cho cac tap doan tfl ban tai My. Tie'ng Anh dang thfle sfl trd thanh ngdn ngfl thfl 2 ciia hau bet dan chflng An Dp. Ngfldi Anh ra di va de lai cho dan tpc nay mpt "he qua" cu[r]
Trang 1•
VA NHUNG GIA TRJ LJCH SLf, VAN HOA
Trong ljch sif, ngudi Anh da den An
Dp va tieng Anh dupe phd bien,
truyen ba, phat trien d tieu lue dja nay
Tieng Anh la ngdn ngfl ciia ke xam lupc
nhUng d day khdng chi ddn t h u i n la sU
phd cap ngdn ngfl dd cho thudc dja Thdng
qua sfl truyen ba van hoa ciia chinh quyen
thiic dan, tieng Anh da du nhap, dupc tiep
nhan va trd thanh mdt trong nhflng ngdn
ngfl chinh thfle d An Dp (cflng vdi tieng
Hindi va 21 ngdn ngfl khac) Trdng sd'
1.652 ngdn ngfl me de dfldc flde Ifldng d An
Dp, Hindi la qud'c ngfl cdn tieng Anh la
ngdn ngfl phd thdng, dUdc dflng trong
chinh phu, giao due va kinh doanh Anh
ngfl da trd thanh "di san ciia dan tdc" trUdc
xu the phat trien toan ciu hoa cua the gidi
hien nay, nhU chinh ngUdi An van thudng
ndi Tieng Anh d An Dp thiic sii la mdt he
qua, mpt "mdn qua vd gia" ngoai y mud'n
ma thuc dan Anh da de lai cho thupc dja
1 Trong sudt 2 the'ky De che Anh - An
ton tgi, nhUng chinh sdch thiic ddn vi vdn
hod, gido due cdng diia tren nhang tham
vgng vi kinh te vd chinh trf NgUdi Anh
phdt trien Anh ngU vd gido due nhdm
"ddng hod" ddn tgc An Do, tgo ra mot
tdng ldp ngUdi bdn dia ndi tie'ng Anh,
hudng quyin ldi cua chinh phd Anh, theo
ly tudng sdng cua Tdy phUdng, phuc vu
TRAN THI THANH VAN*
trong he thong quan chdc cua nen thd'ng tri thiic ddn Vdi cdc giai dogn khde nhau, tie'ng Anh dd dUdc truyen bd vd phdt trien
d An Do
- Giai doan tham do va truyen ba:
Day la giai doan md diu trdng qua trinh thiic dan hda ciia Anh d An Dp Cflng vdi viec thie't lap nen thd'ng trj thUc dan, nhflng chinh sach van boa, giao due dau tien dupc thiic thi d thudc dja vdi mflc dp tham dd va sii truyen ba cdn bj gidi ban Cdng ty thUdng mai Ldnddn d Ddng An
{Company of Merchants of London trad-ing into the East Indies), hay cdn gpi la Cdng ty Ddng An Anh {East India Company - EIC) dupe nfl hoang Elizabeth
ky sac lenh thanh lap vao ngay 31 thang
12 nam 1600 NhUng trong tbiic te, phii den sau chien thang Plassey nam 1757, quyen liic thiic sii cUa thUdng gia Anh mdi dupe thie't lap d An Dp Trong giai doan dau, Cdng ty Ddng An Anh chfl trpng xay dung bd may chinh quyen thUc dan, phuc
vu cho muc dfch thUdng mai cua thUdng gia Anh Giao due cua Cdng ty d An Dp chi danh cho tre em ngUdi Au, con ciia nhan vien Cdng ty hoac mdt so' ft la ngUdi An gd'c Anh Cdng ty h i u nhu khdng chfl y tdi giad due che ngudi An Phai den cudi the
* Th.s Tran Thi Thanh Van, Khoa Lich sit - Dai hoc Vinh
Trang 236 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
ky XVIII, khi Cdng ty kiem sdat dUdc dupe
nhflng vflng lanh the rpng ldn nhu Punjab
va Sind, ngudi Anh b i t dau nghi tdi giao
due va truyen ba Anh ngfl cho ngudi ban
dja de "khai hda" hp Bdi giai cap thd'ng trj
Anh nghi rang: "neu giao thUdng vdi
ngudi van minh thi se de dang va thuan
lpi hdn rat nhieu sd vdi ngUdi d trinh dp
lac hau, da man"'" Tfl thdi diem nay, giae
due ngifdi An Dp mdi trd thanh chien lUpc
va muc dfch lau dai ciia Cdng tỵ
Ke hoach chi tiet d i u tien cua nen giao
due Anh d An Dp dupc Charles Grant, mdt
tin đ Thien ehfla giae, đng thdi la giam
đ'c ciia EIC, sdan t h i d vao nam 1792 Vi
the, nhflng npi dung dupe truyen ba dau
tien bang tieng Anh d An Dp la giad ly dad
Kitd nhUng cflng thdng qua đ mpt sókién
thfle ve thanh tflu kinh te, van boa va xa
hpi cua the gidi cflng phd bien Theo
Grant, "tieng Anh va nen giao due phUdng
Tay chinh phuc Hindu giao nhUng n h i m
muc dich cudi cflng ve thUdng mai va
chinh trj" Quan diem nay da the hien
trong "Hién chUdng đi mdi" (The Charter
Renewal) dupc ban hanh nam 1813 Theo
đ, lin diu tien phap luat Anh cdng nhan
nghia vu va quyen ban ciia Cong ty trong
viec truyen ba nhflng kien thfle ve van
hda va ngdn ngfl Anh cho ngudi An
Sau Hién chUdng 1813, cac nha truyen
dad Anh dUpc md cifa tii đ vao An Dp
Mdt sóldn da xam n h i p vao thupc dja nay
"vdi ke hoach giao due ngudi An, day chd
hp mdt ngdn ngfl mdi, mpt ton giao mdi va
mpt nen van boa mdi" Cong ty Ddng An
Anh va Chinh phii London gian tiep cd vfl
hp Cdng ty da sif dung cac nha truyen dao
nhfl la "the lflc dai dien de lam bat cfl
nhflng gi phai lam trong khi Cdng ty dang
say dam vdi thfldng mai cdn Chinh phu
thi tham vpng banh trfldng dechế'^' Cac
trudng hpc ve Thien chua giao da dUdc thanh lap nhieu ndi vdi muc dich thdng qua phUdng tien trung gian la tiéng Anh
de "chuyen bien ngudi dan An Dp thanh Cdn chien cua Chua"
Két qua la tfl 1824 den 1835, cac trudng ldp day tiéng Anh dau tien da dUdc
md nhu la Calcutta Madrassa, the Benares Sanskrit College, Dellhi College, Agra College va cac cd quan giao due Ddng phUdng hpc khac "Nhflng ngUdi An
Dp tre tudi dudng nhu bj ldi cud'n bdi quan, diem mdi, chiing tpc mdị Hp nghi rang day la thdi ky van hoa phuc hUng d An Dp
Hp đ xd tdi cac ldp hpc tieng Anh, bat dau viet thd, van va cac bai nghien cflu bing tieng Anh va bao chf xuát ban cho hp" Mpt só da thdng thao tiéng Anh va hieu sau sac van hpc Anh, dieu ma "tham chi khdng the co dfldc d chau Au"*'^* Bao chi tiéng Anh da dfldc xuát ban tfl nam 1780 dén 1795 d Calcutta, Madras va Bombay
va dén thdi diem nay chung cung khuyen khich ngfldi An viet tiéng Anh
- Giai doan c u n g co:
Vdi nhflng thay đi trong chinh sach, mdt giai doan mdi dfldc md ra trong viec truyen ba Anh ngfl d An Dp Sfl thay đi nay ciia Cong ty Dong An Anh xuát phat tfl cac muc dfch ve chinh trj trong bdi canh Cdng ty da kiem soat dflpc ve cd ban lanh thd thupc dia An Dp va dang mong mud'n cung có quyen lflc cai trj vdi ngfldi dan b i n xfl
Dén thdi diem dau thap ky 30 the ky XIX, b i t dau nhflng khd khan đl vdi Cong ty Ddng An Anh trong viec cai trj An
Dp khi nhan vien cua Cong ty chi cd ngfldi Anh ma thieu viec bd nhiem ngudi An trung t h a n h biét tiéng Anh William Bentinck nham chfle Toan quyen tai An
Trang 3Dp tfl nam 1828, dng da viet thu cho Uy
ban truyen ba cdng cpng de de xua't ve
viec cin thiet p h i i lay tieng Anh lam ngdn
ngfl chinh thfle ciia chinh quyen va giao
due d An Dp Van de dd dupe giai quyet
khi Lord Macaulay tdi An Dp vao thang 6
nam 1834, dUdc chpn lam thanh vien thfl
nhat treng Hdi ddng quan trj cua Tdan
quyen va la giam dd'c cua Uy ban truyen
ba cdng cdng Lord Macaulay da thdng
qua ke hoach mang ten "The Minute" vao
ngay 2 thang 2 nam 1835 va dflpc xem
nhu la "Ban Tuyen ngdn ciia giao due
tieng Anh d An Dp" Ldrd William
Bentinck da ceng nhan van kien nay vao
ngay 7 thang 3 nam 1835
"The Minute"- nghia la giao due cho
ngUdi An Dp tflng phflt, rat rd rang ve
muc dich va ket q u i ciia viec giao due
tieng Anh d An Dp: "Chflng ta phai ket ndi
mdi quan he gifla chung ta va hang trieu
ngudi ma chung ta cai trj, nhflng ngfldi cd
mau va mau da An Dp nhUng lai cd thj
hieu, quan diem, tinh than va tri tue
Anh"'" Muc tieu ciia Macaulay la tan
cdng mdt each manh me vao he thdng
ngdn ngfl, van hpc va ca tdn giao cUa
ngudi An, tfl dd truyen ba van hea cung
tren nhflng linh vflc tieu bieu nay Bdi
thed dng, dd la "trung tam ve mat van hda
cua De che va sU banh trUdng thUdng mai
ciia Cdng ty"'^'
Tie'ng Anh da trd thanh ngon ngfl
chinh thfle cua giao due Anh d An Dp tfl
nam 1837 Chfnh sach ciia Cdng ty Ddng
An Anh la thanh lap cac trfldng trung hpc
dflng tieng Anh hoac ca tie'ng Anh lan
tie'ng dja phUdng d mdi quan Cac trudng
trung hpc dflng tie'ng Anh neu chat lfldng
td't se nang cap bac len cae dang Cd mdt
sd trudng truyen giae cflng day tie'ng Anh,
thed thdng ke nam 1845 cd khding 30.000
trudng Idai nay Su "ha'p dan" bdi cac vi tri dupe bd nhiem trong he thd'ng chfnb quyen Anh da thuc day nhieu thanh nien
An tim den vdi cac trudng day tie'ng Anh
Hp hy vpng se dUdc Uu tien trong khi tim viec lam Phong trao hpc tie'ng Anh manh nha't la d cac bang Bengal va Madras Chinh sach phat trien Anh ngfl d cac dd thj cdn the hien d cen sd cac td bad va tap chi da dupe xua't ban treng giai ddan nay
Cd khoang 130 td bad va tap cbi dupc phat hanh trdng dd ndi bat mdt so' td bao tieng Anh quan trpng nhu la Times of India, Bombay (1838); Calcutta Review (1844); Examiner, Bombay (1850); Guardian, Madras (1851) Cac nha van An ndi tieng viet cac tac pham ciia minh bang tieng Anh nhu Michael Madhusudan Dutt (Calcutta), CV Boriah (Madras), Krishna Mohan Banerji (Calcutta), Kashiprasad Ghose (Calcutta)
Nam 1853, Cdng ty Ddng An Anh da ra ban hien chUdng mdi Ban giam ddc ciia Cdng ty da dat ra cau hdi, "tai sao lai khdng cd sU trung thanh vdi chfnh quyen khi ma giao due da cd' ging vdi ta't ca nhflng ldi ich vi ngudi dan ban dja"'^' Charles Wddd, sau nay dUdc biet de'n la Lerd Halfax, da ra mpt thdng bad quan trpng vao nam 1854, van kien thinh thoang van dUdc gpi la "Dai hie'n chUdng ciia giao due tie'ng Anh d An Dp" Day la van kien dau tien trinh bay mdt each diy dii chi'nh sach ve giao due ciia Chinh phii Anh va EIC
Ly luan cua Wood khac hdn rat nhieu
so vdi "The Minute" cua Macaulay, nd dUa
ra nhflng cd sd cd sflc thuyet phuc de nhflng chinh sach giao due cua Anh dfldc chap nhan d An Dp Trdng dd dac biet la
ke hoach giao due tie'ng Anh ke't hpp vdi ngdn ngfl ban dia trong viec truyen ba tri
Trang 438 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
thfle phudng Tay vad thudc dja Khi chinh
sach nay dupe thUe thi, cac trudng day
Thien ehfla giae, trudng tU thuc va cac
trudng trung hpc d cac quan, huyen dUdc
bid lanh bdi EIC bat d i u thiic hien viec
giing day tieng Anh d cac cap phd thdng
vdi cac cap dp khac nhau Nen giao due
dupc md rdng len cap dai hpc Nam 1857,
nam dien ra cudc binh bien Xipay (Sepoy
Mutiny) cd ba trUdng dai hpc dUdc thanh
lap d Bdmbay, Calcutta va Madras
0 day cd sii lien be va so sanh ve viec
day tie'ng Anh d An Dp va Anh Anh ngfl
l i n dau tien dupc de cap de'n nhU la mpt
mdn hpc d Anh vad nam 1828, tham chf
trudc dd nd cflng khdng dupc de cap treng
2 trudng dai hpc danh tieng la Oxferd va
Cambridge Nd cbi dUpc day trdng TrUdng
Cad dang tdng hdp Ldnddn, thanh lap
nam 1826 nhUng cflng khong p h i i la mdn
van hpc Anh ma chi ve ngdn ngfl Anh
P h i i de'n 3 nam sau, nam 1831, van hpc
Anh mdi dUdc de xuat la mpt mon hpc ciia
Trudng Cao dang Nfl hoang London (sau
nay la Trudng Dai hpc Tong hpp London)
TrUdc nam 1828, cac hpc gii kinh dien ndi
tieng Hy lap (ngdn ngfl cd dien cua chau
Au) cdn Latinh chu yeu la ngdn ngfl cila
nha thd, mdn t h i n hpc va toan hpc dfldc
day nhfl la mpt mdn hpc chi'nh cUa Oxford
va Cambridge Ca hai trfldng nay da
khdng day mdn mdi la van hpc Anh cho
den cudi the ky XIX Vao thdi ky nay, d
Anh, hpc van nghia la hpc mpt so' tac
pham vi dai bang ngdn ngfl kinh dien Hy
Lap Tieng Anh dfldc xem nhfl "la mot thd
ngfl" Dai hpc Oxford dfla mdn Anh ngfl
vao day tfl nam 1894 va Cambridge thi
tan nam 1911, trong khi dd d An Dp, ba
trfldng dai hpc da bat dau day mdn hpc
nay tfl nam 1857
Tiep dd, d An Dp, nhieu trfldng dai hpc
da dupe thanh lap, giing day Anh ngfl, dflng de lam ngdn ngfl day va hpc nhu la Lahore University (1869), Punjab University (1882), Allahabad University (1887) Cac trudng nay dupc td chUc theo mau hinh ciia London University d Anh Den luc nay, mpt tam bang dai hpc dupc xem nhu la "tam hp chieu" de tim viec lam mpt each chac chan va chflng nhan tdt nghiep d cac trUdng phd thdng cd day Anh ngfl la dieu kien dau tien de xet tuyen sinh vao cac trUdng dai hpc
De'n cudl the ky XIX, tie'ng Anh da trd thanh ngdn ngfl cua giao due, giao thfldng
va chfnh quyen; cac ngdn ngfl dja phfldng hau nhfl khdng cdn dflpc sif dung tren cac bang gia hang hoa d chp Tie'ng Anh trd thanh "ngdn ngfl uy the" d An Dp, "ngdn ngfl ciia sflc manh va tien bac", hoan toan thay the tie'ng Batfl va cac thd ngfl Ngfldi Anh da thanh cdng trong viec ket ndi gifla giao due tie'ng Anh va thanh lap he thdng quan ehflc Quyen lflc cua chfnh quyen thfle dan dfldc xay dflng trong tay quan ehflc Anh vdi mpt he thd'ng nhflng ngfldi phuc vu An Dp bie't tie'ng Anh "Anh ngfl
da nam lay chfle nang cUa cac ngdn ngfl ban dja"
- Giai d o a n p h o b i e n : De'n cudl the'ky XIX dau XX, b i t dau cd nhflng thay ddi mdi va day la mpt bflde phat trien quan trpng de Anh ngfl "chinh phuc" dfldc nen van hoa ngon ngfl An Dp
De che Anh dfldc md rpng va lanh thd An trd nen tho'ng nha't dfldi chfnh quyen cHa Anh Anh ngfl va nen giao due Anh cflng
da che ngU dfldc nhan thfle cua nhflng ngfldi hi tri dae biet d nhflng vflng thanh thj nhfl la mpt "De che tie'ng Anh"
{English Empireyi Sfl phat trien eua
truyen thdng nhfl la ky t h u a t in an , xua't ban, dfldng s i t , bflu dien, dien tin "da
Trang 5dUa den sflc manh cho sU kiem soat hoan
toan ngdn ngfl va lanh thd" Dd chinh la
thdi diem Lerd Curzdn trd thanh Phd
VUdng An Dp, tfl 1899 de'n 1905
Nam 1901, Lord Curzon da phat bieu
rang viec hpc tie'ng Anh la "chia khoa ciia
viec lam" (the key to employment) '**' Tie'ng
Anh se dfla den cd hpi xin viec trong cd
quan chfnh phii cho ngudi An Ong da chd
thanh lap Uy ban cac trUdng Dai hpc tdng
hdp nam 1902 va ra Tuyen bd vao 1904
Uy ban nay da cd nhflng quy djnh ve cac
bang tieng Anh trong he thd'ng giao due
An Dp Tuy nhien Ban Tuyen bd' cung
nha'n manh rang h i u nhu trong cac bang
nay viec giang day cac ngdn ngfl An bj
"sao nhang" VI du d Bengal cd 101 trUdng
day An ngfl nhung chi'nh ngudi dja
phudng cung khdng ung hp nhflng "trudng
truyen thd'ng" nay vi hp "bj ddng hoa' qua
manh tfl Anh ngfl Tuyen bd' k h i n g djnh,
Anh ngfl tiep tuc la ngon ngfl d cap giao
due cao hdn Nam 1904, chinh phu Lord
Curzon cung da ra Nghi quyet Chinh phu
ve chfnh sach giao due d An Dp Tfl thdi
diem nay, nhieu trUdng da thay ddi dung
nhfl quy dinh, chi day Anh ngfl khi hpc
sinh dflpc 13 tudi, tfl cap giao due trung
hpc trd len Nhieu trfldng b i t bupc hpc
sinh phai hpc thd ngfl tfl nam 8 hoac 9
tudi, trudc khi tiep nhan ngoai ngfl Chinh
sach nay da thfle day sU phat trien cac
ngdn ngfl dan tpc d An Dp tfl cac cap tieu
hpc, cd sd va trung hpc Giai cap cam
quyen mudn tao ra mpt he thd'ng quan
chfle "ddng deu" ve trinh dp khi hp cd ca
ngdn ngfl dia phfldng lan Anh ngfl
The nhflng trong thfle te, dau the ky
XX, rat nhieu ngfldi dan An Dp cd nhu cau
hpc Anh ngfl va tiep nhan nen giao due
Anh hdn la hpc ngdn ngfl dan tpc Giai cap
cim quyen cd "dii khdn ngoan de khuyen
khich hp" "Yeu ciu va sii md rdng tU nhien", nhu each ndi ciia mpt nha sfl hpc
An, dupc the hien trong so' lupng cac trudng day Anh ngfl tang manh, tham cbi hdn gap 10 l i n so vdi cac trUdng day Ddng phudng hpc hoac ndng nghiep Su md rdng
d mflc cad nha't cac trUdng Anh ngfl cho tha'y tie'ng Anh da dupc ngudi An yeu thfch va tiep nhan Bad, tap chi, sach, xua't ban pham bing tieng Anh, dUdc mang den tfl Anh qud'c da phd bien trong cpng ddng ngudi ban xfl "Ngudi An tre b i t dau thfch thu mpi thfl lien quan den nUdc Anh va chau Au; hp den nUdc Anh vi muc dfch giao due va thUdng mai hoac ddn gian chi vi td mo"'^' Nhieu thanh nien An da nhan bang cap d cac thanh phd' ldn nhu la Bombay, Calcutta, Madras va nhieu thanh phd khac da tdi Anh de hoan thanh chUdng trinh giao due d mpt trudng dai hpc nao dd d Anh hoac tai cae dinh thii cua Hpi Luat gia London Mpt so'khac cd tham
vpng vj trf trong nganh Dan chfnh {Indian Civil Service - ICS) cflng tdi Anh de chuan
bj cho cac ky thi tuyen cua ICS
Sfl phd bien eua tie'ng Anh d An Dp cdn dfldc the hien trong hai cupc chien tranh The gidi d nifa dau the ky XX ma Anh la mpt nudc tham chien Chien tranh khdng chi anh hUdng tdi nen kinh tetoan cau ma con anh hudng ca van de ngdn ngfl Tieng Anh trd thanh mpt "hien tfldng ngdn ngfl toan cau" Binh linh ndi tie'ng Anh d khip the gidi va qua qua trinh dd tie'ng Anh da
cd nhflng bien ddi d An Dp, cd nhieu loai Anh ngfl ket hpp vdi An ngfl da xuat hien nhu Cantonment English (d cac vflng ddng quan thfldng trflc cua Anh d tay bic, ddng bic va bic An Dp), Butler English (tie'ng Anh cho quan gia) Bearer English (tie'ng Anh cho ngfldi lam thue, khuan vac) va Bazaar English (tie'ng Anh d chd) "Ta't ci
Trang 640 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
la ket qua cua sU anh hudng tfl quan dpi,
dac biet d nhflng vflng ddng quan Nhieu
ngUdi An da bd sung vdn Anh ngfl ciia
minh qua vay mUpn ngdn ngfl ciia linh va
sau dd thi bd sung them tfl ngfl tfl nhflng
ngdn ngfl ban dja"'"" Do vay, tie'ng
Anh-An b i t dau hinh thanh ro ret d Anh-An Dp
Hdn the nfla, trong giai doan nay cac
hpc thuyet dan tdc cflng da phat trien d An
Dp, chuan bj chd cudc da'u tranh giii
phdng dan tdc "Chinh quyen thUc dan
that khd chap nhan sU that rang, chinh
nhflng ngudi Au da de'n An Dp, chuan bj
chd ngUdi An sU tie'p nhan ciia y thfle dan
tdc va sU anh hUdng ciia tU tudng phUdng
Tay da sdm hinh thanh npi dung ciia cac
hpc thuyet dan tdc d day"'^" NgUdi dan An
Dp ddi tu dd va ddc lap nhU nhflng gi ma
kien thfle ciia ngfldi Au truyen ba Cac tfl
tudng tu dd cila hp deu viet bang tieng
Anh Bat diu la Swami Vivekananda, vdi
thuyet duy linh ciia minh da mud'n bieu
thj p h i n tam linh ciia ngudi An Dp vdi the
gidi bang tieng Anh cflng nhu Sri
Aurebindd viet ve ddi sd'ng tinh t h i n ciia
dan tdc minh cflng ngdn ngfl dd
Radhakrishnan nghien cflu ve triet hpc An
va Mahatma Gandhi giii thich triet ly bat
bao ddng ciia minh cflng bang Anh ngfl
Jawarhalal Nehru vdi "Phat hien An Dp"
da cho the gidi them nhflng phat hien thfle
sfl ve An Dp khi trinh bay tac pham b i n g
tieng Anh Tilak, Gokhale, Subhash
Chandra Bose, Sardar Patel, Tagore deu
bieu thj nhflng khat vpng va mong mud'n
tu do ciia ngudi dan An Dp bang Anh ngfl
Cac thien sif ca cua ngudi An la Ramayana
va Mahabharata da dUdc Rajagopalachari
djch ra tieng Anh "an Dp vdi nhflng
truyen thd'ng van hda, vdi flde md va khat
vpng, vdi sflc manh va kha nang ciia minh
da dfldc gidi thieu mdt each cd hieu qua bdi
nhflng ngUdi lanh dao trong cudc da'u tranh giii phdng dan tpc"'^^'
- Giai doan d o n g nhat:
Day la giai doan phat trien ciia Anh ngfl d An Dp khi ngudi Anh da rdi khdi thupc dja nay Ro rang, khi ngUdi Anh den
An Dp, hp mang theo ngdn ngfl va van hoa ciia minh nhu la mpt cdng cu quan trpng
dd phuc vu cho nen thd'ng trj thiic dan Tuy nhien, t r i i qua hai the ky ciia che dp thdng trj thiic dan Anh d An Dp, ben canh
"sii pha hoai" cflng cd nhflng yeu to' "xay dung" va "phuc hUng" Anh ngfl da dupc truyen ba, chap nhan, phat trien va hdn the nfla da ddng nha't d thupc dia nay
Cupc da'u tranh ciia nhan dan An Dp thang ldi, Hie'n phap mdi dfldc phe chuan
va thdng qua vao ngay 26 thang 11 nam
1947, An Dp trd thanh nflde cpng boa vao ngay 26 thang 1 nam 1950, cha'm dflt nen thd'ng trj ciia De che Anh An Tuy nhien,
"Giai cap thdng tri da trang ra di nhflng nhflng quy ngai da nau dfldc giao due Anh
ngfl {the English-educated brown Sahibs ) - "tac pham" ciia Macaulay,
da ke tuc 0 An Dp"'i'^' Tren toan lanh thd rpng ldn cua An Dp da sif dung tie'ng Anh Hie'n phap cua An dfldc in b i n g tieng Anh; nhflng ngfldi quan ly va quan toa sif dung tie'ng Anh de lam viec Ngfldi Anh da de lai mpt mang ludi dfldng s i t , bflu dien, viin thdng, he thd'ng hanh chi'nh va ta't ca nhflng giao dich ciia thfldng nhan deu dflng tie'ng Anh
Sau khi dpc lap, van de ngdn ngfl da trd thanh van de nhay cam Ddl vdi nhflng ngfldi An Dp theo chu nghia dan tpc, tie'ng Anh va nen giao due Anh la bieu tfldng ciia
"che dp nd le vinh viin" {The Eternal slav-ery) Hp mudn xoa sach di nhflng "vet
cham" nay Mpt so'khac da nghi ring, "chu
Trang 7nghia d a n tdc An cflng la mdt s i n p h a m
phu ciia nen giao due Anh", ngUdi An Dp
da tiep n h a n tU tUdng tU dd va dan chii
Tay phUdng thdng q u a Anh ngfl va nen
giae due Anh Vdi nhflng q u a n chfle dupc
dad tao b i n g giao due Anh thi cam tha'y
thich t h u vdi sflc m a n h va dja vj xa hdi m a
hp cd dupe nhd nhflng kien thfle Anh ngfl
Treng hoan c a n h dd, ta't ea nhflng hdi
ddng va uy b a n giao due ciia C h i n h p h u
deu nha'n m a n h t i m q u a n trpng eua ngdn
ngfl me de n h u la mpt phUdng tien t r u y e n
dat va tieng Anh la mdt mdn hpc Thiic te,
q u a n diem nay da dUdc de cap den trong
ban Tuyen ngdn ciia Wood (nam 1854)
Theo n h a n xet ciia mpt n h a sii hpc An Dp,
"that thfl vj khi ta't ca nhflng ke hoach
trong cac b a n bao cao dupe viet s a u 1947
dupc tim tha'y d nhflng b i n bad cad viet
trUde 1947 Ta't ca deu cho tha'y mdt thUc
te r a n g Anh ngfl va nen giao due Anh da
bam chac trong he thd'ng giao due An Dp
Tieng Anh da dflpc t h e che boa d An Dp va
tii nd da ddng nha't s a u n a m 1947"'^'"
Dieu dd da dupe t h e h i e n d sU r a ddi eda
cac td chUc p h a t t r i e n giae due va cac van
kien cua nd cflng n h u ciia C h i n h phii, ta't
ca deu de cap den sU p h a t trien d a e tad
Anh ngfl n h u la mdt mdn hpc q u a n trpng
cila nen giae due An Anh ngfl d An Dp da
ddng nha't t h a n h van hda ngdn ngfl eda
chinh d a n tdc nay Ngfldi An sif d u n g
tie'ng Anh bdi ngfldi An, vi ngfldi An
Tieng Anh d An Dp la tie'ng A n h - a n , dfldc
gpi la "Indian English"
Su ddng nha't ciia A n h ngfl d An Dp cdn
the hien d chieu ngupc lai, sau khi ngudi
Anh rdi khdi da't nUdc nay hp da mUdn ra't
nhieu tfl ngfl An be s u n g vad vd'n tfl cua
minh, t h a m chi cdn phd bien ca trong tieng
Anh qud'c te Bd tfl dien The Oxford
English Dictionary" cd k h o a n g 1000 tfl gd'c
An Dp, cac bd tfl dien k h a c cflng bd sung
k h d i n g 2000 tfl"=^' Thiic chat dd la ket qua cua 2 q u a t r i n h "An Dp boa Anh ngU"
va "Anh ngfl hda cac ngdn ngfl An" Tieng Anh da dUa den sU giae lUu gifla nhflng yeu td' que'c te va d a n tdc, vi the, "tieng Anh d An Dp m a n g t i n h c h a t phUdng Ddng
- Qud'c te hdn la phUdng Ddng - Anh""^'
2 Trong thien ky mdi, tieng Anh trd thdnh ngon ngU todn cdu Anh ngU da thay doi tinh chdt trong sii ton tgi vd phdt trien cua minh Tie'ng Anh da bung nd mgnh me d An Do; vd vdi nhdng gid tri lich sa, vdn hod vo cung to ldn, Anh ngU thUc sii la mot nhdn to quan trgng de ddn tgc ndy hgi nhdp vd phdt trien
Vdi sU xua't h i e n ciia Cdng nghe Thdng tin (Infdrmatidn Tecbneldgy), cd y nghia
n h u la mdt cupc each m a n g (each m a n g IT), ddi sd'ng n h a n leai da t h a y ddi mpi mat Tieng Anh da trd t h a n h ngdn ngfl eda Ky nguyen T h d n g tin (Infd - Age), cd
m a t d k h a p mpi ndi, thd'ng trj c i the gidi Hien nay cd k h d i n g 1,5 ti ngudi t r e n the gidi sif d u n g tie'ng Anh, t r e n g dd cd
k h d i n g 350 trieu ngudi sif d u n g n h u tieng
me de, p h a n cdn lai sif d u n g n h u la ngdn ngfl thfl bai"^' Ke't q u a ciia viec md rpng Anh ngfl, dac diem cila nd cflng t h a y ddi Trdng sud't t h e ky XIX va nifa d i u the ky
XX, tieng A n h m a n g dac diem cua mdt hien tfldng v a n bda nhUng ngay nay nd la cdng cu giao tiep qud'c te va vi the nd khdng cdn gan bd vdi mdt nen v a n boa nao nUa
D i u t h e ky XXI nay, tie'ng Anh da
"bflng no" d An Dp, t h e h i e n trong sfl t a n g
m a n h ciia cac trUdng day tieng Anh va so lupng sinh vien, giao vien N a m 2004, cd
k h o i n g 300 t r u d n g dai hpc va 13.000
t r u d n g cao d i n g day Anh ngfl vdi k h o a n g
2 t r i e u giao vien va hdn 200 trieu sinh
Trang 842 Nghien citu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
vien Sfl phd bien cen the hien re d cen sd
cac xua't ban pham b i n g tieng Anh d An
Dp Khding 1/3 sach va 1/5 tap chi dinh
ky dfldc xua't b i n b i n g tie'ng Anh Hau het
bao tieng Anh dfldc xua't b i n d cac dd thj,
phat hanh d day va nhflng vflng ngdai d
lan can Ty Ie bie't dpc, biet viet tieng Anh
cflng tang len khding 7%o'^^'
Cudl the ky XX, d An Dp cd khoang 70
trieu ngfldi sif dung tie'ng Anh, nhieu hdn
d nudc Anh Hien nay, vdi xa'p xi 11% tdng
dan sd' bie't ndi tie'ng Anh, An Dp tii hao
vdi bdn 100 trieu ngUdi bie't ndi tie'ng Anh
Cd khding 150 trieu tre em d tudi cap tieu
hpc se hpc ngdn ngfl nay Tai An Dp, ki
nang tieng Anh la mot bieu hien ciia he
thd'ng cap bac xa hpi Tren thfle te, ta't c i
nhflng ngudi d tang Idp trung lUu va
thupng lUu trdng xa hdi An Dp deu ndi trdi
chiy tieng Anh "Sii trdi chay tie'ng Anh la
dieu kien trUde tien cho sU thay ddi di len
trong nae thang t i n g ldp xa hpi" Tie'ng
Anh dupe the hien trong phUdng tien
truyen thdng Tai cac thanh phd' ldn cua
An Dp, dudng truyen tivi bang cap cd ft
nha't 25 kenh tie'ng Anh "The Times of
India" la td bao ban chay nhat sif dung
ngdn ngfl tieng Anh Ta't ca may tinh, thu
dien tif deu dflng tieng Anh trong khi he
dieu hanh Window khdng dflng ngdn ngfl
An Mpt so'Iflpng ldn phim tieng Anh dflpc
cac nha s i n xua't phim An Dp lam tfl
Bdllywddd - thanh phd lam phim cua An
Dp, sau dd cung cap cac s i n pham cho cac
ddl tac tai Hollywood Anh ngfl da trd
thanh nhan to' thu hut sfl dau tfl ciia cac
nha tfl b i n tren the gidi 500 tap doan Mi
thanh lap van phdng thdng tin phan hdi
tai An Dp, bd sung cho cac cdng ty Bac Mi
Cac van phdng nay thue nhflng the he ndi
tie'ng Anh Mi tai An Dp, cung cap cac djch
vu khach hang qua dien thoai, phuc vu
cho cac tap doan tfl ban tai My Nam
2004, cd hdn 200.000 ngfldi An lam viec cho cac trung tam phuc vu khach hang qua dien thoai tai An Dp'^^' Tie'ng Anh dang thfle sfl trd thanh ngdn ngfl thfl 2 ciia hau bet dan chflng An Dp
Ngfldi Anh ra di va de lai cho dan tpc nay mpt "he qua" cua chu nghia thfle dan
vd cflng cd y nghia, va thiic sU cd y nghia hdn trdng xu the phat trien hien nay cUa the gidi
Gia trj de lai bieu hien ra't re trong he thd'ng giao due d An Dp Ngay sau ngay dpc lap, he thd'ng dai hpc khdng n i m trong van de nhay cam can thay ddi Trong khi the gidi ben ngoai dang sif dung tie'ng Anh trong cdng nghe va giao tie'p qud'c te thi d
An Dp cac trUdng dai hpc va cao dang van tie'p tuc dao tao theo chfldng trinh cHa Macaulay Tie'ng Anh v i n tiep tuc dfldc phd cap, trang bj cho nhflng tang ldp ngfldi An Dp tre tudi mpt vd'n tieng Anh va van boa Au Dd la mpt ldi the de dat nflde nay hpi nhap the gidi Nd cung ddng nghia vdi cd hpi tim viec d An Dp Cac trung tam tieu thu hang hoa, cac trung tam phan hdi thdng tin, cac trung tam dich vu y te, cac trung tam lflu gifl thong tin cho cac cdng
ty da qud'c gia, phat trien phan mem dang tao ra hang trieu viec lam tren toan
An Dp cho nhflng ngfldi bie't tie'ng Anh Day Anh ngfl dang trd thanh cdng viec kinh doanh ldn d An Dp d k h i p mpi gdc phd'deu cd cac trung tam, hpc vien dao tao Anh ngfl Nhflng ngfldi cd kha nang tie'ng Anh tot deu co cd hpi thanh giao vien Chat Ifldng eiia nhflng giao vien Anh ngfl ngudi An dang dupc the hien nhieu ndi tren the gidi: Trung Ddng, chau Phi, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, va tham chf d Anh va My "Tie'ng Anh dang dUde xuat khau tfl An Do"
Trang 9Tie'ng Anh dang tao ra mdt "thUdng
trudng" cho ngudi An vdi nhflng "sin
pham An" tren tean the gidi Dd la yoga,
cac leai thid dUdc, thuyet duy linh An Dp,
chfl viet An trong Anh ngfl, cac chuyen gia
gidi nhieu linh vUc sif dung tie'ng Anh,
kinh nghiem p h i n mem Ta't c i dang tao
cd hdi cho An Dp phat trien tren trUdng
qud'c te, va cflng la diem ha'p dan nhieu
ngUdi nUde ngoai den An Dp, cd the chi vi
yoga hoac vi viec lam NhUng "ta't ca vi An
Dp ndi tieng Anh"
Dieu dang ndi la chinh ngudi dan An
Dp mud'n ndi ldi cam dn vdi Macaulay Hp
dang mud'n danh gia dflng nhflng gi ma
ngudi Anh da lam cho dan tpc minh Cac
nha nghien cflu gpi tie'ng Anh la
"gold-mine" (kho vang) va xem dd la "The
colo-nial legacy" - di s i n ciia thiic dan Nha
chinh trj gia Pramod Mahajan, khi la Bd
trudng Cdng nghe thdng tin va Truyen
thdng cUa Ding BJP, mpt dang cd anh
hudng ldn trong cpng ddng ngudi Hindu d
An Dp, da phat bieu trong mdt cudc ddn
tiep Thil tudng Anh Tony Blair khi den
tham Bangalore ring: "Chflng tdi bie't dn
ngfldi Anh 'vi da day chflng tdi tie'ng Anh,
met thiic te ma bay gid ngudi Trung Qud'c
dang hdi tiee." {"The Hindu" triic tuyen
ngay 6 thang 1 nam 2002)
Vdi ta't ca nhflng gi da ndi d tren, ljch
sif tie'ng Anh d An Dp qua that la mpt cau
chuyen ha'p dan ve sflc manh va sii khang
Cli, cua sii xam lUdc va tie'p nhan, ciia uy
quyen va sU lat dd, cua cai ra di va dieu d
lai Truyen ba Anh ngfl d thupc dia An Dp
la muc dfch ciia thfle dan Anh va vi chinh
quyen lpi ciia ngfldi Anh nhung nhflng gia
trj ljch sif de lai da n i m ngoai tam kiem
soat cUa hp Cd the ndi chfnh da't nflde An
Dp, chinh ngfldi dan An Dp da chu ddng
tiep nhan Anh ngfl, thuc day sfl phat trien
va "ddng boa" nd thanh ngdn ngfl cua chinh minh Dd phai chang cflng la dieu may man cua ljch sif./
CHU THICH
1 N.krishnaswamy, Lalitha Krishnaswary, The story of English in India, Foundation Books Pvt Ltd, first pub-lished 2006, p 10
2 N.krishnaswamy, Lalitha Krishnaswary, The story of EngHsh in India, sdd, p 18
3 Vishwanathan, G, Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India, London: Faber and Faber Press
1989, p.19
4 5 N.krishnaswamy, Lalitha Krishnaswary, The story of English in India, sdd, p.32
6, 7, 8, 9, 10 N.krishnaswamy, Lalitha Krishnaswary, The story of English in India, sdd, p.47-p.91
11, 12 J.Krishnamuri, On Nationalism, The first and last Freedom, Foundation India, 2000, p91,p.l03
13 N.krishnaswamy, Lalitha Krishnaswary, The story of English in India, sdd, pl09
14 N.krishnaswamy, LaUtha Krishnaswary, The story of English in India, sdd, p 114
15 D.Crystal, Enghsh as a Global Language, Cambridge University Press 1997
16 Vishwanathan, G, Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India, London: Faber and Faber Press 1989
17 J.Krishnamuri, On Nationalism, The first and last Freedom, sdd
18 D.Crystal, English as a Global Language, sdd, p 139
19 Ngudn http://tesol-india.ac.in/htm, truy cap ngay 19 thang 01 nam 2010