Ngudi Nhat Ban che gieu nhung ngudi mang danh vd sT (bushi hay samurai) mang kiem ddi ma lai hen nhat. Mot chang samurai, tuy mang danh vd sT nhung rat hen nhat, mudn di ve sinh ngoa[r]
Trang 1VA TRUYEN Cl/Ol NHAT BAN OT VIET NAM
L£ THI QUYNH HAO*
'W a mpt bp phdn cua vdn hpc ddn gian,
M^ truyen co tich vd truyen cudi cita moi
ddn tgc it nhieu phdn dnh tinh each, tdm hon
cua ddn tpc do Truyen co tich vd truyen
cudi Nhdt Bdn ciing vdy, npi dung phdn dnh
that su da hpi tu nhung net co bdn tinh cdch
ddn tpc Nhdt Bdn
La mot dat nudc cd dieu kien dja ly kha
dac biet so vdi nhieu nudc tren the gidi, toan
bg dat dai Nhat Ban gdm gan 4000 hdn dao
Idn nhd dugc bien bao bgc Nhat Ban xa dat
lien, tir dd den dai luc, noi gan nhat la Han
Quoc, ciing each hang tram km Dieu kien
dia ly tu nhien nay chi phdi rat Idn den qua
trinh hinh thanh tam ly va tinh each dan tgc
Nhat, ddng thdi cd anh hudng sau sac tdi
loai hinh van hda nghe thuat cua dat nudc
nay
Nhat Ban la mot nudc it phai ganh chju
nan ngoai xam nhung noi chien va nan cat
cii giira cac phe phai phong kien dien ra lien
mien sudt tir dau the ky XII den giira the ky
XIX khien cho nhan dan Nhat Ban trien
mien sdng trong canh ngheo ddi Khdng chiu
dugc canh khdn cimg, nhan dan da diing len
khdi nghTa Nudc Nhat sudt may the ky dd
khong liic nao cham diit canh binh dao
Hoan canh dd ciing vdi tinh chat doc lap, kin
dao cua thien nhien dao qudc khien ngudi
Thac sT, Khoa Dong phuomg, Dai hpc Da Lat
Nhat cd thdi quen bi mat, va het siic kin dao Thdi quen dd dan dan trd thanh ban tinh ciia dan tgc Nhat, ban tinh thich hudng ndi Ngudi Nhat thudng khdng bgc Id tinh cam hay thai do gi trudc thuc te, hg thudng tranh dua ra mot cau tra Idi rd rang, tranh cam ket hoan toan va ne tranh sir ddi dau true dien
Hg it keu ca, phan nan ciing nhu it khoe khoang bat cii dieu gi ve minh hay ve ngudi than cua minh Truyen cd tich Nhat Ban ciing mang dam tinh chat kin dao, bi an ay Khdng gian phd bien thudng thay trong truyen cd tich Nhat Ban la khdng gian quanh que, u tjch eiia nhirng hang dgng, khdng gian thanh tjnh, linh thieng ciia nhiing ngdi chiia, ngdi den, nhirng day niii triing diep, hiing vT nhung thua that bdng ngudi, nhiing khu rirng xanh tham tham, am u vdi nhirng ngdi den kin dao va bi an, nhiing dem khuya tren mat bien menh mdng con ngudi gap va trd
truyen vdi ma {Chang cdu cd Ichiemon),
nhiing dem d nghTa trang lanh vang con
ngudi danh dan cho ma nghe {Chang Hoichi khong tai) Cac nhan vat trong truyen cd
tich Nhat Ban ciing thoat an, thoat hien
"Ma", "tinh" va "quy" trong truyen co tich Nhat Ban xuat hien nhieu, hau nhu truyen nao ciing cd Chiing tham gia vao the gidi con ngudi vira binh thudng, vira ky la, vira gan gui, vira xa xdi tao thanh mot khdng gian cd tich dac biet bi an, day huyen ao, bat
Trang 2trac nhung khdng kem phan hap dan Con
ma ciia den Kogenji nira dem xuat hien de
mua nhii'ng chiec keo va lai bien mat nhe
nhang trong dem tdi {Con ma ciia den
Kogenji); Hai con tinh rdng d den Kitain
lang le, bi mat xuat hien trudc nha su rdi lai
mat bien vao bdng tdi {Nhiing con rong ciia
Kitain)
Neu trong ngU thuomg, ngudi Viet chu
trgng den chir "nhan" va "nghTa" nhieu hon,
thi ddi vdi ngudi Nhat, dudng nhu hg coi
chii "tin" va "nghTa" la hon ca Trong hau
het mgi trudng hgp, ngudi Nhat ludn cd
gang de giir dugc Idng tin cua ngudi khac
ddi vdi minh va ludn ludn cd gang thi hien
nhii-ng dieu hg cho la diing Dd chinh la vi
dan tgc Nhat la mot dan tgc xk\ cd y thiic vl
chii tin, mgi ngudi Nhat deu y thiic gin giir
chii tin ciia hg Dieu nay cd thi thay rd trong
truyen cd tich Nhat Ban Trong hau hit cac
truyen cd tich Nhat ma chiing tdi khao sat,
neu nhan vat da hira, ma khong thuc hien Idi
hira, khdng thuc hien bon phan ciia minh thi
ket cue khd cd thi tdt dep dugc {Truyen
Giac mo, Xir mong ciia Jinnai, Hiko Boski
vd Ori Mime, Urashima Taro ) Trong
truyen Gidc mo, ngudi chdng da hiia khdng
bao gid phu bac vg minh, nhung rdi lai bdi
udc di sdng vdi mot ngudi dan ba khac trong
dip di lam an d Edd Ngudi vg d que bilt tin,
dau kho, budn ba, dem do trong luc rit gian
chong, cd nam ma thly minh gilt chdng
bang each quan hai vdng tdc quanh c6 anh
ta The ma mot sir tning hgp nglu nhien,
cung dem ky, cung vao thdi khac ay, d Edo
xa xdi, ngudi chdng phu bac da chit quan
quai trong dau ddn khiing khilp vi nhu dang
bi ngudi nao dd tra tan, bdp cd Trong truyen
Xir mong cita Jinnai, Jinnai' la mot ngudi
hanh phiic vi anh luon hai Idng vdi nhirng gi minh cd, anh khong bao gid nghT din dilu gi khac ngoai vg con va cdng viec Nhung bdng nhien mot hdm anh gap mot ngudi phu nii- tre dep va di theo cd ta din sdng d mot the gidi khac day tha mong vdi nhiing gi tuyet vdi nhat ma ngudi ta cd thi hinh dung
ra dugc Sau mot thdi gian bd quen gia dinh, anh bong nhd den trach nhiem ciia minh va ddi ve nha Anh da hiia giir bi mat vl cuoc gap gd ngudi dep Xong, khi vl din nha, su can van cua ngudi vg khiln anh phai kl hit mgi viec Sir that vira ndi ra thi mot mui ten sang chdi xuyen qua giudng va biln anh trd thanh ngudi tan tat suot ddi Trong truyen
Hiko Boski vd Ori Hime, vi khdng thuc hien
Idi hira vdi vg ma Hiko da bugc phai rdi xa
vg va hai vg chdng chi cd thi gap nhau mpt lan duy nhat trong nam Dilu dd cho thiy rang, trong truyen cd tich Nhat Ban, nlu vi pham Idi hiia, khdng thuc hien dugc Idi hiia, chu tin bj danh mat thi tat ylu se ganh chiu hau qua, dieu nay thi hien quan niem tu tudng, tinh each nghiem khSc cua ngudi Nhat Ddi vdi ngudi Nhat, viec giir chir "tin" rat quan trgng Cd thi ndi, day cung la tinh each CO ban ciia ngudi Nhat Mgi ngudi
Nhat dIu c6 gang rk Idn dl thuc hien Idi
hiia cua minh, hg chi hiia khi hg cd thi lam dugc va thudng khong Idi hen, vi nlu that hiia thi hg cam thay rat xSu hi Sir hinh thanh tinh each do trong ljch sii khiln cho tir rat sdm dan tgc Nhat da la mot dan tgc cd tinh ky luat rat cao, cho nen khi tham gia tl
Trang 3chirc nao hg deu tuan thii mgi dieu le mot
each chat che
Tinh than de cao an nghTa ciing rat phd
bien trong truyen cd tich Nhat, cac nhan vat
trong truyen thudng true tiep dirng ra den on
tra oan De den on cho manh dat que huong,
cac vi than d nhiing ngdi den trong mot viing
heo lanh cua Nhat Ban da hda than thanh cac
do vat, ve kinh do dg sire vdi nhirng vd sT
ciia cac lanh chiia hiing manh de mang lai
chiln thang cho que huong va ciing la de
giiip cho lanh chiia ciia hg {Nhirng vi thdn
khong thi khudt phuc) De tra on cho dng
chu cua hang banh keo da giiip do minh, con
ma cua den Kogenji da giup cho viing dat
ong song khdng cdn tinh trang thieu nudc
vao miia he (Con ma ciia den Kogenji)
Trong truyen cd tich Nhat Ban, nhan vat
mang on da phai cd gang rat nhieu va trai
qua nhirng thii thach cam go, cd khi hy sinh
ca mang sdng ciia minh de tra on {Cdi khdn
thdn ky Con cdo trdng Hachisuke, Con cdo
vd ong lao, Su den on ciia con Hgc )
Trong mot dem mua gid khung khiep, mot
chang trai ngheo da ciiu song va chira chay
vlt thuang cho mot con Hac Vi an nghTa ay,
con hac da biln thanh mot thieu nii xinh dep,
nit na tinh nguyen den lam vg chang trai, co
bien can nha ngheo xac xa thanh mot td am
tran ngap hanh phiic Nhu the dudng nhu
van chua du, thinh thoang cd ddng chat cua
may ngay liln, giau giem mgi ngudi trd lai
hinh hai con hac, tu phd bg long dep ciia
minh dl det thanh nhiing hire tranh tuyet vdi
cho chdng dem ban Mot lan vi Idi hiia cua
chong vdi mot khach hang, trong may ngay
CO phai det lien hai biic tranh, nd khien co
trui long va het siic dau ddn, nhung cd van
khdng he hdi han {Su den on ciia con Hac)
Mot con cao trang mot lan dugc lanh chiia tdt bung Clin thoat khdi tay mot bgn dan dng hung dii, dng cdn dua cao ve nha cham sdc, cho an, chiia khdi vet thuang va tha cao ve niii Den khi lanh chiia gap khd khan Idn tudng nhu khdng the giai quyet ndi thi mot chang thanh nien tu xung la Hachisuke xuat hien va de nghj giiip dd Chang hoan thanh xuat sac nhiem vu dua thu va nhieu lan tiep theo niia ma khdng he yeu cau dieu gi Cho din mot lan - chang trai (tire con cao trang hda than thanh) bi bgn chd hoang bao vay can chet, va liic chet (da hien nguyen hinh hai con cao) van nam len tren bao ve thiing thu, thi lanh chua mdi biet dd la con vat an nghTa den giup minh Sir hy sinh tham lang
vi an nghTa ay da mang den niem xiic dgng sau xa cho ngudi dgc, tuy ket thiic cau chuyen khdng mang lai sir vui ve, nhe nhdm nhu nhiing ket thuc cd hau ciia nhirng truyen
cd tich khac, nhung nd mang den cho ngudi Idng tin vao tinh ngudi va con ngudi van cd the hy vgng vao nhiing dieu tdt dep trong
cuoc sdng {Con cdo trdng Hachisuke)
van hda Nhat Ban coi trgng su trau chudi, ggt tia Ngudi Nhat Ban quan tam nhieu den hinh thirc ben ngoai, xem trgng kieu dang va mau ma Hau het mgi hoat dgng cua ngudi Nhat dIu cd xu hudng nghe thuat hda Tinh
ky luat cao, coi trgng Idi hiia nen tinh each ngudi Nhat cdn rat kien tri, quyet liet Hg cho rang mgi viec neu kien tri va nhan nai se dan din thanh cdng, trong iing xir ngudi Nhat td ra rat kheo leo, trong giao tiep thi phuong cham ciia hg la hieu chien khdng
Trang 4bang hieu hda, ddi dau khdng bang ddi thoai trd thanh ngudi giau cd va hanh phiic nhat Ngudi Nhat trgng nguyen tac, nhieu liic den Cung vi dieu dd ma khi Jinbei gap khd khan
do cimg ran, nhung mat khac hg ciing de xiic can ke cai chet, ke nhiet thanh giup chang
dgng trudc nhan tinh the thai Dieu nay the nhat cung lai la con yeu tinh Tengu {Con yeu hien kha rd qua truyen cd tich De thu phuc tinh miii ddi thich ruou)
\\x quy pha phach va tinh quai, nha su da Gidng nhu truyen cd tich cua cac nudc
kheo leo diing tinh cam chan thanh eiia minh khac, truyen cd tich Nhat Ban ciing giao due
dl cam hda chiing Sir gian di va than ai rat con ngudi sdng cd dao diic, hien lanh, nhan
tu nhien cua nha su da thay ddi dugc lii quy, hau, that tha, cd tinh thuong yeu ddi vdi
day la dieu ma nhieu nha su trudc dd da ddng loai Nhiing truyen Niii ciia nhimg khdng lam dugc, cau chuyen cdn mudn nguoi gid, Nhirng chiec non Id ciia Jizo, Con khang dinh rang mudn tdn tai dugc trong chim se bi cdt ludi, Ong ldo hoa anh ddo, hoan canh nao thi ban than phai tu tim each Cong chua Kaguya, Con ma cua den
de cd the thich nghi vdi hoan canh dd Kogenji la nhQ-ng truyen mang chii de
{Nhung con Tanuki d chua Shojoji); Bang chung quen thuge dd Tinh thien va udc
each giau guom trong ngudi gia lam phu nii, mong lam viec thien la dieu ma toan nhan chang trai Jutaro da chat diit canh tay cua loai mong mudn va luon hudng den, triet ly
quy nudc Kappa - ke chuyen di bat phu nii "o" hien'' ludn cd siic sdng, mai tdn tai, mai
va tre em de ham hai - sir kheo leo va mem ben viing khdng chi trong cac truyen c6 tich deo ciia chang da hoan toan quy phuc dugc Dao diic la cai cdt Idi Trong truyen cd tich quy nudc Trudc nhiing Idi cau xin dugc tha Nhat, dii la ngudi hay la ma, dii la thAn tien thii rat chan that cua nd, Jutaro da chap nhan hay la tinh, la quy tit ca dIu cd thi hiln tha thir, dugc quy hiia se khdng tiep tuc hai lanh, chung thuy, ddn hau, vj tha va sin sang ngudi va tang thir thudc ma than ky cd thi hy sinh lgi ich cua minh vi ngudi khac Tuy
chira lanh mgi vet thuong {Thuoc md cua vay, kilu nhan vat "o- hiin gap lanh" khong
quy nudc); Con yeu tinh Tengu don dgc, bi phai la kilu nhan vat phd biln ciia truyen c6
mgi ngudi xa lanh, them uong rugu nhung tich Nhat Ban Do tinh trgng Idi hiia ma chi gianh dugc rugu bang each cudp giat, truyen co tich Nhat Ban khdng phai bao gid
dugc chang Jinbei cam hda bang each: mac ciing kit thiic cd hau Khdng phai bao gid d dii da nghe ke nhieu ve con yeu tinh Tengu hiin ciing gap lanh Ngudi vg Hac hda
thich rugu Sake vin mao hilm mot minh ngudi dl tra on chang trai da ciiu sdng minh, mang mot thiing rugu di ngang qua dd nhung rdi cd lai trd lai hinh hai chim hac bay Chang gap con yeu tinh, ndi chuyen vdi nd, di khi ngudi chdng khdng giir dugc Idi hira
mdi nd uong rugu va cdn cho nd ca mot giira hg {Su din on ciia con hac); Vi su
thiing rugu Ldng can dam va sir than thien trudng d chiia Kita-in da nhan mot bai hgc
ciia chang da khien cho con yeu tinh khdng tham thia vi khdng giu trgn Idi hOra (Nhimg nhirng khdng hai chang ma cdn giiip chang con rdng ciia Kita-in); Nang cdng chiia
6 2 NGHIEN cdru DdNG B^C fl, SO 2(108) 2-2010
Trang 5Kaguya sinh ra tir ddng tre, xinh dep, hilu
thao, sdng hanh phuc noi tran the vdi cha me
nudi hien lanh, tdt bung, nhung lai phai dau
khd ve trdi de lai bo me gia sdng trong cd
dan va tuyet vgng {Cong chua Kaguya)
Nhu vay, trong truyen cd tich Nhat ngudi d
hien khong phai liic nao ciing gap lanh nhu
trong truyen cd tich cua mot sd nudc khac
Dieu dd cho thay rang, triet ly "d hien''
khdng phai la triet ly dugc coi trgng trong
truyen cd tich ciing nhu trong tam ly ngudi
Nhat, va dieu dd cung khien cho truyen cd
tich Nhat Ban cang gan vdi ddi thudng hon
niia
Qua khao sat chiing tdi thay rang kieu
nhan vat tieu bieu, phd bien trong truyen cd
tich Nhat la nhiing nhan vat binh dj ma dung
cam, manh me va dam duong dau, ludn tu
minh tham lang hanh ddng de "odn thi trd
odn, dn thi trd dn" den tan ciing Mot chang
trai nhd be nhung cd udc mo that Idn lao,
khat vgng eua chang cang Idn hon mdi khi
chang vugt qua mot nguy hiem mdi Cho
den mot ngay, chang da dung cam bao ve
tilu thu Naru - con cua lanh chua Samurai
Sanjo - khdi nanh vudt cua con quy do
khong Id, nhd chiec bua ma con quy dd de
lai, chang trai ty hon da trd thanh mot chang
trai cao Idn, khde manh va cudi tieu thu
Naru (Isum Boshi, anh chdng Samurai ty
hon); Vdi vdc hinh nhd be nhung Momotaro
diing cam ciing vdi nhirng ngudi ban cua
minh da quylt tam len dudng di diet bgn yeu
tinh dgc ac chuyen bat ngudi an thit va
chiem doat tai san, vdi ldng can dam va
quyet tam cao hg da trd ve vdi thang lgi
hoan toan (Chu be trdi ddo Momotaro);
Trong truyen Ba chdng trai ngira, khi hanh
huong den ngdi den ndi tieng Ise, ba chang ndng dan hien lanh da bi bgn ac diing muu bien hg thanh ngira, khdng nhd vao ai khac chinh hg da nd lire dau tranh de trd lai thanh ngudi rdi tim mgi each de bien bgn dgc ac kia thanh ngira
Triet ly "d hien" \m dugc coi trgng qua
mot sd truyen nhung khong dem lai ldng tin
va sir thuyet phuc ddi vdi ngudi Nhat, ddi vdi hg sir thdng minh, thdng thai van dugc coi trgng hon Rat nhieu truyen cd tich da
khang dinh chan ly nay {Thuoc md cua quy nudc, Hai anh em, Chdng cdu cd Ichiemon, Cdi do tdng hinh ciia con yeu Tengu, Truyen
CO Koshikijima, Su mao hiem ciia ngudi tho sdn Gembei, Con yeu tinh miii ddi thich rupu, Mpt cupc thi tdi, Truyen cd ve cdy long ndo ) Chang thg san khdn ngoan
Gembei mot minh di san trong viing niii hoang da Hyogo da giet chet con ran hung dir, con cdc khdng Id va diing meo giet chet ten thg san hiem ac de bao ve mang sdng ciia
minh, trd ve vdi cude sdng {Su mao hiem ciia ngirdi tho sdn Gembei) Truyen Hai anh
em la mot cau chuyen de cao tri tue, khi ve
gia ngudi cha giau cd da giao cho hai con mdi ngudi 1000 ddng tien vang va hira ai lam cho vdn lieng dd sinh soi nhieu hon thi
se dugc thira ke toan bg gia san Ngudi anh dimg vdn dd de uong rugu va di choi khap noi, cdn ngudi em thi diing vdn de budn ban lam an kilm Idi Le thudng mgi ngudi se nghT ngudi em la ke thang eudc, nhung khdng, phan thang da thudc ve ngudi anh, ngudi anh da nhan dugc gia tai va sir ki thac ciia ngudi cha vi trong thdi gian di khap dd
Trang 6day ngudi anh trd thanh ngudi timg trai, hieu
biet phong phii nhieu ITnh vuc Cau chuyen
de cao siic manh ciia tri thiic, tri thiic la tai
san v6 gia, ai cd nd se thanh cdng trong cude
sdng Gia trj cua sir thdng thai cdn dugc de
cao trong truyen Niii ciia nhimg ngudi gid,
sir khdn ngoan, thdng minh cua ba lao da
ciiu dat nudc ba lan thoat khdi canh binh
dao, lanh chiia da khdng trimg phat chang
trai vi tgi giau giem me minh va cdn quyet
dinh huy bd dieu luat tan ac (dieu luat quy
dinh, bat ky ngudi nao den tudi sau muoi
deu bj mang vao niii va d dd cho den chet)
Tir dd khdng bao gid cdn cd mot ngudi nao
bj bd d niii ngudi gia nira Mpt cupc thi tdi
ciing la cau chuyen mang khuynh hudng de
cao tri tue Vdn khdng ai phuc ai, hai ngudi
thg cham tai hoa d Osaka da thach do nhau,
trong ciing mot thdi gian neu ai tao ra dugc
mot tac pham nghe thuat dep hon thi ngudi
dd se dugc thira nhan la gidi hon Sau cuoc
thach do, mot ngudi ngay dem lam viec, cdn
ngudi kia sudt ngay say sua trong cac quan
rugu Ai ciing nghT ngudi cham chi kia se
thang cude va se dugc cdng nhan la ngudi
tai gidi nhat, the nhung khdng, ngay so tai,
ngudi cham chi dua den mot canh hoa mhx
don gia de du thi, ve dep tu nhien nhu hoa
that ciia nd khien mgi ngudi tr^m trd than
phuc Cdn ngudi kia Idi ra mot con chugt
den xi Mgi ngudi dang len tiing miet thj
anh ta thi bdng nhien mot con meo nhay ra
v6 con chugt tha di Tir khinh miet mgi
ngudi chuyin sang than phuc, lam gia nhu
vay thi cdn gi bang! Thi la ngudi lam ra con
chugt chiln thang Nhung sau khi kit thiic
cuoc thi mgi ngudi nhin thly con meo dang
an con chugt lam bang thit ca ngir kho Mgi chuyen va le, cd mot sir gia ddi trong cuoc thi Dang ra thi da phai cham thi lai, thi nhung cau chuyen ket thiic trong sir ban tan khdng phan thang bai ciia cac co dgng vien hai phe, bdi vi dii sao trd bjp ay ciing thiic tinh tu duy nhay ben ciia mgi ngudi Trong
truyen Cupc ddi mpt ngudi hdnh khdt, nhd
khdn ngoan cdng them mot chiit may man
ma ngudi hanh khat ngheo khd da trd thanh con re cua lanh chiia hiing manh, dugc thira hudng toan bg tai san vd bien va sdng hanh phiic den cudi ddi
Neu khi tim hieu truyen co tich Nhat Ban, chiing ta thay dugc nhirng tinh each tdt dep ciia ngudi Nhat, thi mat han che trong tinh each ngudi Nhat the hien qua truyen cudi Ciing nhu truyen cudi cua cac nudc khac, truyen cudi Nhat Ban phan anh nhilu mat ciia ddi sdng, nhung chu yeu phai bay nhiing mat trai, nhiing thdi hu tat xau, nhiing cai chua hoan thien cdn ton tai d con ngudi Nhat Ban nham muc dich che gilu, da kich, phe phan roi tir day uon nan, khuyen khich con ngudi tien bg theo hudng tdt dep, lanh manh, hudng con ngudi tdi Chan-Thien-My Qua timg mau chuyen cudi, nhiing mat trai cua ban tinh cila dan tgc Nhat hien len mot each ro rang Ngudi Nhat Ban che gieu nhirng gi cdn bat toan, nhiing cai chua hoan thien Che gieu ngudi dan don, ngoc nghech,
ngd ngan (Cdm cm qud sdm, Nhiet dp nudc
tdm, Ddo gieng trong nhd, Chay nhd, Ngudi khdc chet ben dudng, That Id do ngoc, Chia khoa, Goa phu Id nhdt, Tu sdt, Nudc Nhdt rong bao nhieul) Truyen Goa phu Id nhdt
ke ve mot dam dan dng tu tap, ban tan xem
Trang 7tuyp ngudi phu nir nao dugc dan dng thich
nhat Ban tdi ban lui cudi ciing hg nhat tri:
"Goa phu Id tuyp phu nir duoc ddn ong thich
nhdt" The rdi mot ngudi dan dng ndi:
"-Phdi chi VO tdi la goa phu nhi!" Ngoc
nghech, ngd ngan nhu the la ciing! Trong
truyen Koi, mot chang re ndng thdn lan dau
tien den ghe tham nha vg d thanh phd, do
hieu lam ten nang hau thiep eiia ngudi cha
vg la ten mot mdn an nen chang re da trd
nen that kinh vdi cha vg, bi cha vg gian dii
bat con gai ciia minh ve Truyen Con vit cd
tay, Tien chon gidu, Tdng gid mpi dieu ciing
la nhirng truyen che gieu sir ddt nat, bat tai,
khd khao
Truyen Ddnh khong ly di nira la mot dien
hinh ve tinh cue doan ve van de danh du cua
ngudi Nhat Mot anh chdng sau nhieu nam
chung sdng vdi vg nen chan va dudi vg di,
ngudi vg ddng y, sira sang lai quan ao, nhan
sac dl trd ve nha me, nhin vg, anh bdng
muon vg khong bd di nira, nhung Idi da ndi
phai bilt lam sao! - anh khdng the ha minh
thu lai nhiing gi minh da ndi - nen da lay cd
khac (khdng cd tiln tra tiln dd) de dan vg
quay trd lai Truyen MU ni ke ve mot nha su
khi di tam quen bd chile mii ni ra, khi ngudi
hau nhac nhd, dng lai cdn chdng che: "Bdy
gid mdi tdi liic bo no ra ddy" Tuong tu cd
truyen Con ret gid ciing la chuyen ke ve
nhirng con ngudi rd rang da sai mudi muoi
ma van cdn khang khang cho minh la diing
Qua cac cau chuyen nay chimg ta thay ngudi
Nhat chi gilu tinh sT dien thai qua ciia mot
so ngudi ludn ludn cho minh la diing, dieu
minh lam la phai Chiing ta cdn bat gap tinh
trgng danh du ciia ngudi Nhat qua truyen
Nhimg con chi khong ca hdt 'Xau che tdt khoe", mac dii cdn be nhung nhirng diia tre
con da biet cam thay xau hd khi neu vd tinh chiing de cho ngudi khac biet dugc dau minh
cd ehi (con chay)
Ngudi Nhat Ban che gieu nhung ngudi mang danh vd sT (bushi hay samurai) mang kiem ddi ma lai hen nhat Mot chang samurai, tuy mang danh vd sT nhung rat hen nhat, mudn di ve sinh ngoai vudn nhung khdng dam di mot minh, phai nhd vg dan di, sau dd cdn md mieng khen vg can dam
{Chdng samurai hen nhdt) Mot thay day
kiem cudi nhao mot samurai bj danh bai bdi mot ten dao tac, dng tuyen bd se ra tay trimg tri ten dao tac dd nhung cudi ciing chinh dng
ciing bi ten dao tac danh bai {Diing khi), cau
chuyen nhac nhd con ngudi dimg nen cudi nhao trudc sir that bai cua ngudi khac, bdi
"cudi ngudi hdm trudc hdm sau ngudi cudi' Truyen Muon chan the hien ban tinh
anh hung ram cua mot vo sT samurai khoe khoang, khoac lac khi den nha kia xin trg, sir nguong md cua chu nha khien anh ndi hiing cho rang ddi vdi anh trdi lanh chang la gi ca, anh khdng sg va cd the di ngii ma khdng can chan men, nhung khi trdi khuya trd nen ret budt, khdng chju ndi, anh da lay cd sg chugt
bd len minh de mugn chan Sir khoac lac thai qua da khien anh tu minh lam khd cho
minh Truyen Vd hpc ciing ke ve mot vd sT
samurai ddt nat ma cdn hay ly sir, nhan xet, ludn mudn chiing td ta day la ngudi hieu bilt, dl cudi ciing thd ra cai dudi ddt nat
Truyen Thdy di ddu do, Thdi phdng, Thdp cd Cling chi nhao nhiing ngudi dan ddn ma
khong bilt lugng sue minh cdn tu cao tu dai
Trang 8mudn nhao bang, danh bai ngudi khac de
cudi ciing phai be mat
Ban tinh khiem nhudng thai qua cdn tdn
tai d mot sd ngudi Nhat qua truyen Nhimg vl
sao nho nhu cdm Truyen ke ve mot ngudi
dan ong vdn ua khiem nhudng ve mgi dieu,
khdng rieng nhirng gi thuge rieng anh ta
Nen khi cd ngudi hdi: " - Trdng len chua
nhf!" Anh tra Idi: " - No vira mdi xin den
trinh dien cung dai huynh", lam ngay ca
vang trang ciing dam ra khiim niim Mot lan
khac khi cd ngudi ndi: " - Tren mdi nhd ciia
anh that lam sao\" Anh lai khiem nhudng
dap: " - Vdng a, ciing co the, nhimg tdt cd
chiing chi la loai sao nho nhu cdm thdi, that
khong ddng gi ddu a!" Ngay ca sao trdi ma
anh ciing nhiin nhudng nhu the thi cd dang
khdng? Truyen Cdi miii, Xem mach ngudi
hdu ciing la nhung cau chuyen cudi ve tinh
khiem nhudng thai qua
Cd ngirdi phu giiip \k mot truyen cho thay
kieu an ndi nhiin nhudng, lich sir ciia ngudi
Nhat, ddng thdi ciing la mot truyen che gieu
nhiing ngudi hay bat chudc, rap khudn,
mang hoan canh cua ngudi de ap vao hoan
canh cua minh de cudi ciing chudc \ky su
that bai Truyen ke ve mot phu nir rit kheo
leo, nhiin nhudng trong an ndi Mot biia ng
gia dinh chj mdi khach din tham phdng
khach mdi, khi khach hdi: "Phdng dep thi
ndy hdn tdn kem Idm!", chj tra Idi: "Khong
phdi mpt minh chung tdi lam ndi Nhd co
bdc ldng gieng phii giiip do thdi" Khach v l
cir xuyt xoa khen chj mai va k l toan bg sir
viec cho vg nghe Vg anh ta khang djnh: "Ai
chdng ndi dupe mpt diiu di din thii" Nua
thang sau nha hg md tiec mdi hang xdm din
de mimg dem thii bay ciia em be mai sinh
Cd ngudi khach hdi: "Xin chiic mimg! Va
r f f -y anh chac vui Idm Chi ay ndm cir that may mdn, CO con trai quy tir cdn gi bang?"
Ngudi vg tir trong budng budc ra vdi ndi:
"Dira be ra ddi khong chi do mpt minh chdng tdi ddu, dy la nhd cdc cdu thanh nien ldng gieng md tdi mdi co con do" Truyen Tham hdi, Chim cii ciing la nhiing truyen
khuyen con ngudi khdng nen be nguyen hoan canh cua ngudi ap dung cho ban than minh de cudi ciing chudc lay sir that bai tham hai
Ben canh tinh khiem nhudng thai qua, tinh cuong thai qua cua nguai Nhat the hien
qua truyen Gpi chii ra day Mot nhdm ngudi
tao tgn cam gay gdc den cung dien ddi tra tien thue nha, khdng dimg lai d dd, hg cdn ddi mdi chii ra giai thich ly do khdng phai tra tien thue nha Diing la nham mat lam lieu, khdng can biet hau qua!
Trong truyen cudi Nhat Ban, Phat giao xuat hien d tan sd cao so vdi cac tdn giao khac, mat trai trong cuoc sdng ciia cac nha
su xuat hien trong truyen cudi Nhat Ban mot each nhe nhang ma tham thiiy, sau sac Dd la nhiing truyen the hien mot sd thdi hu, tat xau khdng the chap nhan dugc d cac nha su nhung thuc te lai thuc sir ton tai d hg Cac su mot mat an chay, niem Phat, cat sgi to rang bugc vdi cuoc sdng tran tuc, nhung mat khac len an nhiing mdn an cam kj ciia nha chiia Mot nha su them an ca, vi ngudi hau 6m benh khdng di mua dugc, nen da gia lam
ngudi the tuc de mua ca ve an {Mua cd)
Dang ndi chuyen vdi nhiing ngudi dan thudng, bat ngd mot nha su hat hai lam vang
Trang 9ra mot mieng thjt muc Be mat, nha su ddi
tra giai thich dd la con muc an khi cdn tam
be bay gid mdi bat ra vi muc la mdn an khd
tieu?! {Con muc) Mot cau chuyen khac len
an thdi dao diic gia, tham lam - mot tinh
each khdng nen cd d mot nha su - thdi tham
lam ay the hien qua viec nha su ra mat ghen
ty ca vdi tugng Phat d den Zenkdji vi cho
rang minh cd it qua bieu hon trong khi minh
cdn phai an de sdng ma tugng Phat thi lai
khong can {Nhd su tham lam)
Ngudi Nhat Ban cdn cudi nhirng ngudi
hay quen Trong truyen Cupc hpp mat ciia
nhirng ngudi hay quen, cuoc hgp da khdng
thanh vi tat ca deu quen, ke ca chu tga
Tieng cudi che gieu cua ngudi Nhat cdn
danh tang cho nhiing ngudi vg, ngudi chdng
khdng chung thily, dan diu vdi vg, vdi chdng
ngudi khac khien cudi ciing phai lanh hau
qua ve minh (truyen Chiec vi, Gid gipng
meo )
Truyen cudi Nhat Ban phoi bay ca nhiing
tam ldng gia ddi, bat kinh cua con cai ddi
vdi cac dang sinh thanh ra minh: truyen Cdo
phd, Ngdy kieng dn Mot ga kia dugc lang
gilng bilu ca ngir vao dung ngay anh ta phai
kieng an cho ngudi cha qua cd Them qua
khong bilt thi nao, anh ta liln dem ca ngir
din ban thd cha va ndi: "Cha oi, con dupe
ngudi ta biiu cd ngir ndy Nhimg nhdm ngdy
kieng dn cho cha, con khdng the dn dupe
Cha cd cho phep con duoc dn khdng? Neu
dupe thi cha khdi phdi ndi gi, tu con khdc
hieu" (Ngdy kieng dn)
Mui nhgn trao phiing cdn chTa vao nhung
ngudi dai dien chii nghTa cho nhan dan
nhung cu xu lai rdng tuech, khdng bieu dat
dugc sir hieu biet Cudi thdi sT dien hao cua nhirng ngudi hay khoe khoang, tu hao ve ban than nhung cudi ciing phai Idi cai dudi
ddt nat, cai dau trdng rdng (Vdi Idy sao tren trdi ke, Thdy lang tu khen minh, Thuat ddnh kiem, Chi Id tdi tir, Dpc thu ho ) Truyen Vdi Idy sao tren trdi ke ve mot chii tieu dem
dem lay sao dai quo trong vudn chiia de cd khoang lay mot ngdi sao tren trdi Thay vay
su dng gieu cgt che chii tieu ngoc nghech
Lai cdn hudng dan chii tieu: "Sdo chua ddi dii, treo len mdi nhd thu xem!" Thay qua
thdng tue la thudng! Tuong tu vay, truyen
Gidng ngudi, gidng khi la chuyen ke ve mot
lanh chiia ddt nat bj ngudi hau chai kham
ma khdng biet
Mgi dilu deu cd han do, ngudi Nhat Ban khdng chap nhan thdi keo ban thai qua cua
mot sd ngudi Truyen Cdi thang khdng muon dupe ke ve mot ngudi dan dng keo
kiet din mirc khi lang gieng den hdi mugn chile cdi tra, anh yeu cau phai sii dung tai
nha minh, "gay dng dap lung dng", it lau sau
khi anh ta sang nha lang gieng mugn cai thang thi cung dugc nhan lai cau tra Idi
tuong tu: "Xin diing thang d ddyV Tuong tu vay, truyen Muon bua \k chuyen mot ngudi
keo kiet khdng no sir dung bua cua minh ma sai day td sang mugn bua cua nha ben canh, khi nha hang xdm khdng cd biia, anh mdi tile re mang biia cua minh ra diing Truyen
Ngudi keo bdn, Ngudi cha keo kiet, Ldi cdu nguyen gid mpt sen ciing la nhung truyen
cudi nhirng thdi keo kiet den miic gan dd Ngudi Nhat Ban cdn che cudi nhiing ngudi lam viec may mdc, khdng chiu van
NGHIEN cdru DdNG B^C fl, s d 2(108) 2-2010 67
Trang 10dung tri nao, lai cdn cai ly dd thira tai lenh
khdng triet de {Ngirdi canh phdng lira)
Ngoai ra, qua khao sat cdn thay trong
truyen cudi Nhat Ban nhiing thdi xau khac
nhu: thdi gian ca chem thdt {Con chd mirc d
Hyogo), thdi khoac lac {Cii cdi d Ohari Ndi
khodc ), vung cheo kheo chong {Ngudi cha
mil chir, Chua hit bdi ca ), tinh trgm cap,
tham lam ma "ddnh chet cdi net khdng
chira" {Vdn tho tuyet menh, Chiec rlu nhd,
Ldm cd ) Ben canh dd, ngudi Nhat cdn
cudi thdi tham an {Khdch den trong khi
nudng bdnh, Ngdy kieng an ), cudi nhiing
ngudi can than thai qua hda ra lan than
{Cudp dudng, Chdy nhd, Ddo gieng trong
nhd )
van hgc dan gian ndi chung, truyen cd
tich va truyen cudi ndi rieng, khdng the phan
anh toan dien tat ca mgi khia canh ddi sdng
mot dan tgc nhu nd vdn cd, nhung cd the ndi
dd la biic phae hga chan dung mdi dan tgc
Bang each ciia minh, cac tac gia dan gian da
chat Igc, lira chgn va dua vao truyen co tich
nhiing net tinh each tieu bieu va noi bat nhat
cua dan tgc minh: dung cam, thdng minh,
manh me, trgng tin nghTa, trgng danh du
Qua truyen cudi Nhat Ban, cd the nhan thay
mot sd truyen ndi bat len cac dac tinh cua
ngudi Nhat vdn thudng cue doan trong
nhirng van de danh du, sir nhun nhudng,
khiem tdn, an ndi ljch sir von thudng mau
thuan, vira can dam vira hen nhat, ua ngam
hoa ma cung ham vung kiem, nhu thai qua
ma cuong ciing thai qua, tu tdn thai qua ma
tu ti cung thai qua Ngudi Nhat chi gieu
nhiing gi cdn bat toan, cdn han chi, cdn xku
xi, cdn gia tao va cdn vi ky Hg cudi nhiing
ngudi di tu ma cdn tham lam, cdn lira dao, cudi nhiing ngudi mang danh v6 sT (bushi hay samurai) mang kiem doi ma lai hen nhat, cudi bgn nha giau ma cdn keo ban Cudi nhiing lanh chiia (daimyo) ngang ngugc, cudi nhiing thdi xau nhu khoac lac, tham lam, gia dao dire Day tuy chua phai la toan bg tinh each ngudi Nhat Ban, chi la nhirng net tinh each dugc the hien qua truyen co tich va truyen cudi, song qua tim hilu chiing ta phan nao thay dugc ddi song Nhat, tinh each Nhat va tam hdn Nhat, von
la mot dan tgc cd nhieu ban sac dgc dao
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Eiichi Aoki, Nhdt Bdn, ddt nudc vd con ngirdi, Nxb van hoc Ha Noi, 2006
2 Nhat Chieu, Truyen cudi Nhdt Bdn, Nxb
Mui ca Mau, 1987
3 Duong Ngoc Diing, Chuyen ludn Nhdt Bdn hpc, Nxb Tdng hgp, Tp HCM, 2008
4 Nguyen Bich Ha, Tuyen tap truyen cd tich Nhdt Bdn, Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, 1999
5 Bui Van Ngan, Nguac ddng ljch sir, tim hieu cdi ngudn, bdn ITnh, bdn sdc ddn tdc Nhdt qua thu tich vd truyen cd ddn gian Tap chi Van
hpcsl 1, 1999, tr 4-6
6 Nguyen Thi Nguyet, Bdng muc luc tra ciru type vd mdtip truyen cd ddn gian Nhdt Bdn cua Keikoseiki vd Hiroko Ikeda, Tap chi Van hoa
nghe thuat, s6 3 (165), 1998, tr 61 - 63
7 Dang Diic Sieu, Tinh hoa vdn hda phuang Ddng, Nxb Giao due, 2007
8 Lai Van Toan (Chu tjch Ban bien tap), Vdn hoc Nhdt Bdn, Vien Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hpi,
Ha Npi, 1998
68 NGHIEN cdru DdNG B^C fl s d 2(108) 2-2010