N.Krishnaswamy, Laiitha Krishnaswary, The story of English in India, sdd, p. S.Krishnamurti, On Nationalism, The First and Last freedom, Chennai: Krishnamurti Foundation India, 2000, [r]
Trang 1SlJ PHAT TRIE]^ CUA A]\H NOt TnONG BOI CAl^ffl TOAM CAU HOA
vn NHU'NG BI€U HI€N CUR CHU NGHIR THITC DRN AAOI
T h s Tran Thj Thanh Van
Khoa Lich sil - Dai hoc Vinh
• • •
ldn", Anh ngu da dugc truyen ba tren cac
chau luc Tiep theo dd, tir sau Chien tranh thi gidi thir Hai, sy anh hudng ve kinh te va van boa cua My, mdt sieu cudng qudc te, da dly manh viec md rgng Anh ngii tren khap hanh tinh
Ngay nay nd la ngdn ngii toan cau, the hien trudc het d con sd nhiing ngudi sir dung
nd Theo David Crystal, cudi the ky XX co khoang ban 1,5 ti ngudi tren the gidi biet tieng Anh, trong dd cd khoang 337 trieu ngudi sir dyng nhu la ngdn ngii thir nhat (fust language - L l ) ; khoang 350 trieu ngudi xem la ngdn ngir thu hai (second language -L2) d cac nudc nhu An Do, Pakistan, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippin, Nigeria, Sri
Lanka ; ben canh dd la hon 1,5 ti nguoi
dang hgc de cd the sir dyng Anh ngii trong cac qudc gia nbu Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, Nga va nhieu nudc d chau Au, Nam Phi, udc lugng khoang 1/3 nhan loai' Tham chi, Thi trudng chung Chau Au cung dang quylt tam
su dung cai ggi la "Euro - English" nhu la mgt ngdn ngir chung cho ca cgng ddng
The gidi budc vao ky nguyen phat trien
mdi vdi xu the toan cau boa, qudc te hoa
Nhung thanh tyu cua eugc each mang thdng
tin da ket ndi nhan loai bang mdt ngdn ngii
chung, dd chinh la Anh ngii Tieng Anh
khdng cdn la mgt hien tugng van boa, gan bd
vdi mdt nen van hoa rieng biet nao niia nhu
trong sudt the ky XIX va nua dau the ky XX
Ngay nay, nd trd thanh cdng cy giao tiep
qudc te va phat trien manh trong bdi canh
toan cau hda Tuy nhien, d mdt gdc do nao
do, chung ta cung nhan thay nhirng bieu hien
ciia chu nghTa thye dan mdi trong sy "banh
trudng" cua Anh ngii, dac biet d nhiing nudc
da timg la thudc dia cua de che Anh
1 Tieng Anh la ngon ngir toan cau
Vdi sy xuat hien cua each mang khoa
hgc cdng nghe, tieng Anh da trd thanh ngdn
ngii cua Ky nguyen Thdng tin (Info - Age),
cd mat d khap mgi nai, thdng tri ca the gidi
Hai nghin nam trudc, nd la ngdn ngir cua
mdt nhdm bg lac nguyen thuy d bd bien tay
bac chau Au, tham chi luc dd khdng cd
ngudi ndi tieng Anh d nudc Anh Bat dau tir
thi ky XVIII, XIX va din diu thi ky XX,
vdi sy md rgng va banh trudng ciia de che
Anh - "De qudc mat trdi khdng bao gid
D.Crystal (1997), English as a Global Language,
Cambridge University Press
Trang 2Su'pjidt trien eua ctnh ntjM 55
Chinh vi the, sd lugng nhirng ngudi sir dyng
Anh ngir tren the gidi ngay cang tang, nude
My, mdt dan tgc ndi tieng Anh ldn nhat the
gidi cung chi chiem 20% trong eon sd dd,
Vuang qude Anh cbi chiem 5%
Sy md rdng cua Anh ngii dugc the hien
qua phan bd dia ly tren khap cac chau lye
Tieng Anh la ngdn ngir chinh thire tai cac
qudc gia va vung lanh thd sau: Anh, Antigua
va Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda,
Cayman, Dominica, Gibraltar, Grenada,
Guam, Guyana, Hoa Ky, Jamaica,
Montserrat, St Lucia, Saint Kitts va Nevis,
Saint Vincent va Grenadines, Trinidad va
Tobago, Turks va Caicos, Uc, Virgin thudc
Anh va Virgin thudc My
Cac nudc dung tieng Anh cung vdi cac
ngdn ngii chinh thiic khac la: Ireland (cung
vdi tieng Gaeilge), An Do (cung vdi tieng
Hindi va 21 ngdn ngii ban dia khac), Belize,
Nicaragua, Puerto Rico (cung vdi tieng Tay
Ban Nha), Canada (eung vdi tieng Phap),
Hong Kdng (cung vdi tieng Quan thoai),
Nam Phi (cung vdi cac deng Afrikaans,
Ndebele, Bac Sotbo, Nam Sotho, Swazi,
Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa va Zulu),
Singapore (cung vdi cac tieng Quan thoai,
Malay va Tamil), New Zealand (cung vdi
tieng Maori), Scotland (cung vdi tieng Scots
va tieng Gaelic tai Scotland)
Cac nudc cd tieng Anh nhu mgt ngdn
ngir chinh thiic, tuy sd ngudi dung nd nhu
tieng me de rat it: Anguilla, Aruba,
Botswana, Cameroon, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Malta, Marshall, Mauritius, Micronesia, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Rwanda, Samoa, Seychelles, Solomon, Somalia, Swaziland, Tonga, Uganda, Zambia
va Zimbabwe
Mdt sd nudc dung tieng Anh nhu ngdn ngii chinh trong van kien cua chinh phu tuy khdng cdng nhan day la ngdn ngir chinh thirc la: Angola, Brunei, Costa Rica, Israel, Lebanon, Malaysia, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Tanzania Ngoai ra mgt sd khac, hoac dudi anh hudng cua Anh, hoac dudi anh hudng cua My, tuy khdng dung tieng Anh nhu ngdn ngir chinh thirc nhung lai sir dung mgt loai
"tieng lai" (creole hay pidgin) giiia tieng Anh
va cac tieng dia phuong
Sd ngudi sir dung tieng Anh nhu mdt ngdn ngii phu da dugc udc lugng khoang tir
500 trieu den 1 ti ngudi d khap nai tren loan cau Tieng Anh cdn duge dung nhu mgt trong nhieu ngdn ngir chinh thire cua nhieu
td chirc qudc te nhu Lien hiep qudc Lien minh Chau Au, Td chiic Thuang mai The gidi (WTO), Quy Tiln te Qudc tl (IMF), Uy ban The van hdi Qudc te (IOC), Phong trao Chii thap dd - Trang ludi liem dd qudc te, Khdi Thinh vugng chung Anh (The Commonwealth of Nations), Nhdm G8 Td chiic Hiep udc B I C Dai Tay Duang (NATO),
Td chuc Buu chinh Qudc tl
Trang 356 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5 (1161.2010
Khi tiing Anh trd thanh mdt hien tugng
toan cau, nd thye sy da dang trong "gia dinh
qudc te" cua chinh nd Trong he thdng nay,
tieng Anh dugc chia thanh cac loai ngdn ngir
nhanh, theo thdng ke trong dd cd ban 70%
ndi deng Anh My, 15% ndi deng Anh
-Anh, 7% ndi tieng Anh - Canada va phan
cdn lai la ndi cac loai tieng Anh khac Sy ra
ddi nhiing hinh thai ngdn ngir khac nhau cua
Anh ngii ciing cho thay sy mau thuan giiia
dieu ggi la "chu nghTa dan tgc" vdi "toan cau
hoa" du chi trong khia canh ngdn ngii
Ngudi My khdng mudn xem xet tieng Anh
cua hg la mdt binh thai cua Anh ngii; hg ggi
tieng Anh cua minh la "American
Language" Mdt sd khac ciing cd each ggi
rieng tieng Anh cua dan tdc minh nhu:
"Australian English", "Canadian English",
"Nigerian English", "Indian English" ,
nhung tat ca van la "English"
Tieng Anh thuc su la mdt ngdn ngii toan
cau vdi nhirng khia canh ma nd the hien
Trong thdi dai cdng nghe thdng tin, tat ca
mgi thdng tin bung nd tren toan the gidi deu
bang Anh ngii Tieng Anh dugc xem nhu la
san pham mang tinh toan cau nhu la dau lua
hay microchip "Gia sir neu bay gid the gidi
thieu dau lira, may tinh bay tieng Anh thi the
gidi se bi ngirng tre ngay lap tuc" Cung cd
mdt y kien khac cho rang: "Tieng Anh la
phuang tien giao tiep qudc te ciing nhu lich
Thien chua giup the gidi dinh hinh ve thdi gian nhu day sd Arap giup nhan loai tinh toan "^
Tieng Anh la ngdn ngii cua Internet, khoang gan 80% cac website tren the gidi dung Anh ngii, 3/4 mail, dien bao cung su dyng nd Nudc My cd sd may tinh vugt xa tdng sd may tinh tren toan the gidi cdng lai
va tit ca deu dung tieng Anh Tieng Anh viit, ndi va tieng Anh tren may tinh phu thudc nhau, khdng the tach rdi Sach, bao va tap cbi dugc viet bang tieng Anh cd gia tri d
da sd cac qudc gia tren the gidi Dd cung la ngdn ngii phd bien nhat dugc su dung trong khoa hgc Thomson Reuters trong "The Science Citation Index" nam 1997 da trich dan tdi 95%) bai bao bang tieng Anh, nhung trong dd cbi mdt nua la cua cac tac gia den tir cac qudc gia ndi tieng Anh
Anh ngir la ngoai ngii can hgc tap ciia cac qudc gia khdng ndi tieng Anh Nd dong nghTa vdi kien thirc, thdng tin va ca hgi viec lam d bat cir dau tren toan thi gidi Tat ca cac chinh phu tren thi gidi diu cd chinh sach van hoa, giao due de phat triin Anh ngir Trung Qudc da thye bien chinh sach dl tir nam 2008 mdi sinh vien Trung Qudc d6u biet dgc, biet viit tiing Anh Singapore ciing
da tuyen b l Anh ngii la ngdn ngii pho thong
' N.Krishnaswamy, Laiitha Krishnaswary, The stoiy ^ S.Huntingdon (1996), The Clash of Civilizations and
of English in India, Foundation Books Pvt Ltd, first the Remaking of the World Order, New York; Simon
published 2006, p 153 and Schuster.-i 6
Trang 4Su' fiftdt trien eiia cJtuli ngu 57
cua qudc gia nay "Tieng Anh dang lan toa
den tat ca mgi nai tren hanh tinh""^
2 Toan cau hoa Anh ngir va nhung
bieu hien cua chu nghia thuc dan moi
Rd rang, Anh ngii dang trd thanh hien
tugng mang tinh chat loan cau hoa d the ky
mdi "Toan cau hoa Anh ngii" la san pham
ciia qua trinh ggi la "Toan cau hda" Xet d
gdc do lich sir, tieng Anh da phat trien tir
ngdn ngii cua thye dan thanh ngdn ngii cua
thdi dai, ngdn ngii cua banh tinh Trong sy
"banh trudng" nay lai thay nhirng bieu hien
mdi cua chu nghTa thye dan
Thdi dai ngay nay, chu nghTa thye dan
va siic manh cua nd dugc bieu thi bdi nhirng
bieu tugng khac nhau Sire manh khdng phai
ludn ludn la siic manh chinh tri, nd cd the la
the lye ve tien bac, uy lye quan ddi, kha nang
ve ngdn ngir Chu nghTa thye dan, chu
nghTa de qude cd the dugc the hien trong sy
banh trudng cua nhirng bieu tugng nhu
McDonaldization (McDonal boa),
Coca-Colonizadon (thye dan boa Cdca),
Media-militarization (quan sy hoa phuong den
truyen thdng dai chung) "De che da ra di
nhirng chu nghTa thye dan phuang Tay van
hien than d nhiing nudc vdn da timg la thudc
dia cua nd"^
Lich sir trudc day da cd cau ndi: "Mat trdi khdng bao gid lan tren dat cua de qudc Anh" va bay gid, vdi sy bung nd va banh trudng manh me cua Anh ngii van cd the ndi rang: "Tieng Anh la ngdn ngii ma mat trdi khdng tat, va nhirng ngudi sir dyng nd khdng bao gid ngu"^ De che cua Anh ngir da dugc thiet lap va "thudc dia" cua nd dep tyc phy thudc vao phuang Tay qua ngdn ngii va kien thirc thu nhan Dieu dd the hien rat rd d An
Do, mdt thudc dia da timg dugc xem la
"xuong sdng" cua de qudc Anh
O day chung ta khdng ban ve nhirng gia tri ma tieng Anh da dua den cho dan tdc An
Do trong x u t h e phat trien cua thdi dai, "gia tri phuc hung'' hoac "di san vang" nhu chinh ngudi An da ndi Bai viet mudn de cap den nhiing mat trai cua van de nay Theo nha nghien ciru ngudi An, N.Krishnaswamy, "Sy thdng tri thye dan da lam te liet suy nghT cua nhieu ngudi dan An Do; Nhiing gia tri cua phuong Tay dang bam re sau d An Do, ban het nhiing ngudi cd hgc d An Do dang sin sang nhan sy khai sang chi tir phuong Tay"^ Tac gia nay da dua ra nhiing dan chirng ve
sy "phy thudc trong tu duy" cua ngudi An
Dg Vi dy, d dat nudc nay, nhirng tac dyng
ve phep chiia benh cua yoga, gia tri dinh dudng cua gao hoac siia chua, gia tri y hgc cua nhiing thao dugc dugc ngudi An Do
N.Krishnaswamy, Laiitha Krishnaswary, The story
of English in India, sdd, p 155, 170,171,32
N.Krishnaswamy, Laiitha Krishnaswary, The story
of English in India, sdd, p 155, 170,171,32
' N.Krishnaswamy, Laiitha Krishnaswary, The story
of English in India, sdd, p 170, 171
N.Krishnaswamy, Laiitha Krishnaswary, The story
of English in India, sdd, p 155, 170,171,32
Trang 558 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5 (116).2010
chip nhan nbu la "khoa hgc" chi sau khi cd
sy cdng bd va xac nhan cua mgt vai hgc gia
phuang Tay Tham chi, khi mdt ngudi ndi
rang nhiing bai bao cua hg dugc dang tren
nhirng td bao "qudc te", cd nghTa la bao dd
dugc xuat ban d phuong Tay Day chinh la
hau qua rd ret nhat cua sy thdng tri thye dan
d thudc dia, xet tir nguyen nhan lich su
Trong lich sir, thye dan Anh da thi hanh
nhiing chinh sach quan trgng ve van boa,
giao due d An Do de ddng boa va cai tri xii
sd nay Tir giira the ky XIX, Macaulay, mdt
quan chirc cua Cdng ty Ddng An Anh, da dat
ra myc tieu cbo nen giao dye cua thye dan
Anh d thudc dia: "Chung ta phai ket ndi mdi
quan he giira chung ta va bang trieu ngudi
ma chung ta cai tri, nhirng ngudi cd mau va
mau da An Do nhung lai cd thi hieu, quan
diem, tinh than va tri tue Anh" Ngudi Anh
phat trien giao dye va Anh ngii nham "ddng
boa" dan tdc An Do, tao ra mgt tang ldp
ngudi ban dia ndi tieng Anh, hudng quyen
lgi cua chinh phu Anh, theo ly tudng sdng
cua Tay phuang, phuc vy trong he thdng
quan chirc cua nen thdng tri thye dan Va
Macaulay da hoan thanh "sir mang" mdt
each thanh cdng khi tao ra d An Do mgt ldp
cdng chuc da nau ndi tieng Anh, dugc nhan
nen giao due Anh Sau khi An Do gianh
dugc ddc lap, nen giao due van tiep tyc duy
tri chuong trinh cua Macaulay, va do vay sd
lugng ngudi An dugc dao tao theo mau hinh Tay phuang van tiep tyc tang Nhirng "Quy ngai da nau" (Brown Sahib) nay van cd mat tren khip dat nudc An Do, trong giao due, ca quan chinh phu trong chinh quyen Hg la
"san pham cua thuc dan Anh" va vi vay, trong so dd ciing cd nhung ldp ngudi "mat gdc" ("rootless"), thieu ngon ("languageless") nbu each ggi cua chinh
cac nha khoa hgc An Do
Thugc dia cua chu nghTa thuc dan khdng cdn nira nhung nd van nam trong tu duy ciia ngudi dan ban xu Hien nay, d nhieu khoa Anh ngii trong cac trudng dai hgc d An Do, nhieu giao vien day tieng Anh nghT rang Hamlet va Othello vT dai ban nhiing tac pham kinh dien cua An Do, hg mieu ta thanh cdng nhiing gi ma Aristotle da ndi ve mgt anh hung bi thuong Tham chi hg khong quan tam de biet rang Ravana cung la mgt anh hung bi trang trong Ramayana hoac Kama trong Mababharata Day chinh la nhiing ngudi chi dugc hgc van hgc Anh, hau nhu khdng biet ve van bgc truyin thing ciia dan tgc bang cac ngdn ngii ban dia nhu la tieng Sanskrit hoac Tamil hoac bit ky ngon ngii dan tdc nao cua An Do Ngugc lai, cac hgc gia Hindi trong nIn van hgc truydn thdng khdng phai tit ca va bit cii luc nao cung cd the dien dat y kiln cua minh bing Anh ngii Ci day da cd sy "chia re" vd ciing
to ldn, mdt "Id bdng v l truyin dat" dugc tao
N.Krishnaswamy, Laiitha Krishnaswary, The story
of English in India, sdd, p 155, 170,171,32
Trang 6Su' pJidt trien exiu c/Lnli ngd' 59
ra tir hau qua cua thuc dan, "cdn tdi te hon ca
sy chia cat ve tieu lye dia"^
"Tam hdn cua ngudi An Do dang bi
kiem che nhu tu nhan Sung dan la sy chinh
phyc than the, cdn ngdn ngu la sy chinh phuc
linh hdn"'" Dieu dang lo ngai dd chinh la
"sy danh mat tinh than dan tdc trong y thiic
he va ly tudng cua mdi ngudi dan" Toan
cau hda van hoa se la he qua tiep theo cua
qua trinh toan cau boa kinh te va ngdn ngii;
"dan tdi sy thay ddi trong ket cau xa hdi An
Do" Nhiing gia tri van boa, mdi quan he gia
dinh, sy kinh trgng ngudi ldn tudi, niem tin
tdn giao tat ca dang cd nhieu thay ddi bdi
"nhiing gia tri Tay phuang" Cac phuang
tien truyen thdng dien tu dang thuc day qua
trinh nay va tieng Anh chinh la ngdn ngii cua
"nen van hoa Pop"- nen van boa dang khuay
dgng cudc sdng tinh than cua ldp tre
Sy thdng tri nudc ldn cdn the hien d
khia canh khac, nhiing nudc ndi tieng Anh
"ban dia" nhu Anh va My chi cdng nhan
tieng Anh cua hg la "chuan muc" Tieng Anh
ciia ngudi Anh, ngudi My la "English", tir E
viet hoa; cdn tieng Anh cua tat ca cac nudc
khdng phai "ban xu" deu la "english" vdi
chir e viet thudng Quyen ba chu ve ngdn
B.Kumamaravadiveiu, From Coloniality to
Globality: (Re) visioning English Education in India,
Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics: Vol 28,
July-Dec 2002
N.Krishnaswamy, Laiitha Krishnaswary, The story
of English in India, sdd, p 172
S.Krishnamurti, On Nationalism, The First and Last
freedom, Chennai: Krishnamurti Foundation India,
2000, p 185
ngir da dua den ket qua, mdt sd lugng ldn cac tac pham van hgc bang tieng Anh dugc phat hanh d An Do va tren toan the gidi nhu
la mdt ngdn ngir toan cau Hau qua la "nhieu ngdn ngii thieu sd d An Do va tren the gidi
da bi bien mat", mgt sd lugng ldn cac ngdn ngii dia phuong ludn cd sy "xam lan" cua cac tir tieng Anh, boa trdn, lam cho "bi bdp meo" "Toan cau hoa Anh ngii dang gay nguy hiem cho cac ngdn ngii va cac nen van hoa ban dia"'^
Va nhu vay, sy tdn tai va phat trien cua Anh ngii d An Do khdng chi don thuan la mdt hien tugng ngdn ngir Tieng Anh la ngdn ngir cua thye dan, dugc truyen ba va phat trien d thudc dia vi nhirng myc dich thuc dan Dieu quan trgng la ngudi An "biet each ngan can sy tan cdng", cd gang de
"chap nhan" va "chung sdng hoa binh" vdi ngdn ngii va van boa phuang Tay Trong lich sir hg da timg lam nhu vay vdi cac nen van boa - ngdn ngii nhu Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic va Urdu Nhung vdi Anh ngii, cd nhieu dieu dac biet hon Tir ngdn ngii thye dan nd da phat trien thanh ngdn ngir toan cau, va bung bd d An Do vi nhirng thanh tyu cua thdi dai cdng nghe thdng tin Tuy nhien, nhirng bieu hien ve su "banh trudng" thye dan cua mdt "de che ngdn ngii" ciing la dieu ngudi An, cung nhu cac nudc thudc the gidi thir ba phai quan tam
'• N.Krishnaswamy, Laiitha Krishnaswary, The story
of English in India, sdd, p 175