Cong cuoc khdi phuc, xay dUng kinh te d raien Bac va cdng CUOC khang chien chd'ng My d mien Nam cua Viet Nam tfl nam 1955-1975 da dien ra treng bd'i canh quo'c te bet sflc phflc tap[r]
Trang 1su UNG HO VA GIUP D 6
• • CUA TRUNG QUOC OOI V6l VIET NAM
• TRONG GIAI DOAN 1955-1975
NGUYEN PHUONG HOA*
Vdi chien thdng Dien Bien Phu va
viec ky ket Hiep dinh Gidnevd,
cudc khang chien chd'ng Phap 9 nam gian
khd da ket thuc Hoa binh dUdc lap lai d
mien Bac nhung muc tieu thdng nhat da't
nudc chUa thUc hien dUdc trpn ven Nhan
dan ta phai tiep tuc hai nhiem vu each
mang, dd la each mang xay dUng CNXH d
mien Bdc va dau tranh giai phdng d mien
Nam, thdng nha't dat nUdc Cong cuoc
khdi phuc, xay dUng kinh te d raien Bac va
cdng CUOC khang chien chd'ng My d mien
Nam cua Viet Nam tfl nam 1955-1975 da
dien ra treng bd'i canh quo'c te bet sflc
phflc tap, trong tinh hinh da't nfldc cd
nhieu khd khan Tuy nhien, sau 20 nam,
chung ta da giai phdng hoan toan raien
Nam, thdng nha't dat nUdc Day \a ket qua
ciia rat nhieu nhan to' nhUng trong dd
khdng the khdng nhae den sU ung hp va
giup dd cua cac nUdc tren the gidi, trdng
dd cd nudc lang gieng anh em Trung Qud'c
1 Ung ho ve chinh tri ngoai giao
Ngay sau khi Hiep djnb Gidnevd dUdc
ky ket My da hpc 16 y dd can thiep va xam lUdc Viet Nam La mpt nUdc thara du Hpi nghj Gidnevd ve Viet Nam va la nUdc lang gieng gan gui, Trung Que'c luon quan tara den viec thuc hien Hiep djnh, phan ddi raanh rae viec My pha hoai Hiep djnh De img bd viec thi hanh hiep djnh Gidnevd, Nhan dan nhat bao, cd quan ngdn luan ciia DCS Trung Qud'c da dang nhieu bai ung hp viec thi hdnh hiep djnh, chi trich chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diera tfl chdi hpp hpi nghj hiep thfldng, tien hanh tdng tuyen cil; te cao de qud'c My; keu gpi cac nfldc dfl Hdi nghj Gidnevd lara bet trach nhiera cua minh, iing he Viet Nam Dai phat thanh Bdc Kinh cflng phat nhieu bai
ve npi dung nay Ngay 28-9-1963 khi tiep doan dai bieu Mat tran dan tpc giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam dang d tham Bac Kinh, Mao Trach Ddng da dpc "Ban tuyen bd' phan dd'i be lu My - Diera xara lUdc raien Nara Viet Nam va tan sat nhan dan mien Nam Viet Nam"
Sau sU kien Vjnh Bac Bp thang 8-1964, dac biet la sau thang 2-1965, chien tranh
* Ths Nguyen Phudng Hoa, Vien Nghien cflu Trung Quoc
Trang 246 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 2/2010
lan rdng ra mien Bac, Trung Qud'c cdng
the hien ro sU img hp ddi vdi cuoc khang
chien chd'ng My cua nhan dan Viet Nam
TrUdc mdi hanh dpng rad rdng chien tranh
cua My, Chinh phu va nhan dan Trung
Qud'c deu c6 phan flng kip thdi, len an de
qud'c My, the hien quyet tam iing hp nhan
dan Viet Nara khang chien den cung Su
ung hp nay da lam cho ke thfl thay chflng
khong the hanh ddng, tuy tien theo y
muon, ddng thdi cung cho tha'y cudc
khang chien cua nhan dan Viet Nara
khdng ddn dpc, tfl dd da tiep thera sflc
manh cho quan va dan ta
Ngay 5-8-1964, My mfldn cd sfl kien
Vinh Bdc Bp dfla may bay ban pha cac
vflng Nghe An, Hdn Gai va Thanh Hoa,
rad rdng chien tranh ra mien Bac Ngay
hom sau, Chinh phu Trung Qud'c da ra
tuyen bo' vach tran sU bia dat cua My va
khang dinh: "Niidc Viet Nam DCCH Id
mot niidc trong phe XHCN, khdng mot
niidc XHCN ndo cd the ngdi nhin nUdc
Viet Nam DCCH bi xdm liiOc Nudc Viet
Nam DCCH la nUdc ldng giing khdng
khit nhu mdi vdi rdng cua Trung Qudc,
nhdn ddn Viet Nam Id nhiing ngUdi anh
em thdn nhU rugt thit cua nhdn ddn
Trung Qudc My xdm lugc niidc Viet Nam
DCCH tdc Id xdm liiac Trung Qudc Nhdn
ddn Trung Qud'c quyet khdng khoanh tay
ngdi nhin md khdng cdu"
Ngay 7 va 8-2-1965, may bay My lien
tuc nem bom va bdn pha cac thanh pho',
lang raac cua nUdc ta nhU thj xa Ddng
Hdi, Quang Binh va khu Vinh Linh, ngay
9-2, Chinh phu Trung Qud'c ra tuyen bo'
ung hd lap trudng cua Chinh phii Viet Nara DCCH va rapt lan nfla khang djnh:
"My xdm phgm nUdc Viet Nam DCCH tdc
Id xdm phgm Trung Qudc, 650 trieu nhdn ddn Trung Qudc quyet khdng the khoanh tay ngdi nhin vd dang chudn bi sdn sdng"
Cd the ndi, tfl khi My xam Ifldc Viet Nam cho den nam 1972, Chinh phu, Bp Ngoai giao Trung Qud'c da ra may chuc tuyen bd', khdng djnh quyet tam ung hp den cflng cuoc khang chien cua nhan dan
ta Nhan dan Trung Qud'c da td chflc hang tram cuoc bieu tinh, bao chi Trung Qud'c dang hang tram bai bao len an de quoc
My, ling hp cuoc khang chien chd'ng My
cua nhan dan ta "Sii dng hg kip thdi, kien quyet vd day nhiet tinh ciia nhdn ddn Trung Qud'c anh em, ciia Chinh phii, cdc doan the, cdc ddng phdi ddn chu, vd cdc nhdn si ddn chu a Trung Qudc la bieu hien cao quy nhdt cua mdi tinh doan ket chien ddu anh em rugt thit giUa nhdn ddn hai nUdc chung ta Ldi tuyen bdciia Chinh phu Trung Qud'c Xdm phgm nUdc Viet Nam tdc Id xdm phgm Trung Qudc, 650 trieu nhdn ddn Trung Qudc quyet khdng khoanh tay ngdi nhin vd dd chudn bi sdn sdng ", nhdng cudc bieu tinh thi uy ciia hdng trieu nhdn ddn Trung Qudc Id mdt cdvu het sdc to ldn ddi vdi cugc ddu tranh chinh nghla vd tdt thdng cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam chd'ng de qud'c My xdm liicfc'^^K
Danh gia nay ciia Chu tich Hd Chi Minh
da khai quat toan bp y nghia sU iing hp ve chinh tri cua Dang, Chinh phu va nhan dan Trung Qud'c
2 Vien trd kinh te'
Trang 3Nguyen Phuong Hoa - Sii img hd vd giiip dd ciia Trung Qudc 47
Cflng vdi sfl img hd manh me ve chinh
tri, trong giai doan 1955-1975, Trung
Qud'c la rapt trong hai nfldc vien trd kinh
te chd Viet Nara nhieu nhat, lien tuc nha't
Treng 20 nam, hai nfldc da ky khoang 15
hiep djnh ve hdp tac kinh te, ky thuat Tfl
nhflng nam 60 trd di, hdu nhfl nam nao
hai nfldc cflng ky mpt hiep djnh ve hdp tac
kinh te ky thuat chd nam sau Vdi cdng
cuoc khdi phuc, xay dflng kinh te XHCN d
mien Bdc, Trung Qud'c da vien trd rapt
khd'i lfldng ldn hang hoa, thiet hi toan bp,
giup dd ve ky thuat, cil chuyen gia
Ngoai ra, Trung Qud'c cdn giup dd ve raat
kinh te che nfldc ta bdng khean vay vdi lai
sua't flu dai
Vien trd cua Trung Quo'c tfl nam
1955-1960 la 900 trieu NDT, cao nha't trong cac
nfldc vien trd cho Viet Nam luc dd So'tien
nay "bdng ngan sach chung ta ciia ba nam
1955, 1956, 1957 tinh phan thu trong
nUdc Tdng so'ddn vj thiet bj toan bd Id 92,
trong dd cd nhflng cdng trinh da xay xong
va cd cdng trinh dang chuan bj" ^'^\
Tfl nara 1955-1963, vien trd kinh te
ciia Trung Qud'c chiera gan 60% tdng sd vien trd kinh te cua cac nUdc cho nUdc ta, tiep den la Lien Xd vdi 26,4%) So'tien vien trd va chd vay cua cac nUdc, trdng dd chu yeu la Trung Que'c da trd thanh mot ngudn thu kha ldn trong ngan sach nha nudc Ngudn thu nay giup chung ta tich luy va dau tU xay dUng cd ban
Vdi cac nudc vien trd cho Viet Nam, vien trd khdng hoan lai chi tap trung vao thdi ky khdi phuc kinh te va thdi ky khang chien chd'ng My ddt 1 Trong thdi
ky ke hdach 5 nam lan thfl nhat (1961-1965) va ddt 2 cua cudc khang chien chd'ng My cflu nfldc, cac nfldc deu giam raflc vien trd khdng hoan lai, chuyen sang cho vay dai ban, rieng Trung Qud'c vdn tiep tuc vien trd chd Viet Nara Che den nam 1974, Trung Qud'c da vien trd khdng hoan lai cho Viet Nam la 2577 trieu rup
va cho vay 295 trieu rup, chiem phan Idn trong tdng so' vien trd khdng hdan lai va vay dai ban ciia cac nUdc XHCN cho Viet Nam tfl 1955-1974 (chiera 53% tdng sd vien trd kinh te cua nUdc ngeai, chiem 31% tdng so'vay dai ban)
VIEN TRO KHONG H O A N LAI vA VAY D A I HAN CUA CAc NUCJC XHCN
Don vi: Trieu rup
Nfldc
LienXd
Trung Qudc
Cac nudc XHCN khac
Tong so
5749
1831
2872
1091
Vien trof k h o n g h o a n lai
4844
1365
2577
902
Vay dai han
950
466
295
189
Nguon: Tinh hinh quan he kinh te giiia Viet Nam vdi nUdc ngodi tii 1955-1974 ciia
Uy ban Ke hoach Nhd nUdc, Trung tdm LUu trd Qudc gia HI, HS 32 (Sd lieu nay dUdc
tinh lai sau khi da chuyen tien vay dUdc xda nd sang tien vien trd khdng hoan lai.)
Trang 448 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 2/2010
Viet Nam dflng so' tien vien trd khdng
hoan lai va so tien vay tren de nhap khau
thiet bj toan bp va nhap bang le nham dap
flng nhu cau khdi phuc, xay dUng, phat
trien kinh te, phuc vu nhu cau thiet yeu
cua san xuat va ddi sd'ng, ngdai ra ddnh
mpt phan de thanh toan phan nhap sieu
va chi phi van tai Tfl nam 1955-1974,
nhap khau hang le tfl Trung Qudc chiera
44% tdng kim ngach nhap khau, cao nhat
trong cac nUdc, tiep den la Lien Xd vdi
36%, cac nudc XHCN khac la 18%<3'
Viet Nam nhap rat nhieu cac cdng
trinh thiet hi toan bp cua Trung Qudc Tfl
1955-1972, cd 15 hiep djnh, bao gdra 228
cong trinh da hoan t h a n h , trj gia
267.414.801 rup<^' Nhap khau thiet bj
toan bp tfl Trung Qud'c da cung cap thiet
bj de khdi phuc va rad rong, xay dUng radi
hang tram nha may xi nghiep Nhflng nha
may dau tien trong giai doan khdi phuc
kinh te cua chung ta deu do Trung Qud'c
giup dd xay dUng Ngay trong nam 1954
da xay dung xong 1 cdng trinh, dau nam
1957 xay xong 7 xi nghiep, 6 xi nghiep gan
xay xong, 5 xi nghiep dang xay dUng Khu
cdng nghiep dau tien cua nUdc ta la Khu
cdng nghiep ThUdng Dinh, Nhd may bdng
den phlch nUdc Rang Ddng, khu gang
thep Thai Nguyen ma Trung Qud'c giup dd
deu la nhflng cd sd cd tara cd, san xuat
quan trpng cua cac nganh cong nghiep luc
bay gid Nhd sU giup dd cd hieu qua dd,
den nhflng nam 60, mien Bdc da cd the
san xuat dUdc hau het cac san pham cong
nghiep quan trpng, dap flng rapt phan ve
nhu cau tU lieu san xua't, trang thiet bj
toan bd va bp phan cho cac nganh kinh te qud'c dan, dap flng nhu cau tieu dung cua nhan dan
Trong 20 nara, Trung Qudc da danh cho Viet Nara vien trd kinh te to ldn, bet sflc kjp thdi, cd hieu qua Su giup dd nay
da giup nUdc ta khdc phuc dUdc nhflng khd khan sau chien tranh, sdra phuc hdi san xua't, dn djnh ddi sd'ng xa hpi trong nudc Vien trd kinh te khdng chi cd y nghla vdi cdng cuoc xay dUng kinh te d raien Bac ma cdn gdp phdn tich cUc vao cuoc khang chien chd'ng My d mien Nam cua nhan dan ta
3 Giup dd ve khoa hpc ky t h u a t , giao due
Trung Qudc giup dd ve ky thuat cho Viet Nara theo hinh thflc cif chuyen gia, nhan thUc tap sinh, cung cap tai lieu, cung cap gid'ng va vat raau, phan tich raau quang
Trung Qud'c la nUdc cii chuyen gia sang giup Viet Nam nhieu nha't Chuyen gia Trung Qud'c sang giup nUdc ta tap trung vao thdi ky raien Bdc chUa cd chien tranh tfl 1955-1965 Tfl nam 1954-1959, Trung Qud'c da cil 4195 chuyen gia/6130 chuyen gia sang giup Viet Nara<^' NhUng den nara 1972, do chien tranh ac liet nen cac cdng trinh xay dUng tara ngflng, cac chuyen gia ve nUdc, den thang 5-1972 chi cdn 438 ngUdi Tfl nam 1955 den cud'i nam
1972, Trung Quo'c da cit sang ta 8630 chuyen gia hudng d i n thiet ke thi cdng, ldp raay cho cac cong trinh do Trung Qudc giup va chuyen gia hfldng dan, quan ly kinh te: giao thong, buu dien, lam nghiep,
Trang 5Nguyen Phuong Hoa - Sif img hd vd giiip dd ciia Trung Qudc 49
ndng trUdng
Cac c h u y e n gia T r u n g Qud'c da ddng
gdp sflc m i n h vao cdng cudc xay dUng,
p h a t t r i e n k i n h te, q u a do gop p h d n t h a m
gia vao sU n g h i e p k h a n g chien chdng My
cua n h a n d a n Viet N a m C h u y e n gia
T r u n g Qud'c da giup dd c h u n g t a trong
hdu bet cac linh vUc n h u t r o n g n g a n h dja
chat, giup c h u n g t a k h a o sat, t h a m dd trfl
lfldng; trong cdng n g h i e p nhe, chuyen gia
giup chflng ta xfl ly n h i e u be tac trong san
xuat ciia cac cd sd n h u rUdu, van phdng
phara, thudc la, det, in hoa, s a n x u a t bia,
thupc da; t r o n g ndng n g h i e p va t h u y ldi,
giup xay dflng h e t h d n g t r a m , t r a i thi
nghiem, chfla m e t so' b e n h cua gia sue,
dieu t r a n g h i e n cflu s a u b e n h va phfldng
p h a p lam quy hdach dU bad va chdng sau
benh b cay Ifla
Ddng thdi vdi viec cif c h u y e n gia s a n g
giup dd, T r u n g Quo'c cdn giup c h u n g ta
dao tao can bd Can bp ciia c h u n g ta chu
yeu hpc d T r u n g Qud'c t r o n g thdi ky tfl
1955-1965, s a u dd dd T r u n g Qud'c tien
h a n h each raang v a n boa n e n 10 nara sau
hau n h u k h d n g n h a n c a n bp, hpc sinh cua
nudc ngoai
Nara 1954, C h i n h phii nUdc t a da gid
323 hpc sinh s a n g T r u n g Qud'c hpc t a p
Nam 1956, cd 384 hpc sinh Viet Nara s a n g
hpc d Trung Qud'c<^* Ngay 6-7-1956, gan
400 nfl sinh mien Nara da dUdc Bp Giao
due cif s a n g hpc tai Khu hpc xa Viet N a m
tai T r u n g Qud'c T r o n g 4 nara tfl
1955-1958, T r u n g Qudc da n h a n 3300 can bp
Viet Nara s a n g thUc t a p Tfl nara
1951-1958, T r u n g Quo'c da n h a n dao tao cho
nfldc t a 1200 lflu hpc sinh N a m 1965 co
k h o a n g 3000 ngfldi di hpc nfldc ngoai, trong dd hdn mot nila di T r u n g Qud'c, sd cdn lai di Lien Xd va Ddng Au^^*
Ngoai ra, T r u n g Qud'c cdn t r a n g bj cho
46 phdng thi nghiem cao, trung, sd chd giad due, giup dad tao cdng n h a n va can
bp ky t h u a t Trong 20 n a m , T r u n g Qud'c
da giup dao tao t r e n 6000 thUc t a p sinh va cdng n h a n , can bp ky t h u a t cho cac n g a n h
va 12000 ngUdi hpc nghe ngdn b a n (chu yeu la lai xe va sUa chfla xe) Sd'ngfldi nay
da kjp thdi dap flng n h u cau cua cdng cudc xay d u n g k i n h te va phuc vu k h a n g chien
4 V i e n trcf q u a n su"
Cung vdi sU img hp ve chinh trj, kinh
te, trong thdi ky k h a n g chien chd'ng My,
T r u n g Qudc la mpt trong hai nUdc vien trd cho nfldc ta mpt khdi lfldng vat chat, vfl khi, ky t h u a t , phfldng tien chien t r a n h ,
q u a n t r a n g , q u a n d u n g k h a ldn Trong tdng so vien trd qudc te cho cudc k h a n g
c h i e n chd'ng My, Udc t i n h k h o a n g 2.362.682 t a n , trj gia k h o a n g 7 ty rup thi
p h a n ldn la tfl T r u n g Qud'c va Lien Xd, rieng vien trd cua T r u n g Qud'c chiem
k h o a n g 50% tdng so'ndi tren<^* (Xem bang
t r a n g ben)
T r u n g Qud'c vien trd chd Viet Nam chii yeu la vu khi bp binh, q u a n trang, quan dung, lUdng thUc, thUc pham, thudc chfla benh, phfldng tien van tai va mpt sd xe
q u a n sfl va dan phao (Lien Xd thi ngoai vien trd vu khi thdng thUdng cdn mpt p h a n ldn la nhflng vfl khi hien dai, cd uy lUc
m a n h n h u may bay, xe tang, xe hpc thep
Trang 650 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 2/2010
VIEN TRd Q U A N SU" CUA c A c N U 6 C CHO VIET NAM GIAI DOAN 1955-1975
Dan vi: Tdn
N a m
1955-1960
1961-1964
1965-1968
1969-1972
1973-1975
T o n g so
49.585
70.295
517.393
1.000.796
724.512
Lien Xo
29.996
47.223
226.969
143.793
65.601
T r u n g Quoc
19.589
22.982
170.798
761.001
620.354
C a c nUdc XHCN khac
442
119.626
96.002
38.557
Ngudn: Nhiing ngudn chi vien ldn cho each mgng Viet Nam
ten lifa ) Tfl nam 1955 -1975, Trung
Qudc la nfldc vien trd cho Viet Nara nhieu
nha't ve sung bp binh (2.227.677 khau),
sung chong tang (43.584 khau), sung coi
cac loai (24.134 khau), phao raat da't
(1.376 khau), phao cao xa (3.229 khau) ^^K
Giup dd ve mat quan sU cua Trung
Qud'c d rapt khia canh quan trpng hdn dd
la dara bao viec tiep nhan vien trd cua
nudc ngoai cho Viet Nara Trung Qudc da
giup chung ta khoi phuc raach raau luu
thdng bang dUdng sat, dudng bp ngay sau
khi khang chien chd'ng Phap ket thuc
Tuyen dudng sat quan trpng hang dau Ha
Npi - Muc Nam Quan, tuyen Ha Npi - Lao
Cai, Ha Npi - Nam Djnh deu do Trung
Qudc giup dd sifa chfla khoi phuc, lam
mdi Khi My bat dau danh pha mien Bdc
vdi quy rad ldn, giao thong van tai da trd
thanh nhiem vu quan trong hang dau cua nUdc ta Nam 1965, Trung Qudc da cii
6000 cdng nhan sang giup Viet Nam dam bao giao thdng va cai tao he thdng dUdng sdt tren toan mien Bdc, gdp phan gifl vflng raach raau giao thdng Trong thdi ky khang chien chd'ng My (1965-1969), Trung Qud'c da cif sang Viet Nara rapt lUc lUdng thi cdng ldn de sifa chfla va cai tao cac tuyen dUdng sdt, dUdng bp Trong so' nay, da cd 3250 ngfldi hi thfldng va 690 ngfldi hi sinh vi tai nan lao dpng va bom dan djchO")
Khi My tien hanh chien tranh pha hoai mien Bdc lan thfl 2 (4-1972 - 12-1972) vdi muc tieu la thUc hien phong toa chien lUdc, Chinh phu ta da thUdng lfldng vdi Chinh phu Trung Qudc va dfldc Chinh phu Trung Qudc ddng y giup dd cho sif
Trang 7Nguyen Plufong Hoa - Sii img hd vd giiip dd ciia Trung Q HOC 51
d u n g cang P h d n g T h a n h va de rapt sd t a u
bien chd h a n g vien trd qud'c te cho Viet
N a m dUdc bdc dd h a n g d cang T r a m Giang
(Quang Ddng), s a u dd chd b d n g dfldng sdt
vad nfldc t a q u a t u y e n dfldng sdt L a n g
Sdn Dfldng sdt H a Npi - Hflu Nghi Q u a n
da trd t h a n h con dfldng duy nha't de n h a p
h a n g vien trd qudc te t h a y t h e cho cang
Hai P h d n g luc nay Mac dfl khd k h a n n h u
vay n h u n g c h u n g t a v a n "bao d a m b a n g
ngay cd mpt doan t a u q u a n sU chd 1000
t a n b a n g vUdt bien gidi vao npi dja Viet
Nam, dfla h a n g ve cac ga ddu mdi d trong
sdng Hdng" *'^' Ket q u a t r o n g n a m 1972,
Viet N a m da tiep n h a n va van chuyen
dUdc 382.433 t a n h a n g vien trd q u a n sU
(khdng ke lUdng x a n g d a u tiep n h a n dUdc
bang dudng ong) d a t mflc cao nha't trong
10 n a m tiep n h a n vien trd (1965-1975)
<^^) Luc nay, v a n tai dudng bien cung
n h a n dUdc sU chi vien 50 t a u VS, 8 sa lan,
4 tau ked ciia T r u n g Qud'c Tai cang G i a n h
(Quang Binh) da tiep n h a n 5790 t a n h a n g
tfl tau Hdng Ky (Trung Quo'c) "•"
Cung trong thdi ky d a n h pha raien Bac
ac liet va phong toa cang Hai Phdng,
chung ta khdng t h e tiep tuc chuyen vu k h i
qua bien gidi Viet - T r u n g xudng Hai
Phdng rdi giao n h a n tai ben d Dd Sdn (gpi
la K 15) n h u giai d d a n trUdc Vi vay, Viet
Nam da thUdng lUdng vdi Lien Xd va
T r u n g Qud'c de chd vu k h i cua Lien Xe
vien trd tdi Hoa N a m b d n g dUdng s a t rdi
tfl dd chuyen r a mpt c a n g nhd t r e n dao
Hai N a m gpi la c a n g H a u T h u y dUdc
T r u n g Qud'c d a n h rieng cho Viet Nam, do
Viet N a m q u a n ly Cac tau ciia Viet N a m
trUc tiep la'y h a n g tfl dao Hai Nam rdi di
t h d n g vao N a m , tfl dd gop p h a n pha the phong tea cua My
Mpt dieu cflng can neu d day, trong ta't
ca cac nfldc vien trd cho Viet Nara k h a n g chien chd'ng My, T r u n g Qud'c la nfldc duy
n h a t vien trd cho nfldc ta trflc tiep bdng ngoai te D a u t h a p ky 60, de dap flng yeu cau cua chien trfldng, T r u n g fldng Dang
va C h i n h p h u cd d a t van de vdi Trung Qud'c vien trd cho mien N a m rapt sd ngoai
te b a n g tien raat ddla My Theo Bao cao Quyet toan do ong Mai Hflu Ich, ngUdi true tiep dieu h a n h "Quy ngoai te dac
biet" - B29, luc dd \a Phd Cue trUdng Cue
Ngdai hdi, ddng thdi la Uy vien Ban Vien trd mien N a m , vien trd bdng ngoai te tU
do cua T r u n g Qud'c cho mien Nam tfl nam
1964 den n a m 1975 la 626.042.653,52 USD/tdng sd 678.701.874,36 USD
Vien trd cua T r u n g Qud'c ve vfl khi, dan dfldc, q u a n t r a n g , q u a n d u n g cung ngoai
te cflng nhfl giup dd cua T r u n g Qudc trong viec van chuyen h a n g hoa vien trd qua canh da gdp mpt p h a n khdng nhd vao chien t h a n g c h u n g ciia q u a n dpi ta
5 M o t v a i n h a n x e t
Trong giai doan 1955-1975, quan he qud'c te h e t sflc phflc t a p ma ndi bat la sfl ddi dau cua h a i cflc Lien Xd va My, mau
t h u d n Xd - T r u n g va sau nay la t a m giac chien Ifldc My - Xd - Trung Ban t h a n
T r u n g Qud'c cung t r a i qua nhflng nam
t h a n g b e t sflc khd k h a n vdi nhieu thif
t h a c h khdc nghiet Mac du vay, Viet Nam
va T r u n g Qudc vdn duy tri tinh hflu nghj
Trang 852 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 2/2010
truyen tho'ng "vfla la ddng chi, vfla la anh
era" tfl thdi ky khang chien chong Phap
Trong quan he hai nfldc giai doan nay tuy
cd bat ddng quan diera ve rapt so' van de
nhfl cai each rupng da't, bien gidi lanh tho
nhflng cd the ndi quan he gifla Trung
Quo'c vdi Viet Nam la moi quan he td't
nha't trong so' cac nUdc lang gieng ciia
Trung Quo'c d giai doan nay
Su ung hp, giup dd cua Trung Qud'c cho
Viet Nam trong giai doan tfl 1955-1975 vo
cung to ldn, toan dien, tfl vat chat den
tinh than, tfl chinh tri, ngoai giao den
kinh te, quan sU, khoa hpc ky thuat, giao
due; tfl nong nghiep den cdng nghiep, lam
nghiep, thuy ldi, thudng nghiep, giao
thdng van tai; tfl bdn than vien trd cho
den giup dd van chuyen qua canh bang
hoa vien trd ciia cac nUdc khac che nUdc
ta Cung vdi Lien Xd, Trung Quo'c da trd
thanh mpt trong hai nudc vien trd, ung hp
nUdc ta tich cUc nha't
Trung Qud'c da danh cho Viet Nara sU
ung hd, giup dd bet sflc quy bau trong luc
ban than cdn het sflc khd khan Cd the
tha'y dieu nay qua nhan xet cua phai dodn
mau dich Viet Nam nam 1954: "Nen kinh
te cua Trung Qud'c mdi khdi phuc, san
phara cua Trung Qud'c chUa du cho nhu
cau ciia nhan dan, nhflng nhflng ddn hang
cua ta xin tfl trfldc tdi nay deu dUdc giai
quyet, dd la mpt sU cd' gdng vUdt bac ciia
ban de thoa raan yeu cau cua ta, bdng
each phai san xua't dac biet hoac mua d
cac nUdc khac cho ta, cd khi phai lay
nhflng thfl dang dung cho ta"'^'" Day la
dieu dang ke, dang tran trpng
Tuy nhien nguyen nhan ung hd, vien trd cua Trung Qud'c cho Viet Nam trong
20 nam cd sU khac biet Giai doan ddu khi quan he Trung - Xo chUa di den cdng khai mau thuan va ddi dich, Trung Quo'c vien trd cho Viet Nam do mud'n thdng qua Viet
Nara de khdng djnh vj tri va anh hUdng
cua minh d khu vUc Ddng Nam A, cd anh hudng ddi vdi phong trao giai phdng dan tpc tren the gidi Sau khi mau thuan Trung - Xo bung nd, Trung Qudc tich cUc vien trd cho Viet Nam nham ddi lap vdi lap trUdng cua Lien Xd, tao dUng hinh anh ve rapt Trung Quoc dflng ve phia cac nfldc thupc the gidi thfl ba, tich cUc chd'ng chii nghla de qud'c va cung mud'n ddng vai trd tich cUc khi giai quyet van de Viet Nara Khi binh thUdng hda vdi My, Trung Qud'c raud'n thong qua vien trd de giam bdt anh hudng xa'u cua sU kien nay tdi quan he Trung-Viet, de Trung Qud'c vdn
cd anh hUdng, vi tri nha't dinh trong va'n
de Viet Nara
Ben canh sU iing hp, giup dd, trong thdi gian nay cung cd luc Trung Qudc da gay trd ngai cho cudc khang chien cua quan va dan ta nhfl raau thuan Xd - Trung ddn den ba't ddng gifla hai nfldc trong van chuyen qua canh hang vien trd cua cac nUdc anh em trong nhflng nam 1966,
1967 Khi de qud'c My cd y djnh md rdng chien tranh Viet Nara, thang 1-1965, qua thdng diep cua Mao Trach Ddng vdi nha bao E Snow ve viec Trung Qudc khdng can thiep trflc tiep vao chien tranh Viet Nara, My da yen tara rad rdng chien tranh vdi hanh dpng tao tdn hdn: Ngay
Trang 913-2-Nguyen Phifoiig Hoa - Sif img hd vd giiip dd ciia Trung Qud'c 53
1965 J o h n s o n p h e c h u d n t h u c thi ke
hoach tac chien tUc budc n a n g ca'p oanh
tac raien Bdc, n g a y 2 6 - 2 - 1 9 6 5 phe c h u a n
dUa loat linh d a n h bp d a u tien s a n g raien
Nam Viet N a m tien h a n h chien t r a n h cue
bp T r u n g Quo'c mud'n d u n g v a n de Viet
Nam de t a n g a n h h u d n g cua minh, ddi
trpng vdi Lien Xe, gifl t h e c h u dpng trong
dam p h a n vdi My ve v a n de Dai Loan nen
cd luc da k h d n g thflc sfl i m g hp cuoc
k h a n g chien chd'ng My cua Viet N a m
T r u n g Qud'c k h d n g img hp viec ta dam
p h a n vdi My s a u cuoc Tong tien cdng m u a
xuan 1968 va khi biet n h a n d a n ta van
kien djnh thifc h i e n dfldng ldi each m a n g
ciia minh, T r u n g Quo'c da giam vien trd
quan sfl: n a m 1969 xud'ng 40%o, n a m 1970
xud'ng hdn 50%) sd vdi n a m 1968"^'', ddng
thdi day m a n h q u a n he vdi My Viec
Trung Qud'c tflng bfldc t h i e t lap q u a n he
vdi My da tac dpng trflc tiep den cudc
chien t r a n h x a m Ifldc cua My d Viet N a m ,
anh hfldng xa'u den cudc k h a n g chien cua
n h a n d a n t a Ngay s a u chuyen t h a m
T r u n g Qud'c va ky T h d n g cao c h u n g
Thfldng Hai, t h a n g 4-1972, My quyet
dinh nem bora trd lai va t h a t h u y loi
phong tda cac cang sdng, bien cua mien
Bdc, t a n g cfldng Iflc lfldng va phfldng tien
chien t r a n h , lien tiep rad nhieu cudc h a n h
quan quy mo ldn d raien N a m , dong thdi
tuyen be'buy bd ke hoach ky t d t Hiep djnh
Pari du djnh vdo t h a n g 10-1972
Tuy vay, sU iing hp va giup dd tich cUc
cua T r u n g Qud'c v a n cd y nghia vd cflng
quan trpng ddi vdi cdng cuoc xay dUng k i n h
te d mien Bdc va k h a n g chien chd'ng My d
mien Nam Su img hp va giup dd cua Trung Quo'c va cac nUdc XHCN khac cflng tinh t h a n tfl Iflc canh sinh, y chi kien cfldng cua n h a n dan ta khien chflng ta vfla khoi phuc, p h a t trien k i n h te mien Bdc, vfla chien t h a n g trong cudc chien ma My
da "sfl dung mpi loai vu khi bien dai nha't (trfl bom nguyen til), dfla vao cuoc nhieu
n h a chien lUdc dUdc xep vao loai tai ba nhat, ap dung nhieu chien lUdc, chien
t h u a t , thuc thi nhieu bien phap chinh trj,
q u a n sU, ngoai giao de dau sflc, dau tri vdi ta" qua 6 ddi Tdng thdng*"'' My da phai chi phi gan 700 ty ddla, hdn 6,5 trieu Ifldt linh My t h a m chien, 800.000 ngfldi trflc tiep t h a m chien va hd trd/tdng so'2.130.000 quan My vao nhflng n a m 1965-1970*''' Ndi ve sfl giup dd cua T r u n g Qud'c dd'i vdi Viet Nara, ngay 1-2-1973, khi tiep ddng chi Le Dflc Thp, Uy vien Bp chinh trj, Bi thfl Ban chap h a n h T r u n g fldng Dang, Co' van dac biet tai Hpi nghj Pa-ri
ve Viet N a m va ddng chi Nguyen Duy Trinh, Uy vien Bp Chinh trj, Phd Thii tfldng kiem Bp trfldng Bp Ngoai giao nfldc Viet Nara DCCH, Chd tjcb Mao Trach Ddng bay td: "Sfl giup dd cua chflng tdi r a t
it di C h u n g tdi phai cam dn cac ddng chi Chinh cac ddng chi da giup dd chung tdi Cac ddng chi da chien dau chdng chii nghla de qudc My hdn mfldi nam nay
C h u n g t a ludn ludn giup dd lan nhau" Cdn vdi Viet N a m , sau khi cudc k h a n g chien chdng My ket thuc t h d n g ldi, ngay
2 2 - 9 - 1 9 7 5 , Ddan dai bieu Dang va Chinh phii Viet N a m do ddng chi Le Duan, Bi thfl thfl nha't Ban chap h a n h T r u n g fldng
Trang 1054 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 2/2010
D a n g l a m Trfldng ddan, da s a n g t h a m
hflu nghj c h i n h thflc de c a m dn D a n g ,
C h i n h p h u v a n h a n d a n T r u n g Qud'c D a p
tfl t r o n g budi chieu dai, ddng chi Le D u a n
da k h a n g djnh: ' V i e t N a r a v a T r u n g Qud'c
la h a i nudc l a n g gieng n u i lien n u i , sdng
lien song; n h a n d a n h a i nUdc c h u n g t a da
tflng h o a n n a n , g i a n k h d cd n h a u , t h d n g
Idi va vui sfldng cd n h a u C h u n g tdi vd
cflng quy raen n h a n d a n T r u n g Qud'c vl
dai, nhflng ngfldi b a n chi t h i e t da luon
ludn dflng b e n c a n h n h a n d a n Viet N a m
ngay tfl k h i each raang Viet N a m cdn
t r o n g trflng nfldc, v a t r o n g sud't bao n h i e u
n a m nay, d a tich cUc u n g hp va giup dd
sU n g h i e p c h i e n da'u cflu nUdc va xay
d u n g CNXH cua c h u n g toi, k h d n g ngflng
cd vu c h u n g toi t i e n len g i a n h h e t t h d n g
ldi n a y den t h a n g ldi k h a c , chd den t h d n g
ldi h o a n t o a n va t r p n ven n g a y nay N h a n
dan Viet N a m raai raai ghi n h d t i n h n g h l a
a n h era s a u dara, sU iing hp va giup dd td
ldn m a D C S , C h i n h p h u va n h a n d a n
T r u n g Qud'c da d a n h cho n h a n d a n Viet
Nara t r o n g sud't q u a t r i n h chien d a u lau
dai." Mac du s a u n a m 1975, q u a n he h a i
nudc da t r a i q u a nhflng bfldc t h a n g t r a m
nhflng nhflng gi m a n h a n d a n T r u n g
Qud'c d a n h cho Viet N a r a t r o n g cudc
k h a n g chien c h o n g P h a p va chong My
v a n luon dUdc coi la t a i s a n q u y b a u c a n
p h a i t r a n t r p n g gifl gin./
C H U T H I C H
1 Hd Chi Minh todn tap, tap 11, NXB Chinh
tri Qudc gia, 1996, tr 386
2 Bao Nhan dan ngay 28-9-1959
3 Tinh hinh quan he kinh te giiia Viet Nam
vdi nUdc ngodi tii 1955-1974, Trung tam
Luu trfl Qudc gia III - HS 32
4 Cong trinh nhap khau thiet bj toan bo tfl 1955-1975, tr 1-14, Luu trfl Bp ThUdng
mai, dan theo Dang Phong, Lich sii kinh te
Viet Nam, NXB KHXH, 2005, tr 484
5 Bao cao tinh hinh giup dd ve kinh te cua cac nudc XHCN cho Viet Nam DCCH tfl ngay hoa binh lap lai den 1959 cua Uy ban
Ke hoach Nha nudc - Trung tam Litu trfl Qudc gia III - HS 1892)
6 Nhan dan ngay 23-11-1956
7 Dang Phong, Ljch sfl kinh te Viet Nam, NXB KHXH, 2005, tr 702
8 Chien tranh each mang Viet Nam
1945-1975, Thdng ldi va bai hpc, NXB Chi'nh tri Qudc gia, 2000, tr 601
9 Nhiing ngudn chi vien ldn cho each mang Viet Nam http://www.vnn.vn/dulieu/2005/0 4/409835/
10 Tinh hinh tdng q u a t cac mat kinh te - ky
t h u a t Viet Nam Trung Qudc tfl 1955
-1973, Trung tam Luu trfl Qudc gia III,
Hs 9245
11 Tdng ket hau can trong cuoc khang chien chdng My cflu nifdc 1954-1975, NXB Quan dpi Nhan dan, 2001, tr 375
12 Dang Phong, Ljch sfl kinh te Viet Nam 1955-1975, NXB KHXH, 2005, tr 377
13 Dang Phong, Ljch sfl kinh te Viet Nam 1955-1975, NXB KHXH, 2005, tr 341
14 "Nhan xet cua phai doan mau djch Viet Nam ve va'n de xin vien trd cua Trung Quoc nam 1954" - Uy ban Ke hoach nha nifdc, Trung tam Luu trfl Qudc gia III, HS 1744
15 Nguyin Huy Toan, Su that ve nhflng lan xua't quan cua Trung Qudc va quan he Viet - Trung, NXB Da Ndng, 1996, tr 74
16 17 Chien tranh cdeh mgng Viet Nam
1945-1975, Thdng ldi vd bdi hgc, tr 111, tr 489