Tuy nhien, hieu the ndo cho dimg ve vi Iri ciia van hod vd lien vdn hod trong dgy va hgc ngogi ngif la viec khdng he dan gidn.. Bdi viet co gdng phdn tich vd lugn gidi ve mgt img xu khd[r]
Trang 1LICH SLf- VAN HOA - XA HQI CHAU AU
TINH LIEN V^N HO^ TRONG D0Y Vfl HPC NGOei NGGT
PGS TS Pham Thi Anh Nga
Bai hpc Ngoai Ngir - Dgi hpc Hue Dgy vd hgc ngogi ngu trong boi cdnh hien nay khong con don thudn la truyen dgt vd tiep thu kidn thirc vi ngdn ngu nudc ngodi mgt cdch kho khan, mdy moc Trong qua trinh do, cdc yeu td vdn hod vd lien van hod ngdy cdng dugc quan tdm Tuy nhien, hieu the ndo cho dimg
ve vi Iri ciia van hod vd lien vdn hod trong dgy va hgc ngogi ngif la viec khdng he dan gidn Bdi viet co gdng phdn tich vd lugn gidi ve mgt img xu khdn ngoan, hieu biet vd hieu qud, phe phdn nhirng thdi do qud khich logi bd hoac tdn sitng vdn hod nude ngodi
Phap Trong tinh hudng do, ung xir su pham
ed tinh lien van boa ehinh la tao dieu kien cho hpc sinh thupc cac gia dinh nhap cu cd
1 Lien van hoa la gi?
LL Lich su ra ddi ciia lien vdn hod
Khai niem "lien van boa" dupc Hdi
ddng Chau Au djnh nghTa vao nam 1986 nhu
sau: "Neu gan eho tien td "inter" y nghTa trpn
ven eua nd, thi viec su dung tu
"interculturel" tat nhien bao ham eac y nghTa
tuong tac, trao ddi, pha bd rao can, quan he
hd tuong va doan ket Neu ta nhin nhan tat
ca gia trj cua tu "culture", dieu dd ed nghTa la
ta nhin nhan nhung gia trj, nhtrng Idi sdng va
nhtrng hinh tupng bieu trung ma con ngudi,
la ca nhan hay cdng ddng xa hdi, dya vao
trong mdi quan he vdi nhung ke khae va
trong quan niem ve the gidi" (De Carlo
(1998) trich din, tr.41)
Nhung ngay tai Phap, "khai niem lien
van hoa" dupc biet den chua lau va mai din
nam 1975, yeu td lien van boa trong ITnh vyc
giao due mdi nd rd va dupc quan tam thich
dang, trudc tinh trang nhieu con em cua dan
nhap cu vao hpc trong cac trudng hpe d
the tu khang djnh dupc minh, ban sac ciia chinh minh, khdng le thupc vao van boa
"chuan" Phap hay van boa gdc eiia bd me Sau do, each dat va giai quyet van de dudi gdc dp lien van hoa lan rdng sang cac ITnh vyc khae: khoa hpc quan ly, xi nghiep, truyen thdng va gan vdi xu hudng md cira Nam 1986, ehinh Louis Porcher la ngudi da
ed edng dau dua khai niem lien van hoa vao trong ITnh vyc FLE (tieng Phap nhu mdt ngoai ngir) tai Phap Tuy nhien, theo M.Abdallah-Preteeille (1996 (1986)), "lien van boa la mdt sy lya chpn su pham chua dn djnh, do do nd mang den eho chung ta nhung nghi vin va sy ludng lu ban la nhting Idi giai
va sy khang djnh"
' "rinterculturel est une option pedagogique non encore stabilisee, done davantage source d'interrogations et d'incertitudes que de reponses et d'affirmations" (Nguyen van tieng Phap - Tac gia)
Trang 2'^inh lien oiiii hod 51
1.2 Mgt so nghien cuu, thdnh tuu dd
duac khiing dinh ve linh vuc lien vdn hod
Trong sd rat nhieu thanh tuu eua cae
nha nghien ciru ITnh vyc lien van hoa, xin chi
neu d day mdt vai khia canh cd the van dung
it nhieu vao ldp hpc ngoai ngir
1.2.1 Tir phuang phdp so sdnh van hod
den phucmg phdp lien vdn hod (De
I'approche comparatiste (culturaliste) a
I dpproche interculturelle)
Md hinh thuan tuy van boa ehu nghTa
(modele culturaliste) cd nguy eo nhdt kin
mpt ca nhan hay mpt nhdm ngudi trong
nhtrng quan he nhan qua hay thuyet minh
dinh ve van hod (determinismes culturels),
va nhu the, ddi dien vdi ke khae va trong y
thuc ve ke khae, thay vi thau hieu, ngudi ta
ehi dung lai d mue dp mieu ta, giai thich,
tham ehi cdn dp dgt ngay ttr dau len ke khae
mpt hinh anh hay mdt each img xu cd tinh
mac djnh Da la ngudi Phap chang ban thi
"tat nhien" la phai van minh, ljch sy, phai
cao rao, dep de, saeh se va giau cd, va ben
canh dd, vi la ngudi Phap nen anh ta (cd ta)
the nao ciing cd each hanh xu "thye dan",
"nudc ldn" va day ty tdn Cach nhin nhan va
danh gia kieu dd the hien thdi quen djnh hinh
ddi tugng giao tiep hay ddi tugng nghien cuu
ngay tir khi chua tiep xuc, tim hieu, va day
djnh kien Trai nguge ban vdi md hinh tren
la each tiep can lien van boa vdi nhung thao
tae tu duy vd thdu hieu nham tim each, qua
quan sat va phan tich nhung eon ngudi, tuc
le, img xu, thdi quen cu the, 5;/>' nghiem va
tu dd nhan ra nhtrng bieu hien cua mdt nen
van boa Dd la mdt qua trinh cd tinh chit dgng va chu kien, d dd cai tdi chu the ddng
mdt vai trd quan trpng trong viec ty xay dyng y thuc ve ban than va ve ke khac
1.2.2 Viec khdi phuc vai trd cua nhimg hinh dnh mac dinh (Rehabilitation des stereotypes)
Trd lai vdi thi du ve hinh anh ngudi Phap d tren, ed the ndi each nhin nhan va danh gia dd se gay trd ngai dang ke trong giao tiep va hieu biet ve ke khac Ngudi ta gpi dd la nhting hinh anh mac djnh (stereotype), thudng dupe coi la rat nguy hiem trong ITnh vyc lien van boa, va trong mdt thdi gian dai rat nhieu nha nghien cuu quan niem phai hoan toan loai bd chung Tuy nhien khdng the chdi cai la chung van hien huu, va nhtrng hinh anh dd that tien dung trong budc dau tiep xuc va nghien cuu, neu
ta biet dimg lai dung luc, chi su dung chung nhu nhung cu lieu ban dau can kiem chimg Van de la sau dd ta phai vupt qua cai ngudng ban dau dd de tim each thau hieu thye su ddi tupng giao tiep hay nghien cuu Trong chieu hudng dd, mdt sd nha nghien cim da quan niem mdt each sang sudt la can khdi phuc vai trd cua cae hinh anh mac djnh trong giao tiep
va nghien cuu R.Amossy (1997) khang
djnh: 'Hinh anh mgc dinh cd sa do hod vd xep logi that: nhung nhirng tien trinh do la khdng the thieu dugc doi vai nhgn thirc ngay
cd khi chiing ddn den mgt tinh trgng dan gidn hod vd khdi qudt hod mgt cdch qud
Trang 352 NGHIEN cQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009
khich Chimg ta cdn phdi chdp noi nhung gi
nhin thdy dugc vdi nhirng md hinh san cd di
cd thi hieu biet the gidi, du bdo va diiu
chinh img xir cita minh "
1.2.3 Tu md hinh Idp ghep kiiu mozaic
den quan hi soi chiiu (Du modele mosaique
a la relation en miroir)
Trong mdt thdi gian rat dai, ngudi ta
van hinh dung cae nin van hoa theo md hinh
lap ghep kieu mdzaie, theo dd, moi nin van
hoa la mdt thye the ed djnh, ddc lap, khdng
tuong tac vdi nhiing nen van hoa khac Ngay
nay quan niem dd da ldi thdi va dang bj phe
phan Cac nha nghien cuu nhu
M.Abdallah-Preteeille da chi ra ring, khdng mdt nin van
hoa nao cd the tdn tai ddc lap vdi nhtmg tilp
xuc, tac ddng hd tuong dien ra giira nd va
cac nen van boa khac, va nhung dilu dd luu
dau vet len nd, clu thanh chinh nd, djnh
nghTa nd, thdng qua nhtrng qua trinh mieu ta,
the hien Ian nhau giiia cac nin van boa Mdi
quan he soi chilu lan nhau nhu qua mdt tim
guong soi dd tao nen mpt he hinh anh
(imagologie), vdi nhtmg each nhin qua lai, d
dd cd hinh anh vl ban than (auto-image) va
ve ke khac (hetero-image) cung tdn tai,
tuong ung vdi nhau va tac ddng len nhau
T.Todorov khing djnh: "Hiiu biit nhung
ngudi khdc khdng chi dan gidn la mgt con
dudng CO the ddn din hiiu biet bdn thdn: no
Id con dudng duy nhdt"^
1.2.4 Ren luyen vi su khdc biel (Education a la difference, d I 'alterite)
Chinh trong quan he soi chilu Ian nhau
ma chu thi "Tdi" y thuc dugc la minh khac vdi "Ke khac" hay tha nhan (alter) Lien quan den khai niem "khac biet" (alterite), Sartre
da phat trien quan niem vl y thirc ban than (conscience de soi) cua Hegel va khing djnh:
" Toi cdn din su trung gian cua Ke khdc di Id cdi md tdi Id"^, "di dgt dugc mgt chdn ly ndo
do vi minh, tdi phdi thdng qua ngudi khdc
Ke khdc la khdng thi thieu dugc cho su tdn tgi cua tdi, doi vdi su hiiu biit ciia toi ve bdn thdn cung nhu ddi vdi nhirng khia cgnh khdc"\
Ke khac phai dugc xem la mpt chu thi thye sy, la mdt con ngudi, vira gidng Tdi nhung ddng thdi cung khac Tdi, la mpt
"alter ego" (cai tdi khac) cd thi dem ra ddi chilu va ddi djch M.Tardy khing djnh:
"Dgo ly cita su khdc nhau khdng co nghTa Id tim cdch hiiu mgt cdch trgn ven tdt cd nhung
gi la khdc nhau, ma la chdp nhgn rdng chimg tdn tgi vd co khd nang chiu dung dugc su tdn tgi cua chimg, du cho su tdn tgi
do la khong thi hiiu dugc, bdi vi no la
khong the hieu duffc"^
' "La connaissance des autres n'est pas simplement
une vo,e possible vers la connaissance de soi: elle est
la seule ' {Nous et les aulres)
"[ ] j ' a i besoin de la mediation d'Autrui pour etre
ce que je suis" (L 'Etre el le Neant)
"[ ] pour obtenir une verite quelconque sur moi, ii faut que je passe par I'autre L'autre est indispensable
a mon existence, aussi bien d'ailleurs qu'a la
connaissance que j'ai de moi" {L'existentialisme est
un humanisme)
' "I'ethique de la difference, ce n'est pas chercher a
comprendre totalement toutes les aiterites, c'est admettre qu'elles existent et etre capable d'en
Trang 4^ ' '^'I^'>*iulw(i 53
Trdng giao tilp va nhan thuc vl ke khac
va mpt nen van hoa khac, xu hudng thudng
gap la nhin nhan va phan xet ngoai gidi hoan
toan qua lang kinh, chuin mye eua ban than,
cua dan tdc minh, phan djnh sy dung sai mpt
each chii quan, bit kl sy tdn tai cua nhimg
lang kinh chuIn muc khae Cach ung xu Idy
ban thdn ldm trung tdm (egocentrique) va lay
ddn tgc minh ldm tnmg tdm (ethnocentrique)
nhu the hoan tdan di ngupc lai quan dilm
lien van hda vl su khac biet
1.2.5 Tir nguyen tac "khoan dung" den
su ren luyen ve xung dot (Du principe de
"tolerance" a I 'education au conflit)
Trudc sir khac biet nhu da ndi d tren,
ijng xu thudng dupc khuyen khich nen cd la
khoan dung ddi vdi ke khac, ddi lap vdi hai
thai dp qua khich la: (1) Sinh ngdai mdt
each cudng tin, va (2) Bai ngdai hay phu
nhan cai khac minh Tat nhien dieu dd khdng
cd gi sai, nhung su khdan dung cung phai
dupc dat diing chd, neu khdng hau qua se vd
cung tai hai T.Tcddrdv (1989) eanh bad:
"Cd thi cdi md chimg la tudng la khoan
dung chi Id sir dimg dirng", "Khdng cdn Id su
chdp nhgn nhimg gid lri khdc nhau, md la
thdi do dimg dung trirdc nhirng gid tri, su
khudc tir budc vdo ben trong thi gidi cua ke
khdc: ke khdc khdng quay rdy gi tdi vi hg
khong ddng ke" Cung thed T.Todorov, sy
)_ ^m G ng chi la mat dire tinh nlu nhimg
dd img M su khoan dung la thye su vd
supp' •'• ''exis
qu '/W' "prise" (M
Versu pedagogie I,
meme incomprise,_ parce
llah-Pretceille trich dan trong
ilnirelle)
hai, chang ban thdi quen ve trang phue, am thuc, ve sinh eua ke khae, khac vdi chung ta
Ngupc lai, "khoan dung la khdng dimg chd niu nhimg "ddi lugng" do Id nhimg phdng hai nggt, hoac la, di lay mgt thi du xa han, nhirng su hiin ti mgng ngudi d nhung cu ddn Azteques: thdi do duy nhdt cd thi chdp nhgn ddi vai hg la su kit dn (cho du su kit
dn dd khdng dgy bdo cho chiing ta biit lieu chiing ta cd phdi can thiip di ngan chgn nhimg hdnh dgng do hay khdng, vd phdi ngan chgn nhu thi nao)" Cac phdng hoi
ngat va sy hien te mang ngudi la dang len an,
can cir vao nhtrng gid tri xuyin van hod
(valeurs transeulturelles) Khdng the ndi nen van hoa nay cao hem hay thap ban mdt nen van hoa khac, ma ehi cd the khang djnh mdt yeu td cu the cua mot nen van hoa nao dd (ciia chung ta hay eua ke khac) hay mdt img
xu van boa nao dd la dang ket tdi hay dang ngpi ca (T.Todorov 1986)
Mat khac, giao dep lien van hoa bao gid cung dien ra trong mdt tinh hudng eu thi Mdi eon ngudi lai mang trong minh nhiing dac dilm Ijch su (ljch su dan tdc, Ijch sir edng ddng, va ea ljch su ca nhan, nhiing Ijch
su nay it nhieu ed gin vdi nhtmg xung dot ljch su eua nhan loai) Cd tinh lln tranh nhimg xung dot, ddi diu, khdng nhle din nhung dieu dd se chi la mdt "ehinh sach da dieu", khdng dam nhin thang vao sy that, khdng mudn nhan djnh v l sy khac biet va khdng the img xu dung din Thed F.Fduquet,
can hpc tap de "cd dugc su can dam ddm dat
Trang 554 NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009
cdc chu kien a the tuong tdc Id cdch duv
nhdt de tu Idm gidu ban thdn dieu do khong
cd nghia la biin tdt ca cdc cdch Idm cdch
nghl cdch ton tgi khdc thdnh cua minh md
thua nhgn nhirng phuong thirc do nhu nhimg
ldi gidi da dugc minh chimg cimg co nhimg
gidi hgn vd hgn chi nhu nhirng phucmg thirc
cua ban thdn minh thugc mgt ngir canh khdc
ngir canh cua chinh minh"
(M.Abdallah-Preteeille 1996 (1986) trich din)
2 Tinh lien van hoa trong lop hoc
ngoai ngir
2.1 Nhirng the hien ciia tinh lien vdn
hod trong Idp hgc ngogi ngir
Viee van dung nhung nguyen tae lien
van hoa trong day va hpc ngoai ngii ed
nhung the hien nhu sau:
2.1.1 .\ang lire ngon ngir nang lire van
hod vd nang lire lien van hod
Muc tieu da\ hpe la ren lu\ en cho ngudi
hpe khdng chi nang luc ngdn ngir
(cdmpetences linguistiques) ma ca nang luc
van hod (cdmpetences culturelles), tham chi
la nang lire lien van hod (cdmpetences
intereulturelles) Hpc ngoai ngii cung la tiep
can mpt nen \ an hoa mdi, hpc each nhan bilt
mpt mdi trudng thien nhien \ a xa hpi khac
nhung img xu quan niem va nhan djnh khac
\ d i minh \ a dan tpc minh Nang lue van hoa
khdng cdn ddng khung trong nhtrng kien
thuc cd djnh ve van boa nudc ngoai \ e dat
nudc Anh, Phap hay My va cdn ngudi Anh
Phap, My nhu nhimg thuc the trim tupng, va
khdng don gian la so sanh mdt each may mdc thd thien giira van hoa nudc ngoai va van boa me de, theo kieu so sanh thuan tuy van hoa chu nghTa (comparatisme,
culturalisme) Nd hudng den sy thdu hiiu
nen van hoa mdi, mpt nen van boa (ciing nhu
bao nen van hoa khae) ludn d trong ttgng thdi dgng giao thoa vd tuang tdc vdi cae
nen van hoa khae anh hudng hd tuong vdi eac nen van boa khae
2.1.2 Su trai nghiem Hin van hod vd tinh phi phdn
Khdng dimg lai a chd hieu biet, tinh lien van hoa trong ldp hpc ngoai ngtr cdn the hien
a sy trai nghiem lien vein hod a dd van boa
nude ngoai (dat nudc, con ngudi, ngdn ngtr, eac thdi quen tue le ) khdng la "cai de biet", ma edn la "ke khae" dat trong the giao tiep tuong tae vdi ngudi hpc the hien qua
(1) nang lire giao tiep su dung ngoai ngtr
dang hpc de giao tiep vdi ngudi ban ngir cung nhu boat ddng nganh nghe phu hop vdi quy tae img xu cua xa hdi va van boa nudc
ngoai, \ a (2) nhiing cam nhgn nhgn dinh, phi phdn ed tinh ehu kien (subjectif) eua
ngudi hoc ddi vdi nhung yeu td thudc van hoa nudc ngoai dd, trong the tuong quan vdi
\ a n hoa me de hay cdn gpi la van boa gdc Van boa nudc ngoai trong ldp hpc tieng
Phap phai dupc hieu la van hod cua cgng
dong ndi tieng Phdp nghTa la eua ea dat
nude hinh lue giac (nudc Phap) lln cac nudc khae tren hanh tinh thude cdng ddng Phap ngu
2.1.3 Van hod me de
Trang 6>Tinli lien Dim hod 55
Nang lye lien van hoa khdng ehi chii
trpng den mdi quan he giiia ngudi hpe vdi
van boa nude ngoai, ma ca mdi quan he giira
ngudi hpe vdi vdn hod me de Chinh trong
tiep can vdi van hoa nude ngoai, van boa
dich (culture-cible) ma mdi ngudi y thuc ro
ret hon ve van hoa me de, van boa gdc
(culmre-souree) eua minh Trong qua trinh
hpc ngoai ngtr, nhtmg hieu biet va trai
nghiem ve van boa nudc ngoai gdp phan
cung cd, lam phong phu them eho nhung
hieu biet va trai nghiem ve van boa me de, va
ngupc lai Hai nen van hoa do cd the xem
nhu dupe dat trong the tuang quan soi chieu
lan nhau (relation en miroir)
2.1.4 Su dung mgt cdch cdn trgng
nhii'ng hinh dnh mdc dinh
Ddi vdi nhung hinh dnh mac dinh
(stereotypes), xuat phat tu tinh tien dung,
tinh hap dan va gia trj tham khao eua chung
trong bude dau tiep can vdi mdt ngudi khac,
mdt nen van boa khac, can thiet phai dua
chiing vao Idp hpe ngoai ngtr nhung vdi thai
dp that sy can trpng, su dung dung chd va
khai thac hpp ly Chi khi ngudi hpe cd kha
nang vupt qua eai nguong ban dau do va
kiem chimg, phan tich eu the timg eon
ngudi, timg su vat hien tupng cu the de thau
hieu, thi mdi tiep can dupe vdi ban chat, va
khi dd viee su dung hinh anh mac djnh mdi
thye sy hieu qua Nhung hinh anh mac djnh
nay vua cd the la ve ke khac
(hetero-stereotype) vira cd the la ve ban than
(autd-stereotype), va cd the tich eye (steredtype
positif) hoac tieu eye (stereotype negatif) 0
day can dam bao tinh khach quan, tranh xu hudng xem minh va dan tpc minh la trung tam (egdcentrisme, ethndcentrisme) nhung ddng thdi cung phai van dung chii kien (subjeetivite) trong nhin nhan va thau hieu, img xu
2.1.5 Tinh lien vdn hod trong mgi ngi dung, tngi mdn hgc
Tinh lien van boa cd the dupc the hien trong mgi ngi dung, mgi mdn hgc, tu mdn
thuc hanh tieng vdi eac ky nang nghe-ndi-dpe-viet (giao vien phai biet ket hpp nang luc giad tiep vdi y thue, sy the nghiem va trai nghiem ve lien van boa eua ngudi hpc), den nhirng mdn hpc thien ve ly thuyet thudc cac bd mdn giad hpc phap, ly thuyet tieng, hay eac mdn thye hanh djch, ngdai ngir chuyen nganh, va dac biet la bp mdn van hda
va van hpc Mdi ngdn ngu, mdi nen van hda
cd nhtmg quy luat, chuan mue ciia minh, cd diem gidng nhung cting cd diem khac, tham ehi ddi lap so vdi mdt ngdn ngii van hoa khac Viec tiep can ngoai ngii trong day va hpe d mpi khia canh, gdc dp can tuan thu tinh khac biet nay, va can khoi gpi cbo ngudi hpe y thue trong nhan thirc va trai nghiem ddi vdi ngoai ngu dang hpc 0 cap dai hpc, ndi dung lien van boa chua nhIt thilt phai tach rieng thanh mdt mdn hpc dpc lap, ma theo tdi, hieu qua va khdn ngoan hon ca la nen Idng ghep, dan xen nhiing khia canh lien van hoa vao tung ngde ngach, giai doan, tung ndi dung chi tiet eua chuong trinh, tirng thao tac len ldp cua giao vien
2.1.6 Uu thi cita ngogi ngir thir hai
Trang 756 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009
Mdt the hien khac khdng kem phan thu
vj cua tinh lien van hoa trong ldp hpc ngoai
ngti la sy hien dien cua ngoai ngir thir hai
trong chuong trinh hpe 0 nhieu nudc
phuong Tay, ngoai ngu thu hai cdn dupc dua
vao giang day tu bac trung hpc, va dupe xem
nhu mpt lpi the trong viec van dung tinh lien
van boa vao day va hpc, trong mpt tinh
hudng dupc gpi la da ngogi ngir
(plurilinguisme en langues etrangeres)
Trong dao tao d bac dai hpc ve nganh ngoai
ngij eua chung ta hien nay, mdn ngoai ngtr
hai nay ciing dang la mdt mdn hpc bat budc,
nhung cd the ndi nd chua dupe khai thae
dung muc ve tuong quan giiia ngoai ngii mpt
va ngoai ngtr hai, gitra ngdn ngti me de va
ngoai ngu hai Tat nhien khi tiep can vdi
ngoai ngtr thu hai, ngudi hpe vua thua hudng
nhung thuan Ipi tu viec tiep thu ngoai ngtr
thu nhat dien ra trudc do, hoac bat dau trudc
dd va dien ra ddng thdi, nhung ddng thdi
cung nhan, chju nhiing run rui, lech lae do
anh hudng eua ehinh ngoai ngtr thu nhat nay
Day cung la mpt mang de tai nghien cim thu
hut rat nhieu sinh vien va giao vien ngoai
ngti, vdi nhung hien tupng thudng dupc gpi
la giao thoa ngdn ngir hay van boa
(interferences linguistiques ou culturelles),
mdt van de da lam tdn khdng biet bao nhieu
la tam huyet, but myc tu vai thap nien trudc
Tuy cd nhting run rui nhu the, nhung viec
hpe ngoai ngtr thir hai van la uu the va la
dieu kien tdt nhat giup ngudi hpc cang tham
nhap vao nhan thirc va trai nghiem ve ngoai
ngtr thu nhat va thu hai cung nhu ve ngdn ngtr me de cua minh
2.2 Nhiing nguy co cdn dgc biet luu y 2.2.1 Khoan dung vd doi ddu (tolerance
et conflit)
Trudc thye te xa hdi ehau Au rat khac
xa hdi Viet Nam, vdi nhtrng tap tyc, thdi quen, chuan myc img xu cung khac, sinh vien can cd thai dp khoan dung chap nhan cai khac Tuy nhien, ben canh do, can ren
luyen nang lire phdn tich vd phi phdn nhiing mat hay can hpc tap cung nhu nhting mat dd
khdng nen than thanh boa va hpc ddi Thdi quen img xu, nhung hien tupng xa hdi, nhung thue te dupc de cap trong sach giao khoa hay phim anh, saeh bao cd the la nhirng co hpi de sinh vien tiep can va tap phe
phan, cd nhting nhan xet cd tinh chu kiin rieng, dya tren nhung gid tri xuyin vdn hod
(valeurs transeulturelles) ve dung sai thien
ac, mac du nhiing gia trj cd tinh chuan myc nay ed the tuy tung nen van hoa ma cd nhung diem khac Tinh hudng Idp hpc ngoai ngu cung la mpt tinh hudng gap go, tilp xuc, giao tiep lien van boa vdi day du cac dac trung cua giao tiep lien van hoa thye sy, d dd ngudi hpc la "cai tdi" dip xuc vdi "ke khac"
la ngdn ngu, van hoa, van hpc nudc ngoai,
va thay giao ddng vai trd trung gian, trg thu,
va td chuc That vay, mdi ngudi hpc cd quyen cam nhan, trai nghiem va phe phan vdi tu each la dai dien cho van hoa me de cua minh, trong tiep xuc, giao thoa vdi mpt nen van boa khac Sinh vien cung can cd tam
Trang 8^inli lien luin hod 57
the chit ddng, ed thdi do dimg muc ddi vdi
vdn hod nudc ngodi, tranh xu hudng than
thanh boa, ly tudng hoa van hoa Phap, My
hay Anh va sa vao can benh mac cam va
sung bai nhirng gi la ngoai lai
2.2.2 Tiip nhdn vdn hod vd bdn sdc vdn
hod (Acculturation et identite culturelle)
Trudc ngdn ngir va van boa nudc ngoai,
khdng rieng gi ngudi hpc ma ca thay cd giao
cung de roi vao mdt trang thai bat an, mac
cam, cho rang ngdn ngu: va van hoa me de
thua sut ngdn ngtr va van boa nudc ngoai, va
tir dd cd tu tudng va thai dp vpng ngdai Xu
hudng nay hdan tdan dung vdi quan niem
cho rang cac nen van hoa cd the dupc sip
xep thanh mdt thang gia tri, ed nhung nin
van hoa cao ban va cd nhtrng nen van hoa
thap ban, va van hoa Anh, Phap, My dupe
xem la cao ban van hoa Viet Nam Cudc
sdng d cac nudc Anh, My, Phap trd nen
nhiing thien dudng mo udc, noi mpi eai deu
dep de tuyet vdi Sy mo mdng day ao tudng
dd vd tinh sa vao quan niem lae hau da bj cac
nha nghien cuu lien van boa phe phan, bdi
thye sy khdng the cd van boa cao hay van
hoa thap ma giira cae nen van hoa chi cd
khac nhau hay gidng nhau, ve mat nay hay
mat khac Tuy nhien, mdi con ngudi cdn
dupc cac nha nghien cuu lien van boa xem la
mdt "ngudi lai van hoa" (metis culturel), va
ban sac van boa cua mdi ca nhan dugc hinh
thanh dan dan qua qua trinh trai nghiem, tiep
xuc va tuong tac Hpc ngoai ngtr khdng chi
la tiep thu mdt cdng cu ngdn ngir khae vdi
tieng me de, ma cdn hpc each hieu ke khae, hieu img xir eua ke khac, va ban than ed thi
cd each img xu khac Dd la mot qua trinh tiep nhan, the hien qua nhan thuc va trai nghiem van boa Nhung tiep nhan den mirc nao la hop ly, dau la gidi ban cudi cung cd the chap nhan dupc cua nhiing anh hudng tu van hoa nudc ngoai? Lam sao de tranh can benh malinchismo (qua ua chudng phuong Tay) ve van boa ma Todorov da canh bao? Khdng it ngudi sau mdt thdi gian hpe ngoai ngtr trong img xir da td ra "Tay ban ca Tay", hoac theo each ndi cua ngudi Phap la "Phap ban ca ngudi Phap", "bao hoang hon ca vua"
d day, can phan biet gitra hpc cho bilt
de giai ma vdi hpe de the hien hay lam Ban ITnh eua mdi eon ngudi la d eho du tilp xuc vdi nhieu nen van boa khac, nhieu ngudi thudc cac sac tpc khac, du it nhieu cd nhiing anh hudng trong nhan thuc, hieu biet va img xir, nhung van cdn chu ddng giir dupc nhiing
gi la tu chat, la ban sac van hoa rieng Hpe
de hieu biet, de khdng ngp nhan trudc ngdn ngtr khdng ldi cua ddi tupng giad tilp la ngudi Anh, Phap hay My la cin thilt, nhung hpe de ed the nhun vai, de ting xu kilu Phap phai la lya chpn rieng cua mdi ngudi, khdng the la yeu cau, chuan muc chung dupe Va tat nhien, trong giao tiep vdi ngudi nudc ngoai, dieu can tinh te tranh va vap ban ea la nhting cam ky trong img xu hay hdi thoai: hdi tudi phu nir, hdi muc luong hay thu nhap
ca nhan, hdi ve tinh trang gia dinh
Trang 958 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009
2.3, Tinh lien vdn hod trong dgy vd hpc
vdn hpc
Neu Idp hpe ngoai ngtr cd the la mpt
tinh hudng lien van hoa thye su, thi nhirng gi
dien ra trong gid hpe van hpc nudc ngoai cd
the la the hien ro ret va dae trung nhat eua
tinh lien van boa nay Ndi chung, giao tiep
lien van boa cd the dien ra trye tiep qua giao
ldi, ddi thoai, nhung cung ed the gian tiep
qua trung gian eua nhung vat hay san pham
nhu thu tu, phim anh, sach bao, truyen thanh,
truyen hinh Theo M Abdallah-Pretceille
va L.Porcher, tae pham van hpe (hay trich
doan tac pham) "the hien mdt the loai vd tan
cua bai tap nhan tao ve sy gap gd vdi Ke
khac: gap gd dudi dang uy quyen, that vay,
nhung dau sao cting la gap gd" *"
Mpt dae trung khac cua van hpc, la nen
van hpe nao cung vua thupc ve toan nhan
loai, vira gan vdi mdt nen van boa eu the, noi
nd dupe san sinh ra Ve van de nay,
T.Todorov (1086) da trich dan khai niem
"van hpc phd quat" (Weltiiteratur) eua
Goethe, theo dd van hpc vua cd khia canh
phd quat vira cd khia canh rieng biet Cac tac
gia deu gan vdi mdt nen van hoa cu thi,
nhung ddng thdi cung thudc ve di san van
hoa ehung eua toan nhan loai Trong Idp hpe
ngoai ngii, viee tiep can van hpc nudc ngoai
va cac tac pham eua nd ed the dien ra mpt
each true tiip, khae ban vdi cac tu lieu thuc
"[ ] represente un genre inepuisable pour I'exercice
artificiel de la rencontre AVEC I'Autre; rencontre par
procuration certes, mais rencontre tout de meme"
(Edvcation el communication inlerculwrelle)
(document authentique) thudng ed vj tri thdng trj trong phuong phap giao tiep, vdn dupc san sinh ra cho mpt tinh hudng ngoai cudc sdng (de gidi thieu san pham, tang sue mua, de thdng tin, rao vat ) khi dua vao ldp hpe thi ngudi hpc phai gia bd, ddng vai, dien kjch trong mpt tinh hudng giao tiep gia djnh hay ddng vai (eommunication simulee) Ngupc lai, viec dpc hay tiep nhan tac pham van hpe trong nha trudng hay trong eude sdng hang ngay khdng vupt ra ngoai dy doan cua eac tae gia, va tinh hudng dd hoan toan
la tinh hudng thuc, cd giao tiep, chia se,
ddng cam va la mpt phuang thuc ren luyen
ve tiep xuc lien van boa
That vay, van hpc la mpt bieu hien dae biet eua van boa Theo each phan loai eua R.Galisson (1998) ve van boa trong nha
trudng, van hpc sir thudc ve vdn hod-y niem (culture-vision) hay van boa bac hpe, dupc truyen dat thdng qua Iri tui (Tesprit), theo
phuang phap suy dien (deductive), trong khi tac pham van hpe hay trich doan cua nd
thudc ve vdn hod-hdnh dgng {culture-action)
hay van boa thdng dung, hoae la van boa
nhan loai hpe, dupc xay dung thdng qua ca thi {le corps) theo phuong phap quy nap
(inductive) Hpe van hpc chinh la van dung tri tue cung nhu ca con ngudi (co the) cua minh de giao tiep va cam nhan
Trudc tac pham van hpc hay trich doan, ngudi hpe khdng can phai xoa bd gdc gac, ban sae van boa eua minh, khdng can "nhap vai", "gia djnh" minh la ngudi ban ngu de giao tiep Viec dpc va tiep nhan hoan toan cd
Trang 10'Jinli lien Dim had 59
the dien ra mdt each ty nhien tu gdc dp rieng
san cd eiia ngudi hpc: dpc, tim hieu y nghTa,
phan tich cau chu, phep lap ngdn, cam nhan
ve mat am thanh, nhac dieu cua tae pham
van hpc vdi gdc nhin rieng, cd chu kien, va
cd nhting nd lue rieng de vupt qua rao can
ngdn ngtr va den vdi tac pham
Ket luan
Nd lyc van dung tinh lien van boa vao
day va hpe ngoai ngtr can linh boat, khdn
kheo va dae biet ddi hdi y thue thudng xuyen
cua mdi mdt giao vien ngoai ngu thude tat ca
cac bd mdn trong cac thao tac len Idp eua
minh, tir dd dan dat ngudi hpe tien hanh mdt
quy trinh hpc dap ung vdi nhiing yeu eau cua
tinh lien van boa, nhan thue va trai nghiem
ngdn ngti va van hoa nude ngoai trong tuong
quan vdi ngdn ngu va van hoa me de, va
dupc giao vien hd trp vdi tu each la ngudi
trung gian 0 bac dai hpe, lien van hda
khdng nhat thiet phai la mdt mdn hpc dpc
lap, nhung nd ed the hien dien khap ndi va
mpi luc, gan lien vdi phuang phap len Idp
ciia thay va phuong phap hpc tap cua trd,
trong tung ndi dung cua chuang trinh Cung
cin tranh nhirng thai dp qua khich trong tiep
can van hda, nhung lech lac nhan thuc va
img xu cd nguy ca lam phuong hai den ban
sac van hoa cua chinh minh
Tai lieu tham khao
I Abdallah-Pretceille Martine, 1996
(1986), Vers une pedagogie interculturelle,
Anthrdpos, Paris 222 tr
2 Abdallah-Pretceille Martine, 1999,
L 'education interculturelle, Cdlleetidn Que
Sais-Je, PUF Paris, 126 tr
3 Abdallah-Pretceille Martine, Pdrcher
Lduis, 1996, Education et communication interculturelle, PUF I'Educateur, Paris, 192
U
4 Amdssy Ruth, , 1997, Stereotypes
et cliches Langue discours, societe, Nathan
Universite, 128 tr
5 De Carid Maddalena, 1998,
L 'interculturel, Cle International, 125 tr
6 Galison Robert, 1991, De /a langue d
la culture par les mots, Cle International,
191 tr
7 Galison Robert, 1998, Le "Frangais langue etrangere montera-t-il dans le train
en marche de la "Didactique scolaire"? in
ELA, Revue de Didactoldgie des langues-eultures, sd 111, tr 265-286
8 Pham Thj Anh Nga, 1997, Le calcul
du sens dans la communication interculturelle La rencontre entre Frangais
et Vietnamiens, Luan van DEA (Hudng dan
khoa hpc: GS Bemard Gardin), DH Rouen,
96 tr
9 Pham Thj Anh Nga, 2000, "Ces interactions qui ne vont pas de soi" Etude des gloses metacommunicationnelles sur la rencontre Frangais-Vietnamiens dans des romans et recits d'expression frangaise