Khi dugc hdi v l su tham gia cua minh trong eugc bau cir Qudc hgi gan day nhat, cd tdi 86% sd ngudi Viet Nam dugc hdi khing dinh ring hg cd tham gia bau cir. Dai bg phan ngudi Viet Na[r]
Trang 1THAI D O CUA NGl/C)I DAN DOI V6l HE THONG QUAN LY DIEU H A N H DAN CHU
PHAM THANH NGHI / *
Dat van de
Sau hon 20 nam ddi mdi, dit nudc ta da cd nhung budc phat trien vugt bac Thu nhap qudc ngi tir khoang 200 US$ diu nhung nam 1990 tang len tren 900 US$ nam
2008 Xoa ddi giam ngheo dat nhimg kit qua in tugng Chi sd phat trien con ngudi tang rtr 0,539 nam 1995 len 0,733 nam 2007 Thanh tuu phat triln y tl va giao due rat dang khich le Tuy nhien, chiing ta dang phai duong diu vdi nhilu thach thiic nhu khoang each giau ngheo dang ndi rdng ra, sir chenh lech giiia thanh thi va ndng thdn, giira cac tinh, thanh ngay cang ldn hon Vdn con ngudi cua nhdm ngheo cd xu the giam (Nguyen Thu Sa & Nguyen Thi Thu Huong, 2001; Nguyin Huu Minh & Nguyen Hiiu Mai, 2005) Nhimg kit qua dat dugc la do dudng loi ddi mdi, md cira va hdi nhap cua Dang, tuy nhien nhiing hien tugng tieu cue do mdt bd phan nhd can bd, dang vien gay ra da anh hudng din uy tin cua Dang va Nha nudc Cai each hanh chinh dang la van de nong bong cua mgi cip, mgi nganh Nhimg nam gan day Dang va Nha nudc dang tien hanh nhilu giai phap dan chu hoa xa hdi Thang 2 nam 1998, Bd Chinh tri da ban hanh Chi thi so 30-CT/TW vl thuc hien dan chu co sd Tren co sd dd, nam 1998 va 1999, Chinh phu da ban hanh 3 chi thi ve thuc hien dan chu co sd d phudng, xa va thi tran, trong ca quan hanh chinh, sir nghiep nha nudc, va trong doanh nghiep nha nudc Nam 2007, Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hdi da ban hanh Phap lenh dan chu co sd, theo dd ngudi dan c6 quyen thao luan, ra quyet dinh va khuyen nghi theo nhiing van de nhat dinh Chinh phii
da sir dung mdt sd chi bao danh gia tien bd trong dieu hanh, bao gdm thuc hien tot dan chu CO sd, cdng khai hda ngan sach va cai each luat phap (SRV, 2002) Dan chii hda xa hgi cd the dat dugc khdng don gian chi bang su thay ddi the che hay sir quan ly cua cac
CO quan Nha nudc, ma con the hien trong nhan thiic, sir tham gia cua ngudi dan, ma dieu do phu thugc rat nhieu vao he gia tri, niem tin cua hg vao dan chu va he thdng quan
ly dieu hanh dan chu
Bai viet nay sir dung ket qua Dieu tra gia tri chau A tiln hanh trong nam 2006 de phan tich thai do cua ngudi dan Viet Nam ddi vdi he thdng dilu hanh dan chu d nudc ta dong thdi sir dung sd lieu cua cac nudc tham gia trong du an dl so sanh
PGS.TS.; Vien Nghien cuu Con nguai
•t Q Nghien ciiu Con ngudi sdS (44) 2009
Trang 21 Sir hieu biet pho thong ve dan chii va dieu hanh dan chu
Chung ta khdng ky vgng ngudi dan binh thudng chia se quan iriem dan chu mot
each han lam vdi cac nha khoa hgc Moi ngudi cd the cd each hieu cua rieng minh Dan
chii khdng chi la bSu cir tu do va cdng bang theo nguyen tic da sd Dan chii la mdt tap
hgp yeu c^u, bao gom quyen bau cit va tdn trgng cac quyIn khac ciia con ngudi, quyen
tu do ngdn luan, tii do thdng tin va y kien binh luan, quyen dugc phat trien vdi nhiing
phim gia con ngudi v.v Ndi mdt each ngin ggn, dan chii la "quyIn thugc ve dan", "dieu
hanh bdi ngudi dan" va "vi Igi ich ciia ngudi dan" Theo Armatya Sen (1999), cd the
xem dan chii nhu mot gia tri pho quat va dan chii la su trao quyIn cho ngudi dan
Dai bd phan ngudi dan trong cuge Dieu tra Gia tri chau A hieu dan chii theo nghTa
tich cue hon la tieu cue, tuy nhien van cd mot sd it ngudi gan dan chu vdi sir hdn loan,
tham nhiing, vi pham phap luat va tinh kem hieu qua cua quan ly dieu hanh Nhimg
ngudi dugc hdi thudng xem xet dan chu theo thugc tinh quy trinh va thugc tinh ban
chit Thugc tinh quy trinh nhan manh nhimg khia canh nhu quyen cong dan, tu do, cac
thi chi chinh tri va qua trinh dan chu Thugc tinh ban chit nhan manh tinh cdng bang,
quan ly hieu qua, phiic Igi chung, sir dieu hanh "bdi con ngudi va cho con ngudi." Cd
su khac biet kha ldn v l each hiiu ciia ngudi dan giira cac qudc gia trong khu vuc Ngudi
dan Thai Lan, Mdng Cd, Dai Loan va ca Trung Quic coi dan chu gan vdi quyen, the
chi va qua trinh chinh tri, nhung quan niem nay lai khong phd bien d Philippin va Nhat
Ban Nhilu ngudi d Mdng Cd va Han Qudc gin dan chii vdi "binh ding va cdng bing
xa hgi" (Chu va ddng nghiep, 2008:10-12)
Khai niem dilu hanh dan chii dugc hiiu la sir quan ly, dieu hanh thuc hien theo quy tac
phap luat cua nIn chinh tri dan chu dap iing nhu cau ngudi dan Ngan hang The gidi da chi
ra 6 chilu canh ciia dilu hanh dan chu: tilng noi cua ngudi dan va tinh chiu trach nhiem; su
dn dinh chinh tri; hieu qua dilu hanh; chit lugng dilu hanh; chip hanh phap luat va kilm
soat tham nhiing (Hagopian & Scott, 2005)
Nhiing phan tich dudi day v l thai do cua ngudi dan ddi vdi he thdng dilu hanh dan
chu dugc thuc hien theo cac tieu chi sau day: chip hanh phap luat, bao dam tinli canh
franh, su tham gia cua ngudi dan, trach nhiem cua quan chiic, viec thuc hien quyen tu
do, tinh binh ding va kha nang dap iing nhu ciu ngudi dan Viec so sanh y kiln tra ldi
ciia ngudi Viet Nam vdi y kiln cua ngudi dan cac nudc cho thay nhiing tuong ddng va
khac biet v l thai do cua ngudi dan va kit qua dieu hanh dan chii ciia cac chinh phu
trong khu vuc
•;,',.;-2 Thdi dp cua ngudi dan vi cdc mat diiu hanh dan chu
(1) Chdp hdnh phdp lugt
v l viec tuan thii phdp lugt ciia can bd, cdng chiic, thai do cua ngudi dan Viet Nam
la kha tich cue Dai bd phan ngudi dan Viet Nam (67,8%) cho rang cdng chiic chinh
Nghien ciiu Con ngUdI s6 5 (44) 2009 1 1
Trang 3Thdi do cua ngUdi ddn
quyen chap hanh nghiem phap luat Trong khi dd, ngoai trir Singapore, vdi 76% s6 ngudi dugc hdi cd y kien tuong tu, d cac nudc khac trong khu vuc, ngudi dan cd y kiln kha tieu cue: chi cd 14,2%) ngudi Thai Lan, 17,0%) ngudi Han Qudc, 26,3%) ngudi Malaysia, 28,5%) ngudi Indonesia, 37,7%o ngudi Nhat Ban dugc hdi ddng y vdi nhan dinh rang cac quan chiic chinh quyen chap hanh nghiem phap luat Nhu vay, ngudi dan Viet Nam kha tin tudng vao su chip hanh luat phap cua quan chiic chinh quyln
Theo ban chat cua minh, Nha nudc Cong hda xa hdi chu nghTa Viet Nam la Nha nudc cua dan, do dan va vi dan Do vay, nha nudc thuc thi quyln luc cua nhan dan, trimg tri tgi pham khdng phan biet ngudi pham tgi la quan chiic hay thudng dan Dilu nay phan anh trong nhan thiic cua ngudi dan Phin ldn ngudi dan (77,8%o) tin ring, toa
an hien hanh ludn trimg phat diing ngudi, diing tgi ngay ca khi ngudi pham tdi la quan chiic cap cao Ngoai trir Hdng Kdng, Singapore va Indonesia, cac qudc gia khac cd ty le ngudi dong y vdi nhan dinh tren thip hon Viet Nam rit nhilu, nhu chi cd 43,7% ngudi Dai Loan va 48,7% ngudi Nhat Ban dugc hdi cho ring tda an ludn trimg phat diing ngudi,.diing tdi, ngay ca khi ngudi pham tdi la quan chiic
Lien quan din kiim soat tham nhiing, 77% ngudi dan Viet Nam dugc hdi cho ring tham nhiing khdng phai la vin dk nghiem trgng d cip dia phuong Trong khi dd, quan
diem cua ngudi Singapore va Thai Lan gin gidng vdi ngudi Viet Nam Ngudi dan cac qudc gia khac nhu Dai Loan va Philippin cho ring tinh hinh tham nhiing d nudc ho nghiem trgng hon nhilu Chi cd 30,2% ngudi Dai Loan va 37,9% ngudi Philippin cho
rang khdng cd nhilu quan chiic dia phuong tham nhiing 6 Viet Nam nhung nam gin
day cd nhieu vu viec tham nhiing bj phat hien va xir ly, trong dd cd nhilu quan chirc cao cap bi ket tgj Do thai do kien quylt va cac bien phap nghiem khic ciia Chinh phu, long tin cua ngudi dan dugc ciing cd Dilu nay dugc 79% ngudi dugc hdi khing dinh Thai do ngudi Singapore rit tich cue ddi vdi cac giai phap chong tham nhiing cua Chinh phu, frong khi do ngudi Philippin va Nhat Ban lai cho ring chinh phii nudc ho lam chua dii dl chdng tham nhiing Chi vdi ty le 32,3% ngudi Nhat va 34,2% ngudi PhiUipin dugc hoi khang dinh rang chinh phu cua hg da lam gi dd dl chdng tham nhiing
(2) Tinh cgnh tranh
Theo Hiln phap Dang Cdng san Viet Nam la dang duy nhit nim quyln lanh dao dat nudc d Viet Nam, tuy nhien sir lira chgn giira cac img cir vien vin cdn rit rdng rai 57% so ngudi dugc hdi cho ring cii tri cd quyln thuc su trong lira chgn giira cac "ting cir vien Hien nay, sd ngudi tu iing cii ngay cang tang, cung nhu sd irng cii vien khdng phai
la dang vien ngay cang nhieu lam cho su lira chgn cua cir tri dugc md rdng Cac img cii vien CO quyen tiep can phuong tien thdng tin dai chung nhu nhau trong thdi gian van ddng bau cii Cd tdi 72,8% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho ring mgi img cir vien diu cd quyln nhu nhau trong tiep can vdi phuong tien thdng tin dai chiing Thuc tl van ddng biu cir cho thay viec tiep xiic cir tri dugc tiln hanh theo nhdm, mdi irng cir vien trong mot don
1 2 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi s65 (44) 2009
Trang 4vi bau cir trinh bay chuong trinh hanh dgng ciia minh de cir tri chat van trong qua trinh
van dgng tranh cir
So sanh vdi y kien tra ldi d cac quoc gia khac, ngudi Mdng Cd cd thai do kha gidng
ngudi Viet Nam, trong khi dd chi cd khoang 30%) ngudi Dai Loan, 40%) ngudi Philippin va
40%) ngudi Singapore dugc hoi dong y rang mgi iing cir vien trong cac eugc bau cir co co
hdi tiep can phuong tien thdng tin dai chiing nhu nhau
Ve tinh tu do va cdng bang cua cac eugc bau cir, dai bd phan ngudi Viet Nam
(84,8%) dugc hdi cho rang cac eugc bau cir la tu do va cdng bang Singapore va
Indonesia cd ty le ngudi dugc hoi dong y kha cao (tuong iing la 85,2%) va 83,3%)) rang
biu cir la tu do va cdng bang hoac chi co nhirng van de nhd Trong khi dd Philippin va
Dai Loan cd nhilu ngudi tra ldi nhat cho rang bau cir la tu do va cdng bang nhung cd
nhiing vin dl ldn hoac chua dugc hi do va cong bang vdi ty le tuong iing la 40,2%) va
41,3%
(3) Su tham gia
Khi dugc hdi v l su tham gia cua minh trong eugc bau cir Qudc hgi gan day nhat, cd
tdi 86% sd ngudi Viet Nam dugc hdi khing dinh ring hg cd tham gia bau cir Dai bg
phan ngudi Viet Nam cho ring tham gia vao cac cuoc bau cir la thuc hien quyen va
nghTa vu cong dan cua minh Hon nira, ngudi Viet Nam tham gia vao cac td chiic xa
hgi, thong qua cac td chiic nay, ngudi dan dugc nang cao y thiic cong dan Tuy nhien,
s i ngudi tham du cac cuoc tilp xiic cir tri cua cac iing cir vien it hon Chi co 53,9%) sd
ngudi dugc hdi khing dinh ring hg cd tham gia cac cuoc tiep xiic nay Tinh hinh d cac
nudc khac trong khu vuc ciing cd khac nhau, nhung ty le ngudi di bau cir d khu vuc
chau A la kha cao so vdi cac khu vuc khac tren the gidi 6 Thai Lan cd 87,5%), Mong
C l - 83,5%, Dai Loan - 82,6%, Philippin - 80,6%, va Malaysia - 59,4% sd ngudi dugc
hoi di bau cir
Xet vl phuong dien gidi, nam gidi tich cue di biu cir hon phu nii 90,1% nam gidi
va 8 1 % nu gidi di biu cir quIc hgi lin gin day nhat va cd tdi 58,7% nam gidi va chi
48,7% nir gidi tham gia cac cuoc tilp xiic cir tri Sir khac biet nay la dang kl cho thay
mot thuc tl la, mac dii cd nhilu thay ddi so vdi trudc kia nhung nam gidi van cdn dong vai
trd ndi trdi hon tren chinh trudng so vdi phu nii Khong co su khac biet vl hgc van trong sir
tham gia vao cac hoat dgng chinh tri
Khi ndi din mdi quan tdm chinh tri thudng ngay, cd tdi 36,6%o ngudi Viet Nam
dugc hoi rit quan tam din chinh tri va 37,6%) kha quan tam Tra ldi vl viec hg co theo
doi thong tin chinh tri khdng thi co tdi 80% ngudi Viet Nam cho biet hg theo ddi tin tire
chinh tri thudng xuyen d miic tir vai lan trong tuan trd len
Cd tdi hon 30%o sd ngudi Viet Nam dugc hoi cho ring hg cd kha nang tham gia
hogt dgng chinh tri, nhung cd tdi 45% s i ngudi dugc hdi cho rang hoat dgng chinh tri la
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi s6 5 (44) 2009 1 3
Trang 5Thdi do ciia ngUdi ddn
qua phiic tap dii vdi hg, tham chi hg khdng hiiu dugc nhung gi dang xay ra trong linh vuc nay Theo nhiing gia tri truyin thong Viet Nam, hoat dgng chinh tri d cac vi tri diu
la nilm hr hao, nhung ciing ddi hdi nhirng pham chat dao diic va trach nhiem ldn Nhilu ngudi, do vay, cho ring hoat dgng nghi nghiep va san xuit kinh doanh phu hgp hon dii vdi hg so vdi hoat ddng chinh tri, dac biet trong giai doan hien nay, khi co hgi thanh cong trong kinh doanh va hoat ddng nghe nghiep la rat cao
Dilu thii vi la d cac qudc gia frong khu vuc, ngudi dan khdng ua thich tham gia cac hoat dgng chinh tri lim Co tdi 83,4%) ngudi Thai Lan va 66,9 %> ngudi Mdng Cd cho rang chinh tri la phiic tap va hg khong the hieu ndi nhirng gi dang dien ra d dd, do vay hg khdng lira chgn tham gia mot each tich cue vao hoat ddng nay
(4) Tinh chiu trach nhiem
Ngudi Viet Nam rat lac quan ve viec cac nha lanh dao chiu trach nhiem vai ngudi ddn Co tdi 55,6%) ngudi tra ldi noi rang ngudi dan ed tac ddng den chinh sach cua Nha
nudc Gan day, hoat dgng chat van cua Qudc hgi va Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hdi cho phep
nam bat thdng tin ve hoat dgng ciia Chinh phii va yeu cau cac thanh vien Chinh phii chiu trach nhiem vdi Quoc hoi ve cac hoat ddng dieu hanh va cung cap thdng tin nhieu hon cho
cac dai bieu va cir tri Dai bd phan ngudi dugc hoi (66,2%) ddng y rang he thdng lap phap
CO the anh hudng den dieu hanh cua co quan hanh phap va cd tdd 79,8% ngudi tra ldi cho rang he thong lap phap c6 the giam sat hoat ddng cua cac co quan hanh phap Ngudi Singapore lac quan ve vai trd cua ca quan lap phap ddi vdi co quan hanh phap vdi 62,3% ngudi dugc hoi cho rang co quan lap phap cd the anh hudng den quyet dinh cua co quan hanh phap, trgng khi dd chi cd 33,2%) ngudi Mdng Cd dong y nhu vay
(5)Tudo • "
Hien phap nam 1992 da cdng nhan quyen tu do ngdn luan va hdi hgp cua ngudi dan Trong thdi gian vira qua bao chi thuc chit da cd quyln thdng tin vl nhiing hien tugng tgi pham, tham nhiing Ngudi dan cd nhilu co hdi tilp can thdng tin qua truyin hinh ve tinh, qua Internet Cac hoat dgng bao chi dugc yeu ciu thuc hien theo quy dinh cua phap luat, cung cap thdng tin chan thuc, cd tac dung tich cue cho cdng eugc ddi mdi
va phat trien dat nudc Thai do ciia ngudi dan vl quyln tu do ngdn luan la tich cue Phan ldn ngudi tra ldi d Viet Nam (74,7%) tin ring hg dugc tu do ndi nhung gi hg nghT
ma khdng sg bi trimg phat; 52,2% ngudi tra ldi ring hg da tham gia cac td chiic xa hgi
ma hg ua thich va khong he bi ep budc Ngudi dan cac nudc trong khu vuc dong y vdi nhimg tuyen bd nay vdi ty le kha cao
(6) Binh ddng
Phan ldn ngudi dugc hdi (78,8%) ddng y ring trong xa hdi Viet Nam mgi ngudi dugc doi xir binh ding Thuc chit Chinh phu da cd ging rit nhilu trong ho trg ngudi ngheo va cac nhdm ylu thi Hien dang cd sir lo ngai vl khoang each giau ngheo gia
1 4 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi sS 5 (44) 2009
Trang 6tang trong giai doan chuyen ddi sang co che thi trudng, tdn tai sir khac biet kha ldn giira
thanh thi, vimg phat trien va cac vimg ndng thdn xa xdi, viing miln niii, hai dao, dac biet
vimg cd nhieu ngudi dan tdc thieu sd sinh song Dieu d6 co thi hiiu ring mac dii nhilu
chuang trinh xda ddi giam ngheo, chuong trinh ho trg ngudi thiet thdi da va dang dugc
thuc hien, khoang each ve miic song giiia 20% nhiing ngudi ngheo nhit va 20%) nhimg
ngudi giau nhat trong xa hdi tang tir 7,3 lan trong giai doan 1994-1996 len 8,3 lin vao
nam 2004 (Vien Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam, 2006)
Y kien ngudi dan cae nudc trong khu vuc co khac nhau Phan ldn ngudi dan
Indonesia (72,7%), Singapore (68%), Thai Lan (55,6%) va Malaysia (50,8%) dugc hdi
hai Idng vdi sir ddi xir binh dang cua chinh phu nudc hg Trong khi dd, ngudi tra ldi d
Nhat Ban va Han Qudc lai that vgng ve sir bat binh dang d nudc hg vdi chi 13%) ngudi
Nhat va 19% ngudi Han Qudc dugc hoi noi rang hg hai long vdi viec ddi xir binh dang
cua Chinh phu
Lien quan den nhu cau co ban, dai bg phan ngudi tra ldi Viet Nam (81,6%) dong y
rang mgi ngudi dugc dap iing nhimg nhu cau toi thieu nhu an, mac va nha d Dieu rd
rang la trong cac Bao cao Phat trien eon ngudi nam 2001, 2006 (Trung tam Khoa hgc xa
hgi va nhan van Qudc gia, 2001; Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, 2006) va Bao cao cap
nhat ngheo (Vien Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam, 2007) thi ty le ngudi ngheo d Viet Nam
giam hi 37,4%) nam 1998 xudng 19,5%o nam 2004 N I U tinh tir nam 1993, ty le ngudi
ngheo nam 2004 chi cdn 1/3 nam 1993 Dieu nay la rat an tugng trong bdi canh Chuang
trinh Phat triln Lien hgp quoc dat ra muc tieu giam mdt nira ty le ngudi ngheo trong
giai doan 1990-2015 Ty le giam ngheo an tugng nay da tac ddng rat ldn den thai do cua
ngudi dan v l tinh trang binh dang trong xa hgi
? Thai do cua ngudi dan d cac nudc trong khu vuc ve van de nay ciing rat khac nhau
Dai bg phan ngudi Thai Lan (87,l%o), Philippin (83,1%), Singapore (82,9%), Malaysia
(79,8%), hidonesia (74,2%), Nhat Ban (64,8%) va Dai Loan (63,7%) dugc hoi ding y
ring mgi ngudi dugc dap iing nhiing nhu cau toi thieu ve an, mac va nha d Trong khi
do, ngudi dan Mdng Cd va, dac biet, ngudi dan Han QuIc lai that vgng ve tinh hinh bat
cong bing d dit nudc hg; chi c6 29,2% ngudi Han QuIc va 32,8% ngudi Mdng Co
ddng y ring mgi ngudi dan dugc dap iing nhiing nhu cau co ban
(7) Su dap img nhu cdu nguai ddn
Nhiing vin d l quan trgng nhit d Viet Nam dugc ngudi dan danh gia lien quan den
phat triln kinh tl, xda ddi giam ngheo, phat triln y tl va giao due Chinh phii Viet Nam
da tap trung vao cac vin dl nay va tim each giai quyet va Chinh phu da rat thanh cong
trong viec dat dugc cac muc tieu chinh sach da xac dinh Dieu do giai thich tai sao phan
ldn ngudi tra ldi d Viet Nam (85%) tin tudng ring Chinh phii se giai quyet tdt nhimg
vin dl quan trgng nhit trong 5 nam tdi Tuong tu nhu vay, 86,3% ngudi dugc hoi cho
ring Chinh phii dap iing tot nhu ciu ngudi dan Hai cau hoi "Chinh phii dap iing nhu
NghlSn ciiu Con ngUdI sii 5 (44) 2009 1 5
Trang 7Tlidi dp ciia ngitdi ddn
ciu cua con ngudi tdt din miic nao?" va "Chinh phu se giai quylt nhiing van de quan trgng nhit trong 5 nam tdi nhu thi nao?" ed quan he tuong ho vdi nhau vdi tuong quan
la 351 va vdi p<.05
Kha gilng vdi kit qua tra ldi cua ngudi Viet Nam, tuy cd thip hon chiit it, ngudi Singapore va ngudi Malaysia cung danh gia cao sir dap ling cua Chinh phu nudc hg dii vdi nhu ciu ciia ngudi dan vdi ty le tuong iing la 66,4% va 56,1% Ngudi dan Thai Lan
va Indonesia ciing kha lac quan vl dilu nay Trong khi dd, ngudi dan Han Qudc, Mong
c l , Nhat Ban va Dai Loan khong tin tudng lim ring chinh phu cua hg cd the lam tit viec nay chi vdi ty le 21,2%) ngudi Han Qudc, 24,6%o ngudi Mdng Cd, 33,3% ngudi Nhat Ban va 35,8%) ngudi Dai Loan dugc hdi cho ring chinh phu cua hg dap iing tot nhu cau ciia ngudi dan
Bilu do 1: Danh gia chat lugng dieu hanh dan chu
• Tuan thu phap luat
D KiSm soat tham nhung
D Canh tranh
O Quan tam chinh tri
B Tham gia hoat dong chinh tri
D Chiu trach nhiem vci ngiroi dan
0 Chiu trach nhiem voi co quan lap phap
D Tir do
• Binh dang
Q Dap ung nhu cau ngudi dan
Dugc xay dung tren thang sd Ueu bien thien trong khoang -1.0 den +1.0, Bieu do 1 cung cap thong tin rat thii vi ve nhiing diem manh va diem yeu cua he thdng dieu hanh hien tai, tren eo sd y kien ngudi dan Theo Bieu do, he thdng hien tai rat manh ve tuan thii phap luat, su canh tranh, quan tam chinh tri va tinh binh dang Ve sir tham gia vao hoat dong chinh tri, ngudi dan cam thay hg it c6 kha nang va thieu thdng tin ve he thdng Ngudi dan con cho biet sir chiu trach nhiem cua he thdng vdi ngudi dan cdn chua cao Cac chi bao nhu kiem soat tham nhiing, quan tam chinh tri cua ngudi dan, chiu trach nhiem vdi co quan lap phap, tu do va dap iing nhu cau ngudi dan dugc danh gia d miic do kha cao
Sd lieu tren Bang 1 cho thay quan he thuan giira sir hai Idng vdi nen dan chu ciia ngudi tra ldi va cac chi bao chap hanh luat phap, kilm soat tham nhiing, tinh canh tranh,
quan tam chinh tri, chiu trach nhiem vdi co quan lap phap, tu do, binh ding va dap iing
yeu cau ngudi dan Trong khi dd, mdi quan he giiia chi sd phat trilh kinh tl va hai long
Trang 8vdi he thdng dan chu la quan he nghich; dieu do c6 nghTa la nhirng ngudi cd dieu kien kinh te cao hai long it hon vdi hien trang quan ly dieu hanh dan chii hien tai
Bang 1: Tirong quan giira cac chi bao dieu hanh dan chu
va sir hai long va iing ho dan chu STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Cac chi bao
Tuan thii phap luat
Kiem soat tham nhiing
Canh tranh
Quan tam chinh tri
Tham gia hoat ddng chinh tri
Chiu trach nhiem vdi ngudi dan
Chiu trach nhiem vdi co quan
lap phap
Tu do
Binh dang
Dap ling nhu cau ngudi dan
Tinh hinh kinh te dat nudc
Tinh hinh kinh te ca nhan
Hai long vdi dan chii 409 372 527 294
no
no 116
.271 414 505 -.239 -.177
Unghg dan chu
no
no -.161 -.113
no
no -.90
-.59 -.111 -.083 079 -.040
Phan doi phi dan chii
no
no 075 151 -.071 -.071 -.072
no
no
no
no -.076
Khong img hg ro rang -.392 -.248 -.452 -.236
no
no
no
-.308 -.469 -.279
no 066
Mdi quan he giira sir "iing hg dan chu" va cac chi so canh tranh, quan tam chinh tri, chiu trach nhiem vdi co quan lap phap, tu do, binh dang, dap iing nhu cau ngudi dan va dieu kien kinh te la quan he nghich
Mdi quan he giiia chi sd "phan ddi cac phuong an phi dan chu" vdi canh tranh va mli quan tam chinh tri cd tuong quan thuan nhung khdng manh Nhirng ai phan ddi cac phuong an phi dan chii cho ring, sir biu cir cho phep cir tri su lira chgn thuc sir giiia cac ling vien va cung cip cho cac iing vien sir tiep can binh dang tdi phuong tien thong tin dai chiing Mat khac, moi quan he giira chi s i phan ddi cac phuong an phi dan chii va hoat dgng chinh tri, chiu trach nhiem vdi ngudi dan, vdi co quan lap phap va tinh hinh kinh t l ca nhan la quan he nghich, nhung khdng manh
M l i quan he giira chi sd "khdng ung hd ro rang" va chip hanh luat phap, kiem soat tham nhiing, canh tranh, quan tam chinh tri, hi do chinh tri, binh dang va tinh hinh kinh
tl ca nhan la quan he thuan, nhung khdng manh
Ket luan
Sir iing hd nIn dan chu cua cong chiing d Viet Nam xuit phat tir su gia tang miic sdng, su phat triln kinh t l va su thay dii trong he thing quan ly Tat ca nhimg dieu do dugc xem nhu kit qua ciia cdng cuoc dii mdi trong hon hai thap ky vira qua Ndi mgt each ngin ggn, qua trinh dan chu hda xa hgi thuc su phu thugc vao quyet dinh chien luge ciia Dang va Nha nudc, nhung vl lau dai thai do ciia ngudi dan se cd tac dgng ldn
Trang 9Thdi do ciia ngiCdi ddn
din qua trinh dan chu hda xa hdi Nhimg phat hien trong eugc dilu tra nay ve qua trinh
dan chu hda d Viet Nam cd thi xem la ngudn dii lieu thuc chiing cimg vdi nhirng ket
qua dilu tra Gia tri Thi gidi dugc tiln hanh cho din nay ed y nghTa khang dinh sir tuong
ding vl nhan thirc va thai do cua ngudi dan vdi muc tieu dan chu hda xa hdi cua Dang
va Nha nudc Nhimg so sanh dugc tiln hanh trong bai vilt nay cd the se rat bd ich cho
viec tim hiiu qua trinh dan chu hda dang diln ra d cac nudc trong khu vuc
Nhimg gi da trinh bay d bai vilt nay cho thiy ngudi dan rit tin tudng vao he thong
dilu hanh dan chii d nudc ta Chi cd 2 trong 10 chi sd la tuong ddi thap so vdi cac chi so
khac Dilu dd cho thiy cin lam cho cac hoat ddng cua cae co quan nha nudc minh bach
hon nhim giup cdng chimg tin tudng ring cdng chiic chiu trach nhiem vdi ngudi dan va
khuyin khich hg tham gia nhilu hon vao cac hoat ddng chinh tri - xa hdi Nhiing kit qua
h-ong thuc hien dan chu co sd va su md rdng khong gian tuong tac cd the la co sd giai
thich cho nilm tin rit cao cua cdng chiing vao he thdng dieu hanh dan chii d nudc ta
Tai lieu tham khao
Chu Y.H., Diamond L., Nathan A & Doh C.S (Chu bien) (2008), How East Asians
view Democracy, New York: Columbia University Press
Hagopian F & Scott M (2005) The third Wave of Democratization in Latin
America New York: Cambridge University Press
Nguyen Hiiu Minh & Nguyen Hiiu Mai (2005) Do thi hoa vd ngheo kho do thi a
Viet Nam: Mot s6 dgc diim ca bdn, trong Nguyen Thi NghTa, Mac Dudng va Nguyen
Vinh (Chii bien) Do thi hod vd giam ngheo a Tp Hd Chi Minh: Ly lugn vd thuc tien Ha
Ngi: Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi
Socialist Respubhc of Vietnam (2002) The comprehensive Poverty Reduction and
Growth Strategy, Hanoi
Nguyen Thu Sa & Nguyen Thi Thu Huong (2001), Ve khd ndng cdi thien mirc song
ciia tdng lap cd thu nhap thap, Nguyen The NghTa, Mac Dudng va Nguyen Vinh (Chu
bien) Do thi hod vd giam ngheo a Tp Ho Chi Minh: Ly lugn vd thuc tien, Ha Ngi: Nxb
Khoa hgc xa hgi
Sen A (1999), Democracy as a Universal Value, Journal of Democracy 10.3 tr 3 - 17
Trung tam Khoa hgc xa hdi va nlian van Qudc gia (2001), Bdo cdo Phdt trien con
ngudi Viet Nam 2001 - Doi mai vd su nghiep phdt trien con nguai Ha Ndi, Nxb Chinh tri
qudc gia
Vien Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam - Chuong trinh Phat trien Lien hgp qudc (2006),
Phdt trien con ngudi Viet Nam 1999-2006 - Nhimg thay doi vd xu hu&ng chii yeu Ha
Ngi, Nxb Chinh Tri Qudc gia
Vien Khoa hgc Xa hgi Viet Nam-(2007) Bdo cdo cap nhdt Ngheo 2006: Ngheo va
giam nheo a Viet Nam giai dogn 1993-2004 Ha Ndi, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia
1 Q Nghien ciiu Con ngudi sdS (44) 2009