thit hidn te giira nhirng ngudi hg hang rugt thit \ a nhiing ngudi hg hang xa. Tam quan trgng cua gia sue ddi vdi euge sdng va suy nghT eua ngudi Nuer dugc the hien rd hem trong ten g[r]
Trang 1CHAU PHI
TiM HIEU VE CAC TOC NGU'CXI CQ BAN O CHAU PHI
(Tiep theo)
Le Bich Nggc*
13 Ngu'di Khoisan / Khoikhoi
Khoisan la ten goi danh cho hai nhom bd
tdc lau ddi nhat d phia nam chau Phi Tu khi
bat dau thdi ky dd da thugng khi ngirdi
Sangoan xuat hidn d nhieu viing cua mien nam
chau Phi thi van hoa san ban va hai lugm dugc
biet den Ca ngudi Khoisan va Khoikhoi deu
CO nhiing dac didm gidng vai nhung bo xirang
cdn luu lai ciia ngudi Sangoan co xua
Ca hai tdc ngudi ddu cd chung nhirng dac
diem ve ngon ngii xa lu nhidn Bang viec thira
nhan dnh thidt thirc cua viec chan nuoi bd \a
de tir nhdm bd tdc lan can Bantu, cd the thay
rat ro rang rang dudng nhu ngirdi Khoi la
nhanh thir tu cua ngudi San i'dc ngudi
Khoisan la nhiing cu dan dau tidn song a nhidu
vung a midn nam chau Phi trudc khi nhung
ngudi di cu Bantu a hirdng Nam (bat dau \ao
nam 1000 trudc cong ngindn) di xudng nhung
bd bidn ddng va lay a chau Phi Sau nay thuc
dan chau Au goi hg la nhirng thd dan Nam Phi
Vien Nsihicn ciru Chau Piii \a iriini: Dong
Thong thudng hg van dugc ggi la San (mac dii dieu nay co thd bi hieu la mot sir xiie pham bai
\i no la mot tir tu ngudi Khoikhoi dimg de ehi nhiing ngirdi dugc ggi la San -tire ngudi nude ngoai giong nhu ngudi A-inhara ggi ngudi Beta-Israel la Falasha Ngdn ngii eua ngudi Khoisan noi tieng ve nhiing phii am khdng c6
su tuang dong bang chu cai trong bat ky he thong chii viet nao Qua nhidu the ky rat nhidu nhanh bd tgc Khoisan da bi ngudi Bantu chinh phuc hoac chidm cho Da> la nhom ngudi dang di ehu\cn ve phia Nam dd tim kiem nhiing vung dat mdi dac bidt hau het ngudi Xhosa va Zulu, nhirng ngirdi da thua nhan mot \'ai am nhan va nhiing tir \a_\ mugn trong ngon ngu' eua ngudi Khoisan \ao ngon ngir rieng cua hg Nguai Khoisan van tiep tuc sdng trdn sa mac hoac a nhirng \ img eo nhirng tran mua \'ao mua dong khong thich hgp vdi nhung \ u mua eua Bantu
Trong sudt thdi ky thuoc dia ngudi Khoisan da sdng a Nam Phi Namibia va Bdtxoana va nidt sd lugng Idn ngudi Khoisan
Tap chi nghien ciru CHAI P H I & T R l > G » d \ G so 12 (52) thang 12/2009
Trang 2Le Bich Ngoc Tim hieu ve cac tgc ngUdi ca ban
da bi ngudi Ha Lan ngudi Anh va Dire tan sat
Ngay nay ngudi San van sinh song d nhidu
khu virc thude sa mac Kalahari, noi ma hg cam
tha\ tdt han dd giii gin nen van boa truydn
thdng cua minh
14 Ngufdi Lemba
Tgc ngudi Lemba la nhung thanh vien cua
phai Do Thai cd sdng a Dimbabue, nhidu
phong tuc \ an hoa cua hg bat ngudn tir ngirdi
Do Thai, ban hau hdt nhimg ngudi Irael ngay
na\
15 Ngu'di Masai
Ngudi Masai la nhiing thanh vien cua nhdm
bd tdc a luu vuc sdng Nile eiing vdi ngudi
Samburu Ngudi Masai la mdt bd tgc da mau
ndi tieng, chii yeu la chan nudi bd va de Hg
thich trang tri Idn minh nhiing tam vai va
nhiing chudi hat day mau sac, sir giau cd dugc
do bang gia siic Theo truyen thdng, cac ngdi
lang cua hg bao quanh mot khu vuc trung tam
Nhirng ngudi dan dng tre phai di Iinh truac khi
cudi vg
Nhin chung, dan dng dira ra nhiing quydt
dinh bg tgc va chain sdc gia siic Ngay cang
nhidu cac ngoi lang khdng theo truydn thdng
Dieu nay dugc the hidn ro d viec thay the
nhirng mai nha tranh bang nhirng mai nha kim
loai bang phang, tat ca cae ngdi nha dugc lam
bang gd va tham chi ca nhiing midng dat nho
theo kieu trang trai Tham chi co mdt vai ngdi
nha cdn cd ca ang ten dTa ve tinh 0 nhirng
ngdi lang gan cac nha trg, thu nhap ciia ngudi
Masai dugc bd sung bang viec lam mau cho
nhirng thg chup anh, ban cac cay thuang cii,
hoac bieu didn nhiing didu nliay truyen thdng
Mdi gia dinh deu danh dau gia sue ciia hg vdi
mdt vet sat nung ridng bidt va nhiing vdt rach d
tai de phan bidt chimg Ngudi Masai sdng d
trong nhirng cum leu nhd (dugc ggi la nhirng
lang cd hang rao bao quanh) dugc lam bang nhirng cay gay dirge bit kin lai vdi phan bo, nhiing lang cd hang rao bao quanh nay cdn cd
ca nhirng hang rao cho gia sue Dan dng Masai dugc phan chia lam 5 nhdm tudi: tre em, chidn binh cap thap, chien binh cap cao, ngudi trung nien va ngudi gia Tat ca cac chang trai va cd gai deu phai trai qua nghi Id cat bao quy dau
va cat bd am vat, dieu nay danh dau cho \ idc
hg budc vao giai doan truang thanh Hdn nhan thudng dugc sap dat trudc \ a theo tuc nhieu
vg nhieu chdng Ngudi Masai tin vao chua tdi cao la Engai Hg tin Engai cd thd mang ddn cho hg cd nhidu con va gia sue
Trudc khi ngudi chau Au chiem chau Phi lam thude dia, ngudi Masai tha gia siic tu do dgc theo cac thung lung d khu vuc vet nirt Idn
d Ddng Phi Hg tram chan Ian dau tidn \di ngudi Chau A.u vao nhirng nam 1840 Trong sudt nhirng nam 1880 va 1890, ngirdi Masai da phai chiu nhiing dgt ban ban khac nghidt, nan doi va bdnh tat bao gdm ca benh dau mua, benh nay la do tiep xiic vdi ngudi chau Au Nhirng dan gia sue cua ngudi Masai da bi chdt hang boat bai benh dich ta, mot loai benh cd kha nang truyen nhiem cao Ngudi Masai da chdng lai sir xam Ian eua ngudi chau Au nhung hg da bj that bai Trong nhirng hiep irde nam 1904, 1911 va 1912 do ngirdi chau Au mudn cd vimg dat chan nudi va nhiing phAn dat Idn ban ciia ngudi Masai ndn ngudi Masai
bj gidi ban trong nhiing viing ddt ridng \ a phai giao nop cho ngudi chau Au nhiing \ung dAt mau md Ngay nay ngudi Masai cd khoang
250 nghin ngudi sdng d midn nam Kenya va phia bac Tanzania
16 Ngu'di Mursi
Ngudi Mursi sdng a phia nam Ethiopia, cd khoang 6 nghin ddn 10 nghin ngudi Ngdn ngir ciia hg la tidng Mursi Mursi ( hoac Murzu)
Teip chi nghien ciru CHAC PHI & TRIHNG B(»\G so 12 (52) thang 12/2009
m
Trang 3Tim hieu ve cac tgc ngu'di ca ban Le Bich Ngoc
Ngudi Mursi (hay ngudi Mur2ni) la mdt bd
tdc du muc chau Phi chuydn nudi gia sue dinh
cu tren thung lung Omo d lay nam Ethiopia,
gan vdi bidn gidi Sudan Dugc bao quanh bdi
cac ngon niii va 3 con sdng viing dat cua
ngudi Mursi la mot trong nhirng viing dat tach
bidt nhat cua qudc gia Nhiing ngudi hang xom
cua ho bao gdm ngudi Bodi Aari Banna,
Kara, Bunni va Chad
Ngudi Mursi cd ngon ngir rieng ciia minh,
cGng dugc goi la Mursi Co mot vai tir gidng
tieng Amharic, ngdn ngir chinh thong ciia
Ethiopia, ti le biet chur ciia hg rat thap Tdn
giao ciia dan tdc Mursi theo thuydt vat Iinh,
mac dii CO khoang 15% la theo dao Thien
chua Phu nii Mursi ndi tieng ve viec deo
nhirng cai dia d mdi dudi Ly do cho "net hoa
my" nay la de tranh bi bat lam no Id Nhiing
chiec dTa mdi nay dugc lam bang dat set Cac
CO gai bi khoet mdi khi 15 hoac 16 tuoi Khi
nao an thi hg mdi thao dTa ra Mdt nhdm ngudi
Suya thude Brazil cdng deo nhiing vat trang tri
nhu vay d tren ngudi
Ngudi Mursi cimg vdi Bodi sdng d thung
lung song Omo Hg trong cac loai cay (chii
yeu la cay cao luang), sir dung ca nuac mua
va nhiing ddng nuoc lii dang rut cua con sdng
Hg sdng chu yeu dua vao viec chan nudi gia
sue Dan dng thudng sang tac cac bai hat ve
nhiing con bd yeu thich cua hg Ngudi Konso
cd khoang 200.000 ngudi sdng d nhimg ngon
nui phia nam hd Chamo Hg lam nong nghidp
bang viec sir dung he thdng bac thang, ma tren
dd hg trdng bdng va cac loai cay khac Hg del
bdr»g thanh vai va xuat khau sang cac vimg
khac cua Ethiopia
Ngudi Mursi la nhirng ngudi sdng tren mdt
khu vuc dia ly tach bidt, vira phai chju dung
nhirng tham hoa nhu ban ban, ddi kem, chidn
tranh va cudp gia siic va chien tranh dan su giiia cac bg tdc d bien gidi dan thuan ehi la phuong thirc de song sdt Mgi khia eaiih cua ddi sdng hang ngay ddu lien quan tdi gia sue
va miia mang, chinh dieu nay da tao ndn kieu mau kinh te trong tdc ngudi Mursi Khi hg budn ban tren thi trudng, cac ca> nong nghiep
va gia siie dugc trao ddi nhu la tien Khi mdi
cd gai tre Mursi den tuoi 15 hoac 16 moi dudi cua cd ay se bi khoet dd cd thd deo mdt cai dTa
Cd ay cd the chiu dirge cai dTa cang Idn thi cha
CO ay se cang dugc nhieu gia siic
La mot trong nhirng nhom bd tdc xa xdi nhat a Ethiopia, ngudi Mursi van hoat ddng mdt each tuang doi ddc lap vai chinh quydn Ethiopia Hg giii cimg liie moi quan he hoa binh va thii dich vdi nhirng bd tdc lang gieng CLia hg, bg tgc Bodi va Banna Ngudi Mursi eo nguy ca phai di chuyen va khdng the tiep can vdi vung dat ndng nghiep de tha trau bo do viec hinh thanh cac cong vien a chau Phi Ngudi ta khang dinh rang ngudi Mursi bi gidi quan chuc chinh phu dp phai ky vao nhiing van ban ma hg khong the dgc dugc Vao nam
2005 da CO tdi 463 ngdi nha cua ngudi Mursi
da bi chinh phu Ethiopia thidu trui cho nhirng ngdi nha nay dugc xay trong cong vien quoc gia Nech Sar
1 7 Ngu'di Nuer
Ngudi Nuer ehii yeu sdng dua vao moi trudng tu nhien Hg la nhiing muc dong \a cham sdc gia siic la cdng viec duy nhat ma hg cam thay thich thii Mac dii vay, hg lai trdng nhieu ke va ngd han mirc thdng thudng Vi do
hg thidu thdn luong thirc Tuy vao didu kien dat dai, be mat nuac va so lugng gia sue ma cong ddng ngudi Nuer trdng trgt nhidu hay it, nhung hau hdt hg ddu xem nghe lam vudn nhu mdt cdng viec cue nhgc de nang Idn hai vai
Tifp chi nghien cuu CHAC PHI & TRCIMG B 6 > G SO 12 (52) thang 12/2009
Trang 4Le Bich Nggc Tim hied ve cac tgc ngu'di ca ban
Ngirdi Nuer khdng chi dua vao gia sue dd
phuc vu cho nhiTng nhu cau cudc sdng ma bg
con ed each nhin nhan rat sau sac cua ngudi
muc ddng Hg xem gia sue la tai san than
thuang nhat cua minh, ed thd san sang mao
hidm cudc sdng de bao ve chung va tham ehi
di cudp gia sue eua cae bd lac lan can Hau hdt
cac hoat ddng eua ngudi Nuer ddu lidn quan
tdi gia sue ddi vdi nhiing ngudi mudn hieu
dugc hanh ddng eua ngudi Nuer thi ldi khuydn
tdt nhat danh cho hg la "tim mot eon bd cai"
Quan diem va mdi quan he cua ngudi Nuer vdi
eae bg lac lan can bi anh huang bai tinh cam
yeu men gia sue eua hg va mong mudn cd
dugc chiing Hg to ra khinh midt nhiing bg lac
cd it hoac khdng c6 gia sue, nhu bd lac Anuak,
trong khi nhiing cudc chidn cua hg vdi bd tdc
Dinka lai nham vao viec bat trdm gia sue va
chidm ITnh nhiing canh ddng eo Moi mdt cong
dong ngudi Nuer hay mdt bd lac ddu cd nhirng
ddng CO, he thdng cap nude ridng va he thdng
chinh quydn eo lien quan chat die vdi sir phan
bd eae nguon tu nhien, su sd hiiu ciia nhirng
cai dugc bieu thi dudi dang thi tdc hay dong
hg Gia siic thudng la dd tai trong cae cudc
tranh cai giira eae nhdm bg tgc va cung la sir
bdi thudng cho nhiing mat mat Cac tdc trudng
va eae nha tidn tri khoac ao da bao thudng la
ngudi quyet dinh xem gia sue nao la vat hidn
te hoac nghi thire nao thi phai hien td mot eon
bd due hay mdt con ciru dire Cdn ed mdt
chuydn gia khac ve nghi le dirge ggi la "wut
ghok"- ngudi eiia gia siic Tuong tu, ehi can
noi den do tudi va nhdm tudi thi chiing ta cung
tu hinh dung dugc mdi quan he cua mdt ngudi
vdi gia sue eiia hg, bdi vi sir thay ddi tir khi
edn nhd den khi trudng thanh dugc thd hien ro
nhat qua sir thay ddi tuong img ban dau d
nhiing quan he nay
Mang ludi quan he hg bang giua cac thanh vien trong cdng ddng dia phuang dugc td chirc dudi cac quy tac ngoai hon Gia siic la phan thudng cho viec ket hdn va mdi thdi diem trong nghi Id deu dugc danh dau bang su chuyen nhugng hay tan sat gia siic ciia hg Vi tri hgp phap cua chdng (vg) hay eon cai cua hg dugc giai thich bang quydn va trach nhiem eua ngudi dd ddi vdi gia siic
Tat ca cac gia dinh deu ed gia sue khi ngirdi dirng dau hg gia dinh edn sdng thi anh ta
CO toan quydn sap xep dai gia dinh mac dii cac
ba vg ed quydn sir dung nhiing con bd cai va cac eau eon trai dugc su dung vai con bd due Khi nhQ'ng cau con trai Idn ban, den tuoi lap gia dinh thi anh ta se dugc nhan nhirng con bo cai trong dan Cau eon trai kd se phai dgi den khi dan bd du manh thi anh ta mdi ed thd cudi Khi ngirdi dirng dau trong dai gia dinh ehdt di thi dan bd \an giir vi tri trung tam trong cudc sdng gia dinh Ngirdi Nuer phan ddi gay gat viec pha va quy tac nay dii cho bat cir cai gi c6 thd xay ra cho ddn tan khi tat ca cae cau eon trai ddu da kdt hdn Khi da kdt hdn cac eau con trai ciing vdi vg va con hg sdng chung ciing vdi nha cua vudn luge eua hg Mdi lien kdt giiia gia siic va cae anh em eua hg van dugc duy tri lau dai sau khi nidi ngudi co nha cua va con cai ridng vi khi mdt ngudi phu nir trong gia dinh kdt bdn thi nhirng ngirdi khac se nhan dugc mdt phan Idn tai san eua cd dau Ong ba cac cau di ngi ngoai tham ehi nhung ngudi hg hang xa cung nhan dugc mdt phAn Moi quan he than tgc theo thong le ed lidn quan tdi cac khoan nay dugc chi dinh ro nhat tai le ket hon Su di chuyen ciia gia sue tir trang trai nay sang trang trai khac tuong irng vdi cac nhanh tren bang gia pha Didu nay cung dugc nhan manh ro a sir phan chia p h k
Tiip chi nghien cu-u CHAC PHI & TRC^'G BO\G so 12 (52) thang 12/2009
Trang 5Tim hieu ve cac tgc ngu'di ca ban Le Bich Ngoc
thit hidn te giira nhirng ngudi hg hang rugt thit
\ a nhiing ngudi hg hang xa
Tam quan trgng cua gia sue ddi vdi euge
sdng va suy nghT eua ngudi Nuer dugc the
hien rd hem trong ten ggi eua hg Dan ong
thudng dugc ggi bang nhung cai ten ehi hinh
dang va mau sac cua nhirng con bd due dugc
yeu thich eon phu nu thi lai lay ten tir nhung
con bo cai ma hg lay siia Tham ehi eae dura tre
nho eon ggi nhau bang tdn eua bd khi ehiing
chai diia ciing nhau tren canh dong eo Mdt
dua tre thudng lay ten tii' ten eon eua nhung
eon bo cai ma me ehiing lay siia Thdng
thudng mot ngudi se nhan duge mdt cai ten
eua bd due hay bo cai vao ngay sinh cua minh
Ddi khi, ten eua mdt ngudi duge truyen lai cho
ddi sau lai chinh la ten eon bd cua ngirdi do
ehir khdng phai la ten khai sinh eua hg Vi vay,
gia pha cua ngudi Nuer gidng nhu mot trang
trai chan nudi gia siic
Vi gia sue la tai san quan trgng nhat cua
ngirdi Nuer, la ngudn cung cap luang thirc chu
yeu va la tai san xa hdi quan trgng nhat ndn
that de dang de hieu duge ly do tai sao chung
dong mdt phan quan trgng nhat trong nghi le
Mot ngudi co thd lien he vdi cac bong ma va
Iinh hdn thdng qua gia siic Ndu mdt ngudi co
the CO dirge lich sir eua mdi con bd cai trong
trang trai thi eiing mot liie ngirdi nay \'U'a co
dugc mdt ban mieu ta tat ca mdi quan he hg
hang cua chu so hiiu vira cd ca cac mdi quan
he huyen bi ciia hg Nhirng eon bd cai duge
hien te cho cac linh hdn trong dong hg eua
ngudi ehii va vg cua anh ta hoac cho cac linh
hdn khac, ddi khi la ca hai Cdn nhung eon vat
khac thi duge dang cho nhirng Iinh hdn eua
than ehel Ngudi ta cd the lidn lac vdi linh hdn
hay hdn ma de ydu eau sir giiip dd bang viec
lay tro tra xat dgc theo lung ciia eon bo cai
hoac bd due Mdt each khac dd giao tidp vdi
ngirdi ehdt \ a cae linh hdn la bang \at hien te khong CO mdt nghi Id nao cua nguai Nuer dirge thue hidn ma khdng eo mdt con bd mdt con de dd hidn te
Hau hdt hanh vi xa hdi eiia ngudi Nuer eo lien quan true tiep den dan gia siie 0 khap mgi nai ddu eo sir quan tam dac bidt gidng nhau den gia siie Hg luon noi \e eae con \at eua hg De tai eua nhung nguoi dan dng tre la nhirng con \'at nudi \a nhirng ed gai tham ehi nhirng de tai eua eae ed gai tat _\eu eung dan tdi de tai ve gia siie Du bat dau vdi bat eir de tai nao duge dua ra va tiep can no a bat eir goe
dd nao thi hg eung sdm qua\' lai noi ve nhung con bo due, be) eai va nhung eon ciru Su am anh nay khong ehi la vi gia tri kinh te to Idn eua gia siie ma eon \ i mdt thue te rang ehung
la nhirng lien kdt trong eae moi quan he xa hgi Ngudi Nuer eo xu hudng djnh dang tat ca eae qu}' trinh va quan he xa hdi dudi nhiing thuat ngii cua gia siie Dae ngu' xa hdi eiia hg chinh
la dae ngu eo lien quan den bo
Ngucifi nao song eimg vai nhiing nguiri Nuer \a mong muon hieu duge eudc song xa hdi cua hg thi trudc het phai thdng thao tii vung ehi gia sue va each song cua nhirng dim gia siic Nhirng cudc dam phan phirc tap xa_\ ra tai nhirng budi dam phan hon nhan eae nghi
Id, eae cudc tranh cai hgp phap co the duge giai qu\ et khi co ngudi hieu duge nhiing thuiit ngu khd cua gia siic ve mau sac tuoi tac, gidi tinh
Mac dii nganh trdng trgt va danh ea la rat quan trgng trong nen kinh te eua ngudi Nuer nhung nghe chan nuoi \ an dugc uu tien bai \ i gia sue khdng ehi co gia tri dinh dudng ma eon
ed gia tri xa hdi trong nhieu khia canh khiie
Cd the noi niem dam me eua nhiing ngudi Nuer veri nghd thuat dong que dugc tru>en cam himg tir hang loat nhirng mdi quan tam
Tap chi nghien ciru CII.VC PHI & rRC:\G BO^C so 12 (52) thang 12/2009
Trang 6Le Bich Ngoc Tim hieu ve cac tgc ngu'di ca ban
rdng Idn han la nhiing nhu cau don gian cho
thirc an, va cung hieu duge tai sao gia sue lai
ed mdt gia tri ndi trgi trong cudc sdng cua hg
18 Ngu'di Oromo
Ngudi Oromo cd khoang 20 tridu ngirdi
Ngdn ngii chinh eiia hg la tieng Oromiyah va
tieng Amhara
Ngudi Oromo la nhdm cac dan tdc Idn nhat
a Ethiopia (chiem 50%) Theo truydn thdng
hg tir phia nam di cu vao Ethiopia va ndi tidng
A Phi Mae dii a Oromo da xuat hien mdt sd
nganh edng nghidp khai khoang nhung hau hdt
nhii'ng ngudi Oromo sdng a nhirng khu dat
nong nghiep, trdng trgt hoa mau bao gdm lua
mi, lua mach, ea phd va ca nhirng vat nudi d
trong trang trai
Che do mdt vg mdt chdng la nguydn tac
ehung, nhirng d mdt sd vung thi che do da thd
van eon ton tai vi sd lugng Idn cae ba vg bi
phu thude vao vi tri kinh td eiia ngirdi chdng
Che do da thd phd bien ban giira cac Oromo
Hdi giao
Mdt sd ngudi Oromo theo dao Hdi edn
nhimg ngudi khac thude Thidn cbiia giao ciia
Giao hdi Co doc cd Ai Cap nhung van ed mdt
sd lugng it theo tdn giao Oromo truydn thdng
Reeeha la mdt nghi thire eiia ngudi Oromo da
dugc td chirc tai Bishoftu d Debre Zeit
Ethiopia
Rat it cac Id hdi truydn thdng ciia ngudi
Ethiopia duge bao phu trong sir huyen bi va
mau sac nhu Eretcha la Id ky niem van hoa
quan trgng nhat cua ngudi Oromo danh dAu
su ket thue cua miia mua d viing niii Ethiopia
Sir ket hgp giiia tdn giao truydn thdng mdt
than eiia Oromo va Waqaa da tao ndn cac ydu
td cua giao hdi chinh thdng Ethiopia Le hdi
Eretcha duge td chirc hang nam vao gan cudi
thang 9 Hd Hora a Debre Zeit la vj tri dugc coi trgng nhat cua le hdi nay mac du Eretcha dugc td chirc khap nude va d nhidu dja diem khac nhau
Nghi Id dugc cu hanh trong khoang thdi gian ban mdt thang tai nai ma mdt eai ea\ dugc xire dau thanh bang nhirng qua lang luong thuc nhu bo gao Nhirng ngudi theo
va thue thi tdn giao Oromo cung ed the la nhung ngirdi Hdi giao va Thidn chiia giao tin nguong nay dugc xem la mot ndt van hoa han
la mdt tdn giao Theo truydn thdng thi hang nam ngudi Oromo d Ethiopia thudng to ldng tdn kinh ddi vdi dang tao hoa bang thir pham
CO gia trj nhat trdn vung nui Ethidpia - dd la nude
Bd tdc quan trgng nhat a Oromo chinh la
bd tdc Tulama thidn chidn bao gdm khoang 35 ngudi vdi truydn thong eua chd do dang cap \'a quan nd va nhom ngirdi Wallo, bao gdm khoang 25 ngudi fiiy nhien, ngay na\ cang trd ndn khd khan ban dd xac dinh dugc sir khac nhau giira cac bd tdc, chu ydu la do viec kdt hdn trong ddng hg
19 Ngu'di Samburu
Ngudi Samburu cd hg hang \di ngudi Masai mac dii hg ehi sdng trdn xiing xich dao noi ma nhirng da) niii thap eua niii Ken\a nhap vao sa mac phia bac \ a mdt phan nho phia nam cua hd Turkana a dja phan thung lung Rift cua Kdnya
Hg la nhiing ngudi dan qud nua du muc cudc sdng cua hg chi xoay quanh nhirng eon
bd con ciru nhirng con dd va nhirng con lac
da Sira la ngudn luong thirc chinh eua hg ddi khi nd dugc iron cimg vdi mau Thjt chi duge
an vao nhirng djp dac biet Thdng thudng, hg lam sup tir re va vo cay va an rau ndu hg sdng
d nhiing vimg dat ma hg co the trdng trgt
Tiip clu nghien ciru Cll.iC PHI & TRC.XG BtVXG so 12 (52) thang 12/2009
Trang 7Tim hieu ve cac tgc ngu'di ca ban Le Bich Ngoc
Khi hg sdng each xa cae thanh phd Idn
hau hdt ddu mac nhirng bd quan ao truyen
thdng dugc lam tir chat lieu mau do tuai duge
diing nhu mdt cai vay, deo nhiing chide vong
ed nhidu hat, nhirng chide vong tay va nhtrng
ddi bdng tai
Ngudi Samburu phat trien tir mot trong
nhirng ngudi di cu Nilotic tir Sudan nhu mdt
phan eua trao luu Nilotic Plains Duai sire ep
eua viec ma rdng dat dai mdt nhom ngudi noi
tidng Maa tiep tuc ddi mien nam Nhimg ngudi
ndi tieng Maa da sdng va dau tranh tir nui
Eligon tdi Malindi va dgc theo thung liing Rift
di vao Tanzania Ngudi Samburu d tren khu
djnh eu dau tidn eua nhdm ngudi Maa
Tuy nhien nhirng ngudi ddi phuang nam
(dirge ggi la ngudi Masai) van giii lai mdt each
sdng rat du muc cho ddn tan khi hg bat dau
chan nudi trdng trgt Turkana va Samburu
duge ma rong vao khoang nam 1700 khi hg
bat dau md rdng mien bac va midn dong
Thong thudng khoang tir nam tdi mudi gia
dinh dung ndn nhung eai trai trong vong nam
tuan va sau do tidp tue di chuydn tdi nhirng
canh ddng eo mdi Nhung ngudi dan ong
trudng thanh cham sdc dan bd - ngudn thu
nhap chinh cua hg cdn nhirng ngudi phu nu
thi chju trach nhiem trdng giir nhirng tiip leu di
ddng lay sira bd lay nude va thu lugm eui
Nhung ngdi nha eua hg duge bao bgc bang dat
biin hoac da thii va nhiing tam tham co keo
dai qua mdt eai khung lam bang nhiing ea\
sao Mdt hang rao gai bao quanh chudng bd \ a
nhung tiip leu
Ten ma hg su dung cho minh la Lokop va
Loikop mdt thuat ngii ed nhidu nghia ma
chinh ban than ngirdi Samburu eung khdng
ddng y Nhieu ngudi qua quydt rang, thuat ngu'
nay am ehi rang ban than hg gidng nhir "nluing ngudi so huu dat dai" ( "lo" chi qu>eii so hiiu
"kop" la dat dai) tu\ nhidn mdt so nguoi lai
CO nhung ldi giai thieh khac \ e thuat ngii na\
Xa hgi eua hg duge sap dat xung quanh gia sue
va ehien tranh trong mdt thdi gian qua diu (de phdng thu \a tan eong eae bg tde khac) den mire ba) gic> hg cam tha\ rat kho khiin dc chuyen sang mdt euge sdng moi Nguxn Samburu thudng khong thieh nhimg lgi ich eua loi song hien dai irong euge song \a su\ nghT eua hg eon luu giu nhidu net truxen thong ban nhieu so \di nguiri anh em Masai
Trach nhiem cua nhiing chang trai \a cd gai dugc phan edng mdt each ro rimg Nhung cau con trai thi chan bd de vii hge each siin ban bao ve gia siie eae ec) gai thi di la> nuoc cui mang ve va nau an Ca ciie chang trai \ ii ed gai deu phai trai qua giai doan khoi dau de tro thiinh ngu'ci'i Idn vice na\ lien quan dcMi \iec day dd cho hg nhung trach nhiem cua nguin thanh nitMi \a \iec cat bm) qu\ dau cho ciic ciui con trai ciing nhu thu thuat cat bo am vat cho cac ed giii
Ngon ngu: Ngdn ngii cua ngudi Samburu eung duge ggi la Samburu U6 la ngon ngir eua nguiri Maa rat gan \(Vi tieng dia phuirng Masai Trong cac thap nien qua cac nha ngon ngu hge da thao luiin dc tim ra su khac bici giira ngon ngu Samburu \a Masai Irong giao tiep hang ngay, mot nguoi niio do noi mot ngon ngu' na) eo the hieu duge ngon ngii khac trong khoang 95 % thoi gian lu) nhicn mot ban djch kinh thanh chung da dugc clurng minh la khong co hieu qua dd bao irum ca hai nhoni: Cach su dung tii ira chuong \a mgi \LU khd khan \ e ngii phap doi hoi phai eo mot ban djch rieng biet cho ngudi Samburu \a nguin Masai
Tup chi nghien ciru CHAC PHI & rilC.XG Bf>\G so 12 (52) thang 12/2009 m
Trang 8Le Bich Ngoc Tim hied ve cac toe ngu'di cO ban
Tieng Samburu cung rat gan vdi tidng
Turkana va Karamojong nhung lai khac xa vdi
tidng Pokot va Kalenjin Ngudi Chamus
(Njemps) eung ndi tidng Samburu va duge coi
nhu la ngu'di Samburu Cd khoang 12 % trong
sd hg la theo dao Co Ddc trong khi ngudi
Samburu ehi ed 8 - 9% Nhom Ariaal cua
Rendille bj anh hudng Idn bdi ngudi Samburu
va bay gid eung ndi tidng Samburu
Tidng Swahili duge su dung rdng rai dac
bidt la trong gidi tre Swahili va tidng Anh la
ngdn ngu' duge day trong eae trudng hgc Tu)
nhidn chi ed mdt sd lugng it ngudi Samburu
biet ehir va cd kien thirc
Tinh hinh chinh trj: Ngudi Samburu d trong
mot vj tri cd phan hoi phdng thu vdi nhirng
ngirdi xung quanh hg Hg da cd nhung cudc
xung dot gay gat vdi mdt vai nhdm ngudi di
cu va du muc Hg da duy tri mdt lien minh
quan sir va van boa vdi ngudi Rendille chii
yeu la de dap lai yeu cau md rdng Oromo
(Borana) tir the ky XVI Tham chi ngirdi
Ariaal Rendill da thira nhan deng Samburu
Hg khdng ed tinh each quan sir hung ban nhu
ngudi Masai Hg dugc gan kdt vdi ngudi
Masai Laikipiak va dugc ggi la ngudi Kwavi
nhirng ngudi theo Idi sdng cua nganh ndng
nghidp Hg cdn dua ca lac da vao van boa cua
minh de phan biet hg vdi ngudi Massai Trong
nhiing thap nidn gan day hau nhu hg da cd
mdi quan he boa binh vdi cac bd tdc Ian can,
bao gdm bd tgc Maasai, Somali, Borana,
Turkana va Gabba cung nhu Rendillie
Ngudi Samburu dugc tach ra tir nhirng
ngudi ndi ngdn ngii Maa do sir di cu cua ngudi
Maasai tir phia nam va cua nhirng nhdm dan
tdc khac xung quanh hg Ngudi Samburu cung
cd phan tach rdi nhiing boat dgng chinb trj
qudc gia Hg h cd su phat tridn ban so vdi mot
vai bd tdc khac d Kenya
Sir thay ddi bat dAu dien ra khi nhirng he thdng trai gia sue phat trien va giao due da tro nen co gia tri Rat nhidu chien binh Samburu
da gia nhap lire lugng quan ddi Anh trong sudt Chidn tranh the gidi thir hai Tuang tir nhu vay ngudi Samburu ciing phuc vu trong quan ddi va canh sat Kenya
Phong tuc: Hdn nhan la mdt nghi le eau ky bac nhat Vide quan trgng nhat la viec nha gai chuan bj nhiing dd le (bai tam da de 2 ddi bdng tai lam bang ddng dd 1 thung dirng sira mdt con ciru) va nhung tang vat cho budi le Hdn Id dirge ket thuc khi mdt con bd due di vao mdt tup leu duge bao ve boi me cua chii re
va bj gidt
Kha nang sinh san dugc ngudi Samburu danh gia rat cao Ngudi phu nu khdng ed eon
se bi mgi ngirdi nhao bang, tham chi bj ea nhCrng dira tre nhao bang Cac chang trai Samburu cd the nem phan bd vao tiip Idu cua ngudi phu nii dugc cho la vo sinh Mdt hinh thirc sinh san cd lien quan den viec dat mdi bidu tugng bang biin a trudc nha eiia mdt ngudi phu nu Mdt tuan sau mdt biia tide st! dugc td chirc d noi ma ngudi chdng mdi nhirng ngudi bang xdm tdi an mdt con bd due
da bj gidt Khi hg quel mdt it ba Ien bung ngudi phu nir thi hg se ndi: "Cd the ehiia se cho ban mdt dira con"
Ngudi Samburu rat tu do va kha binh dang Nhiing van dd mang tinh cdng ddng thudng do dan dng quyet djnh tai cac cudc hgp duge thidt kd nhu mdt phdng hgp hdi ddng Phu mi
cd the ngdi thanh mdt vdng trdn o ben ngoai
va khdng duge phdp Idn tieng trong cudc hgp cdng khai nhirng hg cd the truyen dat nhiing suy nghT va lo lang eua minh thong qua mdt ngudi bg hang la nam gidi Tuy nhien phu nir cung cd the cd nhirng cudc hgp rieng cua minh
Teip chi nghien ciru CHAC PHI & TRUIMG BOiN'G so 12 (52) thang 12/2009
Trang 9Tim hied ve cac toe ngu'di ca ban Le Bich Ngoc
va sau dd dua nhirng kdt luan cua cudc hgp trong nhirng vong Iron ridng biet vdi nhung sir cho nhirng ngudi dan dng dd hg dua ra xem di ehu)en dae biet phii hgp \di gioi tinh eua xet trong cudc hgp cua hg minh chir khdng lien ket su di chuv en cua 2 Ngudi Samburu rat thich hat \ a nha),
nhmig theo truyen thdng hg kliong su dung eae Tdn giao tru)'en thong cua nguiri Samburu dung cu am nhac, tham ehi ea trdng Hg cd dugc dat trdn nen tang la sir biei on diu voi nhirng dieu nhay thd hien sir da dang cua cudc dang tdi cao ngudi ma hg ggi lii Nkai (nhom sdng Dan dng thudng nhav bat va dieu nha) nguiri noi tidng Maa eung ggi nhu vav i Ho bat len cao ttr mdt vj tri thang bang dugc xem ngh! rang Nkai dang sdng tren nhimg ngon iiui
la mdt mdn the thao Hau hdt cac dieu nha) xung quanh dat dai cua hg, giong nhu ngon nui deu mang dam tinh chat gidi tinh hg nhay Marsabit
Tai lieu tham khao
1 vi.wikipedia.org/vviki/chauphi
2 vvvvvv.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm
3 vvww.africarace.com
4 vvwvv.theafricanrace.com
5 Lich su chiiu Phi tgian yeu) Do Dire Thjnh Nxb The Gioi nam 2006
Tap chi nghien ciru CHAC PHI & TROG BO\G so 12 (52) thang 12/2009 13