+) Ngdnh khai tbdc mo Id ngdnh ihu bin dau tu true liep nudc ngodi nhieu nhdl. Tieu bieu la ngdnh khai ihdc ddu md vd khi ddi. dang dem lai nhung lgi ich lo Idn bai nhu cdu ngdy cdng [r]
Trang 1THU HUT D A U TU^ TRlTC TIEP NU^OC NGOAI VAO NIGERIA
Kieu Thanh Nga^
1 Mot s6 net khai quat v§ nuO'c
Cpng hoa Lien bang Nigeria
Nude Cgng hda Lien bang Nigeria
(Federal Republic oi Nigeria) la mdl qudc
gia thudc khu vuc Tdy Phi vdi dien lich
923.768 k m l ddn so nam 2008 la 146.3 Irieu
ngudi (Id qudc gia ddng dan nhdl cua chdu
Phi vd xep thu 9 cdc qudc gia ddng dan nhdl
tren the gidi)' Phia idv Nigeria gidp vdi
Benanh phia bac gidp Niger, phia ddng bac
gidp Chad, phia ddng gidp Cameroon, phia
nam Nigeria Id Vinh Gbine mdl bd phdn cua
Dai ldy duang Xel ve mat lieh su con ngudi
da cd mat lai Nigeria lu khoang 9000 ndm
irudc cdng nguven lao Ihdnh cdc vuang
qudc: Vuong qudc Borno a mien bac vuang
qudc Haussa d mien lav vd vucmg qudc
Yoruba a mien nam vdi nhieu nen van hda
dac sdc Bude sang ibd k> XIX Nigeria tro
Ihdnh Ihudc dia cua De che Anh Tu nam
1920 nhat la sau chien Iranh the gidi II
' ViOn Nuhicn ciru Chau Phi \a I rung Ooni,
phong trao ddu iranh ddi ddc lap cua nhdn ddn Nigeria ndi len manh me va ngav 01 ibdng 10 nam 1960 Nigeria da gidnh dugc dge lap la mgt trong nhimg qudc gia ddu lien mo man cho ky nguyen ddc lap cua loan chau Phi Ba nam sau nga> 01 thang 10 nam
1963 Nigeria luven bd la> ten la nudc Cdng hda Lien bang Nigeria, nam Irong Khdi lien hiep Anh Tuv nhien nbimg nam sau dd Nigeria lai nam dudi sir cai trj eua mdt chinh phu qudn su ddc lai Mai den nam 1999 nen dan chu mdi duge phuc hdi lai Nigeria Ngav nav mac dii van thugc cae nude ngheo tren the gidi nhung Nigeria la nudc phdt trien thu hai cua chdu Phi (sau Nam Phi) Nigeria
la nudc cd irir lugng ddu mo ldn nhdl chdu Phi (khoang 34 ly thiing vd 2000 ly m' kbi ddi lu nhien) vd la Ibdnh vien cua Td ehire eac nudc xudl khau ddu mo (OPEC) Nhd xudl khdu ddu mo ma irong nhung nam gdn dav kinh le Nigeria da bat dau phai irien nhung van phai ddi mat vdi nhieu thach thire
to Idn Nam 2008 GDP cua Nigeria la 183.1
Iv USD tdc dd lane iruanu CiDP la 6.5"« \ e
Tgp chi nghien cuu rilAI Pill & TRIAG BO-NG so 06 (46) thang 6/2009 '33
Trang 2Kiieu Thanh Nga Thu hilt dau td trUc tiep nddc ngoai
chinh tri Nigeria theo che do da dang, cd
qudc hdi ludng vien tdng thdng ddng thdi Id
ngudi dung ddu chinh phii, ca nudc chia lam
36 bang va 1 dac kbu thu dd Dang phdi
cbinb tri bao gdm; Dang Dan cbu Nhdn dan
(People's Democratic Party - PDP) cua Tdng
thdng Obasanjo, Dang Todn ddn Nigeria (All
Nigerian People's Party - ANPP), Ddng Lien
minh vi Ddn cbii (Alliance for Democracy
-AD) va mdt sd dang khdc Cude tdng tuyen
cu bdu tdng thdng theo che do dan ehu da
ddng dien ra ngdy 27 thang 2 nam 1999 theo
che do dan chu da dang vdi sir dac cu cua
Tdng thdng Olugeum Obasanjo - tudng ve
huu - da khdi phuc lai che do dan chu tai ddt
nudc ndy sau nhieu nam dudi su cai trj cua
mdt cbinb phu qudn sir ddc tdi Tdng thdng
bien nay cua Nigeria Id dng Umaru Yar'
Adua trung cu tdng thdng vdi 70% sd phieu
bdu trong cude bau cu tdng Ihdng vdo thdng
5 nam 2007, ddnh dau viec Idn ddu tien mdl
chinh quyen dan su cdm quyen thay the cho
chinh quyen quan su tai Nigeria trudc day
Trong quan he qudc te, Nigeria da tham gia
sang lap Cdng ddng kinh le cdc nudc Tdy
Phi (ECOWAS), Ddi tac mdi vi sir phdt trien
ciia chdu Phi (NEPAD), Td chdc cdc nudc
xudt khdu ddu md (OPEC), la thdnh vien cua
Lien Hgp qudc, Phong trdo khdng lien ket,
Td chue cac nudc Hdi gido, Quy lien te qudc
le (IMF), Lien minh chdu Phi (AU) , ddng
thdi thuc hien dudng Idi ddi ngoai rdng md,
tham gia tich cue vao cdc sang kien vd nd
lire gidi quyet xung dot, gin giu hod binh,
hgp tdc phdt trien kinh le d khu vuc Tdy Phi
vd chdu Phi, cd vai Ird quan trgng Irong cac
td chdc khu vuc va chdu luc
2 Dpng thai chung trong thu hut
diu tu' trLHC ti§p nu'O'c ngoai
Nigeria dugc danh gia la mdt trong nhung qudc gia cd tinh hinh ddu tu true tiep nudc ngoai kha sdi ddng, nhieu trien vgng khdng chi d khu vuc Tay Phi md edn tren todn qhau Phi Ly do bdi nudc nay cd ngudn tdi nguyen khodng sdn phong phu (dac biet Id ddu md)
va ngudn nhdn lire ddi dao Hien nay kinh te Nigeria dugc xep thu hai trong luc dja Phi vd dang tren dudng dua vdi ddu tdu Nam Phi Giai doan trudc thap nien 1990 tdc do tang trudng kinh te cua Nigeria khdng khd quan bdi mdt loat nhung yeu td tieu cue nhu qudn
ly yeu kem tham nhung Iran lan, bdi chi ngdn sdch Nbimg vdn de ndy da Idm te liet kinb te qudc gia trong nhieu thdp ky khien boat ddng ddu tu true tiep nudc ngodi gap khd khan, cdc nhd ddu tu nudc ngodi e ngai khi ddu tu vdo Nigeria vi riii ro cao Trudc Ibuc trang dd, cac chuyen gia kinh te khang djnh rang, can phdi tao mdi trudng chinh sdch idl de thu hut EDI vd FDI se Id ddng luc ddn bdy de khdi ddng nen kinh te Nigeria Tuy da xde djnh rd ddi tugng song viec thuc bien cac bien phdp nhdm thu biit FDI vdn chua dugc thuc bien bdi luc nay chinh quyen Nigeria van nam trong tay quan ddi Nbtmg nam ddu thap nien 1990, mdi trudng FDI ciia Nigeria bat ddu khdi sac, dac biet nam 1994 ddng FDI vdo nudc nay dat 2
ty USD trong kbi nam 1990 chi d muc dudi
1 ty USD^ Tuy nhien, sang nam 1995 ddng FDI vdo Nigeria lai sut xudng muc 1 ty USD nhung nam sau dd bien ddng manh khdng dn djnh Cbo den nam 1999 khi dat dugc nen ddn chii, chinh phu Nigeria bat lay vdo Ihuc bien mdt sd bien phdp ihu bill cdc nha ddu tu nudc ngodi Ngdy 29 thdng 5 nam
1999, viec thay the chinh quyen quan dgi bang chinh quyen dan chii da md ra tuong lai sdng siia cbo phdt trien kinh te ndi chung
Tgp ehi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUING Bdi^G so 06 (46) thang 6/2009
Trang 3Thu hut dau tdtrUc tiep nudc ngoai Kieu Thanh Nga
dau lu true tiep nudc ngodi ndi rieng d
Nigeria Mac dii luc nd>- tdng FDI vao
Nigeria khdng ldn ban so vdi nbtmg nam
trudc dd (chi dat 1,01 ty USD, chiem 0,2%
tdng FDI eua thd gidi la 865 ty USD, 0,7%
tdng FDI ciia cdc nude dang phdt tridn Id 207
ty USD), nhung mdi trudng thu but FDI ciia
Nigeria dugc ddnh gid da dn djnh hda nhidu
trien vgng, dua Nigeria budc vdo nhdm ede
qudc gia thu hut FDI nhidu nhat chdu Phi;
ciing vdi Nam Phi, Ai Cap, Morocco vd
Tunisia Tdng FDI vdo Nigeria trong ed thdp
ky 1990-1999 dat 20 ty USD thuc su la mdt
dau hieu lac quan^ Theo Bdo edo ddu tu the
gidi nam 2007, trong giai doan 2.000-2003,
FDI vdo Nigeria dat tdc do lang trudng
khdng ddng ke bdi nang lire qudn ly ciia
chinh quyen dan chii non tre cdn yeu, ehinh
sdch khuyen khieh FDI chua dugc thuc hien
bieu qud Budc sang nam 2004, FDI vdo
nudc nay bat ddu tdng trudng nhanh vd deu
dan, ndm 2004 dat 2,127 ty USD, nam 2005
la 3,403 ly USD vd nam 2006 Id 5,4459 ly
USD'
Hien nay, tinh binh ddu tu true tiep nudc
ngodi vdo Nigeria dang dugc ddnh gid cd
nhidu Irien vgng Bdo cdo ciia Td chue
Ngoai thuang Nhdt Bdn (JETRO) nam 2002
luyen bd: '"Trin thuc ti, cdc nhd ddu tu rdt
quan tdm tdi thi trudng Nigeria bdi tiim
ndng ldn, cimg vdi nhirng nd luc cua chinh
phu nhdm thu hut ddu lu: trang thdi gian tdi
ddu tu true tiip nuac ngodi chdc chdn se
tdng truang mgnh a Nigeria" Ca sd ddnh
gid eiia JETRO dua tren ea bdi ddnh cbo cdc
du dn FDI ibuc Id d Nigeria da vd dang dugc
md rdng, ibu bill cdc nhd ddu tu khdp nai
Iren Ihe gidi
Vd ca cau dau lu cdc nganh ihu hut FDI
d Nigeria bao gdm:
+) Ngdnh khai tbdc mo Id ngdnh ihu bin dau tu true liep nudc ngodi nhieu nhdl Tieu bieu la ngdnh khai ihdc ddu md vd khi ddi dang dem lai nhung lgi ich lo Idn bai nhu cdu ngdy cdng tang ciia thj trudng qudc te Ben canh dd Id ngdnh khai ibdc than, kim loai vdng, qudng Dac biel irong giai doan 1994-1996, ldng FDI vdo ngdnh khai ibdc
md ldng vgt lu khoang 30.000 ty Naira len tdi gdn 60.000 ty Naira\ Nhimg ndm gdn ddy ciing vdi nhu cdu ddu md cua the gidi dang gia tang, xu budng ddu lu true liep nudc ngodi vdo Nigeria cting tap tmng vdo ddu md vdi mdl sd ITnb vuc nhu: lgc ddu chuyen chd vd du tru ddu ibd; san xudt khi ddt tu nhien bod Idng; sdn xudt binh gas van
vd den binh gas sdn xudl mdy mdc thiel bj
de che bien cdc sdn phdm lu ddu ihd: ddu khodng sdn da linh che, md vd ddu nhim; cdng nghiep bod ddu; sdn xudl hda ehdl; san xudl phdn bdn, sdn xudt eao su vd nhua Chang ban cdc nhd ddu lu Nhdt Ban quan tdm dae biet den ngdnh khai ibdc vd che bien khodng sdn ran d Nigeria Tap dodn Marubeni vd cdc mdl sd cdng ly Nhdl Ban khdc da lien hdnh tham dd lodn dien ngudn khodng sdn ran phong pbii d Nigeria gdm: dd vdi than dd Ihacb cao, vdng baril cdm thach mdnggan, cbi, bilum ibiec quang sat cao lanh
+) Ngdnh cdng nghiep san xudl vd che bien: Thu bill FDI cbu yeu lu EU, My va chdu A Vi du, cdc nha ddu tu Nhdl Ban chii Irgng nhieu den ITnh vuc san xudl, iruyen lai
vd phdn phdi dien nang Ngodi ra hg cung ddu lu vao mdl ITnh vuc sdn xudl phu trg cho ngdnh dien la sdn xudl che lao ddy cdp mdy bien the dd su cdch dien vd nhieu ihiet bi
Tgp chi nghien cuu CH.iU PHI & TRIHMG BdlMG so 06 (46) thang 6/2009 T
Trang 4Kieu Thanh Nga Thu hilt dau tU trUc tiep nUdc ngoai
dien khdc Nam 2002 phai dodn cua JETRO
ldi Nigeria da nhdn ihdy liem nang khd cao
ciia ngdnh cdng nghiep che bien ndng sdn
JETRO da uy quyen mdl nhdm chuyen gia
den nudc ndy nghien cuu du an khd thi ve
che bien khoai, san - hai loai luong ihuc cbu
luc d Nigeria vd cdc nudc Tay Phi khdc Hon
the nua, nam 2000 Vien Nghien cim Kinh le
cua tap dodn Marubeni d Nigeria cting da
nhdn ra ngdnh sdn xudl ddu ihuc vdi vd che
bien hoa qua dang cd liem ndng ldn rdi
thudn lgi cho ddu lu Cdc ITnh vuc dang cd
kha ndng ihu but EDI irong ngdnh cdng
nghiep che bien ndng san gdm: bdo quan
luang ibuc; sdn xudt thuc an chan nudi; che
bien hoa qua; chan nudi gia sue va pbal trien
cdng nghe giel md; khai ihdc ddnh bdi ibuy
san; kinb le Irang trai cjuy md ldn; sdn xudl
cdng cu ndng nghiep cd nho; sdn xudt hod
chdt phuc vu sdn xudl ndng nghiep
+ ) Ngdnh van ldi vd Ihdng lin lien lae:
Muc lieu ciia Nigeria la gan su phdt irien cua
ngdnh nd) vdi su qua trinh cdng nghiep hda
hien dai hda ddi nudc Trong Hdi thao Vien
ihdng dugc td chdc ndm 2006 lai Lagos Bd
trudng Lien bang Vien thdng Nigeria
-Cornelius Adebayo nhdn djnh " tinh din
thdng 5 ndm 2006, ngdnh vien thong dd thu
dicac hav 9 tf' USD ddu tir trirc tiip mcdc
ngodi"
+) LTnh vuc ngan hang: Tbu hiil manh cac
du dn ddu lu cua chdu A Trudc dd ihdng 12
nam 2004 cdc nhd ddu lu Singapore vd
Malaysia da ddu lu 100 trieu USD vdo Ngdn
hang Hallmark ciia Nigeria^ Ddy ciing Id
diem kbcTi dau nham thu bill cdc thuong
nhan tir My v a cac nude chdu Phi khdc
Ve ddi Idc ddu tu chinh, cung nhu da phan
cdc nirt7c chdu Phi ddi Idc ddu lu true liep
nhieu nhdl vdo Nigeria van Id cdc nudc chdu
Au Neu nam 1992 chi thu bill dugc gdn 10
ty Naira den nam 1999 Nigeria da thu hiit dugc ban 80.000 ly Naira id cdc nudc chdu
Au Trong dd Anh la ddi tdc quan trgng nhdl chu yeu ddu lu irong ITnb vuc khai ibdc ddu md vd mdl sd ngdnh cdng nghiep che bien My la ddi lac Idn tbu bai sau cdc nudc chdu Au; cudi ciing Id mdl sd qudc gia trong khu vuc chau Phi vd chdu A Hien Nigeria dang la diem den cua cdc nhd ddu lu chdu A dien hinh la cdc doanh nghiep Nhdl ban Singapore Malaysia An Do Trung Qude Nigeria Ihu bill su quan tdm ldn eua eac doanh nghiep vua vd nho (SME) tu khap noi Iren the gidi Trong khi cdc nhd ddu lu phuang Tdy (chdu Au vd Bdc My) cd cdi nhin khdng may kha quan ve linh trang cua ddt nudc ndy ihi cdc nhd ddu lu chdu A lai
an tugng manh Ngudi chdu A khdng e ngai khi hgc tap phong each van bod kinb doanh cua ngudi Nigeria de tien hdnh ddu lu Nhieu SME chdu A da khai ddu sir nghiep a Nigeria vdi lu edeh thuang gia vd ban le hdng lieu diing
Neu so sdnh giua mdl ben Id cae nha ddu
tu chdu A mdl ben Id cdc nhd ddu tu den lir
My vd chdu Phi tbi cd the Ihdy khdc biel Idn
ve phuong ihdc kinb doanh Phuang thuc
kinh doanh cua cdc thuong gia chdu A a
Nigeria khd cao bai vi ngudi chdu A phdi lu lim kiem ca hdi vd xdy dung cdc du an kinh doanh, nhdl Id cdc du dn ddi ban nen budc phai nhanh nhay trong viec lu trang bj nhung kien Ihuc ve ddi nudc con ngudi Nigeria, do vav bg cd Ibe tiep Ihu van boa kinh doanh cua nude na> khd nhanh chdng Phucmg thuc
kinb doanh cua ngudi Nam Phi a Nigeria
eiing manh bai mue lieu, ddng luc phuang
36 Tgp chi nghien euu CH.4li PHI & TRIII\G BO.'^G so 06 (46) thang 6/2009
Trang 5Thu hut dau t u true tiep nUdc ngoai Kieu Thanh Nga
thuc kinb doanh ciia Nigeria vd Nam Phi
luang ddng the bien rd trong tuyen bo ciia
Chuong trinh Ddi tdc mdi vi su Pbdl tridn
chau Phi (NEPAD) Ngugc lai, cdc doanh
nghiep My va chdu Phi khdc dau tu vdo
Nigeria lai xuat phdt tu nhung li do mang
tinh bdo trg ban Id hgp tdc nhu ngudi chdu
A Dd Id bdi mdi quan be mang tinh ljch su
vd mdt sd chinh sdch gdn day cua cbinb phii
eac nudc nay vdi chdu Phi Vdi My dd Id
Dao ludt Ca bdi vd Phdt trien chdu Phi
(AGOA), da dem lai hieu qua ldn cho khdng
chi Nigeria ma cdn ea cac nha dau tu SME
ciia My d nudc nay Ngodi ra Chien luge
Phdt trien vd Tang cudng Kinb le Qudc gia
(NEEDS) ciia Nigeria dugc khdi ddng nam
2004 Id chuong trinh cdi cdch do My vd IMF
bd trg, lap trung vdo cdc ngdnh phi ddu md
nhu ndng nghiep, che bien ndng sdn nhdm
xda ddi ngheo d Nigeria Cdc edng ty nudc
ngodi cd the tan dung uu ddi tu nhung
chuang trinh ndy kbi xdy dung vd phdt trien
cdc du dn kinh doanh de dat dugc thdnh cdng
d Nigeria Vdi cac nudc chdu Phi khdc, dd Id
viec chinh phii eiia hau bet cdc qudc gia da
ibdng nhdl ve muc tieu pbdl trien thdng qua
cdc thda thudn trong NEPAD, gdm cd cdc
quy djnh ddu tu Viec ihiet lap mdi irudng
ddu lu thudn Igi khdng nhimg dem lai Igi
nhuan cbo chii the ddu tu md quan trgng ban
ddng gdp true tiep, bieu qua cho sir pbdl
trien ciia Nigeria vd loan chdu Phi
3 Chinh sach thu hut d4u t u trtpc
ti§p nu'O'c ngoai
Trong Bdo cdo Tdm nhin 2010 ban bdnh
vdo ndm 2005, chinh sdch phdt trien kinh le
cua Nigeria da djnh budng: "duo Nigeria trd
thdnh qudc gia cdng nghiep chu chdt cd
quyen lire ve kinh ti: tiip tue phdn ddu tdng
truo-ng kinh te dn dinh bin virng nhdm tdng chdt luong cugc sdng cua nhdn ddn " De dai
dugc muc tieu nay chinh phu Nigeria da no luc thuc bien cdi cdch kinb le triel de voi diem mdc lu giua nbimg nam 1980 nhdm Ibu hill su quan ldm cua cdc nhd ddu tu Nhung cdi each dd bao gdm tu do hda nen kinh te djnb budng tbi irudng khuyen khich
su phdi trien cua kbu vuc kinb le tu nhdn xod bd thdi quan lieu vdn duge eoi Id rao can ban che su pbdl trien eua kbu vue kinh le lu
nhdn vd cdc boat ddng kinb doanh ddi han a
nudc ndy Mdt sd cbinb sdch ndi bal eua Nigeria bao gdm:
+) Ban bdnh Nghi djnb 16 nam 1995 ve xue tien ddu lu: Nghi djnb ndy xod bo hodn todn nhung rdo can hodn ihien mdi irucTng
ddu lu lu do a Nigeria, ddc biel ddi vdi cac
nhd ddu lu nudc ngodi Nghi dinh cho phep
cdc nhd ddu lu nudc ngoai dugc quven so
him hgp phdp 100% du an kinh doanh trong danh muc eho phep Theo Nghi dinh chinh pbii da thdnh lap Uy ban Xiic lien Ddu lu nhdm giiip dd lu vdn cdc ihu luc irucVc ddu
tu, cung cap rdng rdi danh muc cdc du dn keu ggi dau lu cbo cae nha ddu lu iren loan the gidi
+ ) Ban banh Nghi dinh He ihdng Trao ddi Ngoai le sd 17/1995 nam 1995: Nghi dinh nay xda bd nhung tra ngai ddi vdi ngudi
nude ngodi vd nhung ngudi hdi huong ua ve
Nigeria ddu lu
+) Thdnh lap Uy ban Xue tien Ddu iir Nigieria (NIPC) NIPC dugc ibdnh lap iheo
Lual sd 16 nam 1995 cd nhiem vu ihiie ddv gidm sdt tdt ca ede du an ddu lu tren loan ldnh Ibd Nigeria
+) Thdnh lap Hi thdng Tdi chinh Nigeria:
He Ibdng ndy cd lodn quven giam sat eac
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRU:\G Bd.'\G so 06 (46) thang 6/2009 37
Trang 6Kieu Thanh Nga Thu hilt dau tU true tiep nddc ngoai
ngdn hdng va cdc ca quan ldi cbinb kbac d
Nigeria Cdc ca quan cd quyen giam sat bao
gdm Ngdn bdng Trung Uang Nigeria; Tap
dodn.Bdo hiem Tien ky quy Nigeria (NDIC);
Uy ban Ngoai hdi vd Chimg khoan (SEC);
Bd Tdi chinh Lien bang (FMF); Ban Gidm
sdi Bao hiem Nigeria (NISB) va Ngan hang
Tin dung Lien bang Nigeria (FMBN)
+) Ban hdnh Nghi dinh vi tu nhdn had vd
thucmg mgi hod so 25/1998; sau do Id Nghi
dinh sd 28/1999 sica doi bo sung cho nghi
dinh 25/1998: Quy djnh vd chi dao ihuc hien
Id trinh tu nhdn hod, thuong mai hod phu
hgp vdi tinh hinh phdt trien kinh te ddi nudc
Tu dd ban che cap ngan sach chinh phu cho
doanh nghiep nha nudc; khuyen khich phdt
Irien vd dau tu vdo cac ca sd thuong mai tu
nhdn
+ ) Bdo vi cdc du dn ddu tic vdo ngdnh
cdng nghiep vd hogt dpng thuang mgi qudc
ti: Cdc thdnh vien Nigeria trong Ca quan
Bdo lanh Ddu lu Da phuong ciia Ngdn hang
The gidi (MIGA), boat ddng ciia Hiep djnb
Bdo hd vd Xue lien Ddu tu Song phuang
(IPPA) se Id cac tdc nhdn bao ve hieu qud
cbo bdi ky du dn ddu tu nudc ngoai nao d
Nigeria
Nhung nam qua, chinh phu Nigeria da
hodn thien mdt sd cbinb sdch nhu tu nhdn
boa tu do boa thuang mai lao mdi trudng
ibudn Igi tdi da de ihu bill cdc nhd ddu lu
nudc ngodi Ket qua id cd nhieu ca bdi mang
linb lodn cdu da xudt hien a Nigeria Mdc
quan trgng danh ddu su thay ddi budc ngodi
Irong boat ddng ddu lu am dam d Nigeria bdi
ddu lu ndm 1999 kbi chinh phii cua Tdng
ihdng Olusegun Obasanjo vd cdc cd nhdn
cdc id chue lu nhdn Nigeria bal lay cdi cdch
nen kinh le ndi chung, cai cdch chinh sdch
ddu tu ndi rieng Ngoai ra chinh phu cung tham gia bao trg cho cdc chuang trinh gido due cdng cdng thdng qua cdc chinh sdch kinh te Ngdn bang The gidi vd cdc td ehuc cho vay qudc te kbac danh gia cao nhiing cdi thien trong kinh te vT md ciia Nigeria, coi ddy la dau bieu lac quan ciia cdc chinh sdch kinb te diing dan Thdm cbi Quv Tien
te Qudc le da ddng y bd trg nhieu ban cbo kinb te Nigeria thdng qua viec sdn sdng giup dd ve tdi cbinb de phdt trien ca sa ha tang dai nudc
4 Thanh cong va han ch§ trong thu
hut FDI iy Nigeria
a Thdnh cdng
Nhin chung vdi lgi the ve tdi nguyen thien nhien, dac biet Id ddu mo, ciing vdi nhung chinh sdch khuyen khich ddu tu ciia cbinb phii, tinh hinh thu bill FDI bien nay cua Nigeria luong ddi khd quan LTnh vuc ddu lu dugc ma rdng sang cdc ngdnh mdi nbu che bien, thdng tin lien lac Ddi tdc ddu tu cting dugc md rdng tu chau Au sang chdu A Thdnh luu dd da dua Nigeria len vj tri cao nhdl irong tbu biit FDI d Tdy Phi, thdm chi cdn dimg trong nhdm cdc nudc thu bill FDI nhieu nhdl chdu Phi Vdi cdc du an M&A, boat ddng ddu lu khdng chi dan ihudn chuyen ddi quyen sd huu tu sd htm trong nudc sang sd htru nudc ngoai md cdn lao ca che de cdc nhd ddu lu nudc ngodi thuc hien quan ly kiem sodl mdt sd cdng ty irong nudc Co che nay Ibuc sir ldi cudn cdc nha ddu tu nudc ngodi bang chimg bg da quay lai ddu tu lai Nigeria vdi ly le rdt cao, khoang 30%, cao nbal irong cdc ibj trudng dang ndi^ Vdy lgi ich cua FDI ddi vdi nen kinb le nudc chu nhd la gi? Cdc nhd nghien
cuu cbo rdng: Thic nhdt ddng chav vdn qudc
Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUING BOIMG so 06 (46) thang 6/2009
Trang 7Thu hut dau t u trUc tiep nudc ngoai Kieu Thanh Nga
te vao nudc chii nha cbo phep da dang hda
va lam tang hieu qua cua eac du an ddu tu
Thu hai, hdi nhdp todn cdu eiia ihj trudng
vdn cd the ddng gdp tdt nhdt tang trudng
kinh te; Thir ba, tinh luu ddng todn cdu cua
vdn se ban che nhimg yeu kem ciia cbinb
phii trong viec ban bdnh cbinb sdch; Thu tu,
FDI cho phep tiep nhdn, ehuyen giao edng
nghe bien dai; lu dd thuc ddy khd nang canh
tranh eiia thj trudng ddu vdo trong nudc; Thu
ndm, nudc nhdn FDI thudng dugc nhd ddu tu
td chue cbo cdc khda ddo tao trinh do tay
nghe de dap img nhu edu nhd tuyen dung,
dieu ndy ddng gdp cho su phdt trien ngudn
nhdn lire nudc cbii nhd
Dau tu true tiep nudc ngodi vdo Nigeria
tang tu 1 ty USD nhung nam 1990 len den
5.2 ty USD nam 2007 da gdp phdn cai thien
ddi sdng nhdn dan, dua Nigeria trd ihdnh nen
kinh te ddn ddu kbu vuc Tdy Phi, dung thu
hai d chdu Phi (sau Nam Phi) Ben canh
ngdnh khai tbdc md la nganh chu lire thu hiit
FDI, viec md rdng dau tu trong cdc nganh
sdn xudt, che bien, vien thdng ndng
nghiep irudc bet tao cdng an viec ldm cbo
mdl lugng Idn lao ddng Nigeria, ddng thdi
gdp phdn da dang bod bien dai bod nen kinb
te Trong dd, thdnh tuu Idn cua ddu tu true
liep nudc ngodi vao ngdnh vien thdng khien
ngdnh vien thdng Nigeria dat tdc do tdng
irudng manh nbal khu vuc chdu Phi can
Xahara, dat 535%/nam Mat do vien ihdng
trong nudc tang Ien 18.3% vdi 23 trieu ngudi
su dung dien thoai*^ Trong dd, khdng the
khdng ke den du dn ddu lu cua He ihdng
Lien lac Di ddng Todn cdu (GSM) vdo ba
nha cung cdp djcb vu GSM ciia Nigeria Id
ECONET WIRELESS, MTN vd NITEL vdi
ldng gid trj Id 285 irieu USD Cdc du dn dd
da gdp phdn vdo su tang truang mat do v ien thdng trong nudc Thai gian ldi cbinb phu
se irien khai Du dn Dien thoai Ndng thdn Qude gia (NRTP) Muc lieu cua du an de mgi cdng ddn deu cd ea hdi su dung cdng nghe Ihdng tin lien lac (ICT) ddng thai tbu bill cdc nhd ddu lu nudc ngodi vdo ngdnh ndv nhieu hon boi cting nbu ndng nghiep gido due thuang mai sue khoe vien ihdng se sdm iro thdnh nhdn td quan trgng irong cude sdng ihudng nhdt cua ngudi ddn Nigeria Thdng qua khao sdt mdi quan he giira FDI vdi tdc do tang iruang kinh te dn djnb a
Nigeria, ed the thdy: Thir nhdt veu id cbinb
tbu hut FDI ciia Nigeria Id quy md ihi iruimg Idn chinh sach kinb le vi md dn dinh mirc vdn yeu cdu cho mdi du dn de chap nhdn Ben canh dd ddu lu true liep nudc ngodi Id mdl Irong nhung nhdn id quan trgng ddng gdp cho lang iruang kinh le qudc gia .Mae dil hieu qud cua FDI irong lodn nen kinh te
cd the chua rd song EDI da U\o nen lang cho
lang truang kinh te do vav edn dugc khuvc'ii
khich Thir hai ve co cau cac nganh dau tu
cdn xde dinh theo budng: liep tue thu hiit FDI vdo ngdnh cdng nghiep ddu mo ihdng qua ddv manh qud Irinh tu nhdn boa doanh nghiep ddu mo cung nhu ndng cao nang lire cua ngdnh ndv- Ben canh dd can khuyen khich FDI vdo cdc ngdnh phi ddu mo nham tao them nhung nhdn id mdi ddng gdp cho ldng Iruong ldng the nen kinh le Tieu bieu ddu lu true liep nude ngodi vao ngdnh vien Iruyen Ibdng cd tiem nang nhdl do dd cdn
duge djnb budng chii trgng Thir ba mdi
quan be chat che giua lue lugng lao ddng ed
ky nang vdi lang truang kinb te chung minh vai trd eua cdc du dn EDI irong v iec ddo lao
vd ndng cao ehdl lugng ngudn nhan lire >
Tgp chi nghien euu CH.IU PHI A TRIHNG BO^G SO 06 (46) thang 6/2009 39
Trang 8Kieu Thanh Nga Thu hut dau t d trdc tiep nddc ngoai
b Hgn chi
Mac dil da dat dugc nhung thanh tuu nhdt
dinh, nhumg boat ddng thu hut FDI d Nigeria
van cdn gap nhieu ban che bat ngudn tu
nhung yeu kem trong quan ly, ban hdnh
chinh sdch, dac biet la quan diem phdt trien
ca so ha tdng; nan tham nhiing Trong mdt
cude khao sdi ve do tin cay trong kinh doanh
qudc te nam 2005 dugc thyc bien d cdc nudc
chdu Phi, Nigeria bj xep dudi muc trung
binh'^ Dieu nay gay nhieu khd khan trong
viec tang cudng tbu hiit FDI vao Nigeria
Nhung nhdn Id chii yeu cdn trd su tang
truong ddng FDI vdo ddt nudc gdm: -+-) Su
ddc quyen qud muc cua nganh ddu mo
chiem 95% tdng tbu nhdp ngoai te vd 80%
ngdn sdch qudc gia; +) Cbinb sach khuyen
khich lu do tieu diing dugc ban bdnh dudi
che do ciia Uy ban Hdnh cbinb Qudn ddi
Irudc ddy da gdy thdm hut ngdn sdch vd ng
nudc ngodi ldn; +) Ca sd ha tdng thieu hut,
chua phdt trien luong ximg vdi tiem nang vd
yeu cdu cua nen kinh te; +) Nan tham nhung
Irdm Irgng chua dugc gidi quyet; +) The che
cbinb tri vdn cdn bdt dn; +) An ninh chua
dugc dam bdo
Can cu nbimg ban che tren, chinh phii
Nigeria da dua ra mdl sd chinh sdch vd
chuong trinh cu the nhdm phuc hdi dd tdng
trudng ciia nen kinh te ndi chung Ihuc ddy
ihu hut FDI ndi rieng, bao gdm: +) Phuc hdi
CO sd ha tdng kinh te - xd hdi nhu dien, vien
ihdng dudng sal dudng bd, sdn bay vd
ngudn nhdn luc ; +) Trong bdi cdnh canh
tranh quyel liel vdi cdc nudc dang phdt trien
khdc de ihu hut FDI, hien cbinb quyen
Nigeria dang nhiet liet chdo ddn cac nhd ddu
lu ibdng qua nhieu boat ddng xue lien dau
lu eom: thdnh Idp Uv ban Xue tien Ddu tu
Nigeria (NIPC) ban hanh Dieu khoan Quan
ly va Giam sat Hdn hgp theo cac quy djnh ciia Lual 17 Ben canh dd cbinb phu Nigeria
da uu tien ngudn tdi chinh dia phuang dai han phuc vu ddu lu Ba ngdn hang cua Nigeria la Ngdn hang Xudt Nhdp khau Nigeria Ngdn bang Cdng nghiep Nigeria, Ngdn hang Ndng nghiep Hgp tdc va Phat trien Ndng thdn Nigeria da lien kel lai nham cung cdp nhung khodn cho v av ddi ban vdi lai sual thdp nhdt; +) Khuyen khich ddu tu vao cdc ngdnh cd ddng gdp ldn cho phdt trien kinh te dac biet Id ca sd ha tang Tham chi chinh phii cbo phep thdnh lap cdng ty kinh doanh 100% sd huu nude ngodi vd khdng can Ira ddng lgi nhudn hdi buong; +)
On dinh the che cbinb trj Ihuc hien giai doan qud do sang nen ddn chu tu do; +) Thdnh lap Quy Cdng trdi Qudc gia; +) Thdnh lap Uy ban Phdng chdng Tham nhiing
Cd the khdng djnh rang, trong luc dja Phi cbi mdt sd il cdc qudc gia cd tiem nang kinh
te Idn nhu Nigeria gdm ngudn ldi nguyen Ihien nhien gidu cd; ngudn nhdn luc ddi ddo
cd ky ndng, dugc ddo tao Idt; thj trudng ndi dia rdng ldn vdi tren 120 trieu ngudi sue mua cao - mdt quy md ihj irudng khdng cd ddi thil Tuy nhien mdt nen kinb le chi sdng dua vdo cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien lai
cd nhung nhu ban che nhdt dinh dd Id vdi su khai thde trdn lan khdng linb todn tdi nguyen thien nhien se ngdy cdng khan hiem vd canh kiet, Nigeria se khdng the dat mdc do tang trudng kinb te cao va ben vung do dd cung khdng the thu bill dugc lugng FDI xung vdi liem nang Dieu nay dat Nigeria Irudc thdch thuc ldn vua phdt trien dugc liem nang vira giam Ihieu nhung ban che de tang cudng ihu hut FDI vdo muc lieu pbdl trien kinb le ben vimg
Tgp ehi nghien eiru CHAU PHI & TRUIXG BOiMG so 06 (46) thang 6/2009
Trang 9Thu hilt dau t u true tiep nudc ngoai Kieu T h a n h Nga
Chii thich:
Nigeria http://vAvv\.edc.ca
^ UNCTAD, 2002
Julius J.Bala (2003 Director, Policy Advocacy & External Relations Nigerian Investment
Promotion Commission) The challenges and opportuniues of the investment environment in Nigeria
Bdo cdo Ddu tu The gidi 2007
^ Ty gid ude tinh: 1 USD = 120 Naira (Nam 2008) (http://wvvvv.x-rates.com)
* Nigeria absorbs 9 billion dollars FDI to develop telecom sector
http:www.English.peopledaily com en
Obi Akwani, Global Business Investing in Africa-The Case of Nigeria http:www imdiversity com
Nigeria and Foreign Direct Investments http:www.Nisieriabusinessinfo.com
Nigeria and Foreign Direct Investments, http:www.Nisieriabusinessinfo.com
' " A F D B / O E C D (2003); Worid Bank (2002)
Tai lieu tham khao
1, Nigeria and Foreign Direct Investments, hUp: www.Niaieriabusinessinfo.com
2, Nigeria absorbs 9 billion dollars FDI to develop telecom sector
hup: www.English.peopIedaiIv.coin.cn
3, Adeolu B Ayanwale (2007), FDI and Economic Growth: Evidence from Nigeria African
Economic Research Consortium
4, Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria/The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows (FDI) in Nigeria Global Conference on Business & Economics, http:v^^vv.lrinlrin.com
5, Julius J.Bala (2003 Director, Policy Advocacy & External Relations Nigerian Investment
Promotion Commission) The challenges and opportunities of the investment environment in Nigeria
6, Obi Akwani Global Business Investing in Africa-The Case of Nigeria http: www, imdiversity com
7, Inveslmenl Promotion Decree, http:www.niseriancmbassv.nl
Tgp chi nghien cuu CII.AU PHI & TRUXG B d \ G so 06 (46) thang 6/2009