Bdi nhirng hoat ddng mdu dich nay dugc coi la chd dya chii yeu cho Dai Loan, cac thuyen budn Dai Loan cd the den Manila mua to sdng Trung Qude vd nhiing hang det rdi sau dd chuyen d[r]
Trang 1THirONG CANG MANILA THi KY 17 VA MOI UEN HE von KHU VlfC DONG BAC A
DUDNG VJiN HUY*
7V7dm 1565, sau khi danh chieni
-/ T Philippin, de khai thdc tdi da Igi'thl
cua Philippin vd cdc thude dia d My Latinh,
Tdy Ban Nha da md ra tuyen mdu dich hdng
hdi thuyen budm ldn tir Manila din
Acapulco cua Mexico, van chuyen bae ciia
Mexico den Manila de Idy to sdng vd lua cua
Trung Qude Tdy Ban Nha da bien Manila
trd thdnh trung tdm mdu dich quan trgng cua
Philippin vd ciia cd khu vyc Id ddu mdi quan
trgng trong tuyen thuang mai Chdu A va My
Latinh To lua vd cdc hdng hod khdc tir thi
tnrdng Ddng A dugc dua qua Mexico, rdi tir
Mexico hdng hod lai dugc tdi xudt khdu vdo
cac nudc Chdu Au Cudi the ky 16 den the
ky 17, thuang cang Manila trd nen phdn
thinh va trd thdnh mdt trong nhUng thuang
cdng vdi tu each Id tram trung chuyen quan
trgng trong nhiing boat ddng mdu dich khu
vyc vd the gidi Trong hodn cdnh dd, thi
trudng Ddng Bde A Id mdt trong nhirng nhdn
td vd ciingquan trgng anh hudng tdi sy hung
thinh ciing nhu suy tan ciia cdng thi ndy
Tay Ban Nha va sy hwng thinh cua
thuong cang Manila
; Tdy Ban Nha chiem Philippin vdi ba muc
dich rd rdng la gidnh thi phdn budn ban
huong lieu, lien he vdi Trung Qude vd Nhdt
Ban de md dudng truyen dao, ldm cho nhdn
ddn Philippin theo Dao Co ddc Tuy nhien
hg chi dat dugc d muc dich thii ba Philippin
khdng san xudt huong lieu, viec cdi dao d
Trung Qude va Nhdt Bdn Id do tudng Do
khdng cd huong lieu vd vang bae, nen viec budn bdn vdi Trung Qude vd Nhdt Ban Id dieu thiet yeu de ldm cho thude dia Philippin khdng mac ng^' Hon niia, ciing do sy ngheo ndn ve tdi nguyen khien cho Tdy Ban Nha ban dau edm thdy thdt vgng Mdt vien tdng ddc Tdy Ban Nha nhiem ky thir 3 d Manila
Id Fracisco de Sande thdm chi cdn ggi viing
nay "ca« cdi den mire ngudi ta phdi dua bd thi de sdng" Mac du vay, ddi trudng ddi
thuong thuyen cua Miguel Lopezde Legazpi
Id Juan Table Carrion da nhdn ra cdn phdi khdc thdc tiem ndng thuong mai ciia viing
nay, cho rdng: "qudn ddo ndy chdng cd lai
r
ich gi ddng ndi cd, trir khi md nhirng tuyen mdu dich vai Trung Quoc vd nhirng quoc gia Ddng An Do khdc"^^\ Mat khdc, do ludn
phdi ddi chgi vdi sy canh tranh ciia Bd Ddo Nha Nha d Ddng Nam A, de cd the thu hiit boat ddng thuong mai cua khu vyc, chinh quyen Tay Ban Nha da de ra nhiing chinh sdch khuyen khich thuang nhdn Chau A den Philippin budn bdn Vdo cudi the ky 16, chinh sdch dd da thu dugc nhiing ket qud nhdt dinh Vd, "Manila trd thdnh diem den ciia cac nhd budn Trung Qude, Nhdt Ban, Siam, Cambodia vd qudn ddo Spice Trudc
dd, viec budn ban vdi Trung Qude da khd phdt dat Nhiing thuyen budn ldn cua Tdy Ban Nha tir hdi cdng Acapulo cua Mexico dd
* Thac sT, Vien Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A
*" D.G.E Hall, Lich sic Dong Nam A, Nxb Chinh tri Qu6c
gia, HaNoi, 1997, tr 391-393
'2* W L Schurz, The Manila Galleon, New York, E P
Dutton&Co., 1959, p.45
NGHIEN cau OONG BfiC fi SO 5(111) 5-2010 53
Trang 2Nghien citu khoa hgc
chd tdi Manila tiln dd la, bae va vdng nen d^k
mua to lua cua Trung Qude, vd ddng dd la
ciid Mexico dugc dd vao cdc thuong cdng
cua Trung Qude Id Quang Ddng, Macao,
Ninh Ba vdi khdi lugng rdt ldn vd do dd trd
thdnh vat trung gian trao ddi trong thuang
mai qude te d Vien Ddng"^'^'
Trong cudn The Manila Galleon, tdc gid
William Lytic Schurz ddnh gid rdt cao vi tri
ciia Manila nhu sau: ''Trong tdt cd nhirng
thdnh phd cdng thi a Vien Ddng, Manila Id
diem trung tdm tdt nhdt cho mdu dich Vien
Ddng cd ve mat dia ly tu nhien vd mat dia
kinh te, cd hai loai hdng hod chu yeu nhdt a
thuang cdng ndy Id: ta lua tir phuang Bde
den vd huang lieu tir phuang Nam len, de
ddng tap trung a Manila, sau do nhimg hdng
hod ndy duac van chuyen di Chdu Au, Chdu
My Nhdt Bdn, Trung Quoc, cdc vuang quoc
Ddng An Dp vd tit Ddng Nam bdn ddo Md
Lai den mpt Iogt ddo thupc Malucku, da hinh
thdnh nen nira vdng trdn ldn Idy Manila ldm
trung tdm Xet ve cu ly cdc viing sdn xudt
chii yeu nhu Malacca, Macao hoac Batavia
deu khdng cd vi tri iru viet nhu thuang cdng
ndy'"'"^\ Cd the William Lytic Achurz ddnh
gia qua cao vai trd ciia thuong cdng Manila,
nhung Cling khdng the phu nhdn vi tri quan
trgng ciia thuang cdng ndy trong nhiing
tuyen thuang mai khu vyc vd the gidi Ddc
biet Id vi tri quan trgng cua Manila trong
viec ket ndi thi trudng Trung Qude vd Nhdt
Bdn vdi thi trudng chau My
Nhu cau ve bae trdng ciia Trung Qude vdi
khdi luong ldn khien cho Tdy Ban Nha thu
dugc nhieu Igi ich, hg van chuyin bae trdng
dugc san xudt d Peru vdi gid thdp rdi chd
din Manila, ddi Idy to sdng vd lua tdm cua Trung Qude, do Igi nhuan dem lai cao nen se
bd sung dugc su cham tri, nguy hilm, va gian khd tren Id trinh tir Manila din Acapulco Sau dd, sd to lua ndy dugc tieu thu d Mexico, mdt sd khac tii' Acapulco van chuyen den Peru, nhung phdn ldn dugc van chuyen ngang qua Mexico din Veracruz rli den Tdy Ban Nha Thdng qua boat dong thuang mai d Manila, Tdy Ban Nha cung tdng them dugc nhilu khodn thu tir thul thuong mai Tir nam 1610, mire thue Iuu hanh la 3% ddi vdi nhimg hang hod nhap tir
An Do, Nhdt Bdn, cdn hdng tir Trung Quoc thi phai chiu thue 6% Tuy mire thue khdng ldn nhung Tdy Ban Nha mudn thdng qua boat ddng kinh te do de duy tri quan he vdi cdc nudc trong khu vyc Den nam 1630
-1640, thue hdng hod tir Macao den Manila
cd sy thay ddi Ddi vdi thuang nhdn ty do, mire thue phdi chiu Id 6%, cdn budn ban chinh thirc la 14% bao gdm cd chi phi van chuyen*^\ Mat khdc, theo nhu bdo cdo cua Pedro de Rojas ddu the ky 17, hdng hoa cua rieng thuang nhdn den tii Phiic Kien, moi nam phdi nop ban 4 van peso tien thue, neu tinh theo ty le thi hg phai nop la 3% gia tri hang boa van chuyen, tdng gid tri hang hoa mdi nam van chuyen vdo Manila khoang 130 van peso*^' Nhiing khodn thue ndy la mgt trong nhiing ngudn thu quan cua Tdy Ban Nha d thuang cdng Manila
Cd thi ndi, sy hung thjnb ciia thuang cdng Manila cimg vdi boat ddng mdu dich
thuyin budm ldn ''dd tra thdnh con dudng
''' D.G.E Hall, Lich sic Dong Nam A, Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c
gia, HaNoi, 1997, tr 393
<"' William Lytle Schurz, The Manila Galleon New York:
E P Dutton&Co, 1959, p 27
*^* Rui D'Avila Lourido, The impact of the Macao -Manila Silk Trade from the Geginnings to 1640, in The
Silk Road- Highways of Culture and Commerce, Vadime Elisseeff (Ed.) UNESCO Publishing, 2000, p 220
"^> Ly Kim Minh (cb), Hdi ngoai giao thong vd giao Iuu van hod, Nxb My thuat Van Nam, 2006, tr 188
54 NGHIEN CCJfU OONQ BfiC fi SO 5(111) 5-2010
Trang 3Nghien citu khoa hoc
huyet mgch vi kinh ti cua thupc dia
Philippin, cho phep Manila, vai hdi cdng
tuyet vdi gdn vua thdc miin trung Luzon, cd
the duy tri vi tri ciia minh nhu mpt thii phii
ciia qudn ddo ndy"^^\ Sy hung thinh cua
thuong cdng ndy da ddnh ddu quan trgng vai
trd ciia Tdy Ban Nha Vdi tuyen thuang mai
Manila vdi Mexico, cung vdi mang ludi
thuong mai ndi viing, nhiing ngudi Tdy Ban
Nha da dua Philippin tir mdt nen kinh te ty
nhien chuyen dich ddn sang mdt nen kinh te
thuong mai mdu dich Va boat ddng thuang
mai dd trd thdnh mdt yeu td quan trgng gidi
quyet van de tdi chinh cho chinh quyen thyc
ddn Tay Ban Nha d Philippin
Hoat dong thuo^ng mai ciia Manila vol
thi tru'dng Trung Quoc va Nhat Ban
Trung Qude ludn Id thi trudng dugc Tdy
Ban Nha ddt vdo vi tri uu tien trong nhirng
boat ddng thuang mai cua cdc nudc vdi
thuong cdng Manila Vdi vi tri khdng xa vdi
cac thuang cdng viing duyen hdi ddng nam
Trung Quoc, Manila da thu hiit nhieu thuong
thuyen chd ddy to lua den tir Trung Qude
Trong nhiing boat ddng thuang mai giiia cdc
thuong cdng cua Trung Qude vdi thuang
cang Manila chii yeu Id cdc boat ddng ciia
cdc thuong thuyen cua ngudi Hoa, vi cac
thuang thuyen ciia ngudi Tdy Ban Nha khd
tiep can true tiep dugc vdi thi trudng Trung
Qude Bdi vay, nhiing thuyen budn ngudi
Hoa da trd thdnh nhdn td quan trgng trong
tuyen thuong mai nay va la ngudi cung cdp
to lua thudng xuyen cho Manila rdi cdc
thuong thuyen ciia Tdy Ban Nha lai chd sang
Mexico, nhat Id nhiing thuang thuyen den tir
Phiic Kien Thdi ky nay cd nhieu thuang
thuyen ciia Phuc Kien den budn ban d Luzon
theo nhu ldi cua mdt tudn phii Phiic Kien thdi ky nhd Minh bdi bd tirng phdn chinh sdch Hdi edm (ndm 1567) la Tir Hgc Ngung
thi: "chung tdi budn bdn vdi Luzon vi a do
cd bgc trdng ciia Phdt Lang Ca (Tdy Ban Nha)" Mat khdc, Hd Kieu Vien ngudi Phiic Kien ciing cho biet "Di dudng bien tir Phuc Kien di ve hudng Nam, cd qude gia Luzon [nai do] cd nhieu vdng vd bgc, Iuu hdnh bgc gidng nhu viec liru hdnh tien a Trung Qude Bgc cua cdc nudc Tdy Dirang (chi Tdy Ban Nha) deu duac chuyen tai ddy qua nhiing hogt dpng thuang mgi bien, cho nen nguai Phiic Kien budn bdn nhieu a Luzon"^
Ben canh dd, vdo ndm 1633, tdng ddc Tdy Ban Nha d Manila do bdt man vdi ngudi Bd
Ddo Nha, 6.?L ban lenh cam thuyen tir Macao
den Manila Tin tiic ndy lan truyen ra, ndm sau cd 40 thuyen ldn cua thuong nhdn Trung Qude chd ddy ta sdng vd lua da trdn vdo Manila, den mire ndm dd nhirng thuyen budn ldn di Mexico khdng cd each ndo chd bet
toan bd sd to lua &(P\
Tdy Ban Nha d Manila kinh doanh budn bdn to sdng vd lua Trung Qude, ddy Id nhirng mat hang chii dao, hg kinh doanh nhirng hdng hda to sdng vd lua tdm ma thuong thuyen Trung Qude chd den Manila rdi sd to lua ndy dugc mang den Acapulco ciia Mexico, sau do tir Acapulco vd Sevilla thdm nhap vdo thi trudng Chdu Au Theo nhu thdng ke, vdo nhirng ndm binh thudng, mdi ndm nhirng thuyen ldn tir Acapulco den Manila van chuyen bae trdng khodng 200 van peso, hdnh trinh quay ve van chuyen to
'^' D.G.E Hall, Lich sic Dong Nam A, Nxb Chinh trj Quoc
gia, HaNoi, 1997, tr 393
'** Ha Kieu Viln, Man thu, Q 150, "Dao di chi" Din theo
Ly Kim Minh (cb), Hdi ngoai giao thong vd giao hm vdn hod Nxb My thuat Van Nam, 2006, tr 69
*'^' C R Boxer, The Great Ship from Amacon: Annals of Macao and the Old Japan Trade 1555-1640 Lisbon:
Centro de Estudos Historicos Ultramarinos, 1959, p 141
NGHIEN CUU OONG BfiC fi SO 5(111) 5-2010
55
Trang 4Nshien citu khoa hgc
sdng vd lya tdm Trung Quoc tri gia khoang
200 - 300 van peso San pham to sdng vd lua
det ciia Trung Qude da trd thanh mdt trong
nhiing chu the mdu dich todn cdu luc dd, ket
qua la khien cho bae trang khdp nai tren the
gidi dd ddn ve Trung Qude Ngudi Tdy Ban
Nha cung chd bae trang tir Mexico den
Manila rdi dd ve Trung Qude, chiing ta cd
the nhin thdy tir con sd dugc ghi chep tir cudi
the ky 16, nhu trong thu cua Pedro de Rojas
giii Qude vuong Tdy Ban Nha Philippe II
ndm 1586 cd ndi: "Mdi ndm cd khodng 30
vgnpeso bgc tit Manila den Trung Quoc, md
ndm nay vuat qua 50 van peso" Vao nam
1598, trong thu md Don Francisco Tello gui
cho Philippe II ciing de cap den: "nguai
Trung Quoc den ddy budn bdn mdi ndm dem
bgc di 80 vgnpeso, cd luc vuat qua 100 van
peso"^ ' Ngodi ra, theo nhu tuyen bd cua
Tdng gidm muc Pedro de Baeza d Manila
vdo nam 1609, binh qudn mdi ndm khoang
3 0 - 4 0 thuyen Phiic Kien tir Manila van
chuyen di 250 - 300 van rial bae trdng, sd
bae trdng ndy chu yeu diing de mua hdng hda
to sdng vd lya tam cua Trung Qudc^^'\ Do
Bd Ddo Nha vd Tdy Ban Nha dem bae trang
cdc noi tren the gidi tap trung ve Trung
Qude, nen ddu thi ky XVII, hg deu ggi
thuyin budm ldn Manila (The Manila
Galleon) vd Macao Id "thuyen bgc"
(Silver-Ship), bdi vi thuyin budm ldn Manila tir
Mexico va Peru van chuyen bae trdng den
thuong cang Manila mua hdng hda ta lua va
hang hda khdc ciia Trung Qude; thuyen
Macao lai tir Nhdt Ban chd bae thdi den
'"" E H Blair and J A Robertson, The Philippine Islands
1493-1898[M] Cleveland: The Arthur H Clark Company,
1903, vol 6, pp 246; vol 10,p.l79
'"* C R Boxer, The Great Ship from Amacon: Annals of
Macao and the Old Japan Trade 1555-1640 Lisbon:
Centro de Estudos Historicos Ultramarinos, 1959, p.74
Quang Chdu vd Macao mua hdng hda to lua, vdng va xa huong ciia Trung Qude''^*
Ngodi nhirng thuang thuyin Trung Qude den tir cdc cang thi d dai luc nhu Quang Ddng, Phiic Kien, Ninh Ba ra thi ciing cd nhieu thuang thuyen tir cua hg Trinh d Ddi Loan den Manila budn bdn, vd hg chiem sd lugng khdng nhd trong cdc thuyen budn neo ddu d thuang cang nay Khoang giira the ky
17, Trinh Kinh tai Dai Loan rdt coi trgng nhirng boat ddng mdu dich vdi Manila Bdi nhirng hoat ddng mdu dich nay dugc coi la chd dya chii yeu cho Dai Loan, cac thuyen budn Dai Loan cd the den Manila mua to sdng Trung Qude vd nhiing hang det rdi sau
dd chuyen den Nagasaki ciia Nhat Ban de ban vdi gia chenh lech de tim kiem Igi nhuan, nhu vay hg da thu ve dugc nhirng mdn ldi Idn^^'^^ Vdo ndm 1672, mdt ngudi Anh la Symon Delboc da giri mdt biic thu tir Dai Loan tdi mdt thuang diem ciia Anh d Java,
trong thu dng ta cd viet nhu sau: "thdng I hdng ndm Trinh Kinh phdi 5 den 6 chiec thuyen tir Ddi Loan tai Manila, trong thdi gian thdng 4 vd thdng 5 thi nhiing thuyen budn ndy quay trd ve, sau do di Nhdt Bdn vdo khodng thdng 6, 7, cd khi la thdng 11 hoac 12 Igi cd 12 den 14 chiec thuyen den Manila"^^'^\ Theo nhu Pierre Channu dua ra
con sd thdng ke thi sd thuyen budn tir Trung Qude den Ddi Loan chiem vi tri cao, theo nhu bang thdng ke dudi ddy:
"^' C R Boxer, Fidalgos in the Far East 1550-1770 The
Hagiie: Martinus Nijhoff, 1948, p 14
*"' The Great Trading Merchants, Cocksinja and His Son,
p 113 Din theo Ly Kim Minh (cb), Trung Qude c6 dai
hdi ngoai mdu dich sic, Nxb Nhan dan Quang Tay, 1991,
tr382
(14) i^^^ ll^j^ ^ ^ y ^y^^ ^ ^ ^ gj^^^ J 0^j iQ^fJ Ifj^ j ^ JJ,-,^ ^
196 Din theo Ly Kirn Minh (cb), Trung Qude cS dai hdi
ngogi mm dich sic, Nxb Nhan dan Quang Tay, 1991, tr
382
56 NGHIEN Cdu OONG BfiC fi SO 5(111) 5-2010
Trang 5Nghien ciiu khoa hoc
Bang 1: Thdng ke sd thuyin budn Trung Qude tie cdc viing din Manila
tie nam 1664-1683^^^^
Ndm
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
Sd^
thuyen
Trung
Quoc
5
13
4
2
4
3
8
1
5
Thuyen den tir dgi luc
4
10
2
Thuyen den tir Macao
1
Thuyen den tir Ddi Loan
1
3
2
2
4
3
8
1
4
Ndm
1673
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1683
Sd^
thuyen Trung Qude
6
3
9
10
4
6
5
3
4
Thuyen den tir dgi luc
2
2
7
9
3
6
5
Thuyen den tit Macao
2
Thuyen den tir Ddi Loan
4
1
2
1
1
3
2
Trong nhiing ldn vien duong thi cdc
thuyen budn Trung Qude thudng di theo
doan, hoac nhdm Khodng thdi gian tir nam
1596 den 1598, mgt vien Tdng ddc Tdy Ban
Nha d Manila la Antonio de Morga thi ciing
nhdn manh: "nhirng thuyen budm den tu
Trung Quoc di theo dodn, trong khodng
thdng 3 duang lich cdc thuyen budn ket
thdnh dodn khdi hdnh theo gid miia vd thai
tiet ndng, hdnh trinh den Manila khodng 15
den 20 ngdy, ho mua hdng hod xong, de an
todn ho da quay ve vdo cudi thdng 5 ddu
thdng (5"^'^\ Cung theo nhu John Saris,
thuyin trudng ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Anh
cho biet: "cdc thuyen budn lap thdnh dodn
khdi hdnh tir Chuang Chdu, cd khi la 4
thuyen, 5 thuyen, 10 thuyen hoac nhieu han nua '(17)
*'^' Pierre Channu, Les Philippines et le Pacifiquedes
Iberiques, Paris, 1960, pp 165-169, Din theo Ly Kim
Minh (cb), Trung QuSc cS dgi hdi ngogi mdu dich sic, Nxb
Nhan dan Quang Tay, 1991, tr 3 83
^'*' Ly Kim Minh (cb), Hdi ngogi giao thong vd giao Imi
vdn hod, Nxb My thuat Van Nam, 2006, tr 69
Con sd thuyen budn tir Trung Qude den Manila budn ban hang ndm rdt thdt thudng khdng deu dan Theo nhu thdng ke cua W L
Schurz trong cudn The Manila Galleon thi
cd khoang tir 20 din 60 thuyen, trong nam
1574 cd 6 thuyin, nam 1580 cd-40 din 50 thuyin; nam 1616 chi cd 7 thuyen, nhung ndm 1631 lai cd tdi 50 thuyen, 5 nam sau cd
33 thuyin (xem bdng 2 dudi ddy)^'^\ Cd tinh trang thuyin budn Trung Qude den Manila khdng diu dan nhu vay bdi tuy vdo nhung biln ddng ciia tinh Trung Quoc, vd quan trgng hon Id tinh hinh budn ban d Manila, ndm nao md ngudi Trung Qude thdy bae d Manila thilu hut thi ndm dd sd thuyen budn din dd ciing it di Dieu nay chi ra rang vi tri quan trgng cua lugng bae d Manila nhu the nao, nd quylt dinh sy nhdn nhip hay tbua
^"' Ly Kim Minh (cb), Hdi ngogi giao thong vd giao lim vdn hod, Nxb My thuat Van Nam, 2006, tr 70
<'*' William Lytle Schurz, The Manila Galleon New York:
E P Dutton & Co, 1959
NGHIEN Cdu OONG BfiC fi SO 5(111) 5-2010 57
Trang 6Nghien citu khoa hgc
thdt cdc boat ddng thuang mai ciia cdc
thuyen budn ngoai qude nhdt Id thuyen budn
Trung Qude den ddy budn ban Ngodi nhirng
ly do nay thi nhirng toan cudp bien boat
ddng quanh khu vyc dao Luzon vd gdn cdc
viing duyen hai Trung Qude ciing dnh hudng khdng nhd tdi nhiing boat ddng cua cac thuang thuyen trong tuyIn thuang mai Manila - Trung Qude
Bang 2: Bdng bieu so thuang thuyen Trung Quoc den Manila
tie ndm 1574 den ndm 1643^^'^^
Ndm
1574
1575
1580
1583
1584
1587
Sd thuyen
6
12-15
40-50
0
25-30
30
Ndm
1588
1589
1591
1592
1599
1603
Sd thuyen
30
11-12 20-30
28
50
14
Ndm
1604
1605
1606 •
1616
1621
1626
Sd thuyen
13
18
35
7
30-40
100
Ndm
1629
1631
1634
1636
1643
Tdng
Sd thuyen
40
50
40
33
3
635 - 674
Trong nhirng boat ddng thuong mai tir
Trung Qude den Manila, cdc thuyen budn
den tir cdc cdng thi ciia Phiic Kien ludn
chiem da sd vd la lye lugng thuyen budn chii
yeu Tinh rieng tuyen thuang mai tir Chuong
Chdu din Manila tir nam 1571 din 1600, cd
khoang 630 thuang thuyen tir cdng Nguyet d
Chuong Chdu xudt hdnh den Manila^^'^^ Sy
boat ddng thudng xuyen ciia cac thuang
thuyen Trung Quoc tir Phuc Kien den
Manila vdn duy tri dugc den cd nhirng giai
doan sau, va vdn Id noi xudt phat chii yeu
cua cdc thuang thuyen Trung Qude tir luc
dia den thuong cang nay
'"' Tham khao, Ly Kim Minh, Lich sic mdu dich hdi ngogi
thai Minh, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi Trung Qu6c, 1990, tr
121
*""* Ly Kim Minh (cb), Hai ngogi giao thong vd giao hcu
van hod, Nxb ^,v thuat Van Nam, 2006, tr 70
Den khoang cudi the ky 17, cdc thuyen budn Trung Qude tang len ve sd lugng do nhiing bien ddi ve tinh hinh Trung Qude Sau khi Khang Hy thyc hien bai bd chinh sdch Hdi edm (ndm 1684) cac thuyen budn Trung Qude den Philippin budn bdn chiem
vi tri quan trgng, do thdi gian ndy hdng boa
ma cac thuyen budn Trung Qude chd den Manila bdn re han hdng hod ciia cdc thuyen budn Tdy Ban Nha*^'' Cho nen, khi dd rdt it thuyen budn Tdy Ban Nha den Trung Qude mdu dich Tinh tir nam 1684 (ndm nha Thanh md cira mau dich hdi ngoai) den nam
1716 (nam nha Thanh lai quay trd lai vdi chinh sach hai cam) sd thuyen budn Trung Qude den Manila budn ban nhu sau (xem bang thdng ke sd 3):
<-" J Kuma, Indo-china Trade 1793 - 1833, Bomboy,
1974, p.lO
58 NGHIEN CCJfU OONG BfiC fi SO 5(111) 5-2010
Trang 7Nghien citu khoa hoc
Bang 3: Thuyin budn Trung Qude din Manila mdu dich tie 1684 -171^'"'"'
Ndm
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1690
1691
1692
Sd
thuyen
5
17
27
15
7
14
13
14
Ndm
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
Sd thuyen
18
12
19
17
17
24
20
17
Ndm
1701
1702
1703
1705
1706
1707
1708
-Sd thuyen
9
15
21
17
27
15
32
-Ndm
1709
1710 1711
1713
1714
1715
1716
-
Sd thuyen
43
25
14
15
17
14
10
-Nhu cdu ve bae trdng ciia Trung Qude
vdi khdi lugng ldn khien cho Tdy Ban Nha
thu dugc nhieu Igi ich, hg van chuyen bae
trang dugc san xudt d Peru vdi gia thdp rdi
chd den Manila, ddi Idy to sdng vd lua tdm
cua Trung Quoc, do Igi nhuan dem lai cao
nen se bd sung dugc su cham tre, nguy hiem,
va gian khd ten Id trinh tir Manila den
Acapulco Sau dd, sd ta lua ndy dugc tieu
thy d Mexico, mdt sd khdc tir Acapulco van
chuyen den Peru, nhung phdn ldn dugc van
chuyen ngang qua Mexico den Veracruz rdi
din Tay Ban Nha^^^\ Sau khi mdt lugng ldn
bae trang ciia Mexico dugc van chuyen den
Trung Qude da cd vai trd thuc ddy rdt ldn
ddi vdi sy phdt trien cua nen kinh te vimg
duyen hdi Trung Quoc, khi dd bae trdng cua
Mexico Iuu hdnh rdt phd bien d viing
Chuang TuyIn tinh Phiic Kien, Vuong
'^"' Les Philippines et le Pacipique des Iberiques, pp 169
-180, Din theo: Ly Kim Minh (cb), Trung Qu6c c6 dai hai
ngoai mau dich sir, Nxb Nhan dan Quang Tay, 1991, tr
402.'
^^'' C G F Simkin, The Traditional Trade of Asia
London: Oxford University Press, 1968, p 188
Thdng thdi dd da viet trong "Mdn du ki hrac" nhu sau: "Tien vd bgc cua cdc nudc Phien di tir bien vdo, tren mat tien cd hinh chu Thdnh Diep hoac cd hinh chim mudn, nhdn vgt, viing Tuyen Chuang thdng dung loai tien ndy"^^'^\ Nhung nhin tir gde do khdc,
neu nhu khdng cd nhu cdu ve lugng ldn bae trdng ciia Trung Qude thi khdng the cd chuyen gia bae trdng tdng manh tren todn cdu, md san xudt bae d chdu My, Tdy Ban Nha khd tudng tugng dugc rdng lai cd the cd Igi nhuan nhu vay, thuang nhan Chdu Au ciing khdng the tap trung xung quanh thi trudng Trung Qude, mua ban vdi lugng ldn hang hda Trung Qude Diing vdo dau the ky
17, sy biln ddi xa hdi Trung Qude chuyen hudng sang Idy bae trdng lam so sd mdi dii khien cho Chdu Au xuat hien cudc "cdch mang gid cd", tir dd xudt hien mdt de qude Tdy Ban Nha dya vdo ban bae trdng de sinh tdn Khi dd, sd lugng bae trang dugc san
'^'" Vucmg Thang Thai, Mdn du ky luac, Dai Bae, Hoc
sinh thu cue, 1975, hop (sach) thu 14
NGHIEN CUU OONG BfiC fi SO 5(111) 5-2010 59
Trang 8Nghien citu khoa hgc
xudt d chau My rdt ldn, theo nhirng tu lieu
thong ke vdo thi ky 16 khodng 17.000 tdn,
din thi ky 17 khoang 42.000 tdn, trong dd
cd 31000 tdn van chuyin din Chdu Au Tir
Chdu Au lai van chuyin 40% khodng 12000
tdn din Chdu A, trong dd chilm khoang
4000 din 5000 tdn la do cdng ty Ddng An
Hd Lan va cdng ty Ddng An Anh trye tilp
dua den Ngodi ra, cd khodng 6.000 tdn dua
den vung bien Polo va viing Levant, trong dd
mdt phdn giu lai d ban dia, sd cdn lai tilp tuc
chuyen sang phia Ddng khu vyc Chau AP'^\
Khdng chi cdc Hoa thuong tiln hdnh
nhiing chuyen thuong mai tir cdc thuong
cdng viing duyen hdi ddng nam Trung Qude
tdi Manila, md nhung ngudi Bd Ddo Nha d
Macao ciing tdng cudng nhiing boat ddng
thuong mai tir Macao den Trung Quoc dai
luc rdi tir Macao den Manila Cdc thuyen
budn ciia Bd Ddo Nha den tir Macao da gdp
phdn quan trgng trong nhirng boat ddng
thuong mai d Manila Cdc thuyen budn Bd
Ddo Nha ciing den Manila mau dich theo
mgt quy luat nhdt dinh, ddc biet Id tir sau
1619 Ndm 1620, cd 10 chile thuyen den tir
Macao, gid tri hang hda md mdt chiec thuyen
Bd Ddo Nha chd day ma chi 6 ndm sau dd
vugt qua 50 van peso^^ \
Ben canh nhirng boat ddng thuong mai
ciia Manila vdi Trung Quoc thi Nhdt Bdn
ciing la mdt thi trudng quan trgng ddi vdi
cac thuang thuyin den tir thuong cang ndy
Nhdt la Tdy Ban Nha ciing mudn canh tranh
vdi Bd Ddo Nha trong viec thdm nhap vao thi trudng Nhdt Bdn Mat khac, cdc thuong thuyen ciia Nhdt Ban ciing lya chgn Manila
Id mdt diem den quan trgng dl cd the tim kiem dugc to lua Trung Qude vdi gia thdp hon nhieu so vdi gid md Bd Ddo Nha vdn ban tren thi trudng Nhdt Bdn, vd cdc thuang thuyen Nhdt den ddy chii yeu trong thdi gian Chau An thuyin (1592 - 1635) Sau ndm
1635, chii ylu Id cac boat ddng ciia thuang thuyen Hoa thuang trong tuyen thuong mai Manila - Nhdt Ban
Trong cac boat ddng thuong mai ciia Chdu An thuyen Nhdt Bdn d Ddng Nam A, thi Manila cua Philippin chiem mdt vi tri quan trgng Tir ndm 1604 den nam 1653 tdng sd 299 thuyen Chdu An thi Manila da
cd 56 thuyen, ngang bang vdi Siam (56 thuyen) chi dimg sau Cochin-china (87 thuyln)^2^\
Nhdn thiic rd tdm quan trgng cua Manila trong tuyen thuang mai qude te, ngoai Nhat Bdn, cac thuyen budn ciia Trung Qude, Bd Dao Nha, v.v ciing da tim each dua hdng den thuang cdng nay Tir nam 1580 din
1642 cd khodng 80 tdu Bd Ddo Nha din Manila budn bdn, rieng cdc ndm tir 1602
-1621, giai doan dugc coi Id thinh vugng nhdt ciia tuyen budn ban Macao - Manila, cd 23 tdu budn Bd Ddo Nha din Philippines Trong khoang thdi gian do, tir nam 1577 din
1644 cung da cd tdi 1.088 thuyin budn Trung Hoa den Philippin^^^l Cdc thuyin
'"' Andre Gunder Frank, Tu bdn bgc, Nxb bien djch
Trung uong, Bae kinh, 2000, tr 8
'^'^^ William Lytle Schurz, The Manila Galleon New York:
E P Dutton & Co, 1959, p 132
'"'* Xem Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1460 - 1680, Yale University Press, London,
1993 Volume l.p.21
^^^' Rui D'Avila Lourido, The impact of the Macao -Manila Silk Trade from the Geginnings to 1640, in The
60 NGHIEN C(]fU OONG BfiC fi SO 5(111) 5-2010
Trang 9Nghien cim khoa hoc
budn ndy chii ylu la xudt phdt tir cdc cang
phia nam Trung Qude nhu Quang Ddng,
Phuc Kiln, v.v 6 mdt mire do khiem tdn
hon, tir ndm 1596 din 1634 cd 57 thuyin
Chdu An cua Nhdt Bdn din Philippin Mat
do thuyen Chdu An din ddy tap trung vdo
giai doan 1599- 1609 Thdi gian dd cd 41
thuang thuyen dugc cii din Philippin, ndm
cao nhdt: 1599 la 10 chile, ndm 1600 Id 5
chiec, ndm 1606 Id 6 chile, cdc ndm
1605-1607 vd 1609 deu Id 3 chiec Tinh trong
vdng 10 ndm, mdi nam cd 4,1 thuyen chinh
thirc dugc cu den Philippin Thuyin tir
Trung Qude, Nhat Ban den Philippin xudt
hdnh theo gid miia Nhung ngudi di bien
gidu kinh nghiem thudng cho thuyin nhd
neo vao trung tuan thdng 3, budn ban d
Manila den ha tuan thang ndm vd trd ve vdo
thugng tudn thang sdu
Nham ban che sy ddc quyen cua Bd Ddo
Nha vd ciing de ldm giam thieu nhiing hdu
qud kinh te do chinh sdch ddng cua nhd
Minh gdy ra ddi vdi thi trudng Nhat Ban,
gidi Idnh dao Nhdt Bdn mudn md rdng quan
he vdi Philippin vd ddt Manila vdo vi the ciia
mdt ciia ngd Iuu thdng vdi Trung Qude
Hang hod cua Nhdt Ban dua den Philippin
thudng Id bdt mi, luong thyc, thyc pham,
nguyen lieu che thude siing, vii khi vd nhieu
loai sdn phdm khdc Trong nhirng chuyen trd
ve, thuyen budn thudng mang theo to lua
Trung Qude; da huau, dudng, sdp ong,
huong lieu ciia Ddng Nam A; mdt sd sdn vat
ciia Chdu Au ciing nhu nhiing san vat md
Silk Road- Highways of Cuhure and Commerce, Vadime
Elisseeff (Ed.) UNESCO Publishing, 2000, p 213
Tdy Ban Nha dem v l tir Chdu My 6 mdt
chirng myc nhdt dinh, Tdy Ban Nha ciing mudn duy tri quan he vdi Nhat Ban vi mdt
sd mat hdng can thiet cho nhu cdu tieu dung nhu bdt mi khdng the sdn xudt d Philippin Nhin nhdn lai quan he giira Nhdt Ban vd Philippin the ky 17, chiing ta thdy trong sd cdc qude gia Ddng Nam A, Philippin la mdt thi trudng ma Nhdt Bdn cd quan he sdm vd tuong ddi phdt trien Do cd vi tri dia ly gdn gQi vdi Nhdt Ban, Philippin Id qude gia duy nhdt d Ddng Nam A ludn chiu dnh hudng manh me ciia nhiing bien ddi ve chinh tri, kinh te dien ra d khu vuc Ddng Bde A vd sdm phai gdnh chiu nhu'ng dnh hudng nhiing thdch thiic ndng nen ve chinh tri vd ngoai giao Ve kinh te, Philippin vdi thuang cang Manila thudn Igi cho boat ddng thuang mai
da trd thanh thi trudng quan trgng trong khu vyc Ciing trong the ky 17, Manila ddng vai trd cdu ndi ciia cac trung tdm kinh te ciia Chdu A ciing nhu giiia Chau A vdi mdt sd nudc chdu My vd chdu Au Tuy nhien, do bi thyc dan Tdy Ban Nha chiem ddng nen Philippin chiu sy chi phdi gdn nhu hodn todn cua Tdy Ban Nha, vd quan he Nhdt Ban -Philippin thdi can the cd the coi nhu la mdt trudng hgp dac biet trong nhirng mdi bang giao qude te ciia Nhat Bdn vdi cac nudc Ddng Nam A thdi bdy gid
Ngudi Hoa va ngudi Nhat Ban d Manila
Nhiing boat ddng thuang mai giira Trung Qude vd Manila ciing da keo theo viec di ddn tir Trung Quoc den Philippin Nhieu ngudi Hoa tir cac tinh mien nam Trung Qude den dinh cu d ddy vd da phdn hg theo dudi
NGHIEN CUU OONG BfiC fi SO 5(111) 5-2010 6 1
Trang 10Nghien citu khoa hgc
cdc boat ddng thuang mai Trong biic thu
Tdng gidm muc Tay Ban Nha d Manila giri
Qude vuong Tdy Ban Nha Philippe II ndm
1588 thi cd: "30 thuang thuyen tit Trung
Qude den ddy, mang theo rdt nhieu nguai
Trung Qude, khien cho nguai Trung Qude
cu tru a ddy tdng len Hien thai, sd ngudi
Trung Qude a ddy [Manila] len tdi han 1
vgn"^^'^\ Ben canh dd, trong thu ciia Tdng
ddc d Manila Id Pedro de Rojas giii Qude
vuong Tdy Ban Nha Philippe II ndm 1596
ciing cd ndi: "cd 12.000 nguai Trung Qude
di thuyen den ddy, md nhung nguai Hoa liru
tru tren cdc ddo ciia Philippin cdn nhieu
han"^^^\ Din nam 1603, theo nhu bdo cdo
ciia P Chirino thi "sd nguai Hoa a Manila
da len tdi 2 vgn ngudr^^^\ Nhirng khu ngudi
Hoa tap trung cu tru ggi la Parian O Parian
gdn sdng Pasig d thdi diem dd da cd tdi 6000
den 7000 ngudi Hoa sinh sdng, trong dd cd
tir 3000 den 4000 ngudi Hoa cu trii thudng
xuyen Den nam 1603, da cd 30.000 ngudi
Hoa di trii sinh sdng d Philippin*^^' Cac Hoa
thuong cu trii d ddy mua to lua ciia Trung
Qude sau dd ban cho ngudi Tay Ban Nha vd
ddi Idy vat lieu bang bae Hg dua sdn phdm
dd di Trung Qude ddi Idy ta lua, bode che
'"'' E H Blair and J A Robertson: The Philippine Islands
1493-1898 Cleveland: The Arthur H Clark Company,
1903, vol 6, pp 316; N A Simoniya, Overseas Chinese in
Southeast Asia- A Russian Study, Cornell University, 1961,
p 28
"'" Ibid., vol.9, p 266) (Ly Kim Minh (cb), Trung Qude cd
dgi hdi ngogi mdu dich sic, Nxb Nhan dan Quang Tay,
1991, tr 361
'^" Ibid., vol.9, p 253) (Ly Kim Minh (cb), Trung Qude co
dgi hdi ngogi mdu dich sic, Nxb Nhan dan Quang Tay,
1991,tr 361
'^^' N A Simoniya, Overseas Chinese in Southeast
Asia-A Russian Study, Cornell University, 1961, p 28
bien tai chd cua minh, sau dd ban ra thi trudng ndi dia^"^<^^' Theo nhu ndi dung birc thu giri cho Qude vuong Tdy Ban Nha ciia mdt ddi trudng ddi thuyin Tdy Ban Nha la Don Hieronino de Carrillo cd ndi rdng:
"thuang nhdn Trung Qude vi mat thirang nghiep tinh nhanh nhu vdy, nhay ben nhu vdy, cho den mpt tha may mdi budi sdng nhin thdy mpt nguai, thi lap tire Met ngudi ndy may qudn do thi cdn bao nhieu vdi Ho ddi ddi chung tdi nhu vdy do, khi biet mdi ndm chi cd 2 thuyen den Nueva Espana, ho lien cd the a "Parian " vimg cu tru cua ho chudn bi du hdng hod van chuyen eho 2 thuyen chd ddy"^ \
Sy gia tang qua nhanh ve sd ngudi Hoa nhap cu budn bdn tai Manila tir cudi the ky
16 da trd thdnh mdi lo sg cua chinh quyen thyc dan Tdy Ban Nha Vi the, ngudi Hoa hi edm boat ddng budn ban le, ty do di lai tren cdc dao, thdm chi khdng dugc ra ngodi vao ban dem Nhirng ngudi Hoa dugc phep dinh
cu d nudc ndy phdi nop thue that cao cho nhd chirc trach Trong nhieu trudng hgp vd d nhieu thdi diem khac nhau, ngudi Hoa nhap
cu bi ddi xu rdt tdn bao Chang ban nhu vao nam 1597, toan quyen Telo da ra lenh dudi khdi Manila tat cd ddn cu ngudi Hoa thuoc hang "ngudi thira" Sd ngudi nay cd liic len tdi 3000 din 4000 ngudi Kit qud dd dua
din hdu nhu Parian bi ddt chay vd todn bo
cua cdi ngudi Hoa bi thieu buy Trong ndm
1639, cd tdi 22.000 din 23.0000 ngudi Hoa
'"* Trin Khanh, Vai tro nguai Hoa trong dai s6ng kinh 18 cac nuac Dong Nam A, Ha Noi, 1992, tr 60, 61
(34)
nnes
E H Blair and J A Robertson, The Philippines Islands 1493-1898 Cleveland: The Arthur H Clark
Company, 1903, vol 29, p.79
62 NGHIEN CCJfU OONG BfiC fi SO 5(111) 5-2010