ciia Bd Chinh trj, Ban Chap hanh Trung uong va Quan uy Trung uong trong giai doan each mang. nay da khang djnh dudng Idi each mang giai phdng mien Nam va chi ra phuong phap each[r]
Trang 1KY NIEM 34 NAM GlAl PHONG MIEN NAM (1975-2009)
NGHI QUvir IS VA DUCfNG CHlh LUOC SS9
khang dinh quyet tam giai phong mien Nam
TRAN TRQNG TRUNG
Xdc dinh con dudng phdt trien cua cdch mang mien Nam tic cudi ndm 1954 den cudi ndm 1959 Id mot vdn de rdt khd khan, vi tinh hinh cdch mang mien Nam dien ra trong bdi cdnh trong vd ngodi nudc rdt phire tap Dieu do gidi thich vi sao ngay tit khi Hi4p dinh Gioneva sdp dupc ky ket, tai Hpi nghi Trung uang Idn thic 6 (Khoa II- trung tuan thdng 7 - 1954) Chii tich Hd Chi Minh dd chi ra cho todn Ddng, todn ddn, todn qudn mot phuang hudng ehung Id: "Bdt ky hod binh hoac chien tranh, ta ciing phdi ndm vimg chu dpng, phdi thdy trudc, chudn bj trudc "'
N goai trudng My John Foster Dulles
khdng dy phien hgp cudi ciing cua Hdi
nghi Gionevo Ong ta tuyen bd khdng iip md:
chdng lai viec tiln hanh tdng tuyen cir ty do cd
giam sat quoc tl dl tiln tdi mdt chinh phu thdng
nhit cho toan nudc Viet Nam Ngay sau khi Hgi
nghi Gionevo kit thuc My tien hanh mdt loat
bien phap chinh trj, quan sy, kinh tl, ngoai giao
nhim dat cho dugc y djnh ciia chinh quyln
Aixenhao (Eisenhower) Dd la vd hieu hoa hoan
toan Hiep djnh Gionevo, cu thi la gat Phap ra
khdi miln Nam Viet Nam di ddi vdi phan hoa
va loai trir cac lyc lugng Viet Nam than Phap,
xay dyng chinh quyln va td chirc cac dang phai
than My, nim quyln chi huy quan ddi Sai Gdn,
tit ca hudng vao mdt mue tieu la pha hoai sy nghiep thdng nhat dat nudc ciia nhan dan Viet Nam, bien mien Nam Viet Nam thanh mot
"nudc" trong quy dao ciia the gidi ty do
My va chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem khdng tir mot thii doan nao de dat dugc mue tieu ndi tren Mgi lyc lugng quan sy, mat vu, hanh chinh, kinh te, gian diep, thdng tin tuyen truyen, chien tranh tam ly deu dugc tan dung nham phuc vu cho bien phap chien luge co ban "td cdng - diet cdng", danh pha each mang mien Nam vd ciing tan khdc My Diem khdng chi khiing bd, dan ap lyc lugng each mang, nhifng ngudi khang chien
cu, ma mgi ngudi dan bi chiing vu cho cai tdi
"than cdng san" deu bj sat hai Nhan dan mien
Trang 2Nam sdng nghet thd dudi ehe do phat xit Ngd
Dinh Diem Cach mang mien Nam bj day vao
thdi ky thoai trao vdi nhifng khd khan, nguy
ngap, tudng chirng khdng gugng day ndi^
Trudc am muu djch pha hoai Hiep dinh
Gioneva va chdng pha each mang, tir nam 1955,
Bd Chinh tri Ban Bi thu va Ban Chap hanh
Trung uong da nhieu lan hgp va quyet dinh bien
phap tirng budc chi dao cudc dau tranh nham
bao ve lyc lugng each mang, ban ehe tdn that do
chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem gay nen'' Nhifng
khd khan va tdn that cua ta keo dai trong bdn
nam, nhat la trong hai nam 1957-1958, la do "ta
cd sai lam trong chi dao chien luge, cham chi
dao chuyen hudng dau tranh, chi nhan manh dau
tranh chinh tri khi djch da diing bao lyc phan
each mang thang tay giet hai can bd, nhan dan"'*
Tuy nhien, do hanh ddng khiing bd, dan ap ciia
chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem va do nhu cau
chdng djch bat bd can bd, eudp bde tai san va
sat hai quan chiing nhan dan, cho nen van de vii
trang ty ve da dugc dat ra d mdt sd dia phuang
Tir le te ban dau, dan dan d nhieu thdn xa cd co
quan lanh dao ciia khu va cua tinh ddng deu td
ehirc cac ddi ty ve vii trang, dudi danh nghTa cac
"ddi dan canh chdng eudp" Rieng d cac viing
can cir khang chien cii va mdt sd viing rimg niii,
cac can bd, bd ddi cu tranh dich truy liing da ty
ddng td chu'c nhau lai, vira san xuat ty tiic, vira
chdng djch de ty ve
Dieu dang ndi la do cdn bj tu tudng ddu
tranh chinh tri dan thudn chi phdi cho nen sd
Idn vu khi chdn giau d cac dja phuong tir nhifng
ngay tap ket (rieng Nam Bd cd khoang mdt van
khiu Sling) cham dugc sir dung nen bj hu hdng
va that lac Dd ciing la mdt nguyen nhan khien trong nhieu trudng hgp, eac ddi ty ve chua phat huy dugc het tac dung dang cd ciia nhung don vj
vu trang Cdn cac cudc dau tranh ciia quan ehiing nhan dan van chi la nhifng cudc bai cdng ciia cdng nhan, dau tranh ddi rudng dat ciia ndng dan va ciia giao dan di cu, ddi dan sinh dan chii, ddi hiep thuong, chdng trung cau dan y v.v ciia thanh nien, tri thirc d cac thanh phd
Ciing vdi chii truong xay dyng nhifng don vj vii trang dau tien, van de can cir dja cung dugc dat ra lam noi dirng chan eiia cac co quan lanh dao, trudc het la d cac viing can cir cii, nhu chien khu D, chien khu Ddng Thap, can cir U Minh d Nam Bd va cac viing rimg niii phia Tay cac tinh ddng bang Trung Bg va nhat la Tay Nguyen Vdi nhifng kinh nghiem thdi ky tien khdi nghTa va khang chien chdng Phap, viec xay dyng can cir dia dugc trien khai kha hoan chinh, khdng chi ve giao due chinh trj ma ca tang gia san xuat nham dap irng mdt phan yeu cau cai thien ddi sdng nhan dan, cung cap cho can bd va lyc lugng vii trang Day chinh la nhung co sd manh nha ciia hau phuong tai ehd trong khang chien chdng My, ciru nudc sau nay Chinh vdi nhifng don vi vii trang budc dau dugc td chirc ciing vdi can cir dja sdm hinh thanh ma nhieu dja phuang d mien Nam cd dieu kien thuan Igi
de chinh thu:c chuyen hudng khi cd ehii truong ciia Dang ket hgp dau tranh chinh trj vdi dau tranh vu trang
Trudc thai do ciia chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem cdng khai khudc tir de nghj hiep thuong ciia Chinh phii ta, Hgi nghj Bd Chinh trj trong cac ngay 8 va 9 - 6 - 1956 nhan djnh: Do chinh
Trang 3KY NIEM 34 N A M GIAI PHONG MIEN NAM
sach pha hoai Hiep dinh Gionevo va hanh ddng
dan ap, khiing bd ciia My-Diem, thdi gian qua,
CO sd each mang ciia ta d mien Nam bj tdn thit
tuong ddi nang; ngay 20 - 7 - 1956 se chua cd
Tdng tuyen cir nhu Hiep dinh quy djnh; cudc
dau tranh ciia nhan dan ta cdn phai trai qua
nhieu khd khan Sau khi nhan xet khuylt dilm
chinh ciia Dang bd mien Nam trong thdi gian
qua la khdng nam viing phuong cham "kheo
cdng tac, kheo ehe giau lyc lugng" , Nghi
quyet Bd Chinh trj lan nay cd mdt diem mdi khi
ndi ve hinh thirc dau tranh, dd la : "Hinh thirc
dau tranh ciia ta trong toan qudc hien nay la dau
tranh chinh tri, khdng phai dau tranh vu trang
Ndi nhu the khdng cd nghTa la tuyet ddi khdng
diing vu trang ty ve trong nhung hoan canh nhat
djnh hoac khdng tan dung nhung lyc lugng vii
trang ciia cac giao phai ehdng Diem ma chiing ta
duy tri va phat trien dugc Can ciing cd cac lyc
lugng vu trang va ban vii trang hien cd va xay
dyng can cir lam ehd dya, ddng thdi xay dyng
CO sd quan chiing viing manh lam dieu kien can
ban de duy tri va phat trien lyc lugng vii trang
Td chirc ty ve trong quan chiing nham bao ve
cac cudc dau tranh ciia quan chiing va giai thoat
can bd khi can thiet"'
Cung trong djp nay, d mien Nam, tir thang
cudi nam 1955 din thang 8 - 1956, ddng chi Le
Duin bit diu soan thao D I ciroiig Dudng loi
cdch mang miin Nam Sau khi nhae lai ba
nhiem vu ma Trung uong da de ra cho toan
Dang, toan dan toan quan khi, Hiep dinh
Gionevo dugc ky kit, ban D I cuong phan tich
myc dich, vi tri va ddi tugng ciia each mang
mien Nam ngu\cn vgng hoa binh thdng nhat va
ddc lap dan tdc ciia nhan dan ca nudc, hinh thirc dau tranh va dy kien kha nang phat trien ciia phong trao each mang mien Nam Phan tich tinh hinh the gidi sau Dai hdi XX ciia Dang Cdng san Lien Xd, ban De cuong ket luan: Neu tren the gidi hien nay tit ca cac cudc xung dot deu cd the giai quyet bang phuang phap thuong lugng hoa binh dugc, thi viec thdng nhat nudc Viet Nam ta bang phuong phap hoa binh (ciing) cd the thye hien dugc^ Ve dudng Idi, phuong cham, phuong phap dau tranh, De cuong \iet: Phong trao each mang tranh dau theo dudng Idi hoa binh, nghTa la phong trao ay lay lyc lugng chinh trj cua nhan dan lam can ban, khdng phai lay lyc lugng vu trang cua nhan dan de dau tranh vdi chinh quyen hien huu de dat myc dich each mang ciia minh\
Sau khi phan tich nguyen nhan liic nay phong trao each mang chua phat trien la do can bd chua nam vung dudng loi chinh trj ciia Dang, chua nam vifng phuong phap dau tranh chinh trj, chua di diing dudng Idi quan chiing, ban De cuong khang djnh nguyen vgng hoa binh da la nguyen vgng ehung ciia nhan dan the gidi va trong nudc, ke ca nhan dan mien Nam, thi dudng Idi tranh dau ciia chiing ta cung khdng the ra ngoai dudng Idi hoa binh dugc *
Cudi ciing, ddng chi Le Duan neu len nhung bai hgc lich sir cua Cach mang thang Tam de van dung vao nhiem vu ehung cua each mang mien Nam'^ Tir kinh nghiem ciia Cach mang thang Tam, trong ket luan ban De cuong, ddng chi Le Duan viet: Kinh nghiem 15 nam van ddng chinh trj ciia Dang, tir nam 1930 den 1945 cho chiing ta thay rang vdi lyc lugng chinh trj
Trang 4chiing ta cd the thye hien mue tieu each mang
ciia ta Chiing ta khdng cdn nghi ngd gi niia,
dudng Idi cdng tac dau tranh chinh tri hien nay
nhat djnh cd the dem lai ket qua, ed the dat dugc
mue dich each mang cua ta'°
Vao thdi diem dat nudc dang trong tinh the
dudng gidi phong mdi di mot nica, da dien ra
mdt sy trimg hgp ky dieu giifa hai mien Nam
Bac, mdt sy triing hgp ndi len nguyen vgng
ndng bdng giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat dat
nudc ciia toan Dang, toan dan Trong liic d mien
Nam, ddng chi Le Duan tap trung tinh lyc
nghien ciiu soan thao De cuang cdch mang mien
Nam thi giifa nam 1957, tai Ha Ndi, Chii tich Hd
Chi Minh va Bd Chinh trj chi dao viec nghien
ciru va bien soan dy thao Nghj quyet Hdi nghj
Ban Chap hanh Trung uong lan thir 15 Yeu cau
dau tien dat trong qua trinh dy thao Nghj quyet
15 la quan triet tu tudng eiia Chu tjch Hd Chi
Minh, dd la: / Nhdn ddn ta cdn phdi tiep tuc
chong My: 2 Tranh thii mpi thdi ca de hod binh
thong nhdt nudc nhd
Phuang thire dau tranh la ndi dung quan
trgng dugc trao ddi nhieu lan va da di den
thdng nhat Cy the la: tren co sd nhan dinh
rang mac dii Dang ta ludn ludn tranh thii mgi
CO hdi hoa binh nhung thye te tinh hinh nudc
sdi lira bdng do My - Diem gay nen d mien
Nam liic nay, rat nhieu kha nang huge Idng ta
phai phat huy sire manh ciia toan dan tien
hanh mdt cudc chien tranh each mang lau dai
va gian khd, diing hinh thirc vu trang, dau
tranh quan sy kit hgp vdi dau tranh chinh trj
va diu tranh ngoai giao, de giai phdng mien
Nam, thdng nhat dat nudc
Ban dy thao nghi quyet dugc viet di viet lai nhieu lan, mdi lan deu giii len Chu tich Hd Chi Minh va cac ddng chi Uy vien Trung uong de xin y kiln Mdi lan Bac Hd deu nhan manh y tudng doan ket toan dan, kien quyet dau tranh giii viing hoa binh, chi dau tranh vii trang khi tinh the bat huge
Khoang cudi nam 1958, ban dy thao cudi ciing da hoan thanh Sau nay, qua nghien ciru hai van kien (Nghi quyet 15 va De cuong each
mang mien Nam) cd the thay su thdng nhdt
chii yeu the hien trong sy triing hgp ve y tudng tren hai van de co ban, dd la: 1) quyet tam dau tranh chdng ehe do My-Diem, giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nudc; 2) y tudng tap hgp cac tang Idp xa hdi, tao nen sire manh ciia toan dan de dua each mang den thang lgi
Dau nam 1959, Ban Chap hanh Trung uong hgp Hdi nghj lan thir 15 nham xae djnh con dudng tien len cua each mang mien Nam Hgi nghj da ban va ket luan ve mue tieu va phuang phap each mang d mien Nam, mdi quan he giua hai chien luge each mang d hai mien Nam Bac nham giai phdng mien Nam, bao ve mien Bac, thdng nhat nudc nha Hdi nghi hpp thanh hai dgt: dgt 1 (md rdng), tir ngay 12 den ngay 22-1-1959 Dgt 2, tir ngay 10 din ngay 15-7-1959 chi gdm cac ddng chi Uy vien Trung uong dy Nghj quyet 15 dugc thdng qua trong dgt 2 nay
Nghj quyet khang djnh nhiem vu co ban cua each mang mien Nam la giai phdng mien Nam khdi ach thdng trj cua de qude va phong kien; trudc mat la danh dd tap doan thdng trj Ngd
Trang 5KY NIEM 34 N A M GIAI PHONG MIEN NAM
Dinh Diem, thanh lap mdt chinh quyln lien
hiep dan tdc dan chii d miln Nam Con
dudng phat trien co ban ciia each mang Viet
Nam d mien Nam la khdi nghTa gianh chinh
quyen ve tay nhan dan Dd la con dudng iiy
sire manh ciia quan chiing, dya vao lye lugng
chinh trj ciia quan chiing la chu ylu, kit hgp
vdi lyc lugng vii trang de danh do quyen thdng
trj ciia de qudc va phong kien, dyng len chinh
quyen each mang cua nhan dan Mac dii
khdng loai trir kha nang hoa binh phat triln cua
each mang d mien Nam, nhung Nghj quyet
khang djnh: "Vi My - Diem quyet tam bam iiy
mien Nam, chiing khdng the ty nguyen tir bd
chinh quyen, tir bd hanh ddng bao lyc nham
tieu diet each mang d mien Nam va xam luge
mien Bac, cho nen Dang ta van phai chuan bj
tich cyc ve mgi mat theo phuang hudng can
ban la khdi nghTa danh dd ehe do My-Diem
Mat khac, tren co sd nhan dinh rang de qudc
My la de qudc hieu chien nhat, cho nen trong
dieu kien nao dd, cuge khdi nghTa cua nhan dan
mien Nam ciing cd kha nang chuyen thanh
cudc dau tranh vu trang trudng ky Trong tinh
hinh dd, cudc dau tranh se chuyen sang mdt
cue dien mdi: dd la chien tranh trudng ky giu'a
ta va djch, va thang Igi cudi eiing nhat djnh ve
ta Trong khi lanh dao Dang ta phai thay trudc
kha nang ay de chuan bj chu dao va chii ddng
ddi phd trong mgi tinh the""
Nhu vay la Hdi nghj Trung uong lan thir 15
dy kiln ba kha nang phat trien ciia each mang
mien Nam:
- Thye hien thdng nhat nudc nha tren co sd
ddc lap va dan chii bdng con dudng hod binh:
- Kha nang phat trien theo phuong hudng can ban la khdi nghia gidnh chinh quyen vl
tay nhan dan
- Cudc khdi nghTa ciia nhan dan miln Nam
ciing cd kha nang chuyen thdnh cuoc ddu tranh vii trang, dd la cupe chien tranh trudng ky giifa
ta va djch
Vdi Nghj quyet 15 va tilp dd la Nghi quylt Dai hdi Dang toan qudc lan thii 111 (thang 9 nam 1960), dudng loi khang chien cua Dang da dugc hoan chinh
Giiia hai ky hgp ciia Hdi nghj Trung uong
15, ciing chinh la khoang thdi gian tinh hinh dau tranh ciia nhan dan mien Nam dan dan cd sy chuyen bien ve chat Birc xiic trudc sy cha xat ngay cang khdc liet cua chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem, nhan dan nhieu dja phuong da ndi day gianh quyen lam chii dudi nhieu hinh thirc va quy md khac nhau'\ Chinh trong phong trao khdi nghTa nay da nay sinh them nhieu don vi vu trang ciia quan ehiing, trong dd dang ke la don
vj vu trang dau tien ciia Quang Ngai dugc thanh lap tir thang 3 - 1959
Ciing trong khoang thdi gian tren, ciing vdi chi thj cua Bd Chinh trj ve xay dyng can cir dja each mang d Tay Nguyen, Quan uy Trung uong quyet djnh day manh hon nifa xay dyng quan ddi, san sang chien dau Su doan 338 - bd ddi mien Nam tap ket - ciing mdt sd trung doan
bd binh khin truang trien khai chuong trinh huin luyen, chuan bj nhan nhiem vu vao Nam chiln diu Tilp dd, thang 5 - 1959, Bd Chinh
trj quyet djnh nghien ciru viec md con dudng van chuyen chien luac, cu the la td chirc mdt
doan giao thdng dae biet, bat dau tirng budc
Trang 6"soi dudng" dua can bd, tiep te vu khi va hang
hda can thiet chi vien mien Nam Nhiing quyet
dinh cu the va trye tiep tren day ciia Tdng hanh
dinh, tir xay dyng can cir dja Tay Nguyen, huan
luyen quan ddi san sang vao Nam chien dau
den md dudng chien luge ehi vien mien
Nam , tat ca cho thay, mac dii liic nay Nghj
quyet 15 cdn chua dugc chinh thiic thdng qua
trong dgt 2 ciia Hdi nghj Trung uong, nhung tu
tudng quan sy Hd Chi Minh ve ndm vidig chii
dpng, phdi thdy trudc, chudn bi trudc da dugc
khang dinh tren hoat ddng thye te, the hien ro
quyet tam ciia Dang giai phdng mien Nam,
thdng nhat Td qudc
Ngay 19 - 5 - 1959 Dodn van tdi qudn su 559
dugc thanh lap, do ddng chi Vd Bam phu trach
Lyc lugng dau tien la Tieu doan 301 (van tai
dudng bd, xay dyng can cir xuat phat d Khe Hd,
Tay VTnh Linh) va Tieu doan 603 (van tai
dudng bien, liic dau lap can cir d sdng Gianh)
Trong khi Doan 559 chuan bj lyc lugng va
phuong tien san sang tien vao Nam thi Su doan
bd binh 325 md dudng tir thj xa Ddng Hdi
(Quang Binh) den Khe Hd Tir day, Tieu doan
301 vugt sdng Ben Hai vao dudng 9 theo
dudng giao lien bi mat ciia huyen Hudng Hoa va
Tinh uy Thira Thien, vira md dudng vira dat
tram tien dan ve hudng Nam theo trien phia
Ddng eiia day Trudng Son Trong hoat ddng lue
nay can bd chien sT Doan 559 dugc lenh tuan
thu nghiem ngat nguyen tac bi mat Hang hoa
tren dudng chi vien vao Nam deu do eac nudc
tu ban san xuat Vii khi deu la chien lgi pham
thu dugc trong khang chien chdng Phap, do My
san xuat Khdng nhifng can bd chien sT Doan
559 han ehe tiep xiic vdi dan, tranh dung do vdi dich, ma trong mgi hanh ddng deu theo mdt khau hieu mang tinh menh lenh: "di khdng dau, nau khdng khdi, ndi khdng tieng"
Cudi thang 8 - 1959, nira tan hang dau tien dugc chuyen bang giii thd da den tram sd 9 d
Pa Lin (Tay Thira Thien), chuan bj chuyen vao Lien khu 5 Bdn thang sau, tram Pa Lin da nhan 1.667 khau siing bg binh, gan 800 dao gam, gan 200 kildgam thude nd va mdt sd dyng
cu quan sy (dng nhdm, dja ban, ban dd quan sy ) Ngoai ra tren dudng 559 luc nay cdn cd khoang 1.200 sung bd binh cac loai do gan 550 can bd chien sT (tu mien Nam tap ket ra Bac trudc day) mang theo trong cudc hanh quan trd
ve Nam chien dau Phdi hgp vdi Doan 559 dang treo deo lgi sudi tien dan vao Nam, Lien khu 5 ciing hinh thanh mdt hanh lang dudng nhanh, van chuyen tir Pa Lin vao cac can cir d Tay Nguyen va mien Tay cac tinh Nam Trung
Bg Cung trong khoang thdi gian nay, mot sd ddi vu trang cua Nam Bd ciing lan lugt xuat phat, cat rirng bang qua nhiing dia ban chua cd dau chan ngudi d Bii Dang, Bii Gia Map (Phudc Long), So Nia (Quang Dire) tien ra cyc Nam Trung Bd va Nam Tay Nguyen de budc dau ndi lien hanh lang chien luge giua hai mien Nam Bac
Trong khi dd, tir can cir xuat phat d sdng Gianh, theo tin hieu dan dudng bi mat ciia mot
td dien dai dat tren deo Hai Van, Tieu doan 603 diing thuyen gd ciing bat dau nhifng chuyen di
thi nghiem dau tien cua Dudng 759 - dudng van
chuyen chien luge Bac Nam tren bien, dugc chinh thirc thanh lap thang 7 - 1959 Thuyin cai
Trang 7KY NIEM 34 N A M GIAI PHONG MIEN NAM
dang thanh thuyen danh ca ciia dan, khoang
thuyen chia thanh hai day, day dudi chira vu khi
Mgi thir dd diing sinh hoat mang theo tren
thuyen deu khdng cd nhan mac
Den cudi nam 1959, nhit la khi Nghj quylt
15 dugc truyen dat so bd (chua cd van ban) va
mac dii chi mdi dugc tin Trung uong cho phep
dau tranh vu trang, cac dang bg nhilu dja
phuang, nhu nhung manh dit dai han gap mua
rao, da kjp thdi phat ddng khdi nghTa (Tra Bdng
Quang Ngai, Long My Cin Tho, Md Cay
-Ben Tre, -Ben Cat - Tay Ninh v.v) Dae biet
sau dd la cudc ddng khdi rdng khap ciia Bin
Tre, nhieu viing d Tay Nguyen va ndi bat la tran
Tua Hai - Tay Ninh (1-1960) Tua Hai la tran
danh Idn dau tien d mien Ddng Nam Bd, cd tac
dung cd vu rat Idn ddi vdi phong trao khdi nghTa
dang lan rdng tren toan mien
Cudi nam 1960 va dau nam 1961 da dien ra
hai sy kien Idn danh dau budc trudng thanh cua
sy nghiep each mang va chien tranh each mang
giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat Td qudc Dd
la sy ra ddi ciia Mat Iran Ddn tpc gidi phong
mien Nam Viet Nam, vira lam chirc nang tap hgp
cac tang Idp nhan dan mien Nam, vira lam chirc
nang cua chinh quyen each mang Tiep den la sy
thdng nhat cac don vj vu trang toan mien Nam,
dudi ten ehung la Luc luang vii trang gidi
phong mien Nam Viet Nam
Thye te tren day cho thay, trai qua 5 nam
(1955-1959), each mang mien Nam da phai trai
qua nhifng nam thang thir thach nghiem trgng
nhit, tir thoai trao va thu ddng giif gin lyc lugng,
da chuyen sang mdt giai doan mdi, trong the
tien cdng chien luge
Nghj quyet 15 va cac quylt djnh tilp theo ciia Bd Chinh trj, Ban Chap hanh Trung uong va Quan uy Trung uong trong giai doan each mang nay da khang djnh dudng Idi each mang giai phdng mien Nam va chi ra phuong phap each mang bao lyc, ddng thdi thi hien nghe thuat chi dao khdi dau cudc chien tranh each mang d mien Nam Bat dau bang cac cudc khdi nghTa timg phan do nhan dan chii ddng va true tiep tien hanh, vdi sy hau thuan ciia lyc lugng vu trang mien Nam va vdi sy chi vien budc dau nhung kjp thdi ciia hau phuang mien Bac, cudc chien tranh giai phdng mien Nam da thye sy dugc khdi ddng mdt each ddc dao, kheo leo, phii hgp vdi y nguyen cua nhan dan hai mien, phii hgp vdi thdi co chien luge
Ngudn gde sau xa va nguyen nhan true tiep ciia tat ca nhifng sy kien dien ra tren day chinh
la hanh ddng can thiep va xam luge ciia de qudc
My va hanh ddng phat xit tan bao ciia chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem trong sudt mot thdi gian dai Cach mang hoa binh phat trien khdng cdn la mot kha nang thye te Bao lyc each mang da trd thanh phuang phap duy nhat de giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat Td qudc
1 "Bao cao tai Hoi nghi lan thir sau Ban Chap hanh
Trung uong (Khoa II), ngay 15- 7 - 1954", Van kien
qudn su ciia Ddng, QDND, H, 1977, T 3 , tr 637
2 Trong 4 nam (1955-1958) ca mien Nam l6n that
9 phan 10 so can bo, dang vien Rieng a Nam Bq,
khoang 70.000 can bo, dang vien bj djch sat hai, gan
Trang 8900.000 can bg, nhan dan bj bat, bj tii day (gan
200.000 bi tra tan thanh tan tat) Chi con khoang
5.000 so vai 60.000 dang vien khi hoa binh lap lai 0
Trung Bo (tir Trj Thien vao den cue Nam) khoang
40% tinh uy vien, 60% huyen uy vien, 70% chi uy
vien xa bj bat, bi giet; co tinh chi con 2 - 3 chi bg, 12
huyen dong bang khong con ca sa dang Rieng Trj
-Thien tir 23.400 dang vien vao miia he nam 1954, chi
con 160 dang vien
3 Cac nghj quyet Hgi nghi Trung uong lan 7
(3-1955), lin 8 (8-(3-1955), lin 10 (11-1956), lin 13
(12-1957), Hgi nghi Bg Chinh trj (6-1956 va 8-1956), Chi
thj ciia Ban Bi thu (12-1955 va 3-1956) v.v deu chi
ra nhifng thieu sot trong viec chuyen huang ve tu
tuang, to chirc va phuo'ng thirc dau tranh, yeu cau quan
triet duang loi, chinh sach, phuang cham, sach luge
ciia Dang trong cuoc dau tranh a mien Nam va yeu cau
nam virng phuang cham bao ton co sa, giir gin luc
lugng, triet de Igi dung mgi kha nang hgp phap, nira
hgp phap de vira ehe giau dugc luc lugng vira tap hgp
dugc dong dao cac tang lap nhan dan rong rai dau
tranh chong djch v.v , song cho den cuoi nam 1958
Trung uong Dang van chua de ra dugc nhirng bien
phap cu the, thich dang de doi pho co hieu qua vai
djch, giam boi ton that ciia quan ehung
4 Ket luan ciia Bg Chinh tri, ngay 23-4-1994 ve
Tong ket cuoc khdng chien chong My, ciiru nuac Dan
theo Chien tranh cdch mang Viet Nam - thang lai vd
hdi hoc - Ban chi dao Tong ket chien tranh, true thuoc
Bg Chinh tri, CTQG, H, 2000, tr.l46
5 Nhiing su kien lich sic Ddng, NXB Thong tin ly
luan, H, 1985, Till, tr 58
6,7,8,10 Xem: Dudng loi cdch mang mien Nam
ciia dong chi Le Duan, luu tai Vien Lich sir Dang, ban
danhmay,tr.l4, 15, 17, 19,38,39
9 NhCrng kinh nghiem do la: 1 Khong co luc luang
ben trong, khong ndm duac thdi ca ben ngodi: 2 Phdi
CO mot Ddng cdch mang theo chu nghia Mdc-Lenin lanh dao: 3 Phdi xdy dung khoi lien minh cong nong sdu rong vung chdc: 4 Xdy dimg, cung co, phdt trien Mat trdn ddn toe va 5 Phdi biet khai thdc nhiing mdu thudn trong noi bo djch
11 Hai dong chi dugc Bg Chinh trj chi dinh giup
dong chi Vo Nguyen Giap trong viec nay la Tran Quang Huy (khi do la Chanh van phong Trung uang Dang, Pho ban thuang true Ban Tuyen giao Trung
uang) va Hoang Tung (Tong Bien tap bao Nhdn Ddn,
Pho ban Ban Tuyen giao Trung uang) Sir kien nay truac day da dugc dong chi Tran Quang Huy viet tren
Tap chi Ljch sic qudn su, mai day lai dugc dong chi
Hoang Tiing ke lai cho nha nghien ciiu Nhat Hoa
Khanh ghi va dang tren Dien ddn vdn nghe Viet Nam (4-2007), Nguai Hd Noi (Xuan 2007) va Tien Phong
(so 117 - 121) Mot dieu dong chi Hoang Tiing nhan manh khi ke vai Nhat Hoa Khanh la: khi nhan nhiem
vu chuan bj ban Du thao Nghj quyet 15, ca ba dong chi
Vo Nguyen Giap, Hoang Tiing va Tran Quang Huy deu khong biet rang tir cuoi nam 1956, dong chi Le
Duan da nghien ciru va bien soan De cuang cdch mang
mien Nam va dau nam 1957, ban De cucmg da dugc
hgi nghi Xir uy (ma rong) thao luan tai Phnom Penh
12 Xem: Vdn kien Ddng Todn tap CTQG, H,
2001,T.20,tr 82, 83, 85
13 Ngay tir dau nam 1959 da dien ra cac cuoc noi day ciia nhan dan Bac Ai (Ninh Thuan), VTnh Thanh (Binh Djnh) va cuge noi day ciia nhan dan Ta Booc -Kon Tum Tren thuc te, mien Nam da bat dau qua
trinh khai nghia timg phdn tir dau nam 1959
14 Tdi lieu Ldu ndm goc, Viet Nam thong tan xa
phat hanh, thang 8 - 1971 T 1, tr.72