Chiem Hda phia B i c giap huyen Na Hang; phia Nam giap huyen Yen Sdn; phia Ddng giap huyen chd Ddn (Bie Can); phia Tay giap huyen Ham Yen va huyen Bae Quang (Ha Giang), huyen ly dat[r]
Trang 1»' 2
TINH HINH RUONG DAT 0 HUYEN CHIEM HOA, TUYEN QUANG QUA TIT UEU DjA BA GIA LONG 4 (1805)
DAM THI UYfeN' NGUYfiN THIHA"
I KHAI QUAT VE HUYEN CHIEM
HOA, TINH TUYEN QUANG
Chiem Hoa la mgt huyen vung cao ciia
tinh Tuyen Quang, tinh mien nui phia Bae
Viet Nam Chiem Hda phia B i c giap huyen
Na Hang; phia Nam giap huyen Yen Sdn;
phia Ddng giap huyen chd Ddn (Bie Can);
phia Tay giap huyen Ham Yen va huyen
Bae Quang (Ha Giang), huyen ly dat tai Thi
tra'n Vinh Ldc, each tinh ly Tuyen Quang 67
km ve phia Bie Tinh tQ eac diem t a n cung
theo hudng Bae - Nam, Ddng - Tay, chieu
rdng eiia huyen la 75km, chieu dai la
120km Theo dia ba Gia Long nam thQ 4 thi,
"Chau Chiem Hoa, 5 each phu 106 dam ve
phia Nam, Ddng Tay each n h a u 73 dam,
Nam Bae each n h a u 139'dam, phia Ddng
de'n dia gidi ehau Bach Thdng tinh Thai
Nguyen 22 dam, phia Tay de'n dia gidi
huyen Vi Xuyen 51 dam, phia Nam de'n dia
gidi huyen Vinh Dien 65 dam Ddi Dinh, Le
la chau Vi Long; thdi thudc Minh la chau
Dai Man, tho tu hg Ma nd'i ddi quan tri" (1)
Trong tie'n t r i n h lich sQ dan tgc, Chiem
Hda da nhieu l i n thay ten ggi va dia gidi
h a n h ehinh Thdi Dinh, tien Le, Ly, huyen
Chiem Hda dUde ggi la chau Vi Ldng Thdi
thuge Minh, thudc Chau Tuyen Hda vdi ten ggi Dai M a n (tQc h u y e n cd nhieu dan tdc it ngUdi)
Nam 1931, huyen dQdc dd'i t h a n h ehau Chiem Hda bao gom ca Na Hang ngay nay vdi td'ng dien ti'ch 2 h u y e n la 2.427 km'', de'n 1943 ehau Chiem Hda dUdc chia thanh
2 huyen Chiem Hda va N a Hang Trong cugc van ddng Caeh m a n g t h a n g Tam nam
1945 sau k h i dUdc giai phdng (4/1945) Chiem Hoa dQdc ggi la Chau K h a n h Thien
va bao gdm ca mdt sd vung cua Ham Yen, Yen Sdn D i u n a m 1946, huyen Chiem Hda qui ve dia gidi h a n h chinh cu Qua nhieu
l i n thay ddi, tdi nay Chiem Hda cd 28 xa va mdt thi tra'n
Dd'i vdi cae vung rQng nui, bien vien ndi ehung, cae trieu dai quan chii Viet Nam thudng diia vao eac thd t u dia phUdng de cai quan Trong dd chinh sach "nhu vien", tQc la thuc hien phong chQc tQdc, rang huge hdn n h a n b a n g each ga cdng chua cho eac
tu trudng dia phUdng n h a m ldi kdo, tranh thu, rang huge hg vdi trieu dinh
O nhQng t i n h mien n u i phia B i c nhU Cao Bang, H a Giang, Tuyen Quang (trong
• PGS.TS Dai hoc Su pham Thai Nguyen
" Dai hoc Su pham Thai Nguyen
Trang 2Tinh hinh ruong dat 6 huyen Chiem Ijda 31
Sa do to chiic h a n h c h i n h cila Quang dl Chiem Hda
(nita d a u t h e ky XIX)
Quing Mir^g
''
Thii dich, nha djch, h ^ g
ca, biSn dich
i
Cai xa, Xa khdn
"'
ThOn trucmg
' '
^fhan dan
/ /
/
o
c
p
^
dd cd huyen Chiem Hda) the iQc va anh
hudng eiia thd' tu dia phUdng ra't ldn trong
nhan dan Theo sQ sach va mdt so' truyen
ke cua ddng bao dan tgc Tay d Viet Bae
cho biet: dudi thdi h a u Le, n h a n dan Tay d
cac vung bien gidi thudng nd'i day ehd'ng
lai trieu dinh phong kien trung Udng De
vd ve ldi keo eac vung dan tdc nay, nha Le
da phong tude " H i u " cho 7 ddng hg thd' ty
cd the liic d mdt sd' vung Tay Viet Bic, moi
phien t h i n dugc phong cho eai quan mdt
vung da't nha't dinh:
Ng Ndng d Bao Lae (Cao Bang) cd the
lUe ldn nha't
Hg Nguyin d Ddng Van (Ha Giang)
Hg Hoang d Tu Long (Giap huyen
Hoang Su Phi - Ha Giang)
Hg Vi S Ldc Binh (Lang Sdn)
Hg Ma Ddan d Chiem Hda (Tuyen
Quang)
Hg Dinh, Ly d Bfic Kan, Lang Sdn (2)
Cac tu trudng, thu linh, thd' ty
ma theo tie'ng Tay ggi la Quang (hay Quing, Quang), dUde trieu dinh giao cho eai quan mdt khu viic nha't dinh, dUde phong chQc tude, trd thanh quan chQc cua trieu dinh, dUdc quyen eai quan vung dd va dUde cha truyen con nd'i d Chiem Hda (Tuyen Quang) ddng hg Ma Doan nd'i ddi lam
Q u i n g trong vung
DQng d i u toan mudng la Q u i n g Mudng: Dudc trieu dinh phong chQc tudc, cai quan mdt vQng mUdng tUdng dUdng mdt td'ng hoae mdt xa, nam mgi quyen hanh tdi cao trong vung
Quang hg la ngudi cung hg vdi Quang Mudng, dUdc phan chia cai quan mdt vung nao dd trong mUdng dudi quyen ciia Quang Mudng
Giup viec cho quang Mudng la bd phan chQc dieh:
- Thu dieh va nha dieh: Phu trach mgi cdng vigc chung cho Quing Mudng
- Bien dieh: Chay gia'y cho Quang va cho thii dich, nha dich
- Hang ed: Huy ddng dan cdng cac xa di phue dieh cho Quang
- Cai xa: Phu trach edng viec ehung cua mdt xa
Trang 332 Rghien cuu t i c h sit s6 9.2009
- Xa khan: P h u trach huy ddng n h a n lue
di phuc dieh cho Quang trong mgt xa
- Thdn trudng: Phu trach cdng viee ciia mdt
thdn khoang tQ 10 de'n 15 nha
Ve quan ddi: Chi huy quan sii cao nha't
trong toan Mudng la Thudc xua't; Phu trach
quan sii trong mgt xa la Tuy Hien; phu trach
quan sii trong mgt thdn la Cai Vach (3)
Ddi sd'ng t a m linh trong mudng dUdc duy
tri bdi cac mo then DQng d i u la "mo t d '
chuyen cung bai td' tien cho nha Q u i n g vao
ngay 19-9 (Am lich) va Tet Nguyen Dan
hang nam Ndi dung cung bai ca ngdi cdng
lao eua Ma Doan Man (dng td d i u tien eua
ddng hg Quang Ma Doan), Ma Doan Dao da
dude t h i n t h a n h hda
ThQ de'n mo mUdng chuyen lo cung bai
cho toan Mudng Dudi mo tan, nghe, chiu,
dom nau chuyen phu trach dam ma cho
nha Quang Ngoai ra edn cd cac "then"
chuyen di cung bai tim ma de chQa benh
cho Q u i n g va n h a n dan
Trong qua trinh ton tai, do tac ddng ciia
nhieu n h a n to' chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi cua
da't nude eung n h u ciia dia phUdng nhU che
dp chuyen che trung Udng tap quyen ngay
cang ciing cd' va p h a t trien Giao luu kinh
te, van hoa giQa cae vung mien, dan tgc
dUdc d i y manh, nen che do Thd' ty - Quang
ngay cang suy ye'u Den d i u the ki XIX,
nha Nguyen da cho lap so' dia ba, xac n h a n
quyen t u hQu rugng da't cho ndng dan cung
n h u cac t i n g Idp thd'ng tri Va eung vdi
viec thiie hien ehinh sach "Cai thd' quy
lUu", thi ve mat p h a p ly da cha'm dQt su tdn
tai cua che do thd' tu d mien niii trong lich
sii che do phong kien Vigt Nam Tuy nhien,
d mdt sd' dia phUdng nhU: Bao Lac (Cao
Bing), Ddng Van (Ha Giang) va vung
Chiem Hoa (Tuyen Quang) the lUc ciia cac thd t u van cdn dUdc duy tri cho den d i u the
ki XX, t h a m ehi che do nay cdn kdo dai de'n
t a n nhQng n a m sau Cach mang thang Tam
1945
II T I N H HINH R U O N G DAT CUA
C H I E M H O A Q U A D I A BA GIA LONG 4 (1805)
TrUde t h e ki XIX, Chiem Hda eung gid'ng nhieu ndi nhU: Bao Lac (Cao Bang), Ddng Van (Ha Giang) cac tu trudng, thii linh, thd
ty (Quing) do cd cdng d i n d i t ddng tdc, khai hoang lap t h a n h mudng ban, nen dUdc nhan dan Tay tdn Quang (Thd' ty) la ngUdi "eai quan xdm lang" (can chdng nam cam mudng), hoae "nQdc can khdng bd thuyen, chay hd' khdng bd tho ty" (Nam bd'e bau ta IQa, ni thQa ba'u ta quing) Ne'u khdng ed Quang cai quan lang xdm thi lam an gap nhieu khd khan:
"Mudng bau mi q u a n g het chin khd
Rudn ba'u thd chd h e t chin khdm"
(Mudng khdng ed thd ty lam an khd
Nha khdng thd to tien lam an ding) (5)
Rugng da't cdng trong vung, tren danh nghia thudc quyen sd hQu cua nha nUdc nhUng tren thiic te so rugng da't nay h i u het deu do Quang q u a n ly
Quang la chua dat, la ngudi dai di?n ban, mudng, eai q u a n xdm lang va dugc trieu dinh edng n h a n la ngUdi n i m quyen
sd hQu td'i cac ve rugng nudng, rQng nui, sdng sudi va eac nguon tai nguyen khac trong vung; p h a n phoi rugng dat cho eac chQc dich, phuc dieh, cho ndng dan va thu
td thue, ngoai r a ngudi dan cdn phai lam nghia vu: cd'ng cae san vat quy hiem, lao dieh
Trang 4Tinh hinh ru6ng dat it huyen Chiem T}6a 33
Bang 1: Thong ke dif n tich ruong dat d Chiem Hoa
TT
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
II
12
13
14
15
III
16
17
18
IV
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Tong so
Dia danh Tong Tho Hoang
1 Khue Phu
2 Tho Hoing
3 Xuan Huang
4 Vinh Gia
5 ViSdn
6 Binh Long
7 Ha Lildng
8 Than Xa
9 Xuan Quag
Gia Thu&n
10 Mien DUdng
Tong Con Lon ,
11 D4Vi
12 Con Lon
13 Yen Vien
14 Thuong Nong
Tong Vinh Ninh
15 Khuon H4
16 _Kim Tuong
17 Khanh Ninh
Tong Co Linh
18 Ninh DUdng
19 Dai Man
20 Tilng Hien
21 Kim DM
22 Kim Ma
23 Dili Xa
24 Au Lang
25
Tong so ruong da't Mau (m)
3171
275
326
259
340
630
75
263
312
108
124
454
1138
393
327
228
188
936
439
259
235
880
116
137
101
199
190
45
90
125
Sao (s)
6
1
4
2
2
7
7
8
5
7
8
2
1
8
4
7
1
6
8
7
2
6
9
3
1
1
6
6
Thuclc (th)
3
12
1
6
3
11
10
14
1
13
1
6
9
13
1
13
11
8
2
13
1
1
12
3
10
8
1
3
Tac (t)
7
5
9
3
5
5
9
5
9
5
7
5
2
1
1
5
4
9
2
9
3
8
1
8
3
5
Dien tich ruong
t\i (m.s.th.t)
3171.6.3.7
275.1.12.5 326.4.1.9 259.2.6.3 340.2.3.5 630.7.11.5 75.7.10.9 263.8.14.5 312.5.1.9 108.7.0.5 124.8.13.7 454.0.1.5
1138.2.6.2
393.1.9.1 327.8.13.0 228.4.1.1 188.7.13.0
935.1.11.5
439.6.8.4 259.8.2.9 235.7.0.2
880.2.13.9
116.6.1.3 137.9.1.8 101.3.12.1 199.0.3.8 190.1.10.3 45.1.8.5 90.0.6.1
6125.3.5.3
Nguon: Bia bg Gia Long ndm thd 4 (1805)
Trang 534 Rghien cuu Lich sit s6 9.2009
Rugng da't d Chiem Hoa diidc chia lam
nhieu loai: rugng ciia Quang, rugng ciia
chQc dieh, rugng ciia phuc dieh, rugng thii
ha, rugng Mo, Nghe, Chau Trong dd
rugng da't tdt nha't trong viing ddng hg
Q u i n g va cd d h i u het cac xa
"Na cai na mudng
Thdm Ludng thdm Quang"
(Rugng to rugng cua mUdng/ Ao to ao
eiia Quang)
"Na eai na mUdng
Na ludng na Quang"
(Rugng to rugng ciia mudng/ Rugng ldn
rugng cua Quang)
Rugng da't chia cho cae chQc dich, phuc
dich, chia cho dan theo nguyen t i c : "Chin
na pa viec" (an rugng phai lam viee) NhQ;
ngUdi di mua t r a u de md' t r a u te' t h i n ggi la
"hg khien ngUu"; ngudi chuyen md t r a u ggi
la "hg pogng"; ngudi nop ca de eung dUde
nhan "rugng ea" (Na pia) nhQng ngUdi
nao n h a n phan rugng dd thi dUde truyen lai
con lam viee dd Tuy nhien, sd' rugng nay
khdng dUdc dem lam eiia cai ke' thQa, nghia
la ehi dude canh tac khi edn lam viee cu the
nao dd cho Q u i n g ma thdi (6) Chiem Hda
ed 4 tdng va 25 xa, tinh hinh rugng da't
dUdc phan anh trong dia ba Gia Long 4
(1805), ve ed ban gdm nhQng ndi dung chu ye'u sau:
1 Chiem Hod chi cd tU dien (chiem
100% td'ng dien tich ca huyen), khdng cd tU thd', edng thd' Trong dd chi cd 24,4% la rugng thiie trUng va toan la loai ba, khdng
cd loai nha't va nhi Td'ng cd nhieu rugng tU nha't la Thd' Hoang (hdn 3.171 m i u ) , it nhat
la td'ng Cd' Linh (hdn 880 m i u ) Xa cd rugng
tu nhieu n h a t la Vi Sdn, td'ng Thd' Hoang (630 m l u ) , it nha't la xa Dai Xa, td'ng Cd' Linh (hdn 45 m i u ) Dieu dd cho tha'y, tuy theo dac diem dia ly ma sd' rugng tQ phan bd' trong cac xa ndi rieng, cae tdng ndi chung ciia huyen Chiem Hda la khdng deu
n h a u , t h a m chi edn cd do chenh lenh ldn
n h u thd'ng ke d bang 1
2 So'rugng lUu hoang ldn
Trong td'ng sd 6125.3.5.3 thi rugng thiic trung ehi ed 1494.3.11.3 (24,4%), rugng iQu hoang chiem tdi 4630.9.9.0, chiem 75,6% Trong dd p h a n luu hoang deu la dien chQ khdng cd thd' Dac biet la xa Dai Xa ed dien tich rugng da't la 45.1.8.5 nhUng hoan toan
bd hoang (12) Vi sao ed tinh trang nay, cd
le do dac diem dia ly d Chiem Hda da sd' la rugng bae t h a n g va k h a n hiem nUdc Cac cgn nudc d i n nude h i u nhU khdng dii kha nang eung cap cho rugng dong Ngudn nUde chii yeu phu thudc vao thien nhien nen d
B a n g 2: Dien t i c h cac loai r u g n g d a t ciia C h i e m H d a
Stt
1
2
Loai r u d n g ThUc TrUng
- Tu dien
Luu hoang
- Tu dien
T o n g c o n g
Dien t i c h (m.s.th.t) 1494.3.11.3 1494.3.11.3 4630.9.9.0 4630.9.9.0
6125.3.5.3
Ty le %
24,4 % 24,4 % 75,6 % 75,6 %
100%
Ngudn: Dia bg Gia Long ndm thii 4 (1805)
Trang 6Tmh hinh ruflng dat 6 huyen Chiem I^da 35
Bang 3: Tinh hinh sol hiiu ruong da't Quy mo sd hiiu
< 1 mau
1-5 m i u
5-10 m l u
10-20 m i u
20-30 mSu
Tong cong
So' chu
1 ( 0,7%) 16(11,2%)
49 (34,3%)
74 (51,7 %)
3 2,1 %)
143 = 100%
Dien tich sil htifu
(m.s.th.t)
0.9.0.0 52.0.0.0 396.1.14.4 955.0.7.4 90.2.4.5
1494.3.11.3
Ty le %
0,1 % 3,5% 26,5% 63,9% 6%
100%
Nguon: Dia bg Gia Long ndm thd 4 (1805)
Chiem Hoa tinh trang da't lUu hoang ra't pho
bie'n va vdi sd'lUdng rat ldn (Xem bang 2)
3 Ve quy mo sd hiCu:
Sd' rudng dat tU hQu tren thuge ve 143
chii Trong dd, 17 chu cd mQc sd hQu rudng
dudi 5 mau, chiem 3,6% tdng dien tich
rudng eiia Chiem Hoa (25 xa), va 11,9%
td'ng sdchii (7) 74 chii cd mQc sd hQu tQ 10
- 20 mau, chiem 51,7% tdng sd' ehu va
63,9% to'ng dien tich rudng ciia Chiem Hoa
(8) Cd 3 ehii cd mQc sd hQu tQ 20 - 30 m i u ,
chiem 2,1% tdng sd' ehu va chiem 6% tdng
dien tich huyen Chiem Hda (9)
Chu ed mQc sd hQu cao nhat huyen la:
25 mau va tha'p nha't chi cd 9 sao (10)
Sd hQu binh quan mdt chu d Chiem Hoa:
10.7.4.7; xa cd mQc sd hQu binh quan cao
nha't la xa Kim TUdng (16.9.8.0); tha'p nhat
la xa Khanh Ninh (1.2.4.0), day cung la xa
ed dien tich rudng da't it nha't (11) Ngoai
ra, trong td'ng sd' 143 chii sd hQu thi khdng
cd ehu sd hQu nao la nQ va cung khdng cd
chii phu canh ( )
Chung ta ed the tha'y dUde mQc dd sd
hQu ciia cae ehii va binh quan sd hQu mgt
chu qua bang 3 va 4
4 Sd hUu rugng ddt ciia cdc ddng hg
O day chung tdi tinh ddng hg theo quy udc can cii vao chQ d i u cua ten ngUdi 143
chu sd hQu tu dien eua Chiem Hoa gdm 5
hg khae n h a u va dUde phan bd'nhu sau: Tren cd sd thd'ng ke mQc do sd hQu rudng da't thudc ve 5 ddng hg /143 chii, nhung so' ehii sd hQu trong cac hg la khdng ddng deu, tap trung nhieu nha't vao hg Ma: 99/143 so'chu (chiem 69%); cd hg ehi ed mdt chu sd hQu nhu hg: Ludng, Khdng
TQ sii phan bd' khdng ddng deu ve so' chii trong mdi hg cho nen mQc do sd hQu giQa cae hg cung cd sii chenh lech Hg Ma sd hQu tdi 118 m i u 9 sao 1 thudc 8 tac (76,56% dien tich sd hQu) (13), trong khi dd hg Khd'ng chi cd 10 mau 3 sao (0,66 %) va hg Ludng chi cd 11 m i u (0,7%) (14)
Tim hieu thanh p h i n xua't than eua cac chii sd hQu thi cd tdi hdn 90% tong dien tich rudng da't ciia cac ddng hg ke tren chii ye'u thuoc dan tdc Tay
5 Sd hQu rugng ddt cua chitc dich
Can cQ vao tai lieu dia ba Gia Long 4 (1805) cho biet, trong 25 xa eiia huyen Chiem Hda ed 107 chQc dich, trong dd ed:
25 xa trudng, 81 thdn trudng va 1 sic muc
Trang 736 Rghien eiiii Lich sit s6 3.2009
Bang 4: Binh quan sdt hufu va binh quan thufa
S t t
1 •
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Xa t h o n
Khuc Phu
Tho Holing
Xuan Hudng
Vinh Gia
ViSdn
Binh Long
Ha LUdng
T h a n X a
Xuan Quang
Gia Thuan
11.Mien
Duong
D a V i
Con Lon
Yen Vien
ThUdng Nong
Khuon Hk
Kim Tudng
Khanh Ninh
Ninh DUdng
D4i Man
Tilng Hien
KimD4i
Kim Ma
DaiXa
An Lang
Tong cong
R u o n g tii ghi
t r o n g fiia b a (m.s.th.t) 275.1.12.5 326.4.1.9 259.2.6.3 340.2.3.5 630.7.11.5 75.7.10.9 263.8.14.5 12.5.1.9 108.7.0.5 124.8.13.7 454.0.1.5 393.1.9.1 327.8.13.0 228.4.1.1 188.7.13.0 439.6.8.4 259.8.2.9 235.7.0.2 116.6.1.3 137.9.1.8 101.3.12.1 199.0.3.8 190.1.10.3 45.11.8.5 90.0.6.1 6125.3.5.3
Di§n t i c h scl hiiu (m.s.th.t) 83.9.7.5 157.5.1.5 59.0.0.0 67.2.0.0 181.2.10.0 11.0.0.0 101.2.12.0 60.0.0.0 33.8.7.0 40.5.0.0 112.0.0.0 11.5.0.0 12.2.0.0 9.3.0.0 8.1.0.0 174.0.0.0 101.8.8.0 6.2.0.0 41.3.0.0 39.0.0.0 31.3.0.0 62.0.0.0 65.0.10.3 0.0.0.0 25.0.0.0 1494.3.11.3
So
t h i l a
7
13
5
6
12
2
8
6
4
4
12
3
3
2
2
13
9
5
4
5
5
8
6
0
2
146
B i n h q u a n
m o t thcfa (m.s.th.t) 11.9.9.6 12.1.1.6 11.8.0.0 11.2.0.0 15.1.0.0 5.0.0.0 12.6.5.1 10.0.0.0 8.4.6.7 10.1.2.5 9.3.3.3 3.8.3.3 4.0.6.6 4.6.5.0 4.0.5.0 13.3.8.4 11.3.2.0 1.2.4.0 10.3.2.5 7.8.0.0 6.2.6.0 7.7.5.0 10.8.3.5 12.5.0.0 10.5.5.0
So
c h u
7
13
5
6
12
2
8
6
4
4
12
3
3
2
2
13
6
5
4
5
5
8
6
0
2
143
B i n h q u a n
ad hiiu m o t
chii (m.s.th.t) 11.9.9.6 12.1.1.6 11.8.0.0 11.2.0.0 15.1.0.0 5.0.0.0 12.6.5.1 10.0.0.0 8.4.6.7 10.1.2.5 9.3.3.3' 3.8.3.3 4.0.6.6 4.6.5.0 4.0.5.0 13.3.8.4 16.9.8.0 1.2.4.0 10.3.2.5 7.8.0.0 6.2.6.0 7.7.5.0 10.8.3.5
0 12.5.0.0 10.7.4.7
Nguon: Dia bg Gia Long ndm thii 4 (1805)
Bang 5: Quy mo sd hufu cua cac dong h o
S t t
1
2
3
4
5
H o
M a
Ha
N g u y e n
LUdng
Khd'ng
5 = 100%
T o n g s o chvi
99 = 6 9 %
24 = 16,8%
18 = 12,5%
1 = 0,7 %
1 = 0,7%
1 4 3 = 100%
D i e n t i c h s d hufu
1 1 8 2 9 1 8 = 7 6 , 5 6 %
2 1 2 9 0 0 = 13,78% 128.0.0.0 = 8,3% 11.0.0.0 = 0,7% 10.3.0.0 = 0 , 6 %
1 5 4 5 1 1 8 =100%
Nguon: Bia bg Gia Long nam thd 4 (1805)
Trang 8Tinh hhih ruQng dai d huygn Chiam I;6a 37
MQc do sd hQu cu the cua cac chQc dich
trong huyen dUdc chiing tdi thd'ng ke d
bang 6
c a c sd' lieu tren cho tha'y sd chQc dich
trong huyen da sd thudc Idp ngUdi kha gia
ed sd hQu tren 5 m i u (68% xa trudng;
61,7% thdn trudng) Trong dd cd hai vi thdn
trudng d xa Kim Tudng (Td'ng Vinh Ninh)
ed mQc sd hQu tQ 20 -> 30 m i u (15)
Cac chQc dich khdng cd rudng da't:
25/107 ngudi (23,4%) cd: 5 xa trudng, 19
thdn trudng va mdt sac muc Sd chQc dich
cd sd hQu tQ 5 m i u trd xudng chiem 13%
Nhieu xa toan bd chQc dieh deu la
nhQng ngudi cd sd' rudng sd hQu kha ldn
nhU: Than Xa, Kim Tudng, Ha Ludng, Vinh
Gia, Thd' Hoang
H i u het cac xa, nhQng ngUdi cd sd hQu
rudng da't ldn nha't, nhi trong xa deu thudc
ve cac chQc s i c dia phQdng va da sd la hg
Ma nhu: Ma Van Trie, Ma Van Dinh d xa
Kim Tudng; Ma DQc Td' d xa Tho Hoang,
Ma Quyen T h i n g d xa Ha Ludng, Nguyin
Dinh Ngge d xa Vinh Gia
HL K E T LUAN
1 Qua dia ba Gia Long 4 (1805) cho
tha'y, tinh hinh sd hQu rugng da't d Chiem
Hda la sQ phat trien manh ciia tU hQu, quy
md sd hQu eua cae chu va quy md cac thQa rudng cd nhieu bie'n dd'i 100% dien tich rudng da't toan huyen thuge sd hQu ciia 143 chii Trong dd, da sd' ehii ed mQc sd hQu tQ 10-20 m i u (74/143 chu) Chi cd 2 chu cd mQc sd hQu tQ 20 - 30 m i u 17 chii cd mQc
sd hQu rudng dQdi 5 m i u ThQc te dd cho tha'y rang, kha nang sd hQu vQa va ldn la kha phd' bie'n d Chiem Hda
Hien tUdng phat trien manh me eua sd hQu rudng da't tU n h a n khdng chi diin ra d Chiem Hda ma d rat nhieu ndi trong ca nudc Theo nghien cQu ciia Nguyin DQc Nghinh ve xa Mae Xa va xa ThUdng Phue giQa hai thdi diem (1789 - 1805) thi sd hQu rudng da't d thdi die'm nay la sU phat trie'n manh eua tU hQu, cac thQa rudng manh mun da giam di, cac thQa rudng vdi dien tich ldn tang len Hay theo nghien cQu ve
sd hQu rudng da't ciia cac lang budn: Dan Loan, Da NgUu, Bao Dap va Phu Luu d i u the ki XIX - d i u the' ki XX cung cd ket qua tUdng tii Tinh hinh tQ hQu rudng da't phat trien kha manh khdng ehi d cac huygn mien nui ma d ddng bang ciing vay, tham chi ed lang hoan toan khdng cd rudng edng (16)
2 Tinh hinh sd hQu eua cac chQc dich
B a n g 6: T i n h h i n h sol hiiu r u o n g da't ciia chiic dich
Chiic vi
Xa trUdng
Thdn trudng
Sic muc
To'ng so'
So chii
25
81
1
107 (100%)
Khong
RD
5 (20%)
19 (23,5%)
1 (100%)
25 23,4%
<1
m a u
1 (1,2%)
1 0,9%
l->5
m a u
3 12%
10 (13,6%)
13 12,1%
5->10
m a u
8 32%
19 (23,5%)
27 25,2%
10->20
m a u
9 36%
30 (35,8%)
39 36,4%
20->30 mau
2 (2,14%)
2 (2%)
Ngudn: Bia bg Gia Long ndm thd 4 (1805)
Trang 933 Rghien ciJru Lich sJr s6 3.2009
kha phat trien Can cQ vao dia ba Gia Long
4 (1805), trong td'ng sd 25 xa ciia Chiem
Hda, cd 107 chQc dich gom: 25 xa trudng,
81 thdn trudng, 1 sac mue Da sdehQc dieh
trong huyen thudc Idp ngQdi kha gia cd sd
hQu tren 5 m i u (68% xa trudng, 61,7%
thdn trudng) Nhieu xa toan bd chQc dich
deu la nhQng ngUdi ed sd' rudng sd hQu kha
ldn nhQ: Than Xa, Kim Tudng, Ha Ludng,
Vinh Gia, Thd' Hoang Tham ehi, cd ndi
thdn trudng cdn sd hQu rudng da't ldn hdn
xa trudng n h u trUdng hgp d xa Kim Tudng
(Td'ng Vinh Ninh), dieu dd cho tha'y ddi khi
the liic kinh te eua thdn trudng cdn ldn hdn
ea xa trudng Day cung mdt hien tUdng kha
ddc dao d Chiem Hda
3 Rudng da't lUu h o a n g dUdc dUa vao
sQ dung dudi h i n h thQc sd hQu eiia eac
chu la mdt dae diem ciia Chiem Hda
Dieu dd cd t h e gdi md suy nghi la, t r i e u
dinh n h a Nguyen k h d n g chi q u a n t a m den viee sQ d u n g da't h e a n g trong san xua't ndng nghiep d ddng b i n g ma cdn d
ea mien n u i
4 Qua nghien cQu ve rudng da't d Chiem Hda chung ta cd the tha'y dUdc the liie cua Quang Mudng cung bd may h a n h chinh phuc vu cho Quang t h e hien qua sd hQu da't dai la ra't ldn Da so' cae chQc dieh deu ed mQc sd hQu tUdng dd'i ldn Dieu dd khdng chi tha'y vai trd cua cac thd' tQ dd'i vdi eac dan tgc mien n u i phia B i e ndi ehung ma cdn tha'y dQdc sU q u a n ly eua trieu dinh nha N g u y i n trong viec giai quye't va'n de rugng da't d nQa dau the' ki XIX Rugng da't
d day hoan toan do Quang chii ddng va toan quyen p h a n chia, anh hudng eua trieu dinh nha Nguyen edn k h a md nhat Day eung la mgt trong eac ly do khie'n cho rudng da't tu d day p h a t trien m a n h me
CHU THICH
(1) Quo'c s\l quan trieu Nguyen: Dgi Nam nha't
thdng chi, tap /V, Nxb ThuSin Hoa, Hue, 1992, tr
340
(2) Dai hoc Tong Hdp Ha Noi: Thd ty d Bdo
Lgc- Cao Bang - Bao cao dien da ciia sinh vien
chuyen nganh Dan toe hoc nam 1973, Khoa Lich
sil, tr 3
(3), (4), (5), (6) Vu Xuan Ban: Tim hieu vdi net
ve che do Qudng a vung Mddng Gidng thuoc Chiem
Hoa- Tuyen Quang trudc ndm 1945, Tai Ueu dien
da Ban danh may, Khoa Lich sii - TrUdng Dai hoc
Khoa hoc xa hoi va Nhan van
(5) Theo Tai lieu dien da cua tac gia
(6) Tim hieu vdi net v4 che do Qudng d viing
Mudng Gidng thuoc Chiem Hoa - Tuyen Quang
trudc ndm 1945, Tai lieu dien da, Ban danh may,
Khoa Lich sii - Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hoi va
Nhan van-DHGQHN
(7) Kim Tuang xd Yen Viin xd, Thdgng Nong
xd, Con Lon xd, Dd Vi xd, Binh Long xd, Dia bg Gia Long 4, TTLTQGl, 8081F1:9, 8097F1:8,
8078F1:7, 8084F1:8, 8077F1:7
(8) Kim Tdang xd, Khuc Phu xd, Xudn HdOng
xd, Thd Hodng xd, Vinh Gia xd, Hd Lddng xd, Mien Ddang xd, Vi san xd, Gia Than xd An Ldng
xd, Kim Md xd, Kim Bdi xd, Ninh Bddng xa, Khuon Hd xd, Thdn Xd xd, Dia bg Gia Long 4,
TTLTQGl, 8081F1:9, 8074F1:10, 8089F1:8, 8096F1:10, 8090F1:8, 8073F1:10, 8082F1;10, 8080F1:10, 8093F1:8, 80B6F1:8, 8075F1:10, 8092F1:10, 8083F1:8, 8076F1:10, 8098F1:10
(9) Kim Tuang xd, Dia bg Gia Long 4,
TTLTQGl, 8081F1:9
(10) Kim Tdang xa, Khdnh Ninh xd, Dia bg Gia Long 4, TTLTQGl, 8081F1;9, 8099F1:8
(11) Xem bang so'4
Trang 10(12) Ddi Xd xd, Dia bg Gia Long 4, TTLTQGl,
8079Fl:7
(13) Kim Tuang xd Yen Viin xd Con Lon xd,
Bd Vi xd, Khdc Phu xd, Xudn Huang xd, Thd
Hodng xa, Hd Ldang xd Mien Ddang xd, Vi sdn xd,
Binh Long xd An Ldng xd, Kim Md xd, Kim Bai
xa, Ninh Duang xd, Khdnh Ninh xd, Khuon Hd xd,
Thdn Xd xd, Bia bg Gia Long 4, TTLTQGl,
8081F1:9, 8097F1:8, 8084F1:8, 8088F1:8,
8074F1:10, 8089F1:8, 8096F1:10, 8073F1:10,
8082F1:10, 8080F1:10, 8077F1:7, 8086F1:8,
8075F1:10, 8092F1:10, 8076F1:10, 8098F1:10
8083F1:8, 8099F1:8,
(14) Xudn Huang xd, Gia Than xd, Bia bg Gia
Long 4, TTLTQGl, 8089F1:8, 8093F1:8
(15) Kim Tdang xd, Bia bg Gia Long 4,
TTLTQGl, 8081F1:9
(16) Do Danh Huli'n Nghien cdu ve ldng xd d
chdu thd Bde Bo tren Tgp chi Nghien cdu Lich sd (1954 - 2008), Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd, so
393-2009, t r 64, 65
LjCH Sir QUAN HE VIET NAM - TRUNG QUOC THE KY XIX
(Tiep theo trang 29)
(31) Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 37,
p l i b ; quyen 55, pp 6b~7a; Takeda Ryoji, <ten
bki da dan> p 497
(32), Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, H, quyen
220, pp 8a~b; Takeda Ryoji, <ten hki da din> pp
496-497
(33) Phan Huy Le, "Tinh tho'ng nha't trong da
dang ciia lich s\l Viet Nam" cua Phan Huy Le, Tim
vi coi ngudn, Tftp I Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi, 1998, p
495
(34) Dgi Nam thUc tuc, chinh bien, I, quyen 58,
pp l l a ~ b ; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bai da d&n> p 498
(35) Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, 11, quyen
79, pp 17~18b; Woodside, op cit, pp 118-119;
Takeda Ryoji, <ten bM da d l n > p 498
(36) Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, II, quyen
85, p 30a; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bai da dJn> p 499
(37) Bgi Viet sd ky todn thd (ban hieu hop)
(Tokyo: Trung tam nghien ciiu van hda Dong DUdng Tru5ng dai hdc Dong Kinh, 1986), p
845
(38) Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, IV, quyen
50, p 8a
(39)- Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 54,
p, 9b; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bki da dan> p, 532 (40) Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien II, quyen
65, pp 9b-10a; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bai da din> p
498
(41) Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, IV, quyen
1, pp 31b-32a
(42) Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, II, quyen
218, pp 33a~34a
(43) Woodside, op cit., p 267