Luat nay cam cac dang chinh tri ung hg lgi ich ciia mdt tdn giao dac biet, ciia mdt sic tdc hay mdt bd phan dac biet ciia dit nude; cim cac dang chia re khdi doan ket lien minh, sir [r]
Trang 1TIM HIEU VE HOAT DONG CUA CAC DANG CHINH TRI
6 MOT SO NU'OC DONG PHI
Nguyen Thanh Hien '•
Bai viet dudi day se chon 3 nude
a khu virc Dong Phi la Kenya,
Uganda va Tanzania de tim hieu
ve hoat dong tai nghi trudng cua he thong
cac dang chinh trj hien nay
d Ddng Phi cho den nhiing nam dau thap
ky 90 cua the ky XX van con tranh luan ve
khai niem dang chinh trj va he thdng dang
chinh tri ChSng ban, dang cam quyen lau
nam o Tanzania la Chama cha Mapinduzi
(CCM) cho din nam 1992 vin gay thac mic
day la dang chinh trj hay la dang- nha nuoc
(party-state), bdi ddi vdi mot so ngudi dang
nay dugc coi la sir md rong ciia nha nude
Hay Phong trao diu tranh dan toe (NRM) d
Uganda cung khi In nhieu ngudi ban khoan
li?u day cd phai la mot dang chinh tri hay chi
la mot td chuc chinh tri- xa hoi Cdn Dang
Lien minh quoc gia Cau vdng (NARC) d
' Tiln sT, Vi?n Nghien ciru Chau Phi va Trung Dong
Kenya khien nhieu ngudi khdng cho day la mot dang chinh tri do NARC da khdng dang
ky chinh xac la dang chinh trj va cac thanh vien ciia NARC lai la cac td chuc chu khdng phai cac ca nhan Su tranh luan chi giam xudng sau khi ngudi ta thdng nhat vdi djnh nghia dang chinh trj la "mdt nhdm chinh tri bat ky cd dai dien tai cac cudc bau cir va cd kha nang thdng qua cac cudc bau cir dua cac ung cu vien cua minh vao cac ca quan cdng quyen"'
Nhin lai ljch sir Ddng Phi cd the thay rang
ca 3 nude ndi tren deu timg la thugc dja ciia Anh Sau chien tranh the gidi lan thir hai, Anh nhan thay can phai cd nhiing cai each lap hien va phat trien nhiing the chi chinh trj tai cac nude thuoc dia ciia ho tai day Nhirng nhan td ca ban gay tac ddng bude Anh phai thuc hien cai each chinh trj tai cac thudc dja cua minh la: chu nghTa dan toe chau Phi len cao, An Do da gianh dugc ddc lap va trd
Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAD Pill & TRU.'VG »6>\G so 02 (54) thang 02/2010
Trang 2Nguyen Thanh Hien Tim hieu boat dong cOa cac dang chinh trj
thanh mdt hinh mau cho cac thudc dja khac
ciia Anh, Hien chuang Lien hiep qudc dua ra
cac nguyen tac chdng chii nghia thuoc dia,
ban than cac nude chau Phi ciing chju anh
hudng ciia nen giao due phuang Tay vdn
ludn khuyen khich xu hudng dan chu Vao
nhiing nam 1950, Anh da dua ra hoc thuyet
thugc dja da chung tdc nham thiic day su
hgp tac giira cac chimg tdc, khuyen khich
phat trien kinh te trong cac thugc dia, lan diu
tien cho phep ngudi chau Phi tham gia (mdt
each rat han che) vao cac Hdi ddng lap phap
(Legcos), tat ca nhiing viec lam nay dugc coi
nhu phuang thirc nham giir sir kiim soat ciia
Anh ddi vdi cac thudc dia ciia minh Tuy
nhien, ngudi Anh ciing khdng giir dugc lau
thanh cdng cua minh Sir doi trgng khdng
can bang giiira cac yeu cau ciia cac cdng
ddng chimg tdc vdn chiem da sd vdi cac
cdng ddng thieu sd ngudi dugc uu ai giir vi
the chu dao trong xa hdi da dan den viec
Anh khdng the bao ve dugc thuyet chu nghia
da chiing tdc d Ddng Phi va phai cdng nhan
nguyen tac lanh dao theo da sd ciia chau Phi
Cudi nam 1963, ngudi Anh da nit khdi 4
nude Ddng Phi (khi dd Tanganiyka va
Zanzibar chua sap nhap vdi nhau), cac thudc
dja ciia Anh tai day da trd thanh cac nude
ddc lap
Cac che do dan sir d Ddng Phi tilp tuc thir
nghiem vdi mdt sd sap xlp, chin chinh chinh
trj khac nhau trong thap nien 1960 va cd mot
diem chung la hg deu ung hg sir lanh dao ciia
mdt dang chinh trj Trong ky nguyen xay
dung dan tdc va dat nude, cac ca quan hanh phap cua mdi qudc gia deu tap trung hon ntra quyen lire vao tay minh Ho tang cudng hoSc dua vao quan doi (d Uganda), hoac dua vao dich vu dan sir (Kenya) hay vao dang chinh trj (Tanzania) de bao ve tinh hop phap ciia che do va de thirc hien cac chinh sach qudc gia Tat ca 3 nude nay deu chap thuan thien hudng chii nghia xa hoi chau Phi, mot chi
do khang dinh tinh dung dan cua nhirng bien phap ca ban nham dat dugc su phat trien nhanh, hudng trgng tam vao cac muc tieu qudc gia quan trgng chu khdng phai vao cac quyen tu do ca nhan Tuy nhien, chi cd Tanzania la thanh cdng han ca trong viec duy tri chi do theo tu tudng CNXH chau Phi
Chien tranh lanh kit thuc lam cho bdi canh qudc tl tai chau Phi cd nhilu thay ddi theo Trong thap nien 1990 nhOng tu tudng dan chu dugc phuang Tay tuyen truyen da lan ra tren khip chau luc, bao gdm ca khu vuc Ddng Phi Ba nude Tanzania, Uganda va Kenya cung hip thu nhanh chdng lan sdng dan chii hoa nay va da chuyin sang chi do
da dang He thong da dang dugc xay dung tai Kenya nam 1991, tai Tanzania nam 1992
va tai Uganda thi sau mot thdi gian khong co
he thdng dang chinh trj (tir 1990 din 2003) cung bat diu hinh thanh he thdng da dang vao nam 2003
I.Kenya
Dang cim quyin lau nam tai Kenya la Lien minh dan toe Phi chau Kenya -KANU
Tap chi nghien ciru CIlAu P m & T R i ^ c BdiMG s6 02 (54) thiing 02/2010
Trang 377/77 hieu hoat dong cua cac dang chinh tri Nguyin Thanh Hien
(Kenya African National Union) Tir nam
1991 sau khi phin 2A ciia Hien phap Kenya
dugc thay ddi va khing dinh chi do da dang
tai day la hgp phap thi ben canh KANU da
hinh thanh nen nhieu dang ddi lap Trong sd
nay ndi len cac dang ca ban nhu: Dien dan
Khdi phuc dan chu (FORD - Forum for the
Restoration of Democracy), Lien minh Qudc
gia Cau vdng (NARC), Lien minh Phong
trao dan chu mau cam (ODM) v.v
Thanh phan tham gia FORD la mdt lien
minh rgng rai cac thu ITnh nha thd, cac luat
su ve quyen cdng dan, cac chuyen gia nganh
nghe khac nhau, cac nha hoat ddng tre va cac
nha chinh tri lao thanh Hg tap hgp nhau lai
trong mdt phong trao dan chii vai thang
trudc khi hien phap duac sira ddi nhu mdt
bude chan bi cho mdt dang chinh tri cd the
boat ddng cimg vdi KANU Thii ITnh FORD
nhan thay day la mot thach thuc khi chuyen
ddi tir mdt phong trao dan chu sang mdt
dang chinh tri va dang nay da phac ra mdt co
cau td chuc theo md hinh rat gan vdi md
hinh ciia KANU Kinh nghiem cua FORD
trong nhung nam dau cua che do da dang
Kenya da bao trudc nhiing van de ma cac
dang chinh trj phai ddi mat trong tuang lai:
dd la nhung cudc diu tranh thudng xuyen vi
vj tri dung dau dang va sir phan chia sac tdc
ngay cang nhilu Mau thuan trong ndi bd td
chuc d3 khiln FORD bj phan ra thanh 2
d ^ g vao thang 10 nSm 1992 Mot la Kikuyu
FORD-Asili do Kenneth Matiba I5nh dao;
hai la Luo FORD-Kenya rit manh thi do
Oginga Odinga lanh d^o Mpt dang ddi l^p
Idn khac d Kenya la Dang Dan chii (DP) do Mwai Kibaki lanh dao
Tinh trang phan tach tiep tuc tiep dien trong cac dang ddi lap, nhat la moi khi hg phai ddi mat vdi bau cir Hudng vao cudc bau ciJr da dang thu hai, FORD-Ken\a lai tach ra mdt lan nira; mdt bd phan lien ket vdi
td chuc cua Raila Odinga (la con trai cua Oginga Odinga); nhirng ngudi cdn lai tham gia cac nhdm da sac tdc ciia cac thii ITnh Luhya, Kijana Wamalwa Kenneth ciia FORD-Asili tay chay cac cudc bau cir nam
1997 do cho la gian lan khi td chirc mdi ciia dng nay la Saba Saba Asili (von tach ra tir FORD-Asili) tir chdi dang ky hoat ddng Mdt sir chia tach nira ciia FORD-Asili da dan den sir xuat hien FORD-People
Nhan thay rang phe ddi lap khdng cd kha nang vugt qua cac thach thOrc ciia Dang KANU dang chiem giii vj tri chu chdt vi su chia re, phan tach lien tuc nen khi chuin bj cho cudc bau cir da dang thang 12 nam 2002 phe ddi lap da cd nhiing cd gang quan trgng nham thuc hien su thdng nhat ciia minh Dap lai nd lire dd Lien minh Qudc gia vi su thay ddi (NAC) da ra ddi vao thang gieng nam
2002 tren ca sd lien minh mdt sd dang manh cua phe ddi lap Tiep theo, vao thang 10 nam
dd lai xuat hien Lien minh Qudc gia Ciu vdng (NARC) la sir hgp nhat cua Lien minh Qudc gia vi su thay ddi (NAC) va Dang Dan chu Tu do (LDP), vdi tu each la mdt luc lugng ddi chgi lai Dang KANU trong cudc biu cir thang 12-2002
Tgp cM nghien cuu CHAV PHI & TRITVG BdlMG s6 02 (54) thang 02/2010
Trang 4Nguyen Thanh Hien Tim hieu hoat dong aia cac dang chinh tri
Tai cac cudc bau cijr nam 2002, Dang doi
lap NARC da gianh chien thing trudc Dang
KANU vdi thanh tich vugt trdi Cl bau cu
nghj vien, KANU chiem 27,6% philu bau va
64 ghe, cdn NARC chilm 50,5% philu bau
va 125 ghe Cdn trong cugc bau cu tdng
thdng thi ung cu vien Uhuru Kenyatta cua
KANU dat 31,3 % phieu biu, trong khi dd
ung cu vien ciia NARC la Mwai Kibaki da
chiem den 62,6%^ Vdi ket qua nay dng
Kibaki da trd thanh Tdng thdng Kenya va
Dang NARC da trd thanh dang cam quyen
thay cho Dang KANU
Cudc bau cu tdng thdng gin day nhit ciia
Kenya dien ra ngay 27/ 12/ 2007^ Day lai la
djp de cac dang chinh trj chay dua dua ngudi
ciia minh vao chirc vy cao nhat nay Lin biu
cir nay dng Kibaki tuyen bd tilp tuc tranh cu
va de lam dugc dieu do ong d§ phai sir dung
chiln thuat tach, nh^p dang sao cho cd thi
danh dugc su ling ho cao nhit ciia cac nha
chinh trj Dang thach thirc manh nhit ddi vdi
dng Kibaki luc nay la Lien minh Phong trao
dan chu mau cam-Kenya (ODM-Kenya) ma
hai dang thanh vien chii chdt ciia nd lai la
Dang LDP va Dang KANU Lien minh
ODM-Kenya sau do lai bi tach ddi thanh
ODM-Kenya va ODM Diiu dang ngac
nhien la cac cyru tdng thdng vdn la thii ITnh
ciia KANU nhu dng Moi va dng Kenyatta
diu tuyen bd ling ho ong Kibaki Kit qua
cudi ciing, dng Kibaki da tai die cu tdng
thdng vugt qua doi thii cua minh Railn
Odinga- thu linh ciia ODM Ngi cac cua
Tdng thdng Kibaki dugc thanh lap vao ngay
8/ 1/ 2007 vdi 17 thanh vien la nghi sy cua Dang Thdng nhat quoc gia (PNU) va Dang ODM-Kenya Nhu vay, dang cam quyen la lien minh hai dang PNU va ODM-Kenya, cdn Dang ODM trd thanh dang ddi lap chinh trong he thdng cac dang chinh trj hien nay d Kenya
2 Tanzania
Su ddi lap ben trong ddi vdi nha nude Tanzania chua bao gid dat muc do nhu d Kenya, mac du sir chuyen ddi sang he thdng
da dang d nude nay cung dien ra cung thdi
ky vdi Kenya Thang 2 nam 1992 Quoc hdi Tanzania da thdng qua Dieu khoan 8 sua ddi trong hien phap la diiu khoan cho phep thanh lap h? thong da dang Quoc hdi Tanzania cdn thdng qua Luat cac dang chinh trj so 5 nam 1992 dl khuyin khich viec thanh lap ndi tren Luat nay cam cac dang chinh tri ung hg lgi ich ciia mdt tdn giao dac biet, ciia mdt sic tdc hay mdt bd phan dac biet ciia dit nude; cim cac dang chia re khdi doan ket lien minh, sir dung vu luc va thuc hien vQ luc tai mot nai nao dd trong dat nude; cam vi?c khdng dam bao cac cudc biu
cu dan chii cac thu ITnh ciia dang theo djnh
ky Nhung diiu han chi nay cd y nghTa ngan chan su hinh thanh cac dang de doa din cot Idi cac gia tri ciia Tanzania He thdng cac dang chinh tri vl hinh thirc da bat diu xuit hi?n tai Tanzania khi dao luat tren bit diu cd hieu l\rc tir ngay 1/7/ 1992
Cac dang khi thanh lap co nghia vy phai dang ky tam thdi va sau mpt thai gian hoat
Tgp cMnghiin cuu CllAli Plil & TRU:\G ediMc s6 02 (54) thang 02/2010
Trang 5Tim hieu hoat dong ciia cac dang chinh trj Nguyin Thanh Hien
dpng phai dang ky chinh thirc Vao thang 1
nam 1993 da cd 3 trong sd 6 dang Idn dang
ky tam thdi dugc cip giiy phep hoat ddng
chinh thirc Den nam 2004 Tanzania cd 16
dang chinh thuc dang ky
Dang cam quyen lau nam d Tanzania la
Dang Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) Trong
SO cac dang ddi lap chinh cua Tanzania phai
ke den nhiing dang nhu: Mat tran Cdng dan
thdng nhat (CUF), The Chama cha
Demokrasia na Maendelo (CHADEMA),
Hdi nghi Qudc gia vi xay dung va tai thiet
(NCCR-Maguezi)
Mat tran Cdng dan thdng nhit (CUF) la
dang ddi lap manh nhat, lien kit dugc ca hai
nai la Tanga va khu ven bien ciia luc dja
CUF da tham gia cac cudc bau cur tai
Tanzania theo he thdng da dang tir nam 1995
va ludn cd ung cir vien ciia dang tham gia
tranh cu chuc tdng thdng
The Chama cha Demokrasia na
Maendeleo (CHADEMA) cung la mdt dang
ddi lap cd ten tudi Thu ITnh liic dau cua dang
la Edwin Mtei, ngudi timg la Thdng ddc
Ngan hang Trung uong va lanh dao Bd Tai
chinh thdi ky Tdng thdng Nyerere Nam
1995, do mau thuin ndi bd nen Mtei bat
bupc phai tir chdi cudc bau cir tdng thdng,
tuy nhien trong cupc biu cir nam 2000
CHADEMA da tham gia cac cupc bau cu
tren ca sd lien minh vdi CUF
Thach thuc Idn nhit doi vdi Dang CCM
cim quyin ciia Tazania trong cupc biu cu da
dang nam 1995 la Dang Hpi nghj Qudc gia
vi xay dung va tai thiet (NCCR-Maguezi) Thanh cdng cua dang nay nam 1995 da khdng dugc lap lai trong cudc bau cir nam
2000 Nguyen nhan that bai cua NCCR cung
la nguyen nhan chung cua hau nhu tat ca cac dang ddi lap, dd la mau thuan ndi bd, la su khdng thdng nhat trong dudng Idi, trong cdng tac nhan sir, nhat la ddi vdi cac vj tri chu chdt ciia dang Cac thii ITnh dang de dang tir bd dang cua minh va chuyen sang cac dang khac khi cd mau thuan
Sau chien thang cua dang ddi lap NARC tai Kenya nam 2002, cac dang ddi lap d Tanzania ciing nhan thay mudn danh chien thang trong bau cir khdng the khdng thong nhat vdi nhau Vi vay, muc tieu da dugc hg dat ra la xay dimg cac lien minh ddi lap d Tanzania va mdt trong nhiing lien minh nhu vay Lien minh Umoja vdi thii ITnh dau tien la Bob Makani vdn la cim chu tich cua CHADEMA
Khi phai ddi mat vdi he thdng da dang, dang cam quyen CCM va nha nude Tanzania
da phai cd nhieu ddi sach de ung phd Ban than Dang CCM da cd nhiing thay ddi ve td chiic ben trong dang nhu: giai the cac td chiic chinh thiic cua minh trong cac ca quan cdng quyen, tii bd sir can thiep ddi vdi quan ddi, ddi vdi cac td chiic doan the trong xa hdi Chinh phii da lap ra Uy ban biu cir Tanzania, tang cudng quyen tu trj cho khu vuc Zanzibar Ngay 4/ 4/ 2001 Qudc hdi da siia ddi Luat Bau cir vdi npi dung quan trpng
la khdng dugc bau cho 1 ghe khuyet neu ghe
dd bj khuyet chua dii 2 nam, thay cho quy
Tgp chi nghien ciru a i A u P H I & TRCHMG BdlMG s6 02 (54) thang 02/2010
Trang 6Nguyen Thanh Hien Tim hieu boat dona ctia cac dang chfnh tri
dinh truac kia la chi sau 20 ngay Luat sua
doi nay duong nhien khong c6 Igi cho phe
doi lap dien hinh la Mat tran Cong dan
thong nhat (CUF)
Cac cuoc bau cir toan quoc dau tien theo
he thong da dang a Tanzania dien ra vao
nam 1995, con cac cuoc bau cur dia phuong
thi dien ra som hem, vao nam 1993 va 1994
Kit qua bau cu quoc hoi nam 1995 va nam
2000 cho thay Dang CCM luon gianh chien
thang ap dao: 59,2% va 69,2% phieu cung
vai 186 va 202 gh6, dat ty le ghe 80,2% va
87,4% tuong ling vai cac nam CQng nhu
vay, dang doi lap CUF manh nhat chi co
5,0% philu, 24 ghe va dat 10,3% ghl nam
1995; 11,6% philu, 17 ghe va dat 7.4% ghe
nam 2000^
Sau 5 n3m, vao nam 2005 Tanzania lai to
chuc bau cu quoc hoi va bau cti tong thong
vai hau het nhijmg guang mat dang chinh trj
da tham gia cac cuoc bau cu nam 2000 Mot
Ian nira, thang Igi ciia CCM lai dugc khang
dinh: LTng cu vien tong thong cua CCM la
Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete da tning cu vai ty 1?
80.28% phieu bau, trong khi ung cu vien cua
CUF chi dat dugc 11,68% phieu bSu; CCM
gianh dugc 264 ghe tai quoc hoi con CUF
chi CO 30 ghe"\ Ket qua nay cho thay mac dii
boat dong tham nghi va bau cu ciia tat ca cac
dang a Tanzania deu dugc day manh tir khi
CO he thong da dang, nhimg su tiep can
quyen lire cua tat ca cac dang doi lap van
con het sue kho khan Jakaya Kikwete ciia
CCM da vugt qua 9 dai dien ciia 9 dang khac
nhau dk buac len buc tong thong
3-Uganda
Khong gi6ng nhu cac truong hgp Kensa
va Tanzania, su mo dkw dan chii a Uganda
trong thap nien 1990 da khong dan den su chuyln d6i sang he thdng da dang ma lai dan den su chuyen doi sang mot che do dugc chinh phii ggi la khong dang phai Dac thii ciia Uganda nhu giai thich cua ong Museveni
- nguai dung dau cua To chuc Phong trao ddu tranh dan tgc National Resistance Movement Organization (NRM-0) la: thuc tien lich sir cua dat nuac va cac dang chinh trj (cac nam 1962- 1966, 1980- 1985) la mot thirc tien khong dan chu; su phan chia co ban trong dat nuac khong phai ve kinh te ma ve sac toe va ton giao va dugc coi nhu nen tang
to chuc ciia cac dang chinh tri; he thdng da dang ra dai a phia tay dSt nuac da khong dugc dam bao de tra thanh boat dong ph6 bien He thong khong dang phai la kit qua chuyen doi va tra thanh net dac trimg ciia quan dilm vl dan chii a Uganda Trong khoang thai gian tren chinh phii lam thai ciia Phong trao dau tranh dan tgc (NRM - thuang dugc ggi tat la Phong trao) da nam quyen dilu hanh dat nuac Den nam 2003 cac luat nhu Luat Cac dang va cac to chirc chinh tri (nam 2002), Luat Phong trao so
18 (nam 1997) cua Uganda da bj Toa an Hien phap Uganda cho la khong hgp hiln
Du luat bo sung cho Luat Phong trao da dugc thong qua vao thang 9 nam 2003; NRM-O da dang ky la mot dang chinh trj vao thang 10 cimg nam va tra thanh Dang phong trao dSu tranh dan tgc (NRM) Tir
T<fp chi nghien ciru CHAL PHI & TRil^c B«:^iG s602 (54) thang 02/2010
Trang 7Nguyen Thanh Hien 77/77 hieu hoat dong aia cac dang chinh tri
Uganda duy tri che do khdng dang phai
den nam 2003 va cho din thdi dilm dd,
quyen luc van ludn nam trong tay ciia
Phong trao chinh trj NRM Nhung tir sau
nam 2003 den nay, trong bdi canh Uganda
da xay dung he thdng da dang thi NRM (liic
nay da dang ky la dang chinh tri) van tiep
tuc cam quyen
Khi so sanh ca ba nude Ddng Phi cd the
thay he thdng dang chinh trj va mire do dan
chii khdng cd mdi quan he vdi nhau Hai sir
viec la nen dan chu ndi len va tan lui di deu
gan vdi he thdng nha nude phi dang phai
(Uganda) lan da dang phai (Kenya) Tinh
chat va kinh nghiem cua mdi nude diu khac
nhau Kenya la nude da thay ddi che do dang
phai tir dau nhiing nam 1990, song phai den
cudi nam 2002 dang ddi lap NARC mdi tiep
can dugc quyen luc Uganda da khdng
chuyen hudng sang h? thdng da dang cho
den trudc nam 2003- tiic la ban mdt thap
nien cham hen Kenya va Tanzania Tanzania
da tiep tuc che do mdt dang chu dao nhu thdi
ky mdi danh ddc lap mac dii sir chu dao dd
bj thach thiic Idn tai Zandibar Khi danh gia
tinh hinh dan chii qua kinh nghiem trong cac
cudc bau cir tai ba nude ndi tren cd the thiy
xu hudng dan chu dugc dua vao theo cac
each khac nhau Thuc sir la khdng cd moi
lien he nao giira sir thay ddi trong cac dang
hay cac he thdng dang phai vdi mure do dan
chu trong ba nude nay
Nghien ciiu ve cac dang chinh tri d 3
nude Ddng Phi cho thay hg cd mdt sd dac
diem sau:
Rat nhieu dang chinh tri d Dong Phi cd xu hudng trd thanh nhihig c6 may cho cac thii ITnh chinh tri, cho sir thang tien ciia hp, cho lai ich ciia cac thanh vien thupc mpt khu vuc dac biet, mdt sac tdc dac biet hay mdt tdn giao dac biet nao dd Vi?c sii dung cac dang cho muc dich ca nhan hay muc dich sic tdc
cd the cho rang cd mdi lien he Idn vdi nen dan chii d cac nude Ddng Phi
Cac nhan td tac ddng den hanh vi ciia cac dang chinh tri cQng rit khac nhau Vi du, trong dau thap nien 1990 Uganda khdng bj cac tac nhan ben ngoai gay ap lire chuyen ddi sang he thdng da dang, song Kenya lai
cd Hay Tanzania da tuang ddi thanh cdng trong viec kiim che cac dang chinh tri tdng ddng vien cac nhdm sic tdc trong khi su tdng dpng vien nay l^i xay ra d Kenya
Tinh dan chu ben trong dang d cac nude Ddng Phi nay diu bj h?in chi Diiu nay cho thiy ring gia tri dan chii dupe dat ra theo nhan thiic, hpc thuylt nhung cd thi ching hi cao trong thuc tien Nhin chung, dan chii khdng phai la myc tieu quan trpng ciia cac thu ITnh dang chinh tri ciing nhu cho dit nude ciia hp ndi chung
Hpc thuylt dan chii duac ap dung d cac nude Ddng Phi cung dat ra vin de gay tranh luan Nhin chung, cym tir "chuyin ddi sang dan chu" duac su dung rpng rai tir nhiirng nam 1990 cd chung mpt y nghTa vdi cym tir
"chuyin ddi sang hi?n dsii hoa" da dupe sii dyng trong nhOng nam 1960 Han nOa, ca hai cym tir nay deu liy tir kinh nghi?m cua
Tgp chi nghien ciru O I A L PHI a^ TRinMG | | « N G SO 02 (54) thang 02/2010
Trang 8X
Tim hieu boat dong ciia cac dang chfnh trj Nguyen Thanh Hien
dau nam 2004 tra di, tai Uganda he thdng
da dang chinh thirc boat dong
Trong he thong cac dang chinh tri cua
Uganda hifn nay dang cam quyen van la
Dang Phong trao dSu tranh dan tgc (NRM);
cac dang doi lap chinh gom Dien dan vi sir
thay doi dan chu (FDC) Dang Bao thu (CP),
Dien dan Cong ly (JF) v.v
Trong thai ky khong dang phai, cac cuoc
bau cir tong thong true tiep da dien ra vao
nam 1996 va nam 2001 iTng cir vien tong
thong cua NRM la Museveni luon gianh
chien thang, tham chi dat ty le rat cao la
69,3% nam 2001 Sir ung ho ciia cir tri d6i
vai NRM luon rSt Idn Tai cudc bau Cii tdng
thong gan nhat nam 2006, dng Museveni vin
tai dac cir tong thong vdi 59% phieu bSu,
Dang NRM gianh 205/319 ghe^
Tuy vln gianh chien thang, song trudc xu
the dan chu hoa chinh tri len cao tai chau Phi
ndi chung va tai Uganda ndi rieng, NRM va
thii ITnh ciia nd la Museveni dang dung trudc
nhihig thach thiic rSt Idn Cac dang phe ddi
lap ciia Uganda dang Idn manh; thu ITnh cua
Dien dan vi sir thay ddi dan chu (FDC) la
Kizza Besigye, ngudi ludn diing vi tri thir
hai sau Museveni trong cac cudc bau cir
Tdng thdng Uganda da md ra canh cira cho
kha nang bj canh tranh va cd the bi thay the
chiic vy tdng thdng vao nam 2011
4-K§t lu|n
Lan song dan chii hoa chinh tn d chau Phi
trong th$p nien 1990 da dan den nhung thay
ddi Idn lao trong he thdng cac dang chinh tri
va cac td chiic chinh tri- xa hdi d chau Phi Hien nay md hinh he thdng da dang chinh tri cua phuong Tay da dugc du nhap vao gan het cac qudc gia chau Phi va dang van hanh tai ca 3 nude Ddng Phi la Kenya Tanzania
va Uganda Tuy nhien neu lay tieu chi dan chu phai da dang hay da dang mdi dan chii theo quan diem cua phuong Tay thi tinh hinh
d 3 nude ndi tren lai khdng phan anh ket qua nhu vay
Tai Kenya, tir cudc bau cir nam 1992 he thong da dang da dugc khdi ddng lai song khdng cd sir tang tien ve mat dan chii Ket qua bau cir da hgp phap hoa hoan toan che
do cua Tdng thdng Moi vdi chien thang ngoan muc ma dng va dang ciia dng danh dugc trudc su canh tranh ciia cac dang ddi lap trong cac cudc bau cir theo che do da dang; ket qua nay da khdng the cd dugc trong ca 3 cudc bau cir trudc dd dudi che do mot dang tai Kenya
Vdi trudng hgp Tanzania, tir sau cudc bau cir nam 2000 mac dii dat nude da xay dung che do da dang, song thuc chat van la nha nude mdt dang; cac dang phai chinh tri deu day manh viec tham gia nghi chinh song van chi cd mdt dang dii sire tiep can quyen lire Dang dd van la dang CCM cam quyen lau ddi d Tanzania tir thdi ky dat nude d trong che do mdt dang Khi ndi den nen dan chii d day cung cd nhan xet cho rang tuong lai dan chii d Tanzania do vay cung khdng phu thudc vao chu nghTa da dang
Tgpch i.>Mi©A' — ' - — - - •—"1%G Bd:\C s6 02 (54) thang 02/2010
Trang 977/77 hieu hoat dong ciia cac dang chi'nh tri Nguyen Thanh Hien
phuong Tay chir khdng phai xuit phat tir
hien thuc cua cac nude Ddng Phi ndi tren
Nhu vay mac dii hien na\ d ca ba nude
Ddng Phi ndi tren deu dang van hanh he
thdng da dang chinh trj, song nen dan chu tai
dd van rat yeu
Xet ve mat thuc chat, san chai chinh trj
van chua binh dang cho tat ca mgi dang
Dang cam quyen do nam nha nude trong tay
nen cd thuc quyen va nhieu khi dung quyen
luc nha nude (cac dieu khoan hien phap va
cac luat ciing nhu nhieu thiet che va phuong
tien khac) de phuc vu cho lgi ich cua minh
khiln cac dang khac, nhat la cac dang ddi
lap ludn bj rai vao the yeu, khd tiep can vdi
quyen luc Ben canh dd, cac dang ddi lap
khdng nhung non vl kinh nghiem chinh trj
ma cdn thilu thdng nhit, tham chi hay bj
chia re Tit ca nhung dieu nay lam cho he
thong da dang d nhilu nude chau Phi chi
tdn tai mdt each hinh thiic Diem yeu cua
cac dang chinh trj d chau Phi van tilp tuc
tdn tai, dd la: su tranh gianh ngdi vj chiic
tudc, nhit la vj tri thii ITnh trong ndi bd
dang; cac nha chinh trj thu ITnh thi ludn lgi
dung dang, liy do lam tam ve de di den
quyin lire nha nude: cdn cac dang van lay
lgi ich cua ca nhan va cua mdt nhdm nhd
lam trgng Chinh ban chi nay cua cac dang
chinh trj da tao thanh birc ngan khdng lam nen sire hut ddi vdi quang dai quan chiing Ngudi dan chau Phi \6n truyen thdng da gan bd vdi cac thii ITnh bd tdc bd lac nen cac diem yeu nhu va\ ciia cac dang chinh trj lam cho hg van tiep tuc gan bd vdi thii ITnh bd tdc bd lac ciia hg nhu cii va khdng gan bd vdi cac dang chinh trj Cac dang chinh trj mdt khi khdng xay dung dugc dgi ngu cir tri cho minh thi \ iec chien thang trong cac cudc bau cir qudc hdi ludn la khd khan rat Idn
Mat bang dan tri d cac nude chau Phi cdn thap, kinh te cdn ngheo nan lac hau, chinh trj ludn dimg trudc nguy ca bat dn, mau thuan
va xung dot ludn thudng true Trong mdt bdi canh nhu vay thi su dap khudn md hinh dan chu da dang cua phuang Tay la khdng phii hgp He thdng cac dang chinh trj dugc xay dung nhanh chdng tai 3 nude cd le chi mang tinh phong trao, thieu ca sd virng chac, dn djnh va do vay chi mang tinh hinh thirc Ket qua dan chu hoa chinh trj nhu ngudi dan chau Phi mong mudn vi the van khdng dat dugc Van de quan trgng dat ra cho 3 nude Ddng Phi ndi rieng va cac nude chau Phi ndi chung la can phai tim kiem va xay dung mdt
md hinh the che chinh trj thich hgp nhat \di cac dieu kien dac thii ciia chau Phi
Tgp chinghiin ciru CHAU PHI & TRli:\G Bd.MG so 02 (54) thang 02/2010 11
Trang 10Nguyen Thanh Hien 77/77 hieu hoat dong cua cac dang chinh tri
Chii thich:
' Paul J Kaiser and Wafula Okuma, Democratic Transitions in East Africa, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2004, p.39
^ Paul J Kaiser and Wafula Okuma, Democratic Transitions in East Africa, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2004, p.44-45
^ Kenya Presidential Election, 2007 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ciing ngudn 2
" Ngudn: Tanzania Presidential Election, 2005 and Tanzania General Election, 2005, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
^New Vision Newsparper, Electoral Commission of Uganda and Iner-Parliamentary Union
Tai lieu tham khao
I.Paul J Kaiser and Wafula Okuma, Democratic Transitions in East Africa, Ashgate
Publishing Company, 2004
2.Paul Nugent, Africa since Independence, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004
2 Tanzania Presidential Election 2005 and Tanzania General Election, 2005, from
Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
3 New Vision Newsparper Electoral Commission of Uganda and Inter-Parliamentary Union
4 Kenya Presidential Election, 2007, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tgp chinghiin ciru a i A u Piii & TRUIMG B6!MG SO 02 (54) thang 02/2010