He qua la, lufc lUdng lao dpng gian ddn se du thufa, mufc dp canh tranh viec lam trong Iinh vufc tham dung lao ddng se gay gat hdn va cang lam giam kha nang thu hiit d i u vao linh [r]
Trang 1/ v ' SI/VAN DONG CUA DONG VON FDI OUOC TE
• • •
VA MOT SO DE XUAT DAY MANH THU HUT
FDI 6 VIET NAM
/ ^ • ^ r d n g nhUng nam qua, td'c dp va
A I Qi-iy 1^0 cua tien trinh t c i n ciu
^ b J < h o i kinh te da dUdc n h i n len
gap nhieu l i n , cd t i c ddng sau sac, tao
nen suf thay ddi to ldn tren mpi mat
cua ddi sd'ng kinh te the gidi: nen kinh
te toin cau dang tie'p tuc p h i t trien vdi
nhieu lien ket, the che kinh te qudc te
dUdc cumg cd', hoan thien n h i m dip
ufng yeu ciu ve quan ly, dieu tiet cic
quan he kinh te mdi ngay cing dan
xen va phiic tap hdn giuta cic qud'c gia,
dan tpc; thi trUdng vd'n FDI, ODA, cic
khoan vay song phUdng, da phUdng,
cic khoin d i u tU qua thi trUdng chufng
khoin dUdc md rdng ve quy md, di
chuyen nhanh theo xu hudng tuf do
hoi; thi trUdng h i n g hda v i dich vu
cua cic nen kinh te dUdc md rpng v i
chuyen dich manh ve cd cau, lien ket
va phu thudc l i n nhau nhieu hdn;
ngudn nhan lufc toan ciu khdng ngiing
trudng thanh ve chat lUdng, dUdc huy
dpng va suf dung dUdi nhieu hinh thufc
mdi vdi suf hd trd cua cdng nghe va cic
phUdng thufc quan ly s i n xuat va phan
phdi s i n pham mdi; khoa hpc v i cdng
nghe dat dUdc nhUng t h i n h tiiu ndi
bat, vUdt trdi, dUdc chuyen giao, iing
dung va ngay cing ddng vai trd quan
trong hdn tao cd sd cho nen kinh te t n
thiic toan ciu,., Trong dd, nhutng sU
thay ddi d i n g ke cua ddng vdn FDI
toan ciu da dUdc ghi nhan, va thu hut
suf chu y ciia nhieu nha nghien cuu
tren the gidi
NCS To Hien Tha
Hgc vien Chinh tri - Bg Qudc phong
Suf van dong c u a dong von FDI toan cau
Viec di chuyen dong vd'n FDI todn cdu ditdc thuc ddy mgnh hdn vdi moi triidng ddu tit qudc te ngdy cdng thudn ldi vd xu hitdng tvt do hod cdc ngudn lite
vd qud trinh sdn xudt
Suf gia tang sd lUdng cic hiep dinh hdp tic ve d i u tU tren the gidi minh chiing cho xu hUdng niy Do suf di chuyen cic ye'u td ngudn liic ngay cang linh boat hdn, tUdng quan sd sinh cila cic yeu td lufc hut va lufc day giUa cic nUdc diu tU va nUdc nhan diu tu se thay ddi ding ke Thiic tien
sU van dpng cua FDI trcng thdi gian qua cho tha'y, cic yeu td cua lufc lUOng
s i n xuat toan ciu nhU vd'n, lao dpng, tri thifc v i ky nang q u i n ly da trd nen thiic sii nang ddng-hdn, di chuyen tii
dd hdn dUdi sufc manh ban tay vd binh cila thi trUdng Chinh suf nang dpng cua cic yeu td s i n xuat va thUdng mai
tu dd da lam thay ddi ldi the so sinh gida cic qud'c gia trong nhieu hnh vuc
s i n xuat
Tuy nhien, trong giai doan toan ciu hda, quan niem chuyen mdn hoi theo nghia truyen thdng cua thuyet ldi the
so s i n h tUdng ddi dang bi thich thuc Khi thudng mai dien tuf xuat hien, cic yeu td s i n xuat nhU vd'n va lao dpng
cd the dUdc di chuyen tii dc hdn va vUdt ra ngdai bien gidi ciia mpt qudc gia, hoac thi trUdng lao ddng ky nang
Trang 224 SO 12-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
cao xuat hien ngay trong long nhfing
qud'c gia vd'n chi cd ldi the la chi phi
lac ddng thap nhU Trung Qud'c An
Dp, thi mdt qud'c gia cd the nhanh
chdng hi mat di ldi the so s i n h trong
linh viic nay va xua't hien ldi the so
sinh trong linh vufc khac Nghien cutu
tru'dng hdp cua nUdc My lam vi du
Theo dieu tra cua Jagdish N
Bhagwati n h i kinh te hpc cua Dai
hpc Columbia nam 2004: "Lan d i u
tien cdng nhan cd ky nang cao cua My
da hi canh tranh qud'c te mac dii chUa
rd l i cudc canh tranh n i y se i n h
hudng the n i o tdi mute lUdng cua hp"
TUdng tu trong linh vufc khoa hpc va
cdng nghe nUdc My dang dufng trUdc
thich thuc hi mat vi trf dan dau My
hien dang d i n d i u vdi 328.9 ty USD
d i u tu cho nghien cufu va phat trien
(R&D) Vdi mufc d i u tu nhu vay, R&D
mang lai 85% mufc tang nang sui't cua
nen kinh te Tuy nhien, d i u tU cua
cic nen kinh te k h i c nhU Tay Au,
Nhat Bin, Trung Qud'c, cung tang
len nhanh chdng; trong khi chi phi
cho ngudn nhan lufc trong linh vufc
niy tai My lai q u i cao so vdi d cic nen
kinh te khic Chdng ban lUdng cua
mdt nha nghien cufu d My cd the cac
gap nam lan lUdng ciia mdt n h i
nghien cifu vdi nang lufc tUdng dUdng
d Trung Qud'c Dieu nay chd tha'y,
tUdng quan ldi the so s i n h giiia ngudn
nhan life cua hai nen kinh te n i y ndi
rieng va tren toan c i u ndi chung dang
cd nhutng chuyen bie'n quan trpng
Tren thufc te, mac du ldi the sd
s i n h ciia My trong linh vufc lao ddng
cd ky nang cao dang suy giam My
vin l i qud'c gia h i n g d i u trong xua't
khau s i n pham cdng nghe cao Mdt
trong nhfing ly do cd the vien d i n de
ly giai thutc te n i y la hien nay My v i n
l i mpt trong nhutng qud'c gia cd sd
lUdng sd hutu ban quyen cdng nghe
nhieu nha't va ciing l i quc'c gia cd so' vd'n dau tU vio cdng nghe cao nha't Ndi cich k h i c ldi nhuan thu dUdc tuf vd'n dau tU va sd hiiu ban quyen cd the
da vUdt q u i gii tri ldi nhuan hi mat di tuf ngudn lao ddng cd ky nang cao dang
hi canh tranh Dieu nay ciing cd nghia
la ldi the trong chi phi lao ddng thap cung giim d i n di trong khi dd vai trd ciia tri thiic v i vd'n ngay cang tang len Ngay d trong mdt nen kinh te, do khoa hpc va cdng nghe ddng vai trd quan trpng hdn nhU mdt yeu td' d i u vao cua s i n xua't, sufc hiit ddi vdi FDI vio cic n g i n h trong linh vufc n i y se tang len, trong khi dd siic hiit FDI vao linh vufc sii dung ngudn nhan life cd
ky nang ddn gian lai giam di tUdng ddi He qua la, lufc lUdng lao dpng gian ddn se du thufa, mufc dp canh tranh viec lam trong Iinh vufc tham dung lao ddng se gay gat hdn va cang lam giam kha nang thu hiit d i u vao linh vufc niy, dan den q u i trinh chuyen mdn
h o i diia tren trinh dp lao dpng ngay cing s i u sac
Dong FDI vdo cdc nUdc phdt trien
cd suy gidm, song gid tri tuyet dot FDI vdo cdc nUdc ndy vdn chie'm ty trgng ldn so vdi FDI vdo cdc nUdc dang phdt irien
Ne'u nhu tdng gia tri FDI nam 1980 chi d mufc 692.714 trieu USD, thi con sd' n i y da dat mufc 1.950.303 trieu USD nam 1990, 6.089.884 nam 2000
va 8.245.074 nam 2003 Trong dd, cac nUdc p h i t trien chie'm hdn 2/3, vdi gii tri 5.701.633 trieu USD, cdn cic nUdc dang phat trien chi chie'm 2.280.171 trieu USD, Nam 2004, ddng FDI vao cic nUdc dang p h i t trien dat mufc ky luc la 233 ty USD, song ciing chi chie'm 36% tdng FDI the gidi, va cdn kem FDI vao cac nUdc phat trien la
147 ty USD Ty le nay cfing hau nhU chUa thay ddi tinh tdi cudi nam 2005
Trang 3khi cac nudc p h i t t r i e n t h u hiit tdi
70,3%, cdn cac nudc d a n g p h i t t r i e n
chi t h u hiit dUdc 29,7% tdng g i i tri
FDI t o a n c i u
Gid tri vo'n FDI ddu tii vdo ngdnh
dich vu ngdy cdng gia tdng vd vitdt
qud FDI vdo ngdnh che tgo, chuyen
nen kinh te the gidi sang nen kinh te
dich vu
Trong giai doan 1990-2002, tdng
lUdng vd'n d i u tif t n i c tiep nUdc n g o i i
t o i n c i u v i o linh vufc dich vu da t a n g
hdn bd'n l i n N a m 2002, n g i n h dich
vu chie'm hdn 60% t d n g lUdng vd'n FDI
toan c i u , so vdi mufc dudi 50% mpt
t h a p ky trUdc dd NgUdc lai, cung
trong thdi gian n i y mac du tdng lu'dng
FDI vao n g i n h che t a o t a n g g i n ba
l i n song vdi mufc t a n g c h a m hdn
n g a n h dich vu n e n ty le FDI vao
n g a n h che tao t r o n g tdng lUdng FDI
da giam tif 4 1 % n a m 1990 xud'ng cdn
34% n a m 2002 N g i n h dich vu hien
ddng gdp 60% G D P cila t h e gidi
(Lovelock v i Wirtz, 2007) T r o n g giai
doan 1988-2003, ddng gdp ciia n g a n h
dich vu cho g i i t r i gia t a n g cua t o i n
nen k i n h te O E C D t a n g tuf 60% len
68%, cdn ddng gdp cua n g i n h cdng
nghiep lai giam tii 34% xud'ng cdn
29% Xu h u d n g F D I vao n g i n h dich
vu t a n g n h a n h x u a t h i e n tuf nhUng
n a m 1990 do c i c n h i c u n g cap dich vu
t a n g cudng t h i e t lap suf "hien dien
thUdng m a i " t a i c i c t h i t r u d n g nUdc
ngoai Hien dien thUdng mai la
phUdng thufc c u n g cap dich vu t h d n g
qua sii hien dien ciia c i c n h a cung cap
ciia mdt nifdc d t r o n g l a n h thd ciia
nUdc k h i c va dieu n i y t h u d n g ddi hdi
p h i i d i u t u v i o mdt b o a t dpng dich
vu nao dd Tuy n h i e n , h i u h e t g i i tri
FDI v i o k h u vufc dich vu lai do c i c
nUdc p h i t t r i e n t h u hiit difdc T r c n g
giai doan tui 1989 den 1991, t r o n g
tdng g i i tri 118.229 t r i e u U S D v i o
k h u vufc dich vu, c i c nUdc p h i t trien
t h u hiit dUdc 117.209 t r i e u USD sc vdi 1.020 t r i e u U S D cua c i c nUdc dang
p h i t t r i e n Con sd tUdng iing giai doan 2001-2003 l i 490.767; 463.975
va 26.778 t n e u USD N h u vay, mac
du suf van ddng cua ddng FDI cd nhieu bien ddi, song ty le g i i tri FDI thu b u t dUdc v i ty le FDI vae k h u viic dich vu gifia c i c nUdc p h i t t r i e n va d a n g p h i t trien la g i n n h u khdng t h a y ddi NhUng con sd' n i y cho tha'y, mac du siic hiit ddi vdi FDI da t a n g len nhieu
l i n , song cac nUdc p h i t trien van cd ldi t h e gan nhU t u y e t ddi trong cic linh viic dich vu, va s i n x u a t gan vdi cdng n g h e cac, p h i n i n h tUdng quan sufc c a n h t r a n h giuta h a i khdi nu'dc Thee mpt b i o c i o cua OECD FDI vao
n g i n h dich vu d c i c nUdc OECD tap
t r u n g v i o c i c n g i n h n h u b i n le, ngan
h i n g , dich vu k i n h doanh, vien thdng,
k h i c h san v i n h i h a n g la nhUng
n g a n h can cd suf hien dien thu'dng mai
de tien h a n h b o a t dpng k m h doanh Song, FDI vao c i c llnh viic nhU giao due, y te, c i c dich vu c i n h a n va xa hpi cdn b a n che C i c yeu td' thiic d i y FDI v i o linh vufc dich vu gom cd: Mpt so' s i n p h a m dich vu van khd the luu trU v i van chuyen n e n can cd sii hien dien thifdng mai d nUdc ngoai, chUa
ke n h i e u dich vu c i n cd sii tiep xUc giUa ngUdi vdi ngUdi Suf k h i c biet ve van hda b a n che n h u c i u ddi vdi cac
s i n p h a m dich vu n h a p k h a u Mac dU
cd n h i e u linh viic dich vu dUdc md ciia cho d i u t u nUdc ngoai song van cdn tdn tai mdt sd' r i o c i n ddi vdi thu'dng mai va d i u tU v i d mdt sd n g i n h dich
vu Xu t h e cua c i c cdng ty cung Ung dich vu md rdng d i u tU nUdc n g c i i
n h i m t a n g d d a n h sd khi thi trUdng ndi dia bad hda, dac biet ia xu the
t a n g cUdng d i u tU vad Hnh viic dich
vu cua c i c cdng ty xuyen qudc gia
Trang 426 SO 12-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
(TNCs) t h d n g q u a t h a m gia v i d c i c
du i n lien d c a n h t h o a t h u a n hdp t i c
va lien m m h m u a lai va s i p n h i p vdi
c i c ddi t i c nu'dc ngoai
Chdu A tiep tuc Id dia diem hdp
ddn vdi FDI nhiing dang cd xu hiidng
chdm lgi
N a m 2005 c h a u A t h u h u t dupc
hdn 15"n g i i tri FDI t h e gidi sd vdi
k h o a n g 10"n g i i tri t h u hiit dufdc vad
n a m 1980 Rieng k h u vufc N a m Ddng
va Ddng N a m A t h u h u t du'dc g i n
14°o tdng g i i tri FDI t h e gidi sd vdi
muc k h d a n g 8°'n n a m 1980 D i n g lUu
y ngudn FDI x u a t p h i t tuf c h a u A
cung gia t a n g d i n g ke T r c n g bdi c i n h
nhieu nen k i n h te ldn t r e n t h e gidi
lam vac suy t h o i i t h i h a i n e n k i n h te
mdi ndi T r u n g Qud'c va An Dp da trd
t h a n h cac n h a d i u tU r a nUdc ngoai
q u a n trpng, t r o n g dd, d i u tU r a nu'dc
ngoai cua T r u n g Qud'c dac biet t a n g
cao, dat 52 ty U S D n a m 2008, b i n g
132°'o so vdi n a m 2007 T u y n h i e n
theo B i o c i o ciia U N C T A D do c h u a
t h e t h o i t khdi cdn sd'c k h i i n g h o i n g
tai chinh va k m h te t o a n c i u FDI tai
c i c k h u viic N a m A Ddng A va Ddng
N a m A da va d a n g c h a m lai tut quy
IV/2008, va g l i m 1/3 t r o n g quy
1/2009 so vdi cimg ky 2008,
Mot so d e xua't d a y m a n h t h u
h u t FDI of V i e t N a m
Ke tii khi thufc hien L u a t D i u tU
t n i c tiep nu'dc ngoai ( t h i n g 12/1987),
cho den nay, d i u tif t n i c tiep nu'dc
ngoai da dUdc n h i n n h a n nhU l i mot
t r o n g nhutng "tru cot" t a n g trifdng
k m h te ciia Viet N a m , Vai trd ciia FDI
difdc t h e hien r a t ro q u a viec ddng gdp
vao c i c yeu t d q u a n t r p n g cua t a n g
t r u d n g n h u bd s u n g n g u d n vd'n d a u tU
day m a n h x u a t k h a u , c h u y e n giao
cdng nghe, p h i t tridn n g u d n n h a n lufc
va tao viec l i m , , , Ngoai ra, FDI ciing ddng gdp tich cue v i o t a o ngudn thu
n g a n sach v i thiic day Viet N a m hdi
n h a p s a u r d n g vao n e n k i n h te the gidi, Nhd cd suf ddng gdp q u a n trpng cua FDI m a Viet N a m da d a t dUdc td'c
dp t a n g trUdng k i n h te cao trong
n h i e u n a m q u a va dUdc bie't de'n la qudc gia p h i t t r i e n n a n g dpng, ddi mdi, t h u hiit dUdc suf q u a n t a m cua cdng ddng qud'c te,
Theo Cue D a u t u nifdc n g o i i - Bp
Ke hoach va D a u tu, t r o n g 5 nam (2001- 2005), Viet N a m t h u hiit 18,5
ty U S D vd'n d a u t u t n i c tiep nUdc
n g o i i : n a m 2006 d a t t r e n 12 ty USD;
n a m 2007 vUdt ngUdng 20 ty USD,
t a n g g i n 70% so vdi n a m 2006, Dac biet, n a m 2008, lUdng vd'n FDI dang
ky mdi v i t a n g t h e m dat 64,01 ty
U S D t a n g h d n b a l i n so vdi n a m
2007, T r o n g 11 t h i n g d a u n a m 2009,
t i n h c h u n g c i cap mdi v i t a n g vo'n,
c i c n h i d i u tU nUdc ngoai da d a n g ky
d a u t u vao Viet N a m 19,7 ty USD, Tuy chi b a n g 2 8 % so vdi cung ky 2008 nhUng day c u n g l i con sd' k h i cao
t r o n g bdi c a n h k h i i n g b e i n g k i n h te hien nay, Mufc vd'n d a n g ky mdi v i
t a n g t h e m 3 n a m 2006-2008 da vUdt
t r e n 70% m u c t i e u 5 n a m 2006-2010, Tuy n h i e n , n a m t r c n g xu h u d n g tdan cau boa va hdi n h a p k i n h te qud'c te, ddng FDI v i o Viet N a m d a n g chiu t i c dpng m a n h cua suf dich c h u y e n ddng FDI qud'c te, cua mdi trUdng FDI qud'c
te v i t r o n g nUdc, cua q u i t r i n h tuf do
h o i thUdng mai, NhUng t i c ddng nay
d a n g tiep tuc m a n g de'n nhutng cd hdi
va k h d n g it nhUng t h a c h thufc ddi vdi chie'n lUdc t h u hiit F D I cua Viet Nam,
De day m a n h t h u hiit ddng vd'n FDI chd c i c n a m tdi, c a n q u a n t a m giai quyet tdt c i c v a n de sau:
Mgt Id, t i e p tuc t a o mdi trUdng
p h a p ly dn d i n h , r i s o i t l u a t p h i p
Trang 5chinh s i c h ve d i u t u p h u hdp va cap
n h a t vdi tieu c h u a n l u a t p h i p qud'c te,
cac cam k e t vdi WTO - v a n d u n g c i c
bien p h i p xiic t i e n d i u t u t r e n cd sd
dac t h u ldi t h e so s a n h cua Viet N a m
N a n g cao h i e u q u a viec chd'ng t h a m
n h u n g , tieu cufc v i t i n h t r a n g n h u n g
nhieu ddi vdi n h a d a u tu Ben canh dd
thufc hien c i c g i i i p h i p n h a m dUa
L u a t sufa ddi, bd s u n g mpt so' dieu ciia
Bp l u a t Lao dpng v i o thufc te cudc
song de n g a n ngufa t i n h t r a n g dinh
cdng b i t hdp p h i p , l a n h m a n h hda
q u a n he lao ddng theo t i n h t h i n cua
Bp l u a t Lao ddng
Hai la, chd t r p n g p h i t t r i e n thi
trudng t r o n g nUdc, ke't ndi t h i t r u d n g
trong nUdc vdi t h i trUdng n g d i i nUdc
v i khdng ngufng md r d n g t h i t r u d n g
n g o i i nUdc, dac biet l i t h i trUdng
chau A, tao life h u t ldn hdn ddi vdi
FDI Nghien cufu, de xui't c h i n h s i c h
van dpng, t h u hiit d i u tU ddi vdi c i c
tap doan da qud'c gia c u n g nhU cd
chinh s i c h r i e n g ddi vdi tifng t a p d o i n
va cic ddi t i c t r p n g diem n h u c i c qudc
gia t h i n h vien EU, Hoa Ky
Ba la, xay dufng quy hoach tdng the
ngudn n h i n lufc cua c i nUdc, ciia tufng
bp, n g i n h v i dia phUdng; dac biet chii
trpng p h i t trien ngudn n h a n lufc cua cic
nganh cd h a m lUdng cdng nghe cac Day
l i mdt trong nhiing yeu td' lufc hiit quyet
dinh ddi vdi ddng FDI v i o k h u vufc dich
vu v i t h a m dung tri thufc, cong nghe
Trong bdi c i n h n e n k m h te the gidi van d a n g p h i i ddi m a t vdi cudc k h u n g
h o i n g k i n h te t a i chinh chUa tiing cd
t r o n g lich suf bdi quy md va mufc dp
t r i m t r p n g cua nd, ddng vd'n FDI qud'c
te se tiep tuc cd nhiing bien ddng khd ludng Du b i o t r o n g nhUng n a m tdi, viec t h u h u t FDI cua Viet Nam chac
c h a n se gap k h d n g it khd k h a n , dac biet l i vd'n FDI g i i i n g a n cd the se
g i i m manh, Dieu dd dang ddi hdi sii nd lufc, cd' gang cua cic cap, cic nganh vdi nhieu giii p h i p ddng bp, phu hdp, tiep tuc cung cd' long tin cua n h a dau tU ddi vdi mdi trUdng kinh doanh tai Viet Nam, tao hieu ufng lan t o i va t i c dpng den n h a dau t u mdi •
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1 PGS, TS Nguyen Hong Sdn - TS Nguyen Manh Hung: Xu hu(6ng phat trien nganh dich vu hien nay tren the gidi va nhting van de dat ra vdi siJ phat trien nganh dich
vu 'Viet Nam; Hdi thao 'Viet Nam hdc 2008
2 Do Hdang Long: Tac dpng ciia toan cau hda
kinh te doi v6i ddng von d^u Hi true tiep
nUdc ngoai vao Viet Nam; 2008
3 Jagdish, N Bhagwati (2004) "Ly thuyet thuang mai bj lay dong", Bu.siness Week, 6/12/2004
4 Theo American Today, 09/2/2006
5 Bad cad OECD, 2000, Tr 25, 26
6 http://www.unctad.drg/
7 http://fia.mpi.gov.vn