Ddc biet, doi vdi cdc dan tgc thugc dia trong cugc dau tranh ty gidi phdng, thi mgt so bdi hgc kinh nghiem cfla Cdch mang Thdng Tdm mang tfnh quy ludt vd "tdi hien" tren mflc[r]
Trang 1KY NIEM 65 NAM
TAM VOC THdl DAI CUA CACH MANG THANG TAM
PGS, TS NGUYEN HOANG GIAP
Cdch mgng Thdng Tdm ndm 1945 thdng lai la bu&c nhdy vgt vT dgi trong tiin trinh lich sic ddn tdc, phd tan xiing xich thdng tri gdn 100 ndm cua chii nghTa thuc ddn, lgt dd chi do phong kiin tdn tgi hdng nghin ndm, dua ddn tdc Viet Nam bu&c vdo mat ky nguyen m&i - ky nguyin ddc lap, tyc do vd di lin chil nghTa xd hdi V&i thdng lgi ciia Cdch mgng Thdng Tdm, Viet Nam tic mdt nu&c thudc dia, nua phong kien tra thdnh mdt nu&c ddn chii nhdn ddn ddu tiin a Ddng Nam A V&i tdm vdc l&n lao do, Cdch mgng Thdng Tdm khdng chi ndng cao vi thi cua Viet Nam tren truang qudc ti, md cdn tgc ghi vdo lich sie nhdn logi thi ky XX nhu mdt trong nhieng su kiin cd y nghTa th&i dgi vd cung sdu sdc
Thdng lgi cfla Cdch mang Thdng
Tdm nam 1945 la thdng lgi cfla xu
thl lich sfl trong thdi dai ngay nay - thdi
dai ma ngi dung chfl yeu cfla nd la sy qud
do tfl chfl nghTa tu bdn len chu nghTa xa
hgi, md ddu bdng cugc Cdch mang Thang
Mudi Nga nam 1917 Sy kien nay trd
thdnh mgt bieu hien sinh dgng nhdt chflng
td rang trong thdi dai ngdy nay, cugc each
mang dan tgc dan chfl nhan dan d mgt
nudc thugc dia do toan dan ndi day dudi
su lanh dao cfla Dang Cgng sdn cd dudng
ldi each mang dflng dan, phfl hgp vdi xu
the phdt trien cfla thdi dai thi hodn todn cd
khd nang thdng lgi Cugc each mang dy cd
* Hgc vien CT-HC qudc gia Hd Chi Minh
the thanh cdng trudc khi giai cap cdng nhdn d chinh quoc gianh dugc chinh quyen Cach mang Thang Tam la thang lgi ddu tien cua chfl nghTa Mac - Lenin d mgt nudc thugc dia, nua phong kien, do do md
ra nhflng nhdn thflc mdi me va triet de trong quan niem, ly ludn cflng nhu trong giai phap de giai quyet van de dgc lap dan tgc, van de dan tgc vd thugc dia,
Thanh cdng cfla Cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945 vai sy ra ddi cfla nudc Viet Nam Ddn chfl Cgng hod da gdp phan quan trgng lam thay doi can can so sdnh luc lugng the gidi trd nen cd Igi cho chfl nghTa
xa hgi va cac lyc lugng each mang, tien bg trudc chfl nghTa tu ban, chfl nghTa de quoc, thyc dan Cdch mang Thdng Tdm da ddng
Trang 2KYNIEM 65 NAM
gdp vao viec md rgng dnh hudng cfla chfl
nghTa xa hgi, thflc ddy sy hinh thdnh he
thong xa hgi chu nghTa, gdp phdn dua each
mang the gidi vd phong trao cgng sdn,
cdng nhdn qudc te phdt trien thdnh cao
trao sau Chien tranh the gidi thfl hai
Thang lgi cfla Cdch mang Thdng Tam Id
diem khdi ddu cfla thdi dai dgc lap dan tgc
va chfl nghTa xd hgi d cac nude chdm phdt
trien Ldn ddu tien trong lich sfl can - Men
dai the gidi, viec cdc nudc tu ban de quoc
cd thl chi phdi mgt each quyet dinh van
menh cua nudc nhd da trd nen ldi thdi vd
tung budc chdm dflt
Vdi thdng lgi cfla Cach mang Thang
Tdm, mgt thdi dai mdi da bat dau - thdi
dai md mgi dan tgc cd the ty quyet dinh
ldy van menh cfla minh, thdi dai ma sy
doan ket qudc tl chdn chinh cd the thyc
hien dugc tren co sd tdn trgng nen dgc
lap, chfl quyen, toan ven lanh tho, hgp tdc
binh dang, cung cd lgi, cflng phdt trien
giua cdc ddn tgc Y nghTa qudc te cfla
Cdch mang Thdng Tdm khdng chi ve mat
chfnh tri vd qudn sy, nghTa la da vach ra
con dudng di tdi cho cac dan tgc bi nd
dich va bi dp buc, md cdn bao ham ca y
nghTa la mgt sy kien ldn ve mat tu tudng,
tac dgng sdu sac den tinh thdn cfla nhdn
loai bi dp bflc Bdn Tuyen ngdn ddc lap
ma Chfl tich Ho Chi Minh dgc ngdy
2-9-1945 khai sinh nudc Viet Nam Dan chfl
Cgng hod, the hien nhflng nguyen tdc cfla
cac quyen dan tgc co ban chdng lai
nguyen tac chfl nghTa sd vanh nudc ldn
cfla chfl nghTa de qudc; ddng thdi khdng
dinh udc nguyen chfnh ddng, quyet tdm sdt da cfla dan tgc Viet Nam dugc song trong hod binh, dgc lap, thinh vugng vd phdt trien
Thing lgi cua Cdch mang Thdng Tdm la kit qud tdt yeu do xu the cfla trao luu cdch mang the gidi dugc md ra tfl cugc Cdch mang xa hgi chu nghTa Thang Mudi Nga vT dai dua lai Cdch mang Viet Nam vdi tu each Id mgt bg phan cdu thdnh hflu co cfla cdch mang the gidi nen chiu su tdc dgng tryc tiep cfla each mang the gidi Dong thdi, theo quy luat phdt trien tat yeu cfla lich sfl, Cdch mang Thdng Tdm cflng tac dgng trd lai sy phdt trien cfla each mang the giai ndi chung, den cugc dau tranh gidi phdng cfla cdc ddn tgc bi dp buc vd le thugc ndi rieng Tien hdnh Cdch mang Thang Tdm thdnh cdng, nhdn ddn Viet Nam khong chi thyc Men nhiem vu dan tgc, md cdn ldm nghTa vu ddi vdi phong trdo cdch mang the gidi Nudc Viet Nam mdi ra ddi sau Cdch mang Thang Tam, dudi sy lanh dao cua Ddng Cgng san, da gia nhap vao dgi ngfl tien phong tren hanh trinh giai phdng vd phdt trien, dau tranh vi nhirng muc tieu cao cd mang tfnh thdi dai la hod binh, dgc lap dan tgc, dan chfl vd tien bg xa hgi Chinh vi vdy, cdc luc lugng each mang cflng vdi nhdn loai tien bg khdng chi ngudng mg trudc tdm guong thdng lgi cfla Cdch mang Thang Tdm,
md cdn doan ket, se chia tinh cam, flng hg tfch cyc ddi vai cugc khdng chien cfla nhan dan Viet Nam trong cac cugc do dau lich su chong cac the luc de quoc simg so de bao ve thdnh qua each mang d cac thdi ky sau ndy
Trang 3KYNIEM65 NAM
Cach mang Thang Tam la bieu hien
thdng lgi trong thyc tien cfla dudng loi
chien lugc dflng dan - dgc lap dan tgc gdn
lien vdi chfl nghTa xa hgi - dugc Dang
Cgng sdn Viet Nam xac dinh ngay tfl khi
mdi thanh lap (1930) Thdng lgi cfla dudng
loi dy khong chi gdp phan dua dgc lap dan
tgc trd thdnh chdn gid tri phd bien mang
tfnh thdi dai, ma cdn md ra mgt dinh hudng
chfnh tri hodn todn mdi doi vdi cdc dan tgc
thugc dia, phu thugc la gianh dgc lap dan
tgc va di len xdy dyng chfl nghTa xa hgi,
mgt nen dgc lap triet de nhat Vi le do,
Cach mang Thang Tdm da nang cao vi the
quoc te cfla Viet Nam trong hang ngfl cac
ddn tgc tien phong tren the gidi Tam
guong cfla Cdch mang Thang Tam Id bdng
chung hflng hdn, sinh dgng nhdt ddi vdi
cugc ddu tranh gianh dgc lap cfla cdc nudc
A, Phi, My Latinh va tat yeu tac dgng din
phong trdo giai phdng dan tgc tren thl gidi
mgt each het sflc manh me, gdp phdn cung
vdi xu the each mang cua thdi dai thuc day
phong trdo gidi phdng dan tgc buoc sang
mgt giai doan phdt trien mdi rat soi dgng
Cdch mang Thang Tam phd tan mgt mdt
xfeh quan trgng vd thuc ddy sy tan ra khdng
the cuu van noi cua he thdng thugc dia, gdp
phdn md ddu qud trinh sup dd cfla chfl
nghTa thyc dan cfl tan bao - mgt vlt nho
trong lich sfl the gidi Vdi vi tri tien phong
do, Cdch mang Thang Tam co anh hudng
to ldn doi vdi phong trdo giai phdng dan
tgc tren thl giai, trd thanh ngudn dgng
vien, CO vfl manh me nhan dan cac nudc
thugc dia, nua thugc dia vd phu thugc vflng
len dau tranh chong chfl nghTa de quoc, thyc ddn, phong kiln dl gidnh dgc lap ddn tgc, gidnh ty do va dan chfl Gid tri cfla tam guong thang lgi md ddu, tien phong trong phong trdo gidi phdng ddn tgc lai cdng dugc nhdn len gap bgi bdi tfnh chat ddn chfl nhan dan cfla cugc Cach mang Thang Tdm vdi tfnh dien hinh, mdu mye cho cugc ddu tranh gidi phdng cfla cac dan tgc bi ap bflc
va nd le' Vao thdi diem ket thflc Chien tranh the gidi thu hai, cung vdi Viet Nam, cdc ddn tgc thugc dia khac d chau A, Phi va
My Latinh cflng dang ddu tranh manh me gidnh dgc lap dan tgc, khien cho he thdng thugc dia kieu cfl cua chfl nghTa de qudc da thyc sy c6 dau hieu reu ra nghiem trgng Tuy khdng phai la nudc duy nhat khi do trong he thong thugc dia dung len dau tranh gianh dgc lap, nhung Viet Nam la nudc ddu tien dflng len gianh dgc lap dan tgc bdng chfnh sflc minh, gan dgc lap dan tgc vdi sy lya chgn dinh hudng xa hgi chfl nghTa, bdt chap mgi sy chdng pha quylt liet, dien cuong khong chi cfla thuc dan Phap ma cfla
ca he thong de quoc chfl nghTa tren thl gidi Cdch mang Thang Tam da gidng mgt ddn nang ne vdo chfl nghTa de qudc vd he thong thugc dia cfla no Chinh vi vay ma cdc the lyc de quoc da cdu ket chat che vdi nhau hdng bdp nghet each mang va Nha nudc cong nong Viet Nam tfl khi cdn trong trflng nudc Dugc sy hau thuan cua dl qudc Anh va My, thyc dan Phap da dua quan dgi quay trd lai nham thfl tieu thdnh qua cfla Cdch mang Thang Tdm, rdp tdm xdm lugc Viet Nam mgt lan nua hdng lap lai ach
Trang 4KY NIEM 65 NAM
thong tri cfla chflng d Viet Nam va Dong
Duong Song, nhdn dan Viet Nam phdt huy
tinh thdn Cach mang Thdng Tdm, quyet
khdng chiu khudt phuc, kien cudng chien
ddu bdo ve thanh qud each mang da gidnh
dugc, vd sau chin ndm khdng chien trudng
ky da ldm nen chien thdng Dien Bien Phu
chdn dgng dia cau, ddnh ddu sy cao chung
cfla he thong thugc dia kieu cfl cfla chfl
nghTa thyc ddn, de quoc
Vdi tu each la mgt dot pha khau vdo
dinh luy cfla chfl nghTa thyc dan, Cach
mang Thdng Tdm da keo theo nhiing phdn
ling ddy chuyen tai cac nudc thugc dia
Theo tdm guong Viet Nam, hang loat nudc
A, Phi, My Latinh trong cdc thap nien 40,
50 vd 60 cfla the ky XX da gidnh dugc dgc
lap ddn tgc, rieng nam 1960 d chau Phi da
cd tdi 17 nudc gianh dgc lap Trudc thyc te
do, Dai hgi ddng Lien hgp qude (1960) da
thdng qua Nghi quyet yeu cau cac nudc de
qudc thyc dan phdi trao trd dgc lap cho cac
nudc thugc dia, md ra qua trinh phi thuc
dan hod tren pham vi rgng ldn Thdng lgi
cua Cach mang Thang Tdm thyc su gidng
mgt ddn nang ne vdo nen mdng cfla chfl
nghTa thyc dan Phdp, lam cho de qudc Phap
vdn da suy yeu trong Chien tranh the gidi
thu hai lai cang bi lung lay den tan goc re,
ddng thdi ldm ddo Ign chinh sach thugc dia
cua thyc ddn Phap, bugc chflng phdi xem
xet, thay ddi De xoa diu du ludn the gidi
cflng nhu de ddi phd vdi cugc dau tranh cua
quan chflng dang ddng cao d cdc thugc dia
vd cd phong trao phdn ddi ngay chinh trong
ldng nudc Phdp, Chinh phfl Phdp bugc phdi
trao tra ddc lap cho nhieu thugc dia d chau
A, chdu Phi
Y nghTa mang tam vdc thdi dai cfla Cach mang Thdng Tam cdn the hien d chd, cugc each mang nay da cong hien cho phong trao cgng sdn, cong nhdn quoc te, phong trao cdch mang vd phong trdo gidi phdng dan tgc tren the gidi nhieu bai hgc kinh nghiem quy bdu Ddc biet, doi vdi cdc dan tgc thugc dia trong cugc dau tranh
ty gidi phdng, thi mgt so bdi hgc kinh nghiem cfla Cdch mang Thdng Tdm mang tfnh quy ludt vd "tdi hien" tren mflc do nhat dinh tuy thugc vao hoan canh cy the cfla mdi nudc, nhdt la ddi vdi nhung dan tgc sau do tien hdnh each mang giai phdng ddn tgc va lua chgn dinh hudng phdt trien phi tu ban chfl nghTa
Ban be qudc te da tflng hon mgt ldn bay td sy tran trgng vd danh gia eao nhung bai hgc kinh nghiem trong qua trinh lanh dao Cdch mang Thdng Tdm cfla Dang Cgng san Viet Nam Dd la ludn neu cao va kien dinh mue tieu dau tranh gianh dgc lap ddn tgc vdi y chf ty lyc tu cudng, ket hgp dflng dan nhiem vu chong de quoc vd chdng phong kien, thyc hien dodn ket toan dan toe trong Mat trdn Viet Minh va cdc dodn the cflu qudc vdi ndng cot la cdng nhdn vd ndng dan Mat khac, trong qua trinh each mang phdi luon tinh tao, nhay ben nam vung thdi co, ddy Ifli nguy co, chfl dgng sang tao trong sfl dung cac hinh thuc, phuang phap dau tranh khdi nghTa gidnh chfnh quyln; chfl trgng xdy dung Dang
Trang 5KY NIEM 65 NAM
vflng manh ve chinh tri, tu tudng, to
chuc, thong nhat y chf va hanh dgng toan
Dang, cflng co moi quan he mat thiet
gifla Ddng vdi nhdn dan lao dgng,
Bang thang lgi cfla minh, cdch mang
Viet Nam da chflng minh chan ly thdi dai
Id: mgt dan tgc dfl nhd yeu den ddu, song
biet dodn ket dung len ddu tranh cho dgc
lap vd ty do, thi hoan toan cd khd nang
ddnh thang bat ky the lyc de quoc thuc dan
xdm lugc ndo Dd la thang lgi cfla khdi
dodn ket, cfla viec phat huy tdi da ngudn
ngi lyc, thdng lgi cfla chfnh nghTa Su
ddng gdp vd cflng to ldn ma Cdch mang
Thdng Tdm vd cugc ddu tranh cfla nhdn
dan Viet Nam chdng de quoc thyc dan da
cdng hien cho lich sfl the gidi vd su tien
bg eua loai ngudi bai hgc lich sfl rang:
khdng mgt sflc manh to ldn vd tan bao ndo
cd the ngdn cdn mgt dan tgc quyet tam
gidnh ty do va dgc lap, ty quyet dinh van
menh cfla ddn tgc minh
Mgt bdi hgc khdc cfla Viet Nam trong
Cdch mang Thdng Tdm co gia tri qudc tl
mang tfnh tdt yeu, do Id bdf hgc ve sy lya
chgn con dudng ddu tranh each mang phfl
hgp Ddy cung la mgt nguyen nhan cd y
nghTa quyet dinh thang lgi cfla each mang
Bdi hgc nay la su dflc ket kinh nghiem dau
franh bin bi va kien cudng cfla ddn tgc Viet
Nam trong suot hang nghin nam dung nudc
vd gifl nudc, cgng vdi nhirng kinh nghiem
quy gia cfla cdc cugc each mang thl gidi
Cugc ddu tranh gianh dgc lap dan tgc cfla
cdc nudc thugc dia truac cac thl lyc dk
qudc thyc ddn simg sd, c6 uu thl dp ddo vl
nhieu mat - nhu kinh nghiem cfla Cdch mang Thdng Tam da chi ra - la mgt cugc dau tranh vo cung gian khd, phflc tap, Idu dai vd phai biet tan dung thdi co Tdng khdi nghTa Thang Tam nam 1945 la dinh cao cfla 15 nam dau tranh each mang kien cudng cfla toan dan dudi sy lanh dao cua Ddng, trdi qua 3 cao trao cdch mang
(1930-1931, 1936-1939 vd 1939-1945) - 3 cugc tdng dien tap each mang vo cflng khd khan gian khd vdi nhflng hy sinh to ldn Bang sy kien dinh each mang vd sy lanh dao sdng sudt Dang ta da timg budc xdy dyng dugc mgt lyc lugng chinh tri quan chung hung hdu vdi lyc lugng vfl trang nhan dan ldm ndng cdt Trudc boi canh the gidi thudn lgi
do ke thu tryc tiep cfla nhdn dan Viet Nam
la phat xft Nhat bi Hong qudn Lien Xd va cdc lyc lugng dan chfl the gidi ddnh bai, qudn dgi Nhat a Dong Duong va tay sai da reu ra, de quoc Phdp bi thiet hai ndng nl , chinh lflc do, do chop dflng thdi co lich su ngdn nam c6 mgt, Dang ta, dflng ddu Id lanh tu Hd Chf Minh da kien quylt phdt dgng toan dan noi day, khdn kheo bdng con dudng bao luc each mang tao nen sflc manh tong hgp cfla quan chflng va luc lugng vfl trang dya tren ca sd lien minh cong ndng, phat dgng tdng khdi nghTa gianh chfnh quyen trong cd nudc
Cdch mang Thang Tdm da neu cao tinh than tu chfl, dua vao sue minh, chfl dgng sdng tao, qudt khdi xong len Cdch mang Thdng Tam trd thdnh cugc tong khdi nghTa ddu tien no ra va thang lgi tai mgt nudc thugc dia, lap ra chfnh quyen cong nong
Trang 6KYNIEM 65 NAM.,
trong ca nude d gifla vdng vdy cua chfl
nghTa de qudc vd cdc the lyc phdn dgng Dd
cflng la mgt cugc each mang cfla cong ndng
thang lgi sdm nhdt d khu vyc thugc dia cfla
cac nudc de quoc Thang lgi cfla Cdch
mang Thdng Tam da khdng nhirng gdp
phan ldm phong phfl them kho tang Iy ludn
each mang cfla chfl nghTa Mdc-Lenin, md
edn cung cdp them nhieu kinh nghiem quy
bdu ve lya chgn vd chi dao sdch lugc, chien
lugc, phuang phdp each mang cho phong
trao ddu tranh gidi phdng dan tgc vd gidnh
quyen ddn chfl Mat khdc, vdi thdng lgi
nay, nhdn ddn Viet Nam da gdp phdn xflng
ddng cua minh vdo thdng lgi cfla cugc ddu
tranh chung cfla nhdn ddn the gidi chdng
chu nghTa phat xit
Thdng lgi cua Cach mang Thang Tam
ndm 1945 cflng vdi sy ra ddi cfla Nhd
nudc Viet Nam Dan chfl Cgng hod Id
thdng lgi cfla chfl nghTa Mdc-Lenin dugc
van dung phu hgp hoan canh Viet Nam, Id
thang lgi cfla tu tudng dgc lap, ty do cfla
Chu tich Ho Chf Minh vd dudng loi gidi
phdng ddn tgc dflng ddn, sang tao cfla
Ddng Day cflng Id qua trinh di sdu nhdn
thiic quy ludt van dgng khdch quan cua
each mang gidi phdng dan tgc, gidi quyet
dung ddn van de ddn tgc vd thugc dia, mdi
quan he gifla dan tgc vdi quoc te, ket hgp
sue manh ddn tgc vdi sflc manh thdi dai
Ddng thdi, day edn Id qud trinh khdng
ngflng phdt huy tinh than chu dgng sang
tao dieu chinh chien lugc, thay doi chfl
truang cho phfl hgp tinh thl, kip thdi bdt
mach su biin doi cfla thdi cude, ddn ddt
qudn chflng vftng budc tien Ien vi muc tieu gidnh dgc lap dan tgc
Cdch mang Thdng Tdm thdnh cdng cdn chi ra nhung bdi hgc kinh nghiem quy bdu
vl tam quan trgng cfla viec tang cudng mdi quan he dodn ket chien dau vdi cdc ddn tgc cung chung mye tieu chdng chfl nghTa de quoc, vdi cac lyc lugng tien bg tren the gidi ddu tranh vi hod binh, dgc lap dan tgc, dan chfl va tien bg xa hgi Mgt dan tgc khong the gidnh thang lgi neu ty tdch minh vd cd lap cugc dau tranh cfla minh khdi cugc dau tranh cfla cdc lyc lugng tien bg, yeu chugng hod binh va dan chu tren the gidi Bdi hge doan ket quoc te Id mgt trong nhflng bdi hgc quy gid ma Cdch mang Thdng Tdm ndi rieng vd su nghiep each mang Viet Nam ndi chung da dflc ket dugc, cd dnh hudng sdu sdc den phong trao cdch mang vd phong trdo giai phdng dan tgc the gidi Hon nua the ky da trdi qua, Cach mang^ Thdng Tdm vdi tdm vdc lich sfl cfla nd van mang y nghTa thdi dai sdu sdc Trong giai doan hien nay, tuy bdi cdnh qudc te da thay ddi, song con dudng Cdch mang Thdng Tdm vd nhung bdi hgc kinh nghiem cfla' cugc edeh mang vdn ndng hdi tfnh thdi sy, xet ca tren phuang dien ly luan lan thyc tien ddi vdi nudc ta cflng nhu ddi vdi cdc dan tgc thugc the gidi thfl ba
1 Xem: Viet Nam vd chdu Phi trong su
nghiep ddu tranh gidi phong ddn tgc, CTQG, H
2004, tr 110-112