** Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Ddng lodn tap, Nha xuk ban Chinh tri quoc gia. '" Vien Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam va Tinh iiy-Uy ban nhan dan tinh Dien Bien: 50 ndm Chien thdng D[r]
Trang 1QUAN HE VIET NAM - CHAU AU
J\tH Di VA B 6 | CANH LICH SCrTHI^T LAP QUAN Hf VI$T - XO (1950)
3d
TS Nguyen Ngoc Mao
Vien Sir hoc
Tir rat sdm, ngay tir cudi the ky XIX,
nhirng ngudi thiiy thii Nga da dem nhiing
biic thong diep ciia tinh hiru nghj ddu tien
den vdi Viet Nam
Ke tir sau Cach mang thang Mudi Nga
(1917), nhirng tien de ciia mdi quan he mdi
dan dugc nhen nhiim Dd chinh la anh hudng
ciia Cach mang thang Mudi da tao dieu kien
cho su phat trien y thiic each mang ciia nhan
dan, lam chuyen bien nhan thiic cua cac nha
yeu nudc ve con dudng giai phdng dan tpc,
ma tieu bieu la lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quoc
Tir nam 1920, sau khi dgc Sa thao lan
thit nhdt nhitng luan cuang ve vdn de ddn
toe vd vdn de thupc dia " cua Lenin, Nguyen
Ai Quoc nhan thiic mdt each rd rang rang,
muon cim nudc giai phdng dan tdc, khdng cd
con dudng nao khac, ngoai con dudng each
mang vo san, con dudng ma Cach mang
thang Mudi da vach ra Ngudi viet: "Luan
cuomg cua Lenin ldm cho tdi rdt cdm dpng,
phan khdi, sdng to, tin tuang biet bao! Toi
vui mieng din phdt khoc len Ngoi mpt minh
trong budng md toi noi to len nhu dang ndi
trudc qudn chung dong ddo: "Hdi dong bdo
bi dpa day dau kho! Ddy la cdi cdn thiit cho chung ta, day la con duang gidi phdng chung ta" Dd la budc ngoat vT dai cho
phong trao each mang Viet Nam Co sd cua mdi quan he Xd - Viet dugc md rdng va phat trien qua timg giai doan, vdi nhiing bieu hien
vo cimg sinh ddng va phong phu
Cung tir nam 1920, Nguyen Ai Qudc miet mai nghien cim, tich cyc hoat dpng trong cac td chiic each mang, truyen ba chii nghTa Mac - Lenin vao Viet Nam, chuan bj dieu kien thanh lap Dang Cdng san, tuyen truyen iing hd Nha nudc Xd viet
Thang 6-1923, Nguyen Ai Qudc dugc cir sang cdng tac d Matxcorva Tai day, Ngudi thanh lap dudng day lien lac Matxccrva - Pari - Viet Nam, gdp phan quyet dinh vao viec pha vd sy don ddc Viet Nam, ndi each mang Viet Nam vdi Lien X6 - trung tam each mang the gidi Tai que huong cua Lenin, Nguyen Ai Qudc vira cdng tac tai QuIc tl Ndng dan, vira cong tac tai Bp
' Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap, Nha xuat ban Chinh trj
quoc gia, Ha Noi 2000, tap 10, tr 127
Trang 270 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°3 (114).2010
Phuang Dong, tham gia Idp hpe ngan ngay
tai trudng Dai hpe Phuang Ddng Matxccrva,
ddng thdi viet bao dang tren tap chi d Xd
viet
Vdi tu each la dai bieu duy nhdt ciia
Dong Duong trong thanh phan doan dai bilu
Dang Cdng san Phap, Nguyen Ai Qudc tham
dy nhieu dai hdi qudc te quan trgng d Lien
Xd: Dgi hpi thdnh lap Quoc te ndng ddn,
Dgi hpi Quoc te cdng hpi do, dac biet la Dgi
hpi V Qudc te Cong sdn (tir ngay 17-6 den
ngay 8-7-1924) Tai cac diln dan nay,
Nguyen Ai Qudc deu cd nhirng bai tham
luan trinh bay chi tiet ve tinh hinh ddi sdng
cua cdng nhan, ndng dan d cac nudc thude
dia, trong do cd Ddng Duong, vira de thu hiit
sy chii y ciia cac td chiic qudc te ddi vdi cudc
dau tranh d Viet Nam, vira de tuyen truyen,
giuong cao nggn cd ciia Lenin Ndi dung nay
ciing la diem trgng tam cac bai viet cua
Ngudi dugc dang tren cac bao chi Lien Xd
Tieu bieu la bai Lenin va cdc ddn tpc thupc
dia dang tren bao Pravda (Sy that) diing vao
ngay le tang cua V.I.Lenin Bai bao da ndi
Ien tinh cam ciia nhan dan cac dan tdc thupc
dja va phy thupc ddi vdi lanh ty each mang
the gidi: "Nhung tdt cd hp, tie nhirng nguoi
ndng ddn Viet Nam den nguai ddn sdn bdn
trong cdc rimg Dahomdy cdng da tham nghe
ndi rdng a mpt gdc trdi xa xdm co mpt ddn
tpc dd ddnh dudi duac bpn chu bde Ipt hp vd
hien dang tu qudn lay ddt nuac minh md
khdng cdn den bon chu vd bon todn quyen
Ho cdng da nghe noi rang nudc do Id nudc
Nga, rdng co nhitng nguai ddng cam, md nguoi ddng cdm nhdt la Lenin Chi nha thi cdng du cho hp ngudng mp sdu sdc vd day nhiet tinh vai nuac do va lanh tu cua nudc dd"\
Thang 11-1924, Nguyen Ai Qudc rdi Matxcova, sang Trung Qudc de td chirc phong trao cdng san cho dat nudc Tai day, Ngudi dao tao nhirng can bd dau tien cho each mang Viet Nam Chinh hg se trd thanh hat nhan cho viec truyen ba chu nghTa Mac -Lenin vao trong nudc, gdp phan thiic day su phat trien cua phong trao dan tdc Viet Nam, tien tdi thanh lap Dang Cong san Nguyen Ai Qudc nhan manh bai hgc ma each mang Nga
da day: " muon cdch mang thdnh cong thi phdi ddn chung (cong nong) ldm goc, phdi
CO Ddng vitng ben, phdi ben gan, phdi hy sinh, phdi thong nhdt Noi torn lai Id phdi theo chu nghia Md Khac Tu vd Lenin"^
Mdi quan he Xd - Viet ngay cang cd nhung CO sd phat triln khi Lien Xd va Qudc
te Cdng san ludn danh sy quan tam din each mang Viet Nam, den nhirng boat ddng ciia Nguyen Ai Qudc Dang Iim y nhdt la Lien
Xd va Qudc t l Cong san da giiip Viet Nam dao tao dpi ngu can bd chuyen nghiep Cho den cudi thap ky 30 cua the ky trudc, cd tdi hang chuc ngudi Viet Nam duoc dao tao tai
' Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap, Nha xudt ban Chinh tri
quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1995, tap 1, tr 236
• Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Ddng todn tap, Nha xuat ban Chinh tri qu6c gia Ha Noi
1998, tap 2, tr 280
Trang 3CJien ite ixd l%d'i ednh litth su 71
ba CO sd dao tao can bd cdng san cho ngudi
nudc ngoai d Lien Xd: Trudng Dai hgc
Phuang Ddng, Vien Nghien ciiu cac vdn dl
Dan tdc va Thude dja va trudng Qudc t l
Lenin Trong qua trinh hgc tap tai Matxcova,
nhirng sinh vien Viet Nam lai dugc Chinh
phil Lien Xd tai trg toan bd Hg dugc tilp
xuc va lam viec vdi nhirng can bd tot nhdt
ciia Matxccrva, dugc hgc nhilu bd mdn: tilng
Nga, ljch sir each mang Nga, ljch sir phong
trao each mang Phuong Ddng, ljch sir cac
hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi, trilt hgc Kit qua
cita qua trinh dao tao nay da tao ra mdt dpi
ngu nhirng chien sT each mang, nhiing ngudi
lanh dao uu tii nhu Trdn Phii, Le H6ng
Phong, Phiing Chi Kien, Nguyen Thj Minh
Khai, Tran Van Giau Dieu nay cd y nghTa
vo cimg quan trpng ddi vdi budc phat trien
ciia each mang Viet Nam, ddi vdi quan he
X6 - Viet
Dau thang gieng nam 1930, dugc sy
giup dd cua Qudc te Cdng san, Nguyen Ai
Quoc trd ve nudc chii tri thdng nhat ba td
chirc cdng san Sy ra ddi ciia Dang ngay
3-2-1930 da cham dirt tinh trang khitng hoang
dudng ldi ciiu nudc d Viet Nam Cach mang
Viet Nam trd thanh mdt bd phan cua each
mang thi gidi ma dat nudc Xd viet, que
huong ciia Cach mang thang Mudi, la trung
tam Mdi quan he Xd - Viet cd them nhiing
dieu kien de phat trien
Vira mdi ra ddi Dang Cdng san Viet
Nam da td chiic va lanh dao mdt cao trao
each mang phat trien manh me, rdng Idn
trong nhiing nam 1930-1931, dinh cao la Xd Viet Nghe TTnh Trudc tinh hinh dd, thyc dan Phap thi hanh chinh sach khiing bd trdng nham tieu diet Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, dap tat phong trao each mang Chiing tim each bung bit, ngan can mgi anh hudng tir ben ngoai, dac biet nhirng gi lien quan din Lien Xd, Qudc te Cdng san, ddng thdi chiing con cd nhirng boat ddng bdi nho, vu khdng Lien Xd
Quan triet tu tudng cua' Nguyen Ai Qudc neu trong Cuong ITnh dau tien va dugc nhac lai trong Luan cuong nam 1930 ciia
ddng chi Tran Phii ve viec "Ung hp Lien bang Xd viet; lien ket vdi giai cdp vd sdn todn the giai vd phong trao cdch mgng thupc dia vd bdn thupc dia"'^, nhiing ngudi cdng
san Viet Nam thay trgng trach Idn lao phai tim giai phap de chdng lai luan dieu phan ddng, bao ve thanh qua Cach mang thang
Mudi Trong bdi canh do, tac pham : ""Nhdt
ky chim tdu" cita Nguyen Ai Qudc ra ddi da
dap ling Idng mong mdi ciia nhirng ngudi cdng san Viet Nam.Vdi hinh thiic ke chuyen, ldi le gian dj, de hieu, sinh dpng va hap dan, Ngudi da gidi thieu mdt each toan dien nudc Nga trudc va sau each mang Tac pham dugc dua vao Viet Nam da dugc dong dao ngudi dan Viet Nam ham md, lam cho quan chiing
" Dang Cong san Viet Nam.- Vdn kien Ddng todn tap,
Nha xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia Ha Noi, 1998, tap2, tr 95
Trang 472 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°3 (114).2010
cang them yeu men Lien Xd, cd vii manh me
y thirc each mang cua nhan dan
Mac dil trong dieu kien ke thu dang
khiing bd tan bao, gat gao Dang Cdng san
Viet Nam (sau ddi thanh Dang Cdng san
Ddng Duong vao thang 10-1930) van kien tri
chi dao td chiic ky niem lan thii 13 Cach
mang thang Mudi Le ky niem dien ra vdi
quy md Idn tren toan qudc, thu hut ddng dao
cdng nhan, hgc sinh tham gia vdi nhieu hinh
thiic: rai truyen don, treo cd, dan ap phich, td
chirc mit tinh, ndi chuyen ve ljch sir Cach
mang thang Mudi, ve cdng cudc xay dyng
chil nghTa xa hdi d Lien Xd Tai cac cudc mit
tinh, quan chiing hd vang khau hieu: "Ddnh
do de qudc Phdp vd Nam trieu phong kien ",
"Bdo ve Lien Xd", hay "Theo nong ddn Nga
de chong dp bite, chong boc Ipt de ngudi cay
CO rupng"
Trong nhirng nam 1932-1935, mac dii
thyc dan Phap dan ap da man phong trao
each mang, hau het can bd cdt can bi bat va
CO sd Dang bi tan vd, nhung dudi sy lanh
dao cua Dang, viec ky niem Cach mang
thang Mudi vin dugc to chiic d nhieu noi
vdi nhilu hinh thiic rat ddc dao nhu: rai
truyen don, viet khau hieu, treo cd, tha hinh
ndm tren sdng
La trung tam cua each mang the gidi
Lien Xd khdng ngimg ung hd cudc dau tranh
cua nhiing ngudi yeu nudc Viet Nam vi sy
nghiep gianh ddc lap giai phdng dan tdc
Trong liic cao trao each mang Viet Nam
dang phat triln, ngay 18-11-1931 tren td bao
"Su thdt" - CO quan ngdn luan cua Dang
Cdng san Bdnsevich Lien Xd, da dang bai
"Hai ndm cua Ddng Cpng sdn Ddng Ducmg", gidi thieu cudc dau tranh kien
cudng cua nhiing ngudi cdng san va quan chiing Viet Nam vdi nhan dan Lien Xd va ban be qudc te < r
Quoc tl Cdng san cdn td chiic bi mat dua mdt sd can bd each mang dugc dao tao d Matxcova ve nudc de khdi phuc Dang va phong trao each mang sau "chinh sach khimg
bd trang" ciia thyc dan Phap Nam 1935, Qudc te Cong san ra Nghj quyet cdng nhan Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong la bg phan chinh thiic Dieu nay cd y nghTa to Idn cho viec xay dyng quan he tryc tiep giira Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong va Dang Cdng san Lien Xd
Tu nam 1936, trudc tinh hinh the gidi
va trong nudc cd nhieu thay ddi Dang Cong san Ddng Duong vach ra muc tieu chdng chii nghTa phat xit va chiln tranh, ddi ty do, dan chil, com ao, hda binh Nhu vay, each mang Viet Nam ngay cang hda nhap vao ddng thac chung ciia each mang thi gidi do Lien X6 diing ddu trong cudc ddu tranh chong phat xit De ung hd muc tieu vi hda binh ndi chung va vi sy nghiep each mang Viet Nam ndi rieng Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong vach
ra bien phap ddu tranh hgp phap cdng khai thdng qua cac phong trao: phong trao Ddng Duong Dai hdi, phong trao ddu tranh chdng
Trang 5^ien ite ad lmi ednh lieh /«- 73
bpn Trdtxkit, phong trao bao chi cdng khai
0 cac phong trao nay, qudn chiing nhan dan
tham gia het sire ddng dao Hp khdng chi ddu
tranh ddi cai thien ddi sdng cua minh, ma
con kien quyet vach mat bpn phan ddng
chong pha each mang Viet Nam va ddy
manh hoat ddng tuyen truyen Cach mang
thang Mudi, iing hd Lien Xd trong chinh
sach doi ngoai hda binh Qua bao chi cdng
khai, cac nha bao cdng san Viet Nam da ddy
manh tuyen truyen cho Lien Xd va Cach
mang thang Mudi, cho chu nghTa Mac
-Lenin Dd la viec cdng bd cdng khai nhieu
van kien, Idi keu gpi ciia Qudc te Cdng san,
ciia Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong va phat
hanh nhieu cudn sach nhd gidi thieu ve Lien
X6 nhu.- "Lenin", "Nudc Nga Xd viet",
"Thdng loi cua thdi dp kien tri cua Lien
Xd", "Viec vo trang Lien Xd", "Cdng cupc
xdy dung a Lien Xd " }
Qua nhirng tai lieu tren, nhan dan Viet
Nam khdng chi tim hieu thanh tyu ciia cdng
cupc xay dyng chu nghTa xa hdi d Lien Xd
dugc ta nhu hinh anh tuong lai cua Viet Nam
ma cdn bilt them ve chinh sach ddi ngoai
ciia Lien Xd va sy phat trien ciia khoa hgc
-ky thuat, van hda va van hgc - nghe thuat Xd
vilt, gdp phdn ciing co sy hgp tac chien dau
giira cac lyc lugng each mang Viet Nam vdi
Lien Xd JHJ n-.,
' Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap, Nha xuat ban Chinh trj
quocgia, HaNoi,1995, tap3, tr 155
Chien tranh the gidi thii II biing nd va viec Lien Xd danh tan vao hang d ciia chii nghTa phat xit, tieu diet chiing, da tao dieu kien thuan Igi va thdi co chin mudi cho each mang Viet Nam That vay, cudc dao chinh ciia Nhat gat Phap ra khdi Dong Duong da dua tdi viec Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong phat ddng cao trao khang Nhat ciru nudc cd
y nghTa vd ciing to Idn Nd khdng chi lam phat trien nhanh chdng lyc lupng each mang, lam suy yeu ke thii, chuan bj dieu kien gianh chinh quyen ma cdn gdp phan chia se ganh nang chien tranh vdi Lien Xd, vdi cac nudc ddng minh va nhan loai tien bd chdng phat xit
Ngay 8-8-1945, Lien Xd tuyen chien vdi Nhat d Vien Ddng va gianh thang Igi chi khdng day mdt tuan sau dd Day la liic thdi
CO each mang da chin mudi Nhanh chong ddn nhan thdi co "ngan nam cd mdt" Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong quyet djnh phat dpng cudc Tdng khdi nghTa tren toan qudc gianh chinh quyen ve tay each mang trudc khi quan Ddng minh vao Chi trong vong hai tuan, dudi sy lanh dao ciia Dang Cdng san, cudc Tdng khdi nghTa cua nhan dan Viet Nam da toan thang Nudc Viet Nam ddc lap
ra ddi
Tren day la nhiing tien de het siic thuan Igi de cd the thiet lap quan he giiia hai quoc gia ddc lap Tuy nhien, viec thiet lap quan he cdn phu thude vao nhirng yeu td khach quan
va chil quan
Trang 674 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°3 (114).2010
Ngay 2-9-1945 nudc Viet Nam Dan
chil Cdng hda ra ddi Chi 20 ngay sau, ngay
22-9-1945 tilp dd la ngay 21-10-1945, vdi
tu each lanh tu mdt qudc gia ddc lap, Hd Chi
Minh da giri Dai Nguyen soai Xtalin hai biic
cdng dien qua dai sir Lien Xd tai Phap Birc
cdng dien neu rd: " Chung tdi trdn trpng
thdng bdo vdi quy ngdi rdng, chinh phd ldm
thdi cpng hoa Viet Nam da duac thdnh Igp
dual SIC Chu tich Hotshimin Hodng de Bdo
Dgi da thoai vi ngdy 25-8 vd chuyen giao
chinh quyen cho chinh phu mdi duac todn
ddn tpc ung hp
Cung thai gian do, do he thdng de sdng
bi vd, mpt nua Bac Ky bi ngap lut gdy nen
nhiing ton ihdt to lan, ddn bdt ddu chet ddi
Chung toi keu gpi quy ngdi mpt sic giup da
cd the"^ Rat tiec, birc cdng dien khdng dugc
tra Idi
La ngudi thdng minh va rat nhay ben
vdi thdi cudc, ngay 21-10-1945, Chii tjch Hd
Chi Minh giri tiep birc cdng dien khac tdi
Xtalin lim y den nhiing van de lien quan den
Viet Nam Ndi dung chinh ciia nhirng van de
nay la td cao Phap cau ket vdi Nhat chdng lai
phe ddng minh, len an nhirng hanh dpng hen
nhat ciia Phap dau hang phat xit Nhat Birc
dien ciing ndi rd, nudc Viet Nam Dan chit
Cdng hda dugc thanh lap tren co sd gianh lai
nen ddc lap tir tay Nhat, nhung Phap da coi
thudng nhirng quyet djnh ciia Hien chuang
'' l.V Bukhackin: Kremly va Hd Chi Minh Tap
chi "Lich sir can hien dai", so 3-1998, tr
126-127 (Tieng Nga)
Dai Tay Duong va quay trd lai xam chiem Viet Nam Dac biet, biic cdng dien nhan manh din y chi cua nhan dan Viet Nam la se quylt tam diing Ien dau tranh chdng thyc dan Phap va Phap se phai chiu hoan toan trach nhiem trudc nhiing hau qua xay ra Biic cdng dien nay cung khdng dugc tra ldi Theo l.V Bukhackin, Phd Vy trudng
Vu Luu trii tu lieu Ljch sir Bd Ngoai giao Nga (tac gia ciia bai bao da trich), sd dT khdng cd sy tra ldi la do nhung thdng tin ve Viet Nam va Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh khdng dugc day dii Biic cdng dien dugc ky dudi mdt cai ten khi dd ddi vdi Matxcova cdn mdi
me Hon niia, theo cac chii cai tieng Nga, hp cua lanh tu mdi Viet Nam khi thi viet Khdxkhimingo khi thi Khdtrimin Day la mdt each ly giai
Tuy nhien, sy im lang cua Lien Xd chi
cd the dugc giai thich bdi nhiing nguyen nhan sau xa dugc bat ngudn tir Igi ich chien luge ciia cudng qudc nay
Sau Chien tranh the gidi thii II, trat ty the gidi mdi - trat ty hai cyc lanta dugc hinh thanh tren co sd Igi ich ciia cac cudng qudc vdi hai he thdng ddi lap nhau do hai sieu cudng dung dau la Lien Xd va My Trat ty thi gidi hai cyc Xd -My da anh hudng quylt djnh den toan bd mdi quan he qudc tl, ldi cudn cac khu vuc, cac quoc gia phat triln theo xu hudng cd Igi cho moi cyc Bdi vay mdi quan tam Idn nhdt cua Lien Xd nhirng
'Nt, tr 126-127
Trang 7'^ien ite ixd lmi ednh lieh sii: 75
nam dau sau chien tranh la vien trg, giiip do
cac nudc dan chit nhan dan Ddng Au ciing
CO vanh dai phia Tay noi gan lien vdi Igi ich
song cdn ciia Lien Xd va cung la noi ddi dau
tryc tiep vdi cac the lyc de qudc Cdn khu
vyc Ddng Nam A, trong dd cd Viet Nam, xet
ve dja-chinh trj, qua xa ddi vdi Igi ich cita
Lien Xd Hon niia theo thda thuan tai Hdi
nghj lanta (2-1945) va Hdi nghj Pdxdam
(7-1945), Viet Nam va Ddng Duong van thude
pham vi anh hudng truyen thdng ciia cac
nudc de qudc phuang Tay Luc nay, vi muon
tranh thit Phap, Lien Xd dang iing hd chinh
phil Ddgdn va khdng mudn ddng cham den
quyen Igi cua Phap d Viet Nam
Song, vdi Idng tha thiet mudn hgp tac
vdi Lien Xd va cac nudc dan chit, trong ldi
keu ggi giri Lien hgp qudc cudi nam 1946,
Chil tjch Hd Chi Minh nhan manh: "Doi vdi
cdc nudc ddn chii, nudc Viet Nam sdn sdng
thuc thi chinh sdch ma cua vd hap tdc tren
mpi linh vuc"
Bdng nhiing boat ddng doi ngoai hudng
ra ben ngoai ciia Dang, cac phai vien cua
Viet Nam cd dilu kien tilp xiic vdi cac td
chirc, dai sii quan Lien Xd d cac nudc de
tuyen truyin lam rd y nghTa va vj tri ciia each
mang Viet Nam, tranh thii sy iing hd cita
Dang va Nha nudc Lien Xd Chi din khi, cue
dien tren chiln trudng Viet Nam (tir nam
1947) cd nhimg thay ddi can ban cho each
mang, tinh hinh the gidi het sire thuan Igi, nhdt la sy thang Igi ciia each mang Trung Qudc ciing vdi chinh sach ddi ngoai chit ddng ciia Dang va Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh nhu da dl cap thi Viet Nam mdi trd thanh mdi quan tam Idn ciia cac cudng quoc cac nudc trong dd cd Igi ich chien luge ciia Lien
Xd Nhu Dang Cdng san Viet Nam vach rd:
"Ta cd mgnh thi hp mdi chiu "dem xia den"
Ta yeu thi ta chi Id mpt khi cii trong tay cua
ke khac, ddu la ke dy cd the Id ban dong minh cua ta vdy"
Lien quan den van de nay, chiing tdi dong tinh vdi quan diem ciia tien sT ngudi Nga Anatoli Xdkdldv, nha nghien ciiu ve Viet Nam: Tin hieu dau tien ve nhiing thay ddi dudng ldi cua Lien X6 ddi vdi Ddng Duong la phat bieu ciia nha boat ddng Nha nudc va Dang Cdng san Lien Xd A Zdanndp tai Hdi nghj dai dien cac Dang Cong san cac nudc chau Au tai Ba Lan nam
1947, thdi diem chuyen hudng ciia cue dien tren chien trudng Ddng Duong Trong bai dien van dd, thay mat Dang va Nha nudc Xd vilt, ong da bay td sy ung hd kien quyet va dirt khoat cudc dau tranh giai phdng dan tpc ciia nhan dan Ddng Duong"'^
" Ho Chi Minh.- Todn tap, Nha xudt ban Chinh trj
quoc gia Ha Noi 1995, tap 4, tr 470
** Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Ddng lodn tap, Nha xuk ban Chinh tri quoc gia Ha Noi 2000, tap 7
tr 244
'" Vien Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam va Tinh iiy-Uy ban
nhan dan tinh Dien Bien: 50 ndm Chien thdng Dien Bien Phit vd su nghiep doi m&i phdt trien ddt nu&c Nha xuk ban Khoa hoc xa hpi Ha Noi, 2004, tr 191
Trang 876 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°3 (114).2010
That vay, budc sang nam 1950, thdi
diem da cd nhiing dieu kien khach quan va
chil quan de cd the keu gpi cac nudc cdng
nhan va dat quan he ngoai giao vdi Viet
Nam Trong ban Tuyen bd ngay 14-1-1950,
Chil tich Hd Chi Minh thay mat Chinh phii
nudc Viet Nam Dan chit Cdng hda neu rd:
"Chinh phu Viet Nam Ddn chu Cpng hda Id
chinh phu hap phdp duy nhdt cua todn the
nhdn ddn Viet Nam Cdn cic tren quyen lai
chung, Chinh phu Viet Nam Ddn chu Cpng
hda sdn sdng dgt qugn he ngogi giao vai
chinh phu nudc ndo trpng quyen binh ddng,
chu quyen lanh tho vd chu quyen quoc gia
cua nuac Viet Nam, de cung nhau bdo ve
hda binh vd xdy dap ddn chu the giai"''
Trudc dien bien mau le cua tinh hinh the
gidi, sy thay ddi cue dien tren chien trudng
Ddng Duong, xuat phat tir Igi ich chien luge
ciia minh Lien Xd thyc thi chinh sach ddi
ngoai dya tren nguyen tac: "Phdt trien tinh
dodn kit anh em vai cdc nudc ddn chu nhdn
ddn, cung co todn dien he thong xd hpi chit
nghia the gidi, ung hp phong trao gidi phong
ddn tpc cua cdc nudc dang ddu tranh xda bd
ach thdng tri thuc ddn, hprp tdc hdu nghi vai
cdc quoc gia dpc lap tre tuoi, bdo ve hda
binh, vgch trdn chinh sdch de dpa an ninh
chung cua gidi cdm quyen My vd cd nhiing
bien phdp dich ddng doi vai nhiing hdnh
dpng cua chung"
Trien khai chinh sach ddi ngoai nay Lien Xd ciing cd vanh dai phia Tay bang each ung hd ve mgi mat cac nudc dan chii nhan dan Trung - Ddng Au, ddng thdi tiep tuc md rdng pham vi anh hudng ciia minh d khu vyc khac, dac biet la khu vyc chau A -Thai Binh Duong Trudc bet Lien Xd tan
tinh giup do ca ve vat chat, tinh than cho
cudc each mang giai phdng Trung Quoc trong giai doan 1946-1948 Sy giiip dd dd cua Lien Xd da gdp phan quan trgng vao thang Igi cua each mang Trung Qudc nam
1949 Sau khi Nha nudc Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa ra ddi Lien Xd da cdng nhan va thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vdi Trung Qudc
Dd la sy kien tac ddng manh me tdi quan he Lien Xd vdi cac nudc chau A, dac biet tao sy chuyen bien mdi trong quan he Viet Nam -Trung Qudc - Lien Xd , j:
Viec thiet lap quan he ngoai giao Viet Nam - Trung Qudc ciing sy chuyen bien ve chat ciia cudc khang chien cua nhan dan Viet Nam lai nhu mdt nhan td mdi tilp them siic manh cho chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Lien Xd dugc trien khai thuan Igi d khu vyc chau A Den day da hdi tu du nhung dilu kien cho viec thilt lap quan he Viet-Xd
Ngay 30 thang 1 nam 1950, Lien X6 tuyen bd cdng nhan nudc Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda ve mat ngoai giao
" Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap, Nha xuat ban Chinh tri
quoc gia Ha Noi 1995, tap 6, tr 7-8
'" Lich sir chinh sdch doi ngogi cua Lien X6
(1945-1970) Nha xuat ban Khoa hpe, Matxcova 1971, tr
Trang 9MOT SO VAN D€ V€ TINH HINH VI PHRM PHflP LUflT BnO V€ MOI TRirdNG TR€N T H € ' G | 6 | VR RNH HlfdNG CUR NO
DOI V6l vice 0RO v l MOI TRlTdNG 6 VI€T NRM
Trong may thap nien gan day dac biet
nhirng nam dau the ki XXI tinh trang d
nhiem mdi trudng tren the gidi ngay cang trd
nen nghiem trgng Mdi trudng bj d nhiem do
tac dpng ciia nhieu yeu td khac nhau trong
do CO tinh trang vi pham phap luat ve bao ve
moi trudng do chinh con ngudi gay ra
Hien nay d nhieu nudc tren the gidi,
choang nggp trudc nhirng Igi nhuan Idn do
khai thac cac ngudn tiem nang cd san trong
ty nhien mang lai, nhieu loai toi pham trong
ITnh vyc mdi trudng da xuat hien va boat
dpng bang nhiing phuong thirc thii doan rat
tinh vi Bpn tdi pham chat pha rimg boat
dpng ngang nhien va trang trpn Ddi khi
duoc ca nhiing phan tir thoai hoa, bien chat
trong bp may Nha nudc tiep tay, nen chiing
cang CO dieu kien boat ddng, xem thudng
phap luat, tham chi cdn cd nhung trudng hgp
toi pham tan cdng ngudi thi hanh cong vy,
lam ton that ca ve ngudi va ciia cho cac co
quan bao ve phap luat Tinh trang vi pham
phap luat bao ve ngudn tai nguyen rimg dien
ra d nhilu nudc, nhung tap trung chii yeu
van la nhirng qudc gia cd dien tich rimg Idn
nhu Braxin, Dirc, Nga va luu vyc sdng
Amazon, Cdngd Tac ddng xau ciia con
ngudi dii vdi rimg da lam cho dien tich rimg
tren thi gidi ngay cang thu hep Theo tai lieu
cong bd cita Quy Qudc tl ve Bao ve thien
nhien (WWF), dien tich rimg d mdy thap ki
culi thi ky XX, dac biet trong nhirng nam
TS Nguyen Van Ngirng
Bo Cong An
gan day, giam di nhanh chdng Trong sudt 20 nam qua, rimg amazon (Brasil) trung binh moi nam bj thu hep 19.000km2; Rimg nguyen sinh da bien mat hon 20% do boat ddng ciia con ngudi Bdn loai rimg bj buy diet kha Idn la: rimg hdn hgp va rimg dn ddi
la rdng 60%, rirng la kim mdng 30%), rimg
am nhiet ddi khoang 45% va rimg khd nhiet
ddi khoang 15%
Ciing vdi cac hanh vi vi pham phap luat bao ve rimg, loai tdi pham san bat cac loai ddng vat quy hiem cung dien ra kha pho bien
d nhieu qudc gia Mdt mat, do dieu kien kinh
te d mdt sd nudc ngay cang nang cao nen nhieu ca nhan trong xa hdi cd nhu cau thudng thiic thjt thii rimg Mat khac mpt sd loai quy hiem (bao gom ca cac loai ca bien)
CO gia trj kinh te cao dugc sir dyng cho nhieu miic dich khac nhau trong y hpe cupc song, lam dd trang tri , nen chiing luon la muc tieu tim kiem va san liing, dac biet la loai toi pham chuyen nghiep nham thu Igi nhuan Idn Loai tdi pham nay ciing boat dpng rat trang trpn, tinh vi, khong tir mpt thii doan nao; nhieu khi cd td chirc Chiing chi sir dung cac loai phuang tien hien dai de san ban, thang tay diing min, xung dien, thude ddc danh bat
ca hoac thii ma khdng nghT den hau qua xau
do nhiing hanh vi do gay ra Ket qua la trong vai thap ky gan day, hang ngan loai dpng vat
da bj tieu diet hoac suy thoai nghiem trpng Neu tdc dp huy hoai tai nguyen cir tiep dien