Trong dieu kien phat trien cong nghiep dang chiem ty trpng khiem tdn trong GDP, lUdng FDI vao chUa nhieu d cac tinh bien gidi phia Nam va qua It d Tay Nguyen, nguy cd hi 6 nhiem moi[r]
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THUC TRANG PHAT TRIEN KINH TE - XA HOI VUNG BIEN GI61 VIET NAM - CAMPUCHIA
NGUYEN HONG NHUNG*
Tfl phia Viet Nam, vflng bien gidi vdi
Campuehia bao gdm cac tinh cd
chung dudng bien gidi vdi nUdc nay Dd la
Kien Giang, An Giang, Ddng Thap, Long
An, Tay Ninh, Binh DUdng.Dac Lac, Die
Nong, Gia Lai va Kon Tum Tuy nhien, sU
phat trien c i a cac tinh khac thupc Ddng
bang song C i u Long, mien Dong Nam Bp
va Tay Nguyen cd tac dpng nhat dinh Ien
sU phat trien c i a vung bien gidi Dac biet,
cd nhieu van de xua't hien trong qua trinh
phat trien kinh te - xa hpi ddi hdi phai cd
sU phd'i hpp lien nganh, trong pham vi d
vung, tham chi d nUdc va d khu vUc mdi
cd the giai quyet dUdc
Trong suot thdi ky Doi mdi vfla qua,
dac biet la nhflng nam g i n day, thUc
trang phat trien kinh te - xa hpi c i a vung
bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuehia cd nhdng
thdnh tUu ddng ke Cu the la:
• Gia tri san xuat tang kha manh d tat
ca cac khu vUc kinh te, h i u het deu dat
mic tang trudng cao hdn mflc trung binh
cua d nUdc Khu vUc nong, Iam nghiep
cflng dat mflc tang trudng kha
• Cd d u nganh chuyen doi theo hudng
khai thac ngay cang hieu qua hdn Idi the
canh tranh hien cd, tfle dUa vao tai
nguyen thien nhien va khi hau Tuy hau
het cac tinh thupc vung bien gidi v i n la
tinh nong nghiep (do ty trpng nong nghiep
trong GDP c i a toan tinh van chie'm tren
50%), song hieu qua c i a san x u l t nong
nghiep,Iam nghiep va thuy san da dUdc
d i thien dang ke, nhd phat trien kinh te
trang trai va phd bien khoa hpc ky thuat den ngUdi dan
• Ke't d u ha tang kinh te - xa hpi lien tuc dUdc d i thien, dap flng ngay cang tot hdn nhu d u phat trien kinh te c i a cac tinh va cua ngudi dan Mang lUdi dudng giao thong dUdc md rpng va nang d p , tao dieu kien tiep can dUdc vdi cac xa vflng sau, vflng xa Mang lUdi cung d p dien, viln thong, he tho'ng tudi tieu cflng dang
d i n dupe d i thien Ket d u ha t i n g do thi cflng dupc quan tam phat trien
• San xuat phat trien la nen tang de tao ra nhflng cong an viec Iam mdi, gdp
p h l n giai quyet van de viec Iam cho nhan dan Ddng thdi, san xua't phat trien cflng
la nen tang de d i thien va nang cao mflc so'ng cua nhan dan Thu nhap trung binh cua ngUdi dan khong ngflng dupc gia tang Theo so' lieu c i a Tdng cue Tho'ng ke Viet Nam, trong giai doan tfl 2000-2007, thu nhap binh quan hang thang theo gia thUc
te c i a lao dpng khu vUc nha nUdc do cac dia phUdng quan ly tai cac tinh bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuehia da tang t i 2-3,5 lln, vdi mflc tang it nhat (khoang 2 Ian) d Dac Nong, Long An va Kien Giang va mic tang cao nhat (3,5 lln) d Gia Lai Nhu vay, xet ve chi so' nay, vflng bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuehia da dat dUdc "thudc do"
c i a tang trudng ben vflng ve kinh te
• Lmh vUc giao due, y te va cham sdc sflc khoe da va dang dupc nhan dupc sU quan tam dac biet tfl phia lanh dao cac tinh bien gidi va da dat dupc nhflng thanh
* TS Nguyin Hong Nhung, Vien Kinh te'va chinh tri The'gidi
Trang 2Nguyen Hong Nhung - ThUc trgng phdt trien kinh ti'xdhdi 23
tUu nhat dinh Tdng so' trUdng hpc, ldp
hpc, cd sd kham va chfla benh dUdc tang
them va nang d p Dpi ngfl giao vien, y,
bac si cflng dUdc tang them va dUdc bdi
dudng nang cao trinh dp chuyen mon So'
giao vien la ngUdi dan tpc thieu so' dang
ngay cang tang len va c h i ye'u day hpc d
d p tieu hpc Hang nam, hang nghin sinh
vien, hpc vien c i a cac tinh bien gidi dupc
dao tao trong he thoiig cac trUdng dai hpc
va day nghe cong lap, gdp phan dang ke
vao viec d i thien chat Iupng ngudn nhan
lUc c i a dia phUdng
Ben canh nhflng thanh tUu rat cd ban
tren day, thUc trang phat trien kinh te
xa hpi cia vflng bien gidi Viet nam
-Campuehia cdn cd mgt sd vdn di ndi
com, d n dUdc quan tam giai quyet, n h l m
dat dUdc sU tang trudng ben vflng trong
tUdng lai Dd la:
• Tuy dat to'c dp tang trudng kha cao,
song phat trien kinh te c i a cac tinh trong
vflng bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuehia cd
nguy cd bat on cao va do dd, rat de hi tdn
thUdng trUdc nhflng tac dpng c i a cac yeu
to' ben ngoai - tfl cac vflng khac lan can,
trong nudc, khu vUc va quo'c te Ty trpng
cia nganh nong, Iam nghiep va t h i y san
cdn rat cao trong GDP, cd cau cay trdng
cdn phu thupc nhieu vao dieu kien tU
nhien va khi hau, cac san pham xuat khau
thi c h i ye'u la nguyen lieu tho va phu
thupc nhieu vao gia d len xuo'ng that
thudng cua thi trUdng hang hda thi' gidi,
trong khi nha nudc chua cd dUdc cac cd che
pho'i hdp thda dang Nhflng dac diem nay
cia cd d u nganh c i a cac tinh trong vflng
da va dang lam cho boat dpng kinh te c i a
cac tinh trong vflng dl bi bat dn, dl hi tdn
thUdng trudc cac yeu td tac dpng t i ben
ngoai, dac biet la cac yeu to' b i t thUdng,
nhu tMen tai, k h i n g hoang Minh chflng
cho nhan dinh nay la sU Ien xuo'ng c i a gia
ca phe, dieu, hat tieu, gao tren thi
trudng the gidi va tac dpng c i a chung den
ngUdi trdng ca phe, dieu, hat tieu, trdng
Ifla - md rpng dien tich de trdng them
hay chat bd bdt di de chuyen dien tich dat sang trdng cay khac, khong ban, cho vao kho d t gifl hay ban "non" de dam bao thu nhap it di do hi ep gii c i a tU thUdng
• Do'i vdi nhieu tinh trong vflng, ngudn thu nhap chinh c i a ngUdi dan la t i khu vUc nong, Iam nghiep va t h i y san (xem bang) Trong dieu kien nguy cd de hi bat
on va de hi ton thUdng cao cua cac nganh nay trUdc d c bien dpng cua khi hau, tinh hinh thi trUdng, tinh dn dinh ve mat thu nhap c i a ngUdi dan trong vung cd p h l n hi ban che, khd dupc dam bao
• Ngheo ddi va chenh lech thu nhap dang khong chi la van de c i a rieng vflng bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuehia, song vdi vung nay, dac biet la cac tinh Tay Nguyen, van de cd p h l n nan giai hdn nhieu Nam 2006, ty le so' hp ngheo c i a vflng Tay Nguyen trung binh la 23% tdng so' hp dan, trong dd d Kon Tum la 30%, d Gia Lai, Die Lie, Die Nong - khoang 25% Mflc nay cao hdn nhieu so vdi mflc trung binh cua d nudc (15% tdng so' hp),
so vdi mflc trung binh c i a Ddng bang song
C i u Long (12,4%) va mien Dong Nam Bp (4,3%) Mflc chenh lech thu nhap cia nhdm 20% so' ngUdi ngheo nhat vdi nhdm 20% so' ngudi giau nhat d tat d cac tinh vflng bien gidi nay deu rat cao - tfl 6 - 8 lln Vdi mflc thu nhap trung binh c i a
nhdm 20% so' ngUdi ngheo nhat d Tay
Nguyen la 157.000 d/thang theo gia thUc
te va mic chi tieu trung binh cho d vflng
la khoang 400.000 d/thang (nam 2006), cd the thay ro thUc trang ddi song c i a nhdm ngudi nay khd khan den mflc nao
• Van de lien quan den viec s i dung ngudn tai nguyen tMen nhien va bao ve moi trUdng Vdi cd d u nganh Men tai, dat dai va nUdc la hai ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien kha quan trpng do'i vdi sU phat trien kinh te cua toan vflng Dat dai dUdc s i dung c h i yeu trong nong va Iam ngMep -tdi 70 - 80% tdng quy dat The nhUng, trong khai thac d i t lam ngMep xuat Men
Trang 324 Nghiin citu Ddng Nam A 8/2010
mpt so' van de d n dUdc quan tam Trong
giai doan tfl nam 2000 den nay, dien tich
rflng bj chay tang len, dac biet d Tay
Nguyen va Ddng bang song Ciu Long,
dien tich rflng trdng hi giam di d Binh
Phudc, Tay Ninh va bo'n tinh bien gidi
thupc Ddng bang song C i u Long Cd nhieu
nguyen nhan khach quan va chu quan
khac nhau din de'n thUc trang tren Dd la
qua trinh chuyen dich cd d u nganh, thien
tai va cd d nguyen nhan c h i quan do y
thic c i a con ngUdi nfla (quy hoach dai
ban, tdng the chUa kip thdi, anh hudng
cia thdi quen "tU san, tU tieu", "tU cung, tU
d p " cua ngUdi dan) Ben canh dd, sU phat
trien cia nganh nuoi trdng thuy san trong
dieu kien chUa quan tam thich dang den
cac yeu clu ve bao ve moi trUdng da va
dang gay nen nhflng tac dpng tieu cUc
nhat dinh den moi trUdng Lien quan den
tai nguyen nUdc, cd it nhat hai van de d n
dupc quan tam la hien tUdng giam d i n
mUc nudc ngim va viec cflng s i dung ngudn nudc c i a song Me Cong Trong dieu kien phat trien cong nghiep dang chiem ty trpng khiem tdn trong GDP, lUdng FDI vao chUa nhieu d cac tinh bien gidi phia Nam va qua It d Tay Nguyen, nguy cd hi 6 nhiem moi trUdng tfl cac boat dpng khong Idn The nhung, de ngan ngfla cac tac dpng tieu cUc cd the cd tfl khu vUc kinh te nay, ddi hdi phai cd sd quan tam tfl phia cac nha Ian dao dia phudng ngay tfl bay gid
• Van de ve kha nang tiep can ban che
c i a ngUdi dan do'i vdi cac dich vu cong (giao due, y te, sinh boat cpng ddng, dien, nUdc sach, bUu chinh, vien thong), dac biet
la ngUdi dan tpc thieu so' Day la vin de kha nan giai doi vdi h i u het cac tinh, chi khong phai chi cd cac tinh trong vflng bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuehia Song day la vflng cd nhieu ddng bao cac dan tpc thieu so' sinh sd^ng, nen van de se phflc tap hdn./
Phan bo thu nhap trung binh thang tren dau ngufc^i theo nguon thu
theo gia thiic te nam 2006 (nghin dong)
Ten vCuig
Ca niidc
Tay nguyen
K o n T u m
Gia Lai
Dae Lac
Dae Nong
Dong Nam
Bo
Binh Phude
Tay Ninh
DBSCL
Long An
Dong Thap
An Giang
Kien Giang
Tong so'
636
522
4 4 5
4 9 8
5 0 7
500
1065
695
6 9 7
6 2 8
6 2 7
609
6 9 1
675
Trong do TiJ tien
lifdng, tien eong
2 1 8
128
157
151
109
85
4 4 1
206
259
163
2 3 7
144
173
178
Tfl nong, lam, thuy san
158
240
168
177
252
337
118
323
205
237
206
241
229
263
Phi nong, Iam, thuy san
145
9 5
6 0
109
9 9
4 4
304
148
148
139
107
156
186
138
Thu khae
115
59
60
6 1
47
3 3
202
8 5
85
8 9
77
6 7
103
96
Nguon: Nien gidm t/idng ke 2007, NXB Thong ke, Hd Nqi 2008, tr 609-611