Xet ve tiem nang, vflng tam giac phat trien Viet Nam - Lao - Campuchia cd Idi the rat Idn ve khai thac cac ngudn thuy dien. Tuy nhien cho de'n nay, ldi the nay mdi chi dUdc khai thac[r]
Trang 1^
THUC TRANG PHAT TRIEN CO SO HA TANG
• • •
6 TAM GIAC PHAT TRIEN VIET NAM - LAO - CAMPUCHIA
LE P H U d N G HOA*
Tam giac phat trien Viet Nam - Lao
- Campuchia bao gdm 10 tinh
thuoc vflng bien gidi chung ciia 3 nfldc la
Kon Tum, Gia lai, Dac Ndng, Dac Lac
(thude Viet Nam), Sekong, AttapU,
Sanavan (thuoc Lao), Stung Treng,
Rattanakiri, Mondukiri (thuoc
campuchia) Day la khu vUc cd vj trf trong
ye'u cua mdi nUde va cho ca ba qudc gia vdi
dien tfch tii nhien 11 1 11.021 km2, dan so'
4,267 trieu ngUdi'" Vdi t i m quan trong ve
dja chien lUdc ciia minh, nam 1999 tai cudc
gap d Vien Chan cua 3 thu tUdng Viet
Nam, Lae, Campuchia, y tUdng ve viec
hinh thanh tam giac phat trien Viet Nam
- Lad - Campuchia da dUdc dUa ra va
thdng qua Tai nhflng lan gap gd sau dd,
cac nha lanh dad tie'p tuc khang djnh t i m
quan trong cua viec phat trien khu vUc
tam giac nay vi Idi fch chung (;iia 3 nfldc
Tuy nhien, viec thflc diy sfl phat trien
ciia khu vUc nay lai dd'i mat vdi rat nhieu
khd khan ben canh ye'u td' thuan ldi la sU
ddng thuan va iing ho ve mat chfnh trj ciia
3 nha nUdc Nhflng khd khan dd de'n tfl ca
nhflng yeu to chu quan va khac quan cua khu vUc Trong dd yeu to' ve cd sd ha tang ludn dUdc xem la mot trong nhflng nhan
to then chd't cho sfl phat trien
Do vay, de cd the thuc day qua trinh phat trien ciia khu vflc nay, dieu trUdc bet can phai chu y la phat trien ddng bo mot he thdng cd sd ha tang de lam nen tang cho cac sU phat trien tiep theo Day
la yeu cau tat yeu de dan den viec can thiet phai cd mot nghien cflu danh gia chung ve tinh hinh phat trien cd sd ha tang tai khu vUc nay
Nhin chung, cd sd ha tang cflng tam giac phat trien Viet Nam Lao -Campuchia dUdc xep d mflc do kem phat trien va phat trien khdng ddng deu Day
la mot khd khan cd ban nhat cho sU phat trien chung ciia khu vflc Vdi dac diem ciia mot he thd'ng cd sd ha tang nhfl vay thi se ban che sfl phat trien ciia cac nganh kinh
te va ddi sd'ng dan cfl Trong khu vflc tam giac thi vflng bien gidi Tay Nguyen ciia Viet Nam cd mat bang cd sd ha tang tUdng ddi phat trien hdn vdi chinh sach dau tU Ths Le Phu'cing Hoa, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A
Trang 2Le Phuang Hda - Tliifc trang phd f tiii'ii la sd ha rdng a tam giac ii
va t h u h u t d i u tU cd md hdn, trong khi cac
tinh Ddng Bac C a m p u c h i a va N a m Lao
thi r a t b a n che ve ngudn d i u tU cho cd sd
ha t a n g TrUdc khi h i n h t h a n h t a m giac
p h a t trien Viet N a m - Lae - C a m p u c h i a
thi tai 2 k h u vUc n a y cd sd h a t a n g g i n
n h u khdng dUdc chfl trong flu tien d i u tU
va neu cd thi p h i n Idn n g a n sach la tfl
nhflng hd trd cua chfnh phii va cac t a p
doan k i n h te ciia Viet N a m Chi tfl khi
h i n h t h a n h nen t a m giac p h a t trien, k h u
vflc Nam Lao, Ddng Bac C a m p u c h i a ndi
rieng va Tay N g u y e n Viet N a m deu n h a n
dUdc nhieu sU q u a n t a m d i u tU hdn cua
chfnh phii mdi nUdc va Uu tien d i u tU
chung cua 3 chfnh phu Cac trong t a m
dau t u trong giai doan d i u b i n h t h a n h
t a m giac deu t a p t r u n g c h u n g vao van de
p h a t trien cd sd h a t a n g ciia k h u vUc nay
Tuy vay, de'n nay k h u vUc nay van la khu
vUc kem p h a t trien ve cd sd ha t a n g
1 Giao t h o n g v a n t a i
M a n g ludi giad t h d n g van tai d vflng
tam giac chUa p h a t trien ddng bd, d day
chUa cd tuyen dUdng sat Giao thdng
dUdng t h u y t r e n cac sdng Me Kdng, sdng
Kdng, Se San va Se Re Pdk ban che vi
long ,sdng nhieu t h a c g h e n h mfla khd thi
kiet nfldc, mfla mUa thi nfldc lfl chay xiet
Sdng ngdi Idn d 2 tinh A t t a p u va Se* Kdng
ft, p h a n Idn la cac sudl nhd, chi cd sdng
Kdng la sdng Idn d a n ke, van tia thiiy mfla
can t h u y e n chd 2 ta'n, mfla mfla t h u y e n
Idn cd t h e chd 6 t a n Hai t i n h S t u n g T r e n g
va R a t t a n a k i r i cd n h i e u sdng ngdi nhUng
chUa k h a i t h I c dUdc Sdng Me Kdng doan
chay qua t i n h S t u n g T r e n g thuoc dja hinh
rflng nui, Idng sdng rdng, mfla khd nudc
can, nhieu thac ghenh, mfla mfla nUde Idn chay xiet, van t i i khd k h a n nen chUa p h a t trien Sdng Kdng ndi tiep tfl bien gidi gifla tinh Attain tdi tinh S t u n g Treng rdi dd vao sdng Me Kdng d tinh S t u n g Treng, doan qua t i n h S t r u n g Teng Idng sdng rdng 100-300m, nhieu thac g h e n h nen khd cd
k h a n a n g p h a t trien van tai thiiy Sdng Se San b a t ngudn tfl Gia Lai va Kon Tum, Viet N a m chay q u a tinh R a t t a n a k i r i den tinh S t u n g Treng n h a p vao sdng Se Kdng
va dd vao sdng Me Kdng tai S t r u n g Treng
v a o mfla khd, nfldc sdng can, Idng sdng de
Id nhieu da va ghenh thac, mua mUa nfldc sdng Idn va c h l y xiet cud'n trdi nhflng cay rflng nen van tai thiiy den nay van chfla
ed du an de khai thac
Cac tuyen dUdng h a n h khdng trong
t a m giac da h i n h t h a n h va khai thac, tao dieu kien t h u a n ldi cho giao thUdng ciia khu vUc Trong khu vUc cd tdng sd 4 san bay, San bay R a t t a n a k i r i va Stung Treng
cd dudng b a n g bang dat cap phdi, cd sd vat chat ky t h u a t phuc vu san bay chUa p h a t trien San bay Pley Ku cd dudng bang bang be tdng cho cac loai may bay nhd (khoang 60 h a n h khach) ha va cat canh, mdi t u i n 4-5 chuyen San bay Budn Me
T h u a t dudng bang da dUdc nang cap cho cac loai may bay Idn cd the cat canh Mac dfl dfldng h a n g khdng chfla p h a t trien hien dai nhflng bfldc d I u da dap flng du'dc
n h u c i u di lai ciia khu vUc
M a n g ludi dudng bo trong vflng t a m giac p h a t trien da cd b a n h i n h t h a n h va la
k e n h di chuyen chfnh ciia k h u vUc song
p h i n Idn cac tuye'n difdng d cac tinh cua Lao va (^ampuchia mdi chi la dUdng dat tru' cac qud'c Id va tinh Id ciia 4 tinh Viet
Trang 334 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 3/2010
N a m h i u h e t da dUdc rai n h u a , cdn lai ty
le dudng rai nhUa ciia cac t i n h N a m Lao
va Ddng Bac C a m p u c h i a r a t tha'p Nhieu
tuye'n dUdng chi dUde sii d u n g t r o n g mfla
khd, mfla mfla di lai r a t khd k h a n
M a n g Ifldi giao thd'ng van tai vflng Tay
Nguyen k h a p h a t trien, boa nhaj) vao
m a n g giao t h d n g toan qud'c va qudc te
s a n g Lao va C a m p u c h i a M a n g Ifldi giao
thdng van tai vflng nay c h u yeu la giao
thdng dudng bo va h a n g khdng Den n a m
2004 vung Tay Nguyen da cd 1978km
dudng qud'c Id, 1520 km dUdng tinh Id,
4120 km dudng h u y e n Id va 5326 k m
dudng giao t h d n g n d n g t h d n M a t do
dUdng 0.4 km/ 1 k m 2 so vdi t r u n g binh
ciia (;a nUdc cdn t h a p (^ac t u y e n dUdng
giao thdng h u y e t mach da dUdc cai tao, 10
tuyen qud'c Id deu da dUdc khdi phuc, n a n g
cap; cac san bay dUdc cai tao, keo dai
dudng b a n g d a m bao cho Tay Nguyen
giao lUu t h u a n Idi hdn vdi vflng Ddng N a m
Bd, Duyen hai N a m T r u n g Bd va vdi ca
Lao, C a m p u c h i a M a n g lu'di dudng t i n h Id,
huyen Id va giao t h d n g ndng thdn du'dc cai
thien dang ke trong nhflng nam qua
Ve van tai h a n g khdng, k h u vflc Tay
Nguyen cd 3 s a n bay d a k h a i t h a c va n h u
cau 3 s a n bay nay se dUdc n a n g len do cd
nhieu cdng t r i n h xay diing va tdc do p h a t
trien k i n h te n h a n h tai vflng nay Gia Lai
cd san bay Pleiku t h u o c loai cap IV va
trflc thuoc cum cang mien T r u n g dien
tfch n h a ga 350 m2 cd mot dudng b a n g
dai 1.828 m vdi n a n g lUc h a n g nam 0,5
trieu h a n h k h a c b / n a m H a n g nam da van
chuyen 21.000 - 23.000 lUdt khach, binh
q u a n 58 h a n h k h a c h / n g a y Dak Lak cd
s a n bay Budn Ma T h u o t thuoc loai cap III
va trUc t h u d e c u m c a n g h a n g k h d n g phfa
N a m Dien tfch n h a ga 1.1150 m 2 , cd mot
d u d n g b a n g dai 1.800 m Tfl s a n bay nay
c u n g cd cac t u y e n bay di cac t h a n h phd'
t r o n g nudc nhU di H a Ndi cd 3-5 chuyen
t r o n g t u i n T u y mdi du'dc siia chfla lai nhflng d day van d a n g sfl d u n g loai may bay cd nhd 5 0 - 6 0 k h a c h / c h u y e n Lam Ddng cd s a n bay Lien KhUdng thuoc cap III, tfl s a n bay cd cac chuye'n bay di Tp
Hd CHf Minh va Ha Noi
Giao t h d n g thiiy d k h u vflc Tay Nguyen khdng dUdc t h u a n ldi n h u d cac vflng nui phfa B I C Thflc te d day chfla k h a i thac giad t h d n g dfldng thiiy Sdng d Tay Nguyen dUdc c h a y ve h a i p h i a , phfa Ddng
cd cac sdng nhU sdng Cdn, sdng Ba, cac sdng n h u Se re pok, Sa T h a y deu chay ve phfa Tay Nhflng sdng sudi n g a n cd do dd'c Idn, nUdc chay xiet ve mfla mfla va khd kiet ve mfla khd nen khd cd t h e phuc vu giao thdng Dien tfch hd tai k h u vUc gan
130 km2, cd nhflng hd Idn n h u hd Da Nhim (3.700 ha), n h u n g van chu'a cd n h u c i u van tai thuy (rong cac hd nay vi dan thfla,
h a n g hda p h a t trien chfla nhieu, nen nhu cau van tai thiiy chUa d a t r a ca'p thie't
Ba t i n h bien gidi D d n g B i c C a m p u c h i a thuoc k h u vUc vflng s a u v u n g xa, each xa thii dd P h n o n p e n h vdi h e thd'ng giao
t h d n g c h u a p h a t t r i e n n e n viec di lai trong khu vUc va vdi ben ngoai gap r a t nhieu khd k h a n Cac tuye'n dUdng giao thdng chinh di qua k h u vUc gdm dUdng 7 dUdng
78, 76, 72 va 2 t u y e n d u d n g h a n g khdng cflng tludng t h u y doc t h e o sdng Me Kdng Tfl thii dd P h n o m P e n h t h e o qud'c Id 7 len K r a c h e r h rdi len S t u n g T r e n g Tfl nga
ba Or Pong Morn t i n h S t u n g T r e n g , diem
Trang 4Le Phuang Hda - Thifc trang phdt trien ca sd ha tdng d tam gidi 35
xua't p h a t ciia qud'c Id 78 qua Ban Lung
(tinh Ij ciia R a t t a n a k i r i ) de'n bien gidi
Campuchia - Viet N a m dai 198km Doan
dudng tfl bien gidi Viet N a m den Ban
Lung da dUdc phfa Viet N a m dau t u xay
dung, cdn d e a n tfl B a n L u n g den nga ba d
Pong Morn cong la dUdng d a t Ddan
dudng nay d a n g dUdc T r u n g Qud'c hd trd
dau t u xay dUng
Ngoai cac tuye'n dUdng bd, tfl P h n o m
P e n h di S t u n g T r e n g va R a t t a n a k i r i cd
dudng h a n g khdng ndi dja: P h n o m P e n h
-Stung Treng, P h n o m P e n h - R a t t a n a k i r i
Ve dudng thiiy, cd the di doc sdng Me
Kdng tfl P h n o m P e n h , q u a thi xa Cdng
pdng C h a m , K r a - c h e ngfldc len tdi Stung
Treng N h u n g hai t u y e n dUdng nay deu
khd di lai va k h d n g a n toan, n a t la ve mfla
mfla Do vay, m u d n n h a n h chdng, t h u a n
tien va a n toan, ngfldi t a thfldng di qua
bien gidi Viet N a m rdi vdng trd lai
Campuchia q u a ciia k h a u Tay Ninh hoac
BinhPhfldc
Nhfl vay cd sd h a t a n g dfldng giao
thdng ciia ba t i n h ddng bac ( ' a m p u c h i a
cdn r a t kem, di lai r a t khd k h a n , n h a t la
vao mfla mfla thi k h u vflc Ddng Bac g i n
nhfl hi cd lap He thd'ng giao thdng ndng
thdn cung chUa p h a t trien, chii yeu la
dudng d a n s i n h di lai khd k h a n Do vay
viec t r a o ddi h a n g hda ciia cac t i n h nay vdi
cac tinh khac-, nha't la vdi thii dd P ndm
i'enh rat khd k h a n va ve mfla mua thi
hoan toan bj te liet T r o n g khi dd viec giao
thfldng va t r a o ddi h a n g hda vdi Viet N a m
lai ra't t h u a n ldi q u a dUdng qud'c Id 78
Tudng t u n h u he thd'ng giao thdng tai
vflng Ddng b i c C a p u c h i a , tai vflng N a m
Lao t i n h t r a n g giao thdng di lai cflng r a t khd k h a n Ngoai nhflng dfldng qud'c Id chay qua ba tinh va dudng lien huyen, he thd'ng giao thdng ndng thdn d day chii yeu
la dudng mdn Khoang 20-25% so' ban chUa cd dudng giad thdng tfl tuyen huyen de'n tuye'n ban Dac biet d Attapu cd 44,6% dan sd'chUa cd dudng giao thdng de'n ban Cac ban cua cac bo tdc ft ngudi trong t i n h
d sau trong nui, cac ban cdn lai r a t xa
n h a u nen viec di lai r a t khd k h a n Hien nay cd the di tfl Attapu tdi t a t ca cac t i n h d Nam Lao, rdi tfl dd tda di k h i p nfldc Lao; da cd dfldng t i n h ly chay thdng sudt tfl tinh ly tdi bien gidi Viet N a m qua cfla k h a u Bd Y; cd dUdng 1 J ndi vdi Campuchia qua tinh R a t t a n a k i r i dang dan dUdc hoan thien (chua cd cfla k h a u ) Phfa huyen S a n a m x a y giap vdi huyen
S e n p a n g tinh S t u n g T r e n g da cd eiia k h a u
p h u thdng qua dudng giao thdng thiiy doc theo sdng Sekong, d a n g tao dieu kien cho
n h a n dan di lai doc bien gidi hai nUdc Hien nay he thd'ng giao thdng ciia t i n h Se Kdng dang dUdc hoan thien d i n de dap flng nhu c l u di lai q u a n h nam, trong dd
q u a n trong nha't la tuyen dudng 16B ndi
Se Kdng vdi Viet N a m dai 123km<^' Nhin chung, dieu kien va cd sd ha t i n g giao thdng van tai trong vflng N a m Lao cdn cd nhieu khd k h a n , thdng tin lien lac cdn b a n che
('d the ndi, giao thdng hien dang la van
de ndi com d khu vflc t a m giac i)hat trien Viet N a m - Lao - C a m p u c h i a vi neu mudn p h a t trien k h u vUc t a m giac thi c i n phai t a n g cudng giao thUdng nhUng cd sd
ha t i n g giao thdng d day lai khdng p h a t trien de dap flng n h u e l u nay Ngoai trfl
Trang 536 Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 3/20/0
khu vUc Tay Nguyen ciia Viet Nam thi cac
khu vUc cdn lai viec di lai va van chuyen
hang hda la rat khd khan, tham chf den
mfla mfla thi cd nhieu khu vUc bj cd lap
Dieu nay khien cho viec khai thac tiem
nang kinh te d day bj ban che Do vay
trong cac ke hoach phat trien vflng thi flu
tien hang d i u hien nay dUdc dat ra la dau
tu nang cap he thd'ng giao thdng ma trudc
mat tap trung la he thd'ng giao thdng
dudng bd de mot mat phat trien ddi sd'ng
kinh te xa hdi tai chd, mat khac phuc vu
sU phat trien chung cua ca khu vUc •
2 He tho'ng d i e n
Xet ve tiem nang, vflng tam giac phat
trien Viet Nam - Lao - Campuchia cd Idi
the rat Idn ve khai thac cac ngudn thuy
dien Tuy nhien cho de'n nay, ldi the nay
mdi chi dUdc khai thac d mflc tha'p, chfla
xflng tiem nang vd'n cd ciia vung Mdt dac
diem nfla trong viec phat trien he thd'ng
dien d day la phan Idn viec khai thac dien
do cac cdng ty cua Viet Nam dflng ra dau
tu va khai thac nham dap flng nhu cau
phat trien kinh te'ciia Viet Nam trong san
xua't Cac vflng thiiy dien dflde khai thac
tap trung chii ye'u hien nay la d Tay
Nguyen va doc bien gidi Viet Nam tren
nUdc ban Lao va Campuchia Viec tiep can
ngudn cung ca'p dien d vflng tam giac cung
cd sU chenh lech Idn gifla khu vUc Tay
Nguyen ciia Viet Nam vdi Ddng Bic
Campuchia va Nam Lae
Tay Nguyen dUdc cap dien bdi hai
ngudn: ngudn dien tfl Ifldi dien qud'c gia va
ngudn dien tai chd Ngudn dien qud'c gia:
dUdc lay tfl tram 500 KV/220 KV Pleiku
(450 MVA) va cung cap dien cho cac tinh
trong vflng nhfl sau: Tinh Gia Lai: dUdc cap bdi tram bien ap ngudn 220KV/110
KV Pleiku (1x125 MVA) va tram 110KV/35KV/10KV, bien Hd (Ix 25 MVA); Tinh Kon Tum; dUdc cap bdi tram 110KV/35KV/10KV Kon Tum (Ix 25MVA) qua dudng day llOKV Pleiku - Ken Tum (AC - 185) dai 30 km; Tinh Dak Lak va Dak Ndng: dUdc cap bdi tram 110 KV/35KV/10KV Budn Ma Thuot qua dudng day 220KV Pleiku - Krongbuk dai
145 km (hien tai van hanh 110 KV) va 110
KV Krongbuk - Budn Ma Thuot (AC-185) dai 40 km
Tdng cdng sua't dat ciia cac tram thiiy dien nhd d Tay Nguyen khoang 22.000
MW, trong dd phai ke de'n nha may thiiy dien Draylinh (Dak Lak) cd cdng suat dat
Pd = 12 MW, vdi 3 td may (3x4 MW), san ludng dien dii tfnh la 91 trieu KWh Tuy nhien thUc te chi dUdc san lUdng la 37,5 trieu KWh do phu thuoc vad mfla mfla, khd Mot so' tram thiiy dien cd nhd van hanh khdng dn djnh do may mdc thie't hi khdng ddng be
Tang trfldng dien nang trung binh trong giai doan 1995-2004 Tay Nguyen dat 28,2% - do dia ban Tay Nguyen da nhan dien ludi qud'c gia Tieu thu dien d Tay Nguyen chii ye'u cho anh sang sinh boat d cac thanh phd', thi xa, thi tran huyen, chiem tdi 60,4%) tdng dien nang tieu thu trong vflng Binh quan dien thUdng pham tren dau ngUdi vflng Tay Nguyen v i n ra't tha'p, do he thd'ng ludi dien phan phdi va phu tai cdn ban che Tuy nhien xet ve he thd'ng ca'p dien thi den nay da dUa dUdc dien xud'ng 100% xa
n h i m phuc vu cho san xuat va sinh hoat
Trang 6Le Phuang Hda - Thifc trang phdt trien ca sd ha tdng a tam gidc 37
ciia ba con ndng thdn
Khac vdi T a y Nguyen, k h u vUc Ddng
B i c C a m p u c h i a cd tien n a n g Idn ve t h u y
dien vdi nhflng k h u vUc sdng cd cdng sua't
l i p may tdi 4932 MW n h u t h u y dien
Stung Treng, h a S e a n 1, ha Sean 2,
Sprepok 1, Sprepok 2, Sprepok 3, Se Kdng
1, Se Kdng 2 song ngudn dien cung cap
de'n ngudi dan cdn ra't b a n che Mac dfl
khdng cd con sd' thd'ng ke chfnh xac nhUng
ty le ngUdi dan dUdc sii d u n g dien d day
r a t tha'p Dieu nay x u a t p h a t tfl 2 ly do cd
ban la ngudn Iflc d i u tfl ve dien phuc vu
n h u c l u tai cho tha'p, c h u ye'u la k h a i thac
dien ciia Viet N a m de ban cho Viet Nam;
thfl hai la cd sd h a t i n g c h u n g d day r a t
kem, chfla dii dieu kien de cd mot he
thd'ng dien rdng k h i p trong khi ngfldi dan
lai sinh sd'ng k h a p h a n t a n
Xet ve tiem n a n g thiiy dien, Sdng
Mekong chay qua dia p h a n S t u n g T r e n g
cd tiem n a n g t h u y dien r a t Idn T h u y dien
Thac Khon (thuoc t i n h S t r u n g T r e n g giap
vdi Champasac) cd cdng s u a t l i p may la
750KW, s a n lUdng tieu t h u dien n a n g la
6.220 GWh/ n a m , cd t h e ke't hdp tudi nUdc
khoang 200.000 ha; T h u y dien S t u n g
Treng cd cdng s u a t lap m a y la 3.400KW,
.san lUdng tieu t h u dien n a n g la 24.554
GWh/ n a m , cd t h e ke't hdp tudi nUdc
khoang 700.000 ha va dieu tiet ddng chay
mfla lfl k h o a n g 25.000m-Vs; Ngoai thiiy
dien chfnh t r e n sdng Me Kdng, k h u vUc
nay cdn cd tiem n a n g thiiy dien Idn ciia
cac n h a n h sdng chfnh luu vUc Me Kdng
n h u ha S e a n 1, h a S e a n 2, Sprepok 1,
Sprepok 2, Sprepok 3 cd cdng s u a t laj)
may la 782KW, s a n lUdng tieu t h u dien
nang la 2360 GWh/ n a m , cd t h e ke't hdp
tudi nude k h o a n g 205.000 ha va thiiy dien
Se Kdng 1, Se Kdng 2
Cflng vdi nhu c l u tieu t h u dien cua Viet N a m phuc vu cho yeu cau tang trfldng cua nen kinh te dang la cd hdi cho cac nha dau tU Viet Nam d i u tu vao day
de bfl dap sU thieu b u t ve dien Hdn nfla vdi vj tri dja ly cua cae dja diem ed tiem
n a n g ve t h u y dien deu g i n vdi Viet Nam cun la Idi the cua cac n h a d i u tU trong viee dau tU t h u y dien
Tudng t u he thd'ng cung cap dien tai Ddng Bac C a m p u c h i a , he thdng sdng ngdi
d Nam Lao tao cho khu vuc nay tiem nang Idn ve p h a t trien n a n g lUdng Sdng Me Kdng chay doe dat nUdc Lao va cac chi luu eiia nd, cd ngudn nUdc r a t ddi dao nen tiem n a n g ve t h u y dien d Lao Idn hdn d cac nudc thude ba iuu sdng Me Kdng Cae tinh Nam Lao thuoc t a m giac p h a t trien Viet
N a m - Lao - C a m p u c h i a cd tdng edng xua't lap may la 3.131 MW n h u nha may thiiy dien SeKong 3,4,5; X e k a m a n r 1,2,3,4; Xe Su; Nam Kong 1,2,3; Xe Nam Noi; Dae E Meule; H L a m p h a n Nial Trong nhflng n a m g i n day vdi sfl
p h a t trien ciia nen k i n h te Viet Nam, cac
t a p doan kinh te va Tdng cdng ty Idn ciia Viet N a m nhU Tdng cdng ty Sdng Da, Tap doan dien lUc Viet N a m da d I u tU xay diing mot sd'nha may thiiy dien Idn d day Tuy vay, trong khu vUc nay chi cd cac thj t r a n , thj xa cd dien (khoang 10-15% dan sd'dude sif d u n g dien) Cdn vflng nong thdn mien nui h a u nhU chua cd dien''^' Tinh S a r a v a n cd thiiy dien Seset Dan xay
d u n g nao 1991 vdi cdng sua't 45 MW va san lUdng dien 616.990 nghin KW/h da cung cap dien cho k h o a n g 20% sd' ban
Trang 738 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 312010
trong tinh vdi khoang hdn 11 nghin bd
dan dUdc sU dung dien
Toan tinh Attapu co 4 tram thiiy djen
vdi edng sua't 1.338 KW, trong dd tram
thiiy dien Hudi Ho la tram quan trong cd
the cung ca'p cho 1 sd' cd sd s i n xuat cdng
nghiep che bien ngoai ra cdn rat nhieu
dja die'm cd the xay dUng cac tram thuy
dien Tinh Salavan cflng cd mot nha may
thuy dien'-"
Bflc tranh chung ve be thd'ng cung ca'p
dien d vflng tam giac phat trien la dien
dflde khai thac d vflng tien nang nhflng
chii yeu d doc bien gidi Viet Nam de phuc
vu nhu clu phat trien ciia Viet Nam hdn
la phat trien he thd'ng dien tai chd Do vay
de'n nay, neu tfnh binh quan chung cua
toan vflng thi ti le ngfldi dan dflde tiep can
vdi dien sinh boat la ra't Idn trong nhu clu
dien cho san xua't khdng Idn va du'dc dap
flng thi khi he thd'ng dien cung ca'p cho
dan lai ra't tha'p Va'n de nay anh hUdng
true tie'p de'n viec cai thien ddi sd'ng ngUdi
dan va do dd cd nhflng tac dong giam tie'p
len sU phat trien chung ciia vflng
3 Bifu c h i n h - vien t h o n g
Sfl chenh lech trong he thd'ng cd sd ha
tang gifla 3 khu vUc bien gidi thuoc vflng
tam giac phat trien Viet Nam Lao
-Campuchia dUde the hien dam net nha't d
he thdng BUu chfnh Vien thdng Tai khu
viic Tay Nguyen trong nhflng nam qua,
dich vu bUu chfnh - phat hanh bao chf da
dam nhan chuyen dUa thU, bao, bflu
pham, bflu kien den tflng khach hang
Nganh da trang hi cho cac ddn vi phfldng
tien van tai, van chuyen bUu chfnh chu
ddng hanh trinh d cac tuye'n dUdng thu chuyen nganh Cac tuye'n d td dUdc chuyen nganh hda 100%) tren mang dUdng thu ca'p 1 (mang lien tinh) Mang dUdng thu cap 11 va cap HI (mang ndi tinh va di cac huyen, huyen di xa) sU dung ca phUdng tien van chuyen ciia nganh va phUdng tien xa hoi (cdng cong)
Mang thdng tin bUu chinh - phat hanh bao chf d Tay Nguyen v i n duy tri cac boat ddng truyen thd'ng Viec dfla vao cac dich
vu mdi nhu dien hoa, chuyen phat nhanh phuc vu khach hang cdn cham
va chUa dUdc dau tU thfch dang de dap flng nhu c l u xa hoi
Ve mang bUu cue: phat trien chUa can ddi, chUa ddng bo, mot so' bUu cue dau tU xay diing mdi nhUng trang thie't hi va phUdng thflc kinh doanh phuc vu chfla tfldng xflng, nen hieu qua kinh te cdn tha'p
Trang thiet bj khai thac bflu chfnh cdn rat thd sd, h i u het lao dong khai thac bfl chfnh bang thu cdng, nang sua't tha'p, dich
vu chUa phong phu, Gan day, ngoai cac dich vu truyen thd'ng nhfl thfl, bUu kien, bUu pham ghi so', thU dien chuyen tien, nhan dat bao chi tai cac bUu cu trung tam tinh (bUu cue I) va mot so bUu cue huyen da md them cac djch vu mdi nhu dien hoa, phat thanh, Facximile, chi tra nhanh cac yeu cau nhan tien Cac bUu cue loai I va 2/3 bUu cue loai II (bUu cue quan huyen) da dUa may tfnh vao cac phdng giao dich lam ddi mdi thao tac nghiep vu, tan dung tdi da viec giao nhan, tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho khach hang va cdng tac quan ly d bUu cue
Trang 8Le Phuang Hda - Thifc trang phdt trien ca sd lia tdng d tam gidi 39
Theo bao cao ciia Bd Buu chfnh V i l n
thdng (BCVT), m a n g BCVT Tay Nguyen
p h a t trien n h a n h , rdng, t h d n g sudt tfl tinh
den ndng thdn vdi cdng nghe, ky t h u a t sd'
hien dai, cd b a n dap flng dflde nhiem vu
thdng tin p h u c vu p h a t trien k i n h te - xa
hdi , bao d a m a n n i n h qudc phdng, n a n g
cao dan trf De'n h e t n a m 2004 cd 97% so'
xa cd may dien thoai (Gia Lai, Dak Lak,
Lam Ddng d a t 100%, r i e n g Kon T u m , Dak
Ndng dat 80-82% sd'xa cd dien thoai) Den
nam 2004, sd' may b i n h q u a n / 1 0 0 dan d
vflng Tay Nguyen cd 4,2 may/100 dan;
tinh Lam Ddng 7,1 may/100 dan Ca 5
tinh Tay Nguyen deu lap d a t tdng dai
Starex Den n a m 2004 t i n h Gia Lai cd 40
tdng dai; t i n h Kon T u m cd 10 tdng dai;
tinh Dak Lak, Dak Ndng cd 23 tdng dai;
tinh Lam Ddng cd 50 tdng dai
Mang thdng tin vien thdng vflng Tay
Nguyen da dUdc chuyen ddi tfl cdng nghe
cu sang cdng n g h e t r u y e n d a n sd' va
chuyen mach sd' M a n g t h u e bao da bude
dau p h a t trien, dUa cac djch vu den g i n
ngudi tieu dflng M a n g Ifldi dien thoai cdng
cdng theo h i n h thflc dai ly va cac djch vu
bflu chfnh vien t h d n g da chu y p h a t trien
Tuy vay, m a n g dien thoai ndi bat 5
tinh Tay Nguyen mdi chi p h a t trien cac ho
ciia t h a n h (ibd', d cac huyen ly va khu vUc
ndng thdn p h a t trien r a t c h a m He thdng
chuyen mach tdng dai da dUdc chuyen ddi
n h u n g thieu ddngbd, chUa cd dja diem tdi
Uu de dat tdng dai, dUa vao dja diem cu la
chii ye'u M a n g t r u n g ke cho t h u e bao
chua dUdc quy hoach de p h a t trien phfl
hdp Cdng n g h e ddi mdi, ky t h u a t hien dai
nhflng ddi ngfl chfla dao lao kjp Chat
Ifldng m a n g ludi vien t h d n g can dflde tieji
tuc d i u tu, md rdng M a n g cap no h a t va
m a n g t h u e bao chUa p h a t trien thfch flng vdi tdng dai
Da cd 122 xa cd bflu cue, binh q u a n
k h o a n g 34 nghin dan cd 1 bflu cue vdi ban
k i n h phuc vu k h o a n g 21 km Toan cflng cd
t r e n 400 xa cd dien thoai tdi t r u n g t a m xa (chiem 67% tdng sd'xa)
Trong khi he thd'ng bflu chfnh dflde tda dja k h a p cac tinh Tay Nguyen tbi he thdng bUu chfnh tai khu vUe Ddng Bac Campuchia va N a m Lao cdn r a t sd sai, mot sd'xa cdn chua ed bUu dien, ty le ngUdi dan ed dien thoai r a t tha'p va chu ye'u t a p
t r u n g d cac t r u n g t a m thj t r a n , do vay viec lien lac cua dja phUdng r a t khd k h a n
4 T h u y lori Vdi dac diem la vflng san x u a t ndng nghiep nen he thdng thiiy ldi la mot trong nhflng van de d a n g q u a n t a m trong p h a t trien cd sd ha t a n g ciia vflng t a m giac p h a t trien Tuy gifl vai trd q u a n trong trong san xuat, song vi d i u tfl cho xay mdi va duy tu sUa chfla he thd'ng thiiy ldi ddi hdi ngudn vdn Idn nen trong dieu kien b a n che cua minh be thd'ng thiiy ldi ciia vflng tam giac jibat trien chfla dap flng dflde nhu cau ciia san xuat Tinh t r a n g chung ciia he thd'ng thiiy ldi d day la:
Cac cdng t r i n h xay dUng thieu ddng bd, hoac chat lUdng chUa dam bao P h a n Idn cae edng t r i n h deu cd d i u mdi hoan chinh nhifng p h i n k e n h mUdng cdn dd dang Viec xac djnh k h u tudi, dien tfch tudi chUa c h u a n dan den viec xac dinh quy md cdng trinh thieu chinh xac va mot p h i n khac do dac thfl ciia dja hinh ddng rdng
Trang 940 Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 3/2010
dan cU thUa thdt, viec khai hoang, xay
dung ddng ruong cdn cham, khdng ddng
bo vdi xay diing cdng trinh
Trinh do quan ly va khai thac cdng
trinh cdn ban che, ehua chfl trong den
cdng tie duy tu, sua chfla cdng trinh theo
djnh ky dan den cdng trinh xudng cap
theo thdi gian,
Tai Tay Nguyen tfl sau ngay mien Nam
bean toan giai phdng, Nha nfldc da chu y
dau tfl phat trien thiiy ldi cho Tay Nguyen
Cflng vdi sU d i u tU ciia cac dja phUdng, cac
tinh Tay Nguyen da xay diing dUde cac he
thd'ng thiiy Idi Tfnh den nam 2004 tren
dia ban 5 tinh Tay Nguyen da cd hdn 937
cdng trinh thiiy ldi Idn nhd, dam bao tUdi
cho khoang 40 nghin ha Ifla ddng xuan,
khoang 70 nghin ha Ifla mfla va khoang
150 nghin ha ca phe (trong dd 60 nghin ha
tfldi bing cdng trinh, cdn lai tfldi bang hdm
khai thac ngudn nUde ngim)
Cac cdng trinh cd ban dUde xay dUng
theo quy hoach nhU: cdng trinh Dak Nuy,
Dak Kam d tinh Kon Tum; cdng trinh
Bien Hd, la Koem, Ea Soup d tinh Gia
Lai; cdng trinh Krdng Buk ha, Ea Soup, la
Kao, Budn Trac d tinh Dak Lak Tuy
vay, dien tfch tudi chii dong ciia cac cdng
trinh thiiy Idi dat tha'p, dUdi 51% vdi dien
tfch thiet ke ban dau, chii yeu do cic
nguyen nhan sau:
Tai vflng Ddng Bic Campuchia, thiiy
ldi da gdp p h i n phat trien san xuat ndng
nghiep trong vflng, da tao ra mot khdi
Ifldng san phong phfl va da dang nhu': lua,
ngd, khoai,san, che , dieu, cao su, ca phe,
dau tam Hang nam cho mot khdi Ifldng
dang ke, dam bad ddi sd'ng nhan dan trong
vflng va ddng gdp cho xua't khau
Ba tinh Ddng bac Campuchia trong tam giac phat trien Viet Nam Lao -Campuchia vdi nen kinh te ndng nghiep trdng Ifla va nfldng ray la chfnh Ndng nghiep trdng Ifla chii ye'u phai dfla vao thiiy ldi khu vflc nay cd ldi the ve dieu kien de xay dflng he thd'ng tfldi tieu do dja binh tu nhien mang lai, tuy nhien cac cdng trinh thiiy ldi d day da dUdc xay dUng lau nam va khdng dUdc thUdng xuyen tu siia nen phan Idn da xuo'ng cap, cac cdng trinh xay mdi khdng nhieu va nhd le Do vay nhin chung he thd'ng thiiy ldi d khu vflc nay khdng dam bao cho cac hoat dong san xuat ndng nghiep trong vflng khien cho dieu kien san xuat ciia ngUdi dan gap nhieu khd khan va phu thuoc Idn vao dieu kien thdi tiet tii nhien
Toan tinh Stung Treng cd khoang 25 cdng trinh thiiy ldi Idn nhd cd cdng sua't thiet ke de cung cap cho hdn 5.500ha da't trdng Ifla trong dd cd khoang 4.500ha la da't trdng Ifla nfldc va l.OOOha dat nfldng ray
Tinh Rattanakiri cd 58 cdng trinh thiiy ldi Idn nhd cd cd cdng sua't thie't ke decung ca'p nUdc cho gan T.OOOha trong dd cd khoang 6.000ha la da't trdng lua nfldc va l.OOOha da't nfldng ray
Tinh Rattanakiri cd 18 cdng trinh thiiy ldi Idn nhd cd cd cdng sua't thie't ke decung ca'p nUdc cho gan S.OOOha trong dd cd khoang 3.000ha la da't trdng Ifla nfldc va l.OOOha da't nUdng ray"'''
Trong khi dd, cac cdng trinh thiiy ldi d
3 tinh Nam Lao chu yeu la dap nUdc da dUdc xay diing lau nam khdng dUdc siia
Trang 10Le Pliifo'iig Hda - Tliifc trang phdt n ien i o' sd lia tdng a tam gidc 41
chfla nen p h a n Idn k h d n g cd k h a n a n g
cung cap nUdc nUdc Do dd t h u y ldi trong
khu vflc nay chfla d a p flng dflde yeu c l u
eua ndng nghiep T i n h A t t a p u cd 12 dap
thiiy ldi trong dd cd mot sd' edng t r i n h
chinh n h u dap thiiy ldi Sepien cd the tudi
cho 5000 h a da dUdc dau tU 8 trieu USD,
dap thiiy ldi N a m P a da k h a o s a t thie't ke
tudi cho 500 h a , dap t h u y ldi N a m Kdng cd
the tudi cho 5000 de'n 10.000 ba Tinh
Saravan cd 123 dap t h u y ldi loai t r u n g
binh va loai nhd xay dUng t r e n sdng
Sedone, cac dap nude nay chi cung cap
nude cho 15.120 ha ruong va t h o a t nUde
cho 1500 h a
K e t l u a n
Cd sd h a t i n g ludn la mot trong nhflng
ye'u td' t h e n chd't eiia sU p h a t trien kinh
te Ndi den va'n de cd sd h a t i n g t a i khu
vUc t a m giac p h a t t r i e n Viet N a m Lad
-('ampuchia cd the ket luan lai d may
diem sau:
Cd sd ha t a n g k h u vUc nay nhin chung
la cdn kem p h a t trien, chUa dii dap flng
nhu e l u sii d u n g eiia d a n cU trong vung va
yeu cau c h u n g eiia p h a t trien
Cd sfl chenh lenh k h a d a n g ke gifla ha
t i n g tai vflng Tay Nguyen eiia Viet Nam
vdi cac k h u vflc k h a c trong t a m giac p h a t
trien
He thd'ng ha t i n g (i day chfla p h a t trie'n
dung vdi tiem n a n g vd'n cd ciia vflng, hay
ndi dung hdn la chUa k h a i thac dUdc nhieu
ldi the eua vflng, dac biet viee khai thac
hien nay trong n g a n h dien va giao thdng
lai phuc vu it hdn chd muc dfch ciia vflng
Viec dau t u cho h a t a n g la r a t td'n kem
tuy nhien vdi tien lue bien nay thi khd cd the n h a n h chdng n a n g cap be thd'ng ed sd
ba t i n g trong ngay mot ngay bai va bang ngudn vd'n ciia dja phUdng, do vay c i n ed mot chien lUdc tdng the va dai b a n de thu
h u t vd'n d i u tU cho k h u vUc
Trong mot thdi gian dai, vflng nay rdi vao vdng l u a n q u a n cua cd sd ha t i n g yeu kem d i n de'n khdng t h u h u t dUde d i u tfl
do dd c h u a k h a i thac dUde ldi the ciia vflng kie'n cho k i n h te va ddi sd'ng ngudi dan cham dUde cai thien va cudi eflng lai dan den cd sd ba t i n g van yeu kem trong khi yeu c l u ve n a n g cap be thdng cd sd ha
t i n g van dflde duy tri d mflc cao
Tdm lai, nhin vao hien t r a n g p h a t trien
cd sd ha t i n g hien nay thi tha'y r a n g Idi the va tiem n a n g cdn nhieu nbUng chUa thuc sU dUde k h a i thac va d i u tU thfch dang Mud'n p h a t trien vflng ben vflng thi cdn la met qua t r i n h dai vdi nhflng chfnh sach djnh hfldng va d i u tfl tdng hdp Day
la khd k h a n c h u n g ciia e l 3 nUdc ehUa tfnh den nhflng nhay cam chfnh trj Do vay, de p h a t trien c i n phai ed nhflng bude hoach djnh t h a n trong va khdng nen ndng vdi, trong dd nen Uu tien cho tang trUdng trudc m i t nen la d i u tU cho cd sd ba t i n g phuc vu nhu c l u tai chd./
CHU THICH
1 Theo PGS TS Nguyen Duy Dung, Phat trien tam giac phat trien Vie t Nam Lao -Campuchia: mot sd noi dung chii yeu Hoi thao khoa hoc "Phat trien vung tam giac phat trie'n Viet Nam - Lao - Campuchia; Nhflng van de dat ra" Ha Noi, T4/2009