong thong
Sudan Sadiq al-Mahdi cho rang Hoi giao se
la ton giao thong tri the gioi trong tuong lai
gan Con theo danh gia cua Lien hiep quoc,
vao nam 2055 the gioi se c6 khoang 20%
dan so theo dao Hoi va co it nhat 50%) tre em
tren the gioi sinh ra mang ton giao la dao
Hoi do CO sir bung no dan so o Trung Dong^
Giai thich cho thai do thii dich ciia mgt bg
phan dan so Hoi giao doi vgi the gioi dugc
quy ve nguyen nhan kinh te va xa hgi Thie
nhdt, sau nhieu the ky bi chiem dong, Trung
Dong tro thanh mgt khu vuc ngheo nan va
kiet que Ngoai nguon tai nguyen dau lira
dem lai nguon Igi cho nhieu quoc gia Trung
Dong, khu vuc nay dang phai oan lung ganh
chiu mgt co cau kinh te lac hau, dai bg phan
dan chiing song trong ngheo nan va that
nghiep Hien Trung Dong c6 khoang 300
trieu nguai dang song trong ngheo doi, lac
hau va dai bg phan dan chimg ngheo doi g
Trung Dong khong he dugc huong loi tir
nguon do la dau lira Ty le ngheo kho nam,
1998 o Yemen len toi 45% o cac viing nong
thon va 30% 6f cac viing do thi, con a Ai Cap
la 23,3% (nong thon) va 22,5% (do thi) Tai
Iran, ty le nguori ngheo chiem toi 32%),
Morocco chiem 28%o dan so vao nam 2000^
Cung theo so lieu cua To chirc lao dgng quoc
te (PLO), hien nay c6 khoang 2/5 dan so o
the gioi Arap song chi voi 2 USD/ngay hoac
it hon Ngoai ra, ty le that nghiep o khu vuc
Trung Dong ciing rat cao Nam 2003, ty le
that nghiep cua nam gioi Ai Cap len den
23,4% o Algeria, 11,5% a Morocco, 14,7%
g Jordan Ty le nguofi dan duoi 15 tuoi 6f
nhieu nuoc Trung Dong rat cao: Arap Xeut
43%, Iraq 42%, Palestine 45% UNDP chg rang the gigi Arap phai tao ra 50 trieu viec lam moi vao nam 2020 moi dap irng nhu cau lire luong lao dgng tre dang gia tang g Trung Dong Ngheo doi, lac hau, that nghiep khien nhieu nguofi dan Arap cam thay mac cam, tu
ti vgi the giofi ben ngoai, tir do phat sinh ra cac hanh dgng cue dgan ton giao
-Thir hai, sir can thiep tir ben ngoai ciing la
mgt nguyen nhan khien Hoi giao cue doan
phat trien o Trung Dong Cham diit thoi ky
thuc dan vao giira the ky XX khong giup cho ngUQfi dan Arap co dgc lap, trong do c6 ly do
vi dau mo My, Israel, mgt so nuoc phuong Tay dang xem Trung Dong nhu mgt vi the dia chien luge va quan tam triet de toi cac
mo dau 6 day Chinh sach cua My c6 tac dgng rat sau sac den tat ca cac quoc gia Arap lien quan den dau mo va lien quan den cuoc xung dot Of Palestine Chinh vi the, nguofi Hoi giao thuong quy trach nhiem tao nen chien tranh va ngheo kho cho nguoi Arap ve phia My va cac nuoc phuong Tay
3 Quan he giOa H6i giao va nha nu'O'C 6" khu VLFC Trung Dong
Hoi giao CO moi quan he chat che voi cac the che nha nuoc 6f cac nuoc Arap Co the noi tai cac quoc gia Hoi giao, khong thay co
su phan each giira ton giao voi chinh quyen
O cac quoc gia simg dao, cac hgc sT Hoi giao (Mullahs) deu la nhiing nha lanh dao chinh tri, dong thofi o cac nuoc nay ciing khong the phan biet dau la giao luat va dau la luat phap quoc gia
Moi quan he khang kbit giira Hoi giao va nha nuoc co nguon goc lich sir Su xam luge cua quan Mong Co dan den Baghdad sup do vao nam 1258 da dat nen mong cho su ket
24 Tap chi nghien cim CHAU PHI & TRUING DOING so 06 (58) thang 06/2010
Trang 7Ton giao va nhOtig tu'cfng quan., Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng
thuc he thong tri vi cua cac vua Hoi giao g
Trung Dong Trong thofi ky do, he thong ton
giao dugc tach rieng ra khoi he thong chinh
tri 6 Iran va Iraq Tuy nhien, trong thai ky
nay da xay ra su cang thang trong viec tach
rieng ton giao ra khoi he thong chinh tri va
day dugc coi la van de trgng tam eua hch sii
Hoi giao hien dai Khi de che Ottoman den
xam luge Trung Dong, nha nuoc Ottoman da
de cao tinh hop phap cua phong trao Jihad va
tiep tuc duy tri su lanh dao ciia cac vua Hoi
giao Ottoman da dua ra hai khai mem la
Sultan va Caliph, trong do Caliph dugc coi
la nhirng vi vua cai quan trieu chinh va
Sultan la nhirng thu ITnh ton giao co quyen
lire chinh tri toi thugng Vgi nbu-ng co gang
nay, Ottoman muon tach rieng Hoi giao ra
khoi quyen lire chinh tri Tuy nhien, vao giu^a
the ky XVII, nhiing nguoi Hoi giao dong
Sunni da tu cho minh la c6 quyen luc toi
cao, quyet dinh huy bo cac Sultan do
Ottoman lap ra va dong nhat lanh tu ton giao
voi lanh tu chinh tri
Sau khi de che Ottoman hinh thanh a
Trung Dong, Shafavids (1502-1736) tu coi la
con chau cua All - eon re Muhammed - da
thanh lap nha nuoc Shia o Iran Cac vua
Shafavids da chinh thirc cong bo hg la nhirng
nguoi duoc uy quyen lam lanh tu Hoi giao
(Iman), c6 quyen hanh chi phoi ca trong ITnh
vuc ton giao va ITnh vuc chinh tri cua dat
nuoc Iran Nhu vay co the thay Hoi giao c6
sire manh lan rgng, phat trien nhanh hon ca
sir hinh thanh nha nuoc Trong the ky XVIII,
mot nha nuofc thir ba dugc phat trien g khu
vuc ban dao Arap Nha nuoc nay ra dai la do
sir lien minh giira hgc sT Hoi giao dong
Sunni la Muhammed ibn Abd al- Wahhah
(1703-1792) vofi mgt hoang than la
Muhammad ibn Sa'ud Sir lien minh nay da dan den viec hinh thanh mgt doi quan Hoi giao day nhiet huyet, va cac hoang than Arap
da tu cho minh la nbu-ng lanh tu Hoi giao (Imam) c6 quyen thong nhat quyen lire ton giao va chinh tri tren ban dao Arap
Trong suot the ky XIX va dau the ky XX,
Of Trung Dong da dien ra nhirng cuoc cai each nham co gang xay dung cac nha nuoc Trung Dong hien dai theo mo hinh chau Au
Co the ke den cuoc cai each vao the ky XIX eua de che Ottoman va Cuoc each mang hien
phap dien ra a Iran trong giai doan
1905-1911 Tuy nhien, giai doan nay cung chirng kien su hinh thanh cua cac nha nuoc Hoi giao siing dao, dac biet la o Ai Cap Trong giai doan 1906-1949, Ai Cap da hinh thanh dang phai chinh tn hien dai dau tien voi ten ggi la Nhom nhirng nguofi anh em Hoi giao (Muslim Brotherhood) vao nam 1928 Nhom nhiing nguofi anh em Hoi giao da chu truong xay dung tu tuong Hoi giao dgc quyen, tien hanh giao due lai nhirng nguofi Ai Cap theo dao Hoi, dong thoi chuyen xa hgi Ai Cap thanh xa hgi Hoi giao vofi y thirc he Hoi giao Ciing trong nira dau the ky XX, Nha nuoc Hoi giao Pakistan ra dofi tren co so lay Hoi giao lam quoc dao Pakistan ciing la noi khai sinh ra nha tu tuong Hoi giao siing dao, do la Abu 1-A'la Maududi (1903-1979) Tai Iran, nha nuofc Hoi giao chinh thirc duoc thanh lap vao nam 1979 da bien chu nghTa phong kien Hoi giao thofi Pahlavi thanh mgt lire lugng chinh tri Hoi giao Sau cuoc each mang Hoi giao o Iran, mgt loat cac nha nude Hoi giao khac dugc hinh thanh g Trung Dong
Trong may thap ky gan day, dac biet la khi nha nuoc Israel duoc thanh lap 6f Trung
Tap chi nghien cim aiAU PHI & TRUING DOING so 06 (58) thang 06/2010 M
Trang 8Tran Thi Lan Hu'cJng Ton giao va nhung tu'cfng quan
Dong ke tir nam 1948, Hoi giao luon dong
vai tro quan trgng trgng h? thong chinh tri a
cac nuoc Arap Trung Dong Dac biet, ke tir
sau cuoc each mang Hoi giao o Iran (1979),
Hoi giao da mo rgng nhanh chong quyen l\rc
ciia minh trong dai song chinh tri cua cac
nuoc Arap Anh huong to Ion ciia Hoi giao
doi voi cac nha nuoc Trung Dong xuat phat
tir nhieu ly do, trong do co ca nhiing sire ep
trong nuoc va quoc te doi m o cua he thong
chinh tri Trung Dong, ciing nhu sire manh
cua chinh ton giao than quyen chi phoi he tu
tuong cua toan bg dan tgc Arap ke tir the ky
thir VII den nay Trong cac nha nuoc Trung
Dong hien dai, c6 rat it nha nuac c6 nen dan
chu thuc syr O hau het cac nuac nay, quyen
luc chinh trj cua nha lanh dao tir hang thap
ky nay deu dugc truyen theo phuong thirc
"cha truyen con noi" Hosni Mubarak van la
Tong thong Ai Cap sau 28 nam O Syria,
Hafez Assad da ra di sau 3 thap ky nam
quyen, nhung con trai cua ong la Bashar tiep
tuc thay cha lanh dao dat nuoc O Jordan,
quyen lire chinh tri nam trong tay gia dinh
Hashemite, o Morocco la gia dinh Alouite, a
Arap Xeut la do dong hg al-Sauds nam
quyen, a Kuwait la do dong hg al-Sabahs,
hoac tai Lybia Qaddafi lanh dao dat nuac tir
nam 1969 Nhieu nha lanh dao dat nuac
Arap ciing chinh la nhixng nha truyen giao,
vi v^y hg khuyech truong siic manh ciia Hoi giao trong he thong chinh tri ciia dat nuoc, han che cac ITnh vuc truyen thong, chi chu tam xay dung anh huong ciia chinh phu tren quy mo Ion thong qua cac nha tho Hoi giao (mosque) Nha tho Hoi giao tro thanh trung tam de to chirc va m o rgng anh huong chinh
tri (Con tiep) Chii thich:
' Koran 20:114, co nghia la Kinh Koran, chuong 20, cau tha thii 114 (nguai dich)
^ Theo Cao Van Lien, Tap chi nghien ciru chau Phi va Trung Dong, cac so nam 2008-2009
^ Osama Bin Laden sinh nam 1957 tai Arap Xeut Cha cua Bin Laden la mot ty phii trong nganh xay dimg trong thai ky bung no dau lira thap
ky 1970 Bin Laden tot nghiep dai hgc kinh te va kinh doanh, co 4 va va 15 con
http:// www.carm
" Who's Bin Laden org/islam/grid.htm
^Theo Wikipadia: Islamic Terrorism
Coastland University, Comparision Grid between Christianity and Islam; http:// www.carm org
Mahmood Messkoub, Economic Growth, Employment and Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa, International Labour Office (PLO), Geneva 2008
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Geoffrey Binglam, The Matter of Islam and Christianity, Pakistan, www.newcreation.org.au
2 Rehgion and the State : Middle East, www.encyclopedia.com
3 Islamic Terrorism, wvw,.wikipedia
4 Mahmood Messkoub, Economic Growth, Employment and Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa, International Labour Office, Geneva, 2008
5 Costland University, Comparision Grid between Christianity and Islamic Doctrine,
wyw,,cann.,pj^islanV
06 Tap chi nghien ciiu a i A U PHI & TRUING DOING so 06 (58) thang 06/2010
Trang 9Ton giao va nhuhg tWcfng quan Tran Thj Lan Hu'tfng
6 Kiva Microfinance, Introduction to the Middle East - Religion, www.kiva.org
7 Ben Goldberg, Discourse of Religion on Politics in Israel: The Compatibility of Judaism and
Democracy, New York University, 12/2005
8 Judaism, www.encvclopedia.com
9 B Krisher, Islamist and Democratic Advance in the Middle East, The Middle East Changes in the
Economy, 12/2005
10 Amir Kazmi, The Role that Region plays in Politics of the Middle East, ww_w,emmitiburg,net
11 Nathan J.Brown, Religion and Politics in Palestine: Debate about Islam and the Hamas - Fatah
Schism, Heinrich Boll Stiftung, 9/3/2010
12 Massoud Daher, Religion and State in the Mordem Middle East: The Lebanon State as a model,
Lebanese University
13 CSIS, Shared Values, Shared Fate: MusUm Identity in the Global Age, Middle East Program
Muslim Networks, Washington, 7/2007
14 Aseret Hadiberot - The Ten Commandments
15 C H Becker, Christianity and Islam, Headmaster of Plymount College, vyww.solar-aid.org
16 Ted Belman, Secular Torelance for Arab and Muslim intolerence Red Country,
www.redcountrv.com/secular-tolerance-arb-and muslim-intolerance/35726
17 Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, Christianity in the Gulf, 3/2000
18 Yaakov Meron, Why Jews Fled the Arab Countries, The Middle East Quartely, 9/1995
19 Palestine, Islam's Mandatory War Against Jews in Palestine Religious Teaching, Special Report,
7/2001
20 Ben Mollow, Religion is Part of the Solution in Middle East, Common Ground News Service,
19/5/2009
21 Jerusalem - viing ddt Thieng trong thiing thuoc sung Trung Dong, Dantri.com, 10/3/2010
22.Trung Dong lai rue nong vi Israel - Palestine, Vietnamnet, 10/1/2010
23 Sukhdc biet giira nuai Sunni va nguai Shiite la gi? Vietnamnet, 27/12/2006
Tap chi nghien cuu a i A U PHI & TRUING DOING so 06 (58) thang 06/2010 2 ^