Cung nhfl cac dinh chd xa hdi khac - vf nhfl gia dinh - tdn giao trong thdi hien dai cung bien ddi, tai cdu hinh lai (reconfiguration) de thfch flng vdl nhflng ddi thay cua xa hdi. Vi[r]
Trang 1Nghien ctru Ton giao Sd2 - 2010
TON GIAO - VAN DE LI LUAN VA THI/C TIEN
TAM THirC TON GIAO VA LI THUYET
THE TUC HOA 6 CHAU A VA VIET NAM
T rong viec tim hieu mdi tufdng quan
gifla tdn giao va van hoa dat van dd
ve tfnh gia tri cua If thuye't the tuc hoa va
tam thfle tdn giao cac dan tgc Chau A
khdng chf thudn tuy If thuydt ma cd tfnh
thflc tien, bdi le van dd gan lidn vdi ban
sde van boa va qua t:rinh hien dai boa
nhfl P Berger da neu len trong bai viet:
"Tinh the tuc: Ddng vd Tdy" (P Berger,
1983) Cung vay trong mdt bai viet vd
tfnh thdi sfl cua xa hdi hgc tdn giao cua
M Weber, chung tdi cho tha'y quan diem
cua M Weber vd mdi lien he gifla tdn
giao, tfnh the tuc va tfnh hien dai dang
dfldc minh boa bdi suf phat trien cua
"Thdn hgc ve sfl thinh vfldng" (Prosperity
theology) cfla cae phai Tin Lanh Ngu
Tudn (Pentecotism), ed anh hfldng manh
d eae xa hdi Nam My hien nay (Nguyen
Xuan Nghia, 2007, tr.l4) Trong bai vidt
nay, chung tdi de cap den mdt vai khfa
canh cua van de lien quan trong bdi cdnh
Chau A va Viet Nam
1 Dat v a n d e
Lf thuyet the tue boa cd dien quan
niem xa hgi cang hien dai thi ton giao
cang mat vai trd The nhflng, tfl cudi thd
kf XX ddu the kf XXI vdi sfl trdi day cua
cac phong trao bdo thu trong cac tdn giao,
sfl xua't hien cua cac tdn giao t r e n linh
NGUYEN XUAN N G H I A '
vflc chi'nh tri dac biet chfnh tri qudc te
-vd d cae qudc gia dfldc xem k hien dai nhfl My, Nhat Bdn, vai trd cua tdn giao
va tam thflc tdn giao cung cdn rat manh
me vi vay ngfldi ta dat lai va'n de If thuyet the' tuc boa cd dien (P Berger,
2001, tr.15) Nhflng mdt sd'tac gia khac khdng dinh chfla the tien biet If thuydt the tuc boa ve ndi "an nghi trong binh an" nhfl R Stark mong mud'n (R Stark, 1999) va If thuyet nay van cdn gia tri vi gidi thfch dfldc sfl suy giam vai trd xa hdi cua tdn giao d Chau Au (S Bruce, 2001) Tham chf J Casanova quan niem, mac
du cdn hieu chfnh lai If thuye't the tuc boa k mdt ddng gdp If thuydt chfnh yeu cho khoa hgc xa hdi trong viec giai thfch tfldng quan gifla tdn giao va tfnh hien dai (J Casanova, 1994, tr 212)
Nhfl da dd cap nhidu ldn, trong qua trinh hien dai hoa phai xem tfnh tdn giao bao gdm nhflng chidu kfch nao? Nhflng chidu kfch nao gidm sflt vai trd, nhflng chieu kfch nao khdng thay ddi (Nguyen Xuan Nghia, 1996, 2003, 2005) Cung nhfl cac dinh chd xa hdi khac vf nhfl gia dinh -tdn giao trong thdi hien dai cung bien ddi, tai cdu hinh lai (reconfiguration) de thfch flng vdl nhflng ddi thay cua xa hdi
* TS Vien Dai hgc moTP lid Chf Minli
Trang 2Nghien CU'U Ton giao Sd2 - 2010
Li t h u y e t t h e ' t u c boa b d t n g u d n tfl lich
sfl C h a u Au, cd t h e a p d u n g cho nhflng
n e n vdn hoa k h a c k h d n g ? Cac n d n vdn
boa k h a c nhfl cac ndn van hoa C h a u A cd
bi t h e t u c hoa nhfl T a y Phifdng h a y
k h d n g ? Cd t a c gia cho r a n g k h d n g cd sfl
t a c h rdi chfnh t r i va tdn giao d cac xa hgi
C h a u A n e n k h d n g t h e ap d u n g If thuye't
the tuc boa cua C h a u Au vao v u n g da't
nay Ngfldc lai cd tac gia cho r a n g C h a u A
cd bien Ifldng the' tuc boa trifdc ca C h a u
Au bdi le cd nhflng tdn giao nhfl Nho
giao, chi dd c a p d e n nhflng v a n de cua t h e
gidi hflu h i n h n a y chfl k h d n g de cap d e n
"the gidi b e n k i a " ("Vi tri s i n h yen tri tfl"
(Chu'a biet sd'ng, s a o biet chet?); "Thien
h a ngdn t a i " (Trdi cd ndi gi dau); h a y
k h d n g b a n den t h d n t h a n h - K h d n g tfl:
"Sfl quy t h a n kfnh n h i vien cbi") Mdt sd'
tac gid cdn di den k e t l u a n , neu cbi dfla
vao ti Ic p h a n t r a m nhflng ngifdi tif n h a n
k h d n g (huge tdn giao nao Ihi cd bai vflng
ti'dn t h e gidi " t h e t u c boa" nha't la Tay Au
vd cac nifdc d D d n g A ( P Berger 1983:
S.R Reed 2007)"'
Nhfl chiing Idi sc t r i n h bay s a u t h e o
t h d n g ke chfnh thflc sd tfn dd tdn giao d
Viet N a m bien n a y cbi chiem ti lc k h o a n g
25"i) diin so', nhflng ngifdc lai cd nhflng
n h a n dinh tain thflc tdn giao d ngfldi Viet
N a m r a t s a u d a m : "O ngfldi An N a m
(Viet) va t r o n g mgi giai cap xa hdi cam
ibi'fc tdn giao bieu Id mgt each m a n h me
va thd'ng tri t o a n bg cudc sdng nd vay
plui kill b a n g cac t i m e b a n h mgi b a n h vi
b a n g ngay tu' nhflng ke tha']) hen d e n
nhflng ngfldi (|uan t r g n g " (L C a d i e r e
11958], 1992 tr 1) Tai lieu Mat sd hieu
biet ve tdn gido - Tdn gido d Viet Nam
c u n g n h a n xet: " Tfn ngfldng tdn giao d
Viet N a m m a n g tfnh q u d n chflng p h d
bien uliu'ng cbi d ca'ii do t a m If tdn giao
T a m ii tdn giao k h d n g chi s a u d a m t r o n g
long nhflng tfn dd tdn giao m a cd ea trong
s d d d n g n h f l n g ngfldi k h d n g t h e o mgt tdn giao cu t h e n a o " (Tong Cue chfnh tri
1998, tr 134) G d n day, "Bao cao qud'e gia kidm d i n h d i n h ki viec thfle h i e n quyen con ngfldi d V i e t N a m " cho bidt: "Viet
N a m cd k h o a n g 20 t r i e u ngfldi theo cac tdn giao k h a c n h a u va 80% ngfldi d a n cd ddi sd'ng tfn ngfldng" (Bd Ngoai Giao,
2009 [24])
De dfla r a t r a ldi cho nhflng cau hdi
n e u t r e n , c h u n g tdi xem xet q u a t r i n h the
t u c boa d C h a u A va Viet N a t n dfla vao mdt so' chi b a o cu t h e Va C h a u A ndi
c h u n g , do nhflng d a c d i e m vdn hoa vflng cdn p h a i xet tdi t h i e u d b a vflng cu the:
D d n g A, N a m A va D d n g N a m A Ld mgt
n g h i e n cflu ddi c h i e u do dd sd lieu thfch hdp nha't t h e o e h u n g tdi k nhflng sd'lieu cua cac cudc Didu t r a H d n thfl bieu Chau
A (Asia B a r o m e t e r S u r v e y , ABS) va mgt
ft sd' lieu d D i e u t r a Gia tri T h e gidi (World V a l u e S u r v e y , WVS)
2 M o t s o c h i b a o v e tarn thufc ton giao
v a t h e t u c h o a d C h a u A v a Viet N a m
Mgt t r o n g cac chi bao q u a n trgng de tim h i e u mflc do t h e t u c b o a cua mdt xa hdi la ti le quy t h u d c tdn giao ( a p p a r t e n a n c e r e l i g i e u s e ) : xem ca nhan
cd tfl n h a n m i n h t h u d c vd m d t tdn giao cu
t h e n a o k h d n g h a y k h d n g cd tdn giao Vdi chi bao nay, ta n h a n tha'y ed mgt sti tifdng p h a n gay gdt d C h a u A (xem bang 1): Mgt v u n g N a m A r a t md dao - ti le ngifdi k h d n g cd ton giao h d u nhfl bdng
k h d n g va mgt vflng D d n g A " t h d tuc":
T r u n g Q u d c H d n g K d n g , N h a t B d n cd ti
1 Biti \ici ciia S R Reed sir iliiiig sd lieu ciia AB.S Trong bai viet nay chiing toi cap nhat nhmig so lieu moi hon va phiin ba vfing: Dong A Dong Nam A vii Nam v Vii dac biet so lieu vd Viet Nam
Trang 3Nguyen Xuan NghTa Tdm thifc tdn gido
Banj I r T i l e %
D o n g A
Mdng Co
Nhat Ban
Han Qudc
Dai Loan (TQ)
Hong Kdng (TQ)
Trung Qudc
N
18,6 60,1 43,1 24,1 72,8 79,5
ngutri t r a Ifli tir xac nhan khong t l
D o n g N a m A Philippin
Indonesia Malaysia Thai Lan Campuehia Lao Myanma Singapore Viet Nam
gudn: f^ieii tra Hdn thir bieu did
0,2
0 1,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 12,8 31,5
luoc ton giao nao
N a m A
An Do Bangladesh Nepan Bhutan Pakistan
;/ A (ABS), 2005, 2006, 2007
k
0,1 0,0 0,3 0,0 0,0
Bang 2: T i le % ngudi t r a ldi co can nguyen moi ngay
D o n g A
Mdng Co
Nhat Ban
Han Qudc
Dai Loan (TQ)
Hong Kdng (TQ)
Trung Qudc
5,7 22,0 17,7 7,6 6,9 5,4
D o n g N a m A Philippin
Indonesia Malaysia Thai Lan Campuehia Lao Myanma Singapore Viet Nam
76,4 86,1 75,5 22,6
27 18,5 77,5 47,7 4,5
N a m A
An Do Bangladesh Nepan Bhutan Pakistan
86.8 60.5 57.1 53.6 53.5
Ngudn: Dieu tra Hdn tlii'r bie'u C
lc khdng tdn giao t r e n &0% Vung Ddng
N a m A trfl trfldng hdp Singapore va Viet
N a m chiu d n h hfldng Nho giao va P h a t
giao Dai thfla cd tf le k h d n g tdn giao tfl
10-30%''', cac qud'e gia k h a c ddu cd nhflng tdn
giao chu dao chie'm k h o a n g 80%, nhuf
Cdng giao d Philippines, Islam guio d
Indonesia, M a k y s i a Phiit giao Tieu thufa
d Thai Lan C a m p u e h i a , Mviinma Lao 0
N a m A va D d n g Niim A (trfl Viet N a m va
S i n g a p o r e ) tdn g i a o cd tfnh " b a m s m h "
'hdu A (ABS), 2005, 2006, 2007
con ngfldi s m h r a da cd "mdt vi trf chi
d i n h " ( a s c r i b e d s t a t u s ) vd t d n g i a o ,
2 O Viet Nam so lieu va ngirdi co ton giiio hay
I<h6ng ton giiio kliong thdng nhai: Theo "Tdn gido vd
chinh sdch tdn gido" (2006) co khoiing 25.26% tin
do Ciic ton giao 6 Viet Nam Trong nghien ciru ciia AB.S (2006) so nguoi khong t6n giao tin nguong klioiing ^1.5%: trong nghien ciru WV.S 2001 46% khong thuoc ton giiio nao: tiong biio ciio ciia Bg Ngoiii giao vira neu: "80% nguoi diin co doi sdng tin ngirong" Rieng Singapore: Phat giiio: 42 5%, diin sd, Islam giiio: 14.9% Kito giiio 14.6% (."^9% 6 nguoi Hoa biei tieng Anh) Diio giiio: 8.5%: An giao : 4%
Trang 4Nghien cu-u Ton giao Sd2 - 2010
ngfldc k i tdn giao d D d n g A la chgn lfla
cua gia d i n h vk ca n h a n
Chf bao thfl h a i de do Ifldng k viec edu
n g u y e n mdi n g a y C a u n g u y e n dfldc xem
nhuf k mdt h a n h vi giao tie'p ca n h a n vdi
mdt Hflu t h e sieu tfl n h i e n C a u n g u y e n
thfldng dfldc xem k mdt chf bao de do
Ifldng mflc do t h a m s a u cua tfnh tdn giao
B d n g 2 mgt ldn nfla cho tha'y tfldng
p h d n gifla N a m A va D d n g A O N a m A,
nflde cd tl le edu n g u y e n mdi n g a y tha'p
nha't k P a k i s t a n , nhflng c u n g t r e n 50%),
t r o n g k h i d D d n g A, ndi cd ti le cdu
n g u y e n cao n h a t k N h a t B a n cflng ehi k
22%) R i e n g D d n g N a m A, trfl trfldng hdp Viet N a m ed tf le %> cdu n g u y e n h a n g
n g a y r a t tha'p: 4 , 5 % ' " , do ti le tfn dd theo tdn giao dgc t h d n tha'p (Cdng giao t r o n g didu t r a A B S chi k 7,5%)) S i n g a p o r e cd ti
le cdu n g u y e n eao h d n k do I s l a m giao chie'm 21%) Kitd giao (ca Cdng giao va Tin L a n h ) ; 16%), P h a t giao 30% Tfn dd cua tdn giao doe t h a n nhfl I s l a m giao ( I n d o n e s i a , M a l a y s i a ) , Cong giao (PhiUppine.s) cd ti le cdu n g u y e n mdi ngay cao nha't, k e dd k d a o P h a t Tidu thfla ( M y a n m a : 77,5%); T h a i L a n : 22,6%;
C a m p u e h i a : 27%)
Bang 3: T i le % nguoi tra Ifli tin vao mot the gidi tam linli khong thay dug'c
D o n g A
Mdng Co
Nhat Ban
Han Qudc
Oai Loan (TQ)
Hdng Kdng (TQ)
Trung Qudc
(*) 51,5 50,6 72,3 56,9 49,3
D o n g N a m A Philippin
Indonesia Malaysia Thai Lan Campuehia Lao Myanma Singapore Viet Nam
82 67,4 56,2 65,4 77,7 52,2 60,5 57,8 54,5
N a m A
An Do Bangladesh Nepan Bhutan Pakistan
(*) (*) (*) (*) (*)
Ngudn: Dieu tra Hdn thir bieu Chdu A (ABS), 2005, 2006, 2007 Ti le % hao gain nhdng iigiuYi
trd ldi 'Hodn loan tin" vd 'Tin nhieu it {*) Trong cudc dien tra nam 2005 cidiih cho ccic tnfdc Nam A, khdng cd can hdi lien quan deii van de nay Cd Ie ngifcfi ta khdng can tim liieii vein de iidv d vung ddt "mc) dgo " nay
Mdt t r o n g nhflng dac diem cua If
t h u y e t t h e t u c h o a cd dien - tfl q u a n diem
giai m a t h u a t (demagifieation) cfla M
W e b e r - q u a n n i e m xa hdi h i e n dai vdi tfl
d u y duy If d a t h a y t h e ldi tfl duy t r u y e n
thd'ng m a n g tfnh linh t h i e n g vdi mgt t h e
gidi q u a n " t h d n tien" (cosmologie
e n c h a n t e e ) ciia xa hgi cd t r u y e n Cuge
didu t r a A B S d a dfla r a c a u hdi; "Ong b a
a n h chi cd tin vao m g t t h e gidi t a m l i n h
k h d n g t h a y dfldc nd cd t h e a n h hfldng nhflng bidn eo t r o n g t h e gidi t a d a n g t h a y
q u a n h t a ? " (Vdi p h f l d n g a n t r a ldi t h e o
3 Trong tai lieu ciia WVS 2001 Viet Nam, ti le ciiu nguyen hang ngay la 4.6% (trong do ngitoi Cong gicao 31.6% Phat guio 14%, Thcr ciing Td tien: 1.3%: Khong ton giiio: 1,1%) Tuy nhien so nguoi co cau nguyen hay thidn dinh chiem 29,7% (Cong giiio: 91.4% Phat giiio: 50.3%, Tho cung Ong Ba 25,3% Khong ton giiio: 15,4%)
Trang 5Nguyen Xuan NghTa Tdm thifc ton gido
t h a n g do bd'n mflc do; H o a n t o a n tin, tin
n h i e u ft, k h d n g tin, h o a n toan k h d n g tin)
Rd r a n g eau hdi dfldc t h i e t k e dd tim hieu
m g t n i e m t i n vao m d t t h e gidi "khdng
k h o a hge" va t a cd k e t q u a trd ldi nhfl
b a n g 3
K h d n g k e d e n N a m A ra't sflng dao,
dieu t r a cho t h a y cac nflde Ddng A dfl r a t
t h e t u c va D d n g N a m A ddu cd ti le cfl
d a n tin vdo vao t h e gidi t a m linh k h a cao,
t r e n 50%): trfldng hdp P h i l i p p i n e s de h i e u
vi dai bg p h a n cfl d a n theo Cdng giao: cdc
nflde cd d d n g tfn dd I s l a m giao nhfl
I n d o n e s i a va M a l a y s i a cd tf le 67,4%) va
56,2%); cac nflde cd ddng tin dd theo dao
P h a t Tieu thfla nhfl C a m p u e h i a , T h a i
Bang 4: Ti lc % ngudi tra ldi ve mflc do quan
Lan cd ti le tufdng flng 77% va 65%; Viet
N a m , S i n g a p o r e chiu a n h hfldng cua Nho
giao c u n g cd tdi 55% va 5 8 % ' " 6 Ddng A
Dai L o a n cd ti le cao nha't (72,3%) va
T r u n g Qudc tha'p nha't (49.3%)
Chf bao k e tiep la t d m q u a n t r g n g cua cae nghi le dich vu tdn giao Cau hdi dfldc d a t r a nhfl s a u : "Vdi cac bidn cd' s a u day, xin dng b a a n h chi cho biet mflc do
q u a n t r g n g lien q u a n den ydu td tdn giao (nhfl xay r a t r o n g ed sd tdn giao h a y cd stJ hien dien cua chflc sde tdn giao )" (Vdi phfldng a n t r a ldi t h e o t h a n g do bd'n mflc do: r a t q u a n t r g n g , ft n h i e u q u a n t r g n g ,
k h d n g q u a n t r g n g , h o a n t o a n k h d n g q u a n trgng) B a n g 4 cho c h u n g ta k e t qua: trgng ciia yeu td ton giao trong cac sir kien
CAC mdc VA VONG LANH THO DONG A:
Dam tang
Dam cfldi
Khi sinh ra
Le hgi
T r u n g qud'e 62,10 63,40 27,69 24,95
H d n g Kdng 62,54 53,99 33,06 30,33
N h a t Bdn 84,39 54,36 32,48 38,27
H a n Qudc 62,28 51,44 41,83 42,29
Dai Loan 82,27 17,09 8,47 29,06
CAC NLTOC D 6 N G NAM A
Dam
tang
Dam cfldi
Khi sinh
ra
Le hdi
Viet Nam
74,7 55,6 37,1
25
Singapor 81,7 70,9 62,6 61,5
Malaysia 97,1 93,5 81,2 87,5
Indonesia 95,2 95,8 35,6 85,3
Philippines 94,9 96,3 97,9 77,8
Thai Lan 98,4 60,3
42 71,2
Campuehia 97,8 99,1 75,5 84,6
Ghi chu; % trd liri "Rd't quan
N h i n c h u n g , n e u t r e n day sfl quy
t h u d c tdn giao d vflng Ddng A va d nhflng
d a n tgc chiu d n h hifdng N h o giao k t h a p
thi d d a y cd tfldng p h a n : sfl d a n h gia vai
trd cua le thflc t r o n g ddi sd'ng ca n h a n va
xa hgi k h a cao T r o n g ba sfl kien d a n h
da'u sfl c h u y e n tiep cuii ddi ngfldi (sinh ra
ddi, d a m cfldi d a m t a n g ) , thi d a m t a n g
gdn n h i d u nha't vdi mdt c h u y e n bien cd
trgng " vd "il iiliieii quan trong "
lien q u a n den the gidi t a m linh T r u n g Qud'e cd ti le t h a p n h a t eflng ed den 62% cfl dan d a n h gia cao ye'u td tdn giao t r o n g
d a m t a n g Viet N a m : 75%., N h a t B a n 84% Dd la chflng t a chfla dd ciip d e n nhflng ndn v a n hoa chiu a n h hfldng cua
I s l a m giao, Kitd giao, P h a t giao N h f l n g
4 Theo WV.S 2001 Viet Nam, 38.2 % ngiroi Viet tin
CO linh hon
Trang 68 Nghien cuu Ton giao ^^'^ 2 -JOl_(l_
ndi nay, ti le danh gia tdm quan trgng cac
le thflc tdn giao cang cao hdn nfla
Nhfl vay trong bd'n chi bao de xem xet
qua trinh thd tuc boa d cac nufdc Ddng A
va Ddng Natn A, bai chf bao ddu - sfl quy
thudc tdn giao va cdu nguyen - ndi chung
cd tl le tha'p, nhifng hai chf bao vd niem
tin vao the gidi tam linh vd vai trd cua le
thfle tdn giao lai cd ti le cao Nhfl vay qua
trinh the tuc hoa k mdt qua trinh phfle
Bang 5: Tu'ong quan giua cac yeu to nhan
tap, da chidu kfch va khdng phdi la mdt qua trinh ddn tuyen
Ydu to ndo da chi phdi mflc do tam thfle tdn giao cua ca nhan? Phan tfch hdi quy da bidn eung khdng cho ta mdt gidi thfch rd rang vi dai Ifldng gidi thfch bdi hdi quy nay ra't tha']), dfldi 10% Tuy nhien tfldng quan gifla cae bidn cung cho phej) ta ed the difa ra nhan dinh (xin xem bang 5)
khau - kinh to va viec cau nguyen hang ngay
* Dong A
Nhat Ban
Han Q u d c
Oai Loan (TQ)
Hdng Kdng (TQ)
Trung Q u d c
M d n g C o
•Nam A
A n D d
Bangladesh
Nepan
Bhutan
Pakistan
*06ng Nam A
Philippin
Indonesia
Malaysia
Thai Lan
Campuehia
Lao
M y a n m a
Singapore
Viet N a m
THU N H A P
Nghich
Nghich Thuan
Nghich
Nghich
Nghjch
TRINHDOHOCVAN
Nghich
Thuan Nghjch
Thuan
Thuan Thuan
Nghich Nghjch
Nghjch Nghjch
Tu6i TAC Thuan Thuan Thuan
Thuan
Thuan Thuan Thuan Thuan Thuan
Thuan
Thuan
Thuan Thuan Thuan Thuan
Gidl TI'NH (Nff Gl(5l) Thuan Thuan Thuan
Thuan
Thuan Thuan Thuan
Thuan Thuan
Thuan Thuan Thuan Thuan
Thuan Bdng 5 cho tha'y, cd the ndi rdng phu
nfl va ngfldi ldn tudi cd tfnh tdn giao sau
dam hdn Day cung k nhan dinh ma
nhidu nghien cflu da dfla ra Tuy nhien
cac mdi tfldng quan nay deu cd luat trfl,
nhfl trfldng hdp d Viet Nam va nam qud'e
gia khae, khdng ed tfldng quan gifla tudi
tac va sfl cdu nguyen Vdi yeu to'gidi tfnh
cflng vay Ve ydu to' mflc sd'ng va trinh do
hgc van, trong mdt sd nufdc cd the cd tfldng quan, nhflng nhin ehung ea Chau
A hdn nufa so nflde khdng cd tfldng quan
va neu cd tfldng quan tfldng quan nay gifla cac nflde eung nghich chieu nhau Vi nhfl khae vdi n h a n dinh ciia If thuyet the tuc boa, d Mdng Co ngfldi ed thu nhap cao lai cdu nguyen nhidu, d Hdng Kdng, Malaysia, Indonesia ngfldi ed trinh dd hoc
Trang 7Nguyen Xuan NghTạ Tdm thifc tdn gidọ
v a n cao cd ti le eau n g u y e n mdi ngay
n h i e u h d n
3 V a i n h a n x e t
Tfl nhflng t h d n g t i n t r e n cd t h e dfla r a
m d t sd n h a n d i n h t d n g q u a t sau:
Cac c h i e u kfch cua q u a t r i n h t h e tuc
b o a k k h d n g d d n g n h a t t r o n g cac xa hdị
N h a n d i n h n a y k h d n g chi d u n g vdi cac
nufdc C h a u A m a d ca C h a u Aụ Vf nhfl d
cac nifdc Bdc Au (Thuy Dien D a n Maeh,
v.v ) va n g a y ca d P h a p , dfldc xem la cac
nflde bi thé t u c boa m a n h me, nhflng d
cac nflde nay, n h u cau cac le nghi tdn giao
lien q u a n d e n t a n g td van r a t caọ
Sfl k h a c biet ndi b a t ve v a n boa tdn
giao gifla hai vflng N a m A rát "tdn giao"
va D d n g A r a t "the tuc" cd the gidi thfch
do nhflng k h a c biet s a u : O N a m A, cd
n h i d u qudc gia d đ tdn tai mdt tdn giao
m a n g tfnh t h d n g trị da sd', nhfl I s l a m
giao d P a k i s t a n , d B a n g l a d e s h (80%.), An
giao d An Dọ N e p a n (80%.), Phiit giao d
B h u t a n (75%.) Ngfldc lai d v u n g Ddng A
k h d n g cd t i n h t r a n g mgt tdn giao da sd
nhfl vaỵ D d n g A c u n g k vflng diit cd sfl
c h u n g sd'ng cua ba tdn giao ldn: Nho giao,
P h a t giao va Diao giaọ P h a t giao d day
t h u d c p h a i Dai thfla, vdi q u a n niem vd Bd
T a t m a n g tfnh " n h a p thế n h i e u hdn va
vdi chfl trfldng mdi ca n h a n đu cd " P h a t
tfnh", cd k h a n d n g giac ngd t h i ft cd sfl
tach biet cai linh t h i e n g va thé t u c nhfl d
P h a t giao Tieu thfla n g u y e n t h u y Va nhfl
n h a n d i n h ciia n h i e u n h a n g h i e n cflu, tfn
ngfldng d a n g i a n d day m a n g tfnh thflc
d u n g nhidui hdn (P Berger 1983)
O cac nflde Ddng A va Ddng N a m A
t r o n g vflng vdn hoa N h o gi;'io, vai trd ciia
16 thflc t d n g i a o m a n g t f n h xa h d i r a t
q u a n t r g n g t r o n g k b i mdt sd thflc h a n h tdn giao m a n g tfnh ca n h a n (nhfl cau nguyen) cd mflc do thufc h a n h khdng caọ Dieu nay cho p h e p gidi thfch tfnh ne nghi thflc (ritualisme) cua vflng vdn boa naỵ Va cae tdn giao dgc t h a n (nhfl Islam giaọ Kitd giaọ v.v ) khi vdo vflng dát nay, dfldc Cling cd' va p h a t trien bdi net van boa dac thfl nay, cang gia t a n g chieu kfch thflc
h a n h trong cac tdn giao neu tren Va thufc
b a n h - cho dfl la hinh thflc - la yeu td rat
q u a n ti-gng trong viec cung cd tfnh tdn giaọ Didu nay m i n h chflng m a n h me ban sac tdn giao r a t s a u d a m d cac nhdm d a n cfl thieu sci theo tdn giao đc t h a n d Chau A, nhfl ngfldi Cdng giao d Viet N a m h a y ngfldi Cdng giao va Tin L a n h giao d H d n Qudc (Kitd giao chiém k h o a n g 26% dan sd)
N e u xet dfldi gdc do quy thudc tdn giao, cac nflde vflng Ddng A va Viet N a m
r d t the tuc, nhufng ttii sao k i cd mgt mflc
do tin tfldng vao sfl tdn tai cua mdt thé gidi t a m linh k h a caỏ Didu nay chi cd t h e hieu dfldc khi n d m bdt dae diem tdn giaọ tfn ngufdng d c u n g dát naỵ Nhfl d a u đ L
C a d i e r e da n h a n d i n h vd ngfldi Viet
c h u n g ta " Thám n h a p d hg mdt niem tin
r a n g cac húu t h e sieu tfl n h i e n ludn hien dien ben ciinh thd'ng tri hg Va h a n h
p h u c cua bg tuy thuge suf can t h i e p cua cac hflu t h e n a y t r o n g nhflng cdng viec cua t h e gidi đi thfldng ndy" (Cadiere, [1958], 1992, tr 33-35) Va chflng t a
k h d n g ngtic n h i e n khi q u a n n i e m vd
n g h i e p ( k a r m a ) , ve l u a n hdi ( s a m s a r a ) , vd tai sinh, vd mgt dng Trdi va dac biet diio Thd c u n g To tien tdn t a i r a t s a u diim d
v u n g dát n a y Day k mdu sd c h u n g t r o n g
t a m thflc cd t h e d o a n két nhflng ngfldi cd tfn ngfldng, tdn giao va k h d n g tfn ngfldng, tdn g k o , dac biet d Viet N a m tạ/
Trang 810 Nghien CU'U Ton giao .S<'3'2 - 2010
T.Al U F A ' T H A M K H A O : , <
, ' • ; ; ; ' ? I r u':
- Asia Barometer Survey (ABS) 200.5-07
hllp;//\v\v\v.asianbaiomcter.o!g/nc\\'english/inli'oduction/Pi'ogi'amO\'er\'ic\v.htm
- Ban Ton giao Chinh phu 2006 Ton i^idrj vd c liinh sac It lim gido if \'ict Nam Ha noi
- Bcigcj- P 2001 Le reciKhantcmcnt du motulc Pari.s, Bayard 2001
- Berger P 1983 Secularity ; West and Fkst Cultural Identity and Modernization in Asian
Countries Proceedings of Kokiigakiiiii University Cciitcnnicl sympo.siiim Institute tor Japan
Culture and Classics Kokugakuin University
http://\v\v\v2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/\vp/ciinac/bcigcr.html
- Bo Ngoai Giao, CHXHCNVN 2009 Bdo cdo qud'e g,ia kiem dinh diiili ki viec thtfc liicii
qiiyc'ii con ngu'cYi c'f \'i</t Num Cong bd 23-4-2009 Co thd xem;
hllp://w\vw.mola.go\'.\'nAi/nr040807104143/nr040807105001 /ns09042310.5036 Tham khao
ngay 1-.5-2009
- Bruce S 2001 Chrisiicntity in Britain R.LP Sociology of Religion, Summer
- Cadiere L [1958], 1992 Croyaiices cl prciliqiics rcligiciiscs des Vietniimiens, Publications
de la Soeiete des eludes Indochinoises, Saigon \ol I
- Casanova J 1994 Public religions in the Modern World Chicago: Univcrsitv of Chiciigo
Press
- Nguyen Xuan Nghia 1996 'Ldn gido vd qua tiiiilt the'lite hod Tap chi Xii hoi hoc sd I
- Nguyen Xuan Nghia 2003 Ton giao trong \d hin hien chii: the'tin hod ha\ phi the Inc hod
Tap chf NghiC-n cflu Tdn giiio, so 2 '••''
- Nguyen Xuan Nghia 2005 Cdc chieu kich ciia tinh tdn gido Tap chi Nghien cflu Ton giao, sd 1
- Nguydn Xuan Nghia 2007 Xd liiji hoc ton gido ciui M Wehcr vd tinh thifi sif ctia no Tap
chi Nghien cflu Ton giiio, so 2
- Norris P., Ingelhart R 2004 Sacred aiul Secular Cambridge : Cambridge Unixcrsity Press
- Reed S R 2007 Analyzing Seciiluiizalioii ami Rcligio.sity in Asia Japanese Journal of
political Science, no 8 , ,
- Stark R 1999 Sccitlarizalioii R.l.R (Rest in peace) .Sociology of Religion Fall
- Tong cLic chinh tri 1998 Mdt sdliie'ii hiet ve ton gido - 'Lon gido c'f Vict Nam Ha Noi N.xb
Quan doi Nhan dan
- World Value Sur\c> 2001 2006 hlIp;//\v\\'w.\\orldvaluessuf\ey.org/