thd'ng nhat d mdt trinh dp nhat dinh; dang phai ddng gdp vao viec hinh thanh tU tUdng xa hdi chung va giao due y thiic chinh tri cho nhan dan. b) Chinh dang cd muc tieu chu yeu la gi[r]
Trang 118 SO 04-2010 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
CHINH TRi - LUAT
^^
SI/HINH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN CUA
de: (1) Khai niem chinh dang
va chiic nang cua chinh dang;
(2) Tinh tat yeu sii ra ddi cua chinh
dang va cd che dang lanh dao; (3)
Cach thiic ra ddi cua he thd'ng chinh
dang d cac nUdc phUdng Tay (Au-My)
1 K h a i n i e m c h i n h d a n g va c a c
chdfc n a n g xa h o i c u a c h i n h d a n g
Trong sud't lich sii ke tii khi nhan
loai biet tU duy den nay (homo
sapiens), x a h d i loai ngUdi trai qua
nhieu hinh thai phat trien, nhUng nen
van hien thanh van (cd chii viet) mdi cd
khoang 5000 nam, va cau chuyen chinh
dang d m quyen mdi cd each day ven
ven tren 200 nam Dd la ndi tinh hinh d
nhiing nUdc phat trien nhat Cdn d cac
nUdc kem phat trien nhU Viet Nam,
cau chuyen ve chinh dang va dang cam
quyen lai dac biet mdi me sau khi Viet
Nam tiep thu van minh phUdng Tay d
niia dau the' ky XX
0 phUdng Tay, nhieu hpc gia da
dUa ra cac dinh nghia ve dang chinh
tri theo nhUng each khac 'nhau, ddi
khi cac dinh nghia dd mang each nhin
trai ngUdc nhau Ndi bat trong dd la
hai dinh nghia ciia hpc gia ngUdi Anh
Edmund Burke (the ky XVIII) va hoc
gia ngUdi My Anthony Downs (the ky
XX) E Burke trong cdng trinh
' , T S K H Ltftfng V a n Ke
i - ,, Khoa Quoc tehgc, Dgi hoc KHXH&NV Thoughts on the Causes of the Present Discontents do W Murison chii bien
da dinh nghia dang chinh tri la "mdt
td chiic ciia nhiing ngUdi (men - nam gidi) tap hdp vdi n h a u n h I m thdc day
loi ich quoc gia thdng qua nd liic
chung cua hp, diia tren mot so'nguyen
tdc cu the dUdc t a t ca n h a t trf'.^*
Trong khi dd, A Downs trong cdng
trinh nghien ciiu kinh dien cua dng ve
nen chinh tri hien dai n h a n de Mot ly
thuyet kinh te ve nen ddn chu (An
Economic Theory of Democracy) lai dinh nghia dang chinh tri la "mdt
nhdm ngUdi (men) tim cdch kiem sodt
bg may chinh quyen bdng viec gidnh lay nhiing chiic vu trong cac cudc bau cii dUdc td chiic theo thdi han".^^
Theo y nghia hien dai va dUdc nhieu ngUdi ddng tinh, khai niem
chinh ddng (political party) bieu thi mot dodn the chinh tri duac to chitc nen nhdm tranh doat quyen li/c nhd niCdc thong qua bau cii hoac cdc phuang thdc chinh tri khdc.^^
Dd la mdt dinh nghia n g I n gpn, chi
ra dUdc ban chat then chd't cua chinh dang Tuy nhien, cung cd nhiing dinh nghia ve chinh dang mang "tinh phap quyen" va dan chu hdn, phii hdp vdi tinh chat cua thdi dai chiing ta Chang han dinh nghia sau day trong
bd luat ve chinh dang cua CHLB Diic:
Trang 2''Chinh ddng Id nhiing to chdc cong
ddn mudn co dnh hiidng lau ddi hoac
ddi han tren pham vi Lien bang hay
mot Bang ddi vdi viec cdu thdnh y thdc
chinh tri ciia nhdn ddn vd mudn co
dnh hiidng bdng sii dai dien cho nhdn
ddn trong Quoc hoi lien bang hay Nghi
vien ciia mot bang, khi cdc ddng cdn
cii vdo tinh hinh chung cua cdc tiidng
quan thiic sii, ddc biet Id cdn cd vdo
quy mo vd tinh ben vdng cua to chdc
cua minh, cdn cd vdo so' IdtJng ddng
vien vd vdo tinh du viet' cda minh
trong cong ludn md dUa ra sii bdo ddm
hoan todn ve tinh nghiem tuc trong
thiic hien cdc miic tieu de ra."
Theo dinh nghia nay, khai niem
dang chinh tri chiia diing cac yeu td'
cd ban sau:
- Dang la mdt lien minh cdng dan,
- Dang phai cd muc tieu tac ddng
lau dai den cau thanh y thiic chinh tri
cua nhan dan,
- Dang phai cd dai dien trong nghi
vien,
- Bao dam tinh nghiem tiic, cd tinh
than trach nhiem ddi vdi xa hdi
Khai quat lai, cd the dUa ra dinh
nghia ve chinh dang nhU sau: Chinh
ddng Id mot to chdc chinh tri - xd hoi
cua cong ddn co ciiang linh chinh tri
vd CO muc dich gidnh quyen Idnh dao
nhd niidc bdng bdu cii hodc cdc thu
doan chinh tri khdc, nhdm thoa mdn
yeu cdu quyen Icfi cua tdng Idp xd hoi
md no dai dien
Cd mpt cau hdi dat ra la, dang
chinh tri cd gi khac biet vdi cac td
chiic chinh tri xa hdi khac?
Trong cac xa hdi hien dai tdn tai
het siic da dang cac td chiic doan the
cdng dan, dac biet la d phUdng Tay,
ndi ma xa hdi dan sii phat trien
Trong cac xa hdi dd, cac hiep hdi va td
chiic dan sii, cac nhdm Idi ich boat
ddng het siic nang ddng, tich ciic, da
dang va cd vai trd to Idn ddi vdi ddi sd'ng chinh tri
Trong toan bd sii phiic tap, da dang, phong phii dd ciia xa hdi hien dai, sii khaC biet cd't loi giiia mdt chinh dang va mpi loai hinh hiep hdi cdng dan khac la d chd, quan he cua chinh dang vdi toan bd thie't che' chinh tri - xa hdi cd nhiing tinh chat khac nhau ve can ban:
a) Chinh dang diia tren nen tang
hinh thdi y thdc va thai dp chinh tri
thd'ng nhat d mdt trinh dp nhat dinh; dang phai ddng gdp vao viec hinh thanh tU tUdng xa hdi chung va giao due y thiic chinh tri cho nhan dan
b) Chinh dang cd muc tieu chu yeu
la gianh quyen lanh dao nha nUdc (quyen lap chinh phu) b I n g tuyen ctf, mpi muc tieu cua dang deu dUdc the hien trong cUdng linh chinh tri ciia minh
c) Chinh dang la mdt td chvfc chinh tri cd tinh ben viing lau dai chii khdng phai la td chiic tam bd, ngan ban Chinh dang cd cd cau td chiic tUdng ddi dn dinh vdi sd' lUdng dang vien chinh thiic ddng dao Viec mdt dang nao dd thay ddi ten gpi nhieu l l n trong mdt thdi gian ngIn chang qua chi la sach lUdc va chiu sU chi phdi cua cac hoan canh lich sii, luat phap
va du luan Cdn thiic chat tinh dang cua nd khdng he thay ddi Dang dd van la mdt td chiic dn dinh lau dai d) Khac vdi cac nhdm Idi ich (interest group) tim each gay anh hudng ddi vdi chinh sach cua chinh phu, muc tieu cua chinh dang la chiem doat lay bd may quyen liic nha nUdc Do dd, cac chinh dang - cho du
la dang dUdng quyen hay dang ddi lap
- deu quan tam sat sao, bao quat toan dien mpi van de, dUa cac muc tieu chinh tri do minh de ra vao qua trinh hinh thanh y chi chinh tri va chinh
Trang 320 SO 04-2010 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
sach ciia nha nUdc va cac cd quan dai
bieu nhan dan (nghi vien); khi cd hpi
thuan Idi la t r a n h doat quyen dinh
doat chinh sdch (decision making
power) bang con dUdng dpc lap hay
lien minh vdi cac chinh dang khac
Dieu dd khie'n chinh dang dUdng
quyen ludn ludn phai giii gin tU each
va nang cao nang liic lanh dao
e) PhUdng thiic gianh chinh quyen
nha nUdc la canh tranh bang bau cii de
gianh da sd' phieu ung hd cua cii tri
Cac cudc bau cii dd phai dUdc tien hanh
mdt each dan chii, cdng bang, minh
bach, cd sii giam sat nghiem ngat Do
dd, cac dang cin cii nhiing dai dien Uu
tii nhat ciia minh ra tranh cii
f) Ciing vi le dd ma chinh dang phai
.cham lo mdi lien he chat che thUdng
xuyen va sinh ddng giiia nhan dan va
cac cd quan nha nUdc Dang phai ddng
vien cdng dan tham gia tich ciic vac
ddi sd'ng chinh tri, dac biet la cd vCi
nhiing ngUdi cd nang liic dam nhiem
cac cUdng vi lanh dao trong bp may
quyen liic nha nUdc va dia phUdng
thdng qua viec gidi thieu ngUdi iing cii
va cUdng linh tranh cii cho cac cudc
bau cii cac cap Day la cd sd hinh
thanh nen tang Idp tinh hoa chinh tri
ciia cac nUdc
g) Do t i m quan trpng sd'ng cdn cua
bd may quyen liic nha nUdc tren ca
hai phUdng dien ddi ndi va ddi ngoai,
nen sii ra ddi va boat ddng ciia chinh
dang cd tac ddng sau xa den toan bd
xa hdi, lich sii, vi the qud'c te cua cac
qudc gia Chiing ta cd the thay rd dieu
nay khi theo ddi dien bien ciia cudc
bau cU Tdng thd'ng My thii 44 viia qua
vdi chien thang thupc ve iing cU vien
da den B Obama cua dang Dan chii
Thiic te tdn tai ciia cac chinh dang
trong cac nen dan chii hien dai cho
thay, ve mat chiic nang, cac chinh
dang phai chiu nhieu trach nhiem
chinh tri ddi vdi xa hdi Luat ve chinh dang d CHLB Diic dUa ra 8 yeu cau chiic n a n g cua chinh dang (xem p h a n II)
Cac nha kinh dien ciia chu nghia Marx da cd nhiing n h a n dinh rat sau sic ve ban chat va cac dac trUng ciia chinh dang, trong dd cac dng dac biet
nhan manh tinh chdt giai cap ciia
chinh dang Cac dng cho r i n g , chinh dang la dai bieu tap t r u n g nhat Idi ich giai cap minh, la liic lUdng lanh dao siic manh chinh tri cua giai cap, la td chiic chinh tri cua cac t h a n h vien trung kien n h a t cua cac giai cap dau tranh gianh quyen liic hoac tang cUdng quyen liic nha nUdc, la dpi tien phong chien dau ciia giai cap minh."*
2 Tinh tat y e u c u a sii ra ddi cac
d a n g c h i n h tri va cd c h e dang lanh dao
Lieu nen chinh tri hien dai ciia cac qud'c gia khdng can den chinh dang chinh tri? Bdi vi, cac n h a lanh dao nUdc My the he dau tien dUdc b l u theo hien phap da tiing tuyen bd' phan ddi nen chinh tri dang phai tren nguyen tac The nhUng tai sao hp van tao ra chiing? Trong nghien ciiu hanh
vi bd phieu ciia cii tri, ngUdi ta thay rang, cii tri cac nUdc phUdng Tay liia chpn va bau cho nhiing ngUdi nao ma
hp thay cd du tu each va nang liic, phii hdp n h a t vdi cdng viec dUdc uy thac ma khdng phan biet dang phai Quan niem nhU vay trong bau cvf cd d 90% cii tri My.' Dai da sd dan chiing cho r i n g , chinh cac dang phai lam cho van de trd nen r i c rdi them, thay vi dUa ra sii liia chpn ro rang cho cac van de Chi cd 38% ung hp chp cd che lUdng dang Rdi d nUdc Nga h a u cpng san, Tdng thd'ng Putin trong nhiem ky dau khdng la dang vien cua dang nao
ca, vi dng mud'n la tdng thd'ng cua
Trang 4toan the nhan dan Nga NhUng sang
den nhiem ky thii hai dng da phai cin
den sii hau thuan to Idn cua ddng
Niidc Nga thdng nhdt, dng la iing cvf
vien do dang Nudc Nga thd'ng nhat de
cii, mac dii dng van khdng tuyen bd'
gia nhap dang nay NhUng rdi den
cudc bau cii Duma qud'c gia Nga (Ha
vien) va cudc bau cii nam 2008 dUa
Medvedev len lam tdng thd'ng va
Putin chuyen sang lam Thii tUdng,
dng da phai gia nhap dang Nudc Nga
thd'ng nhat va dUdc bau lam chu tich
cua dang nay
Vay ddng cd cua viec hinh thanh
chinh dang la gi? Va bIng each nao
cac chinh dang van tdn tai va cd anh
hudng manh me den toan bd ddi sd'ng
chinh tri cua mpi qud'c gia? Met hien
tUdng nhu chinh dang ra ddi tat yeu
phai cd nguyen do rd rang va dich
dang, trUdc het nhin tii goc do ngiidi
tranh cd (iing cii vien) Trong bat ky
cudc bd phieu nao cua tap the, thi tu
each ca nhan dUdc mdt td chiic hau
thuan thudng cd Uu the, dieu dd lai
cang cIn thie't khi ngUdi ta mud'n
gianh dUdc da sd' phieu b l u trong
nhiing bdi canh phiic tap Trong khi
dd, de cd the tranh doat quyen liic nha
nUdc, dat dUdc da sd' lai la ddi hdi cua
hien phap Hien phap ciia cac nUdc
phUdng Tay deu quy dinh r i n g , viec
thdng qua cac dao luat va bau ra cac
chUc vu lanh dao tat yeu khie'n hinh
thanh cac lien minh tao ra da sd' trong
nhUng the che va ddn vi bau cii Cac
chinh dang ra ddi chinh la tU nd liic
cua cac chu the chinh tri n h I m xay
diing nhiing lien minh da sd' nhU the
va dieu phdi cac boat ddng tap the can
thie't de doat quyen kiem soat va svf
dung bd may chinh quyen nha nUdc
Nhu vay cd nghia la, de cd the tham
gia chinh sU, trUdc sau gi ngUdi ta
ciing phai gia nhap mdt chinh dang nao dd
Neu nhin tii goc do cd tri (cdng
dan), ngUdi ta thay r i n g , cii tri ngay cang td ra cd quan diem dpc lap, khdng le thupc dang phai nao Nghien ciiu ve bau cii d My cho thay, ty le cii tri tii coi minh la "ddc lap hoan toan"
da tang len tvf 6% nam 1952 len 15% vao nam 1976 va lai giam xudng 7,6% vao nam 2004 Chi cd dieu, sd' cii tri
"ddc lap" nay it tham gia bd phieu Hp chi chie'm 5,4% phieu bau The nhUng, cac nghien ciiu cho thay, cdng dan ciia cac nUdc dan chu van tii cam thay minh tan thanh quan diem cua dang nay hoac chinh sach ciia dang kia NgUdi My van san sang tii coi minh la theo dang Cdng hoa hoac dang Dan chii Thai dp trung thanh vdi chinh dang nao dd cua hp la kha kien dinh, hau nhu khdng thay ddi trong sud't hdn 40 nam qua, bat chap nhiing diln bie'n day kich tinh cua chinh trUdng nUdc My.*^ Nghia la each thiic cif tri bd phieu tren cd ban van mang tinh dang phai, rat it khi cd ngoai le Chinh vi the, ngUdi triing cU thudng thupc ve dang nay hoac thupc ve dang kia
Tdm lai, ngoai ddng cd tdng the la
td chiic dai dien va dau tranh vi Idi ich giai cap/tang Idp xa hdi, thi ddng
cd ra ddi va tdn tai ciia cac chinh dang
d phUdng Tay cd the quy ve bd'n nguyen do triic tiep sau:
- De xay diing cac lien minh lap phap va bau ccf dn dinh va cd' ging dat dUdc da sd'
- De ddng vien cii tri va gianh phieu bau cua hp
- De sang tao ra cac ky nang tranh cii va bau cii mdi
- De sii dung mac chinh dang vdi tU each tap the, dd trach nhiem cho tap the ma lan tranh trach nhiem ca nhan.^
Trang 522 SO 04-2010 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
Chinh dang la san pham cua sii
phat trien lich sii cua nen chinh tri td
sdn hien dai Nd ra ddi nhu mpt tat
yeu lich sii vdi tU each nhiing td chiic
dai dien cho Idi ich cua cac nhdm
ngUdi trong xa hdi Sii xung dot Idi ich
dd cd the la xung dot Idi ich giai cap,
nhUng ky thiic ciing cd the chi la xung
dot Idi ich giiia cac nhdm thupc cung
mdt giai cap Chii nghia Marx chu yeu
nhan manh tinh giai cap cua dang
3 Cach thiic ra ddi cua cac
chinh d a n g Phiidng Tay
Cac nha nghien ciiu chinh tri da xac
dinh cd hai each thiic hinh thanh chinh
dang: chinh ddng npi sinh (internally
created party) va chinh ddng ngoai
sinh (externally created party)
Chinh ddng npi sinh la ket qua sU
phan hda ndi bd ciia mdt td chUc chinh
tri (thdng thUdng la cd quan lap phap/
nghi vien, nhUng ciing cd khi tif npi bp
cua mpt chinh ddng cam quyen) vdn
cd cung Idi ich cd ban, nhUng xung dot
nhau ve nhiing Idi ich dac thu Nha
nghien ciiu chinh tri ndi tieng cua
Phap the ky XIX la Tocquelle da tiing
phat bieu: TU tiidng ddi dich thiic ra
lai Id cP sd chung cua tinh hdu nghi
Cac chinh dang ra ddi the he dau tien
trong Idng che dp tU ban c h i n g qua la
sU mau thuan va phan hda trong ndi
bd Nghi vien tU san giiia mpt phai
thieu sd'va phai chie'm da sd' Hai phai
nay ddng nhat vdi nhau ve Idi ich,
quan diem va khuynh hUdng chinh
tri, cung hoat ddng trong nghi vien,
rdi sau dd mdi khuech trUdng ra quan
chiing n h I m tang cUdng siic manh
Cling cd' vi the chinh tri cua minh Sii
ra ddi cua hai chinh dang d VUdng
qud'c Anh la mdt vi du dien hinh va
ciing la khdi dau ciia he thd'ng chinh
dang tren the gidi Sau Cach mang tu
san Anh vao thap nien 40 cua the ky
XVII, nUdc Anh da thie't lap nen Nghi vien Vao nam 1679, cac nghi si cua nghi vien t r a n h cai kich liet xung quanh sii ke vi ngoi hoang de Anh
Cac nghi si tU san iing hp Wilhem
Orangio, Thdng ddc Ha Lan va con re
cua dUdng kim Hoang de Jehm II,
ddng thdi la nha dai tU ban NhUng nhdm bao hoang trong nghi vien kich liet phan ddi va de nghi giii nguyen vUdng vi cua J e h m II Phe tu san mdi
da chiii rua phe bao hoang la dd "con liia" (Tories, gd'c tieng xii Ireland), cdn phe bao hoang gpi phe t u san la quan
"an cUdp" (Wigs, tieng Scotland) Hai ten gpi lang ma dd dUdc lUu truyen rdng rai va trd t h a n h ten gpi chinh thiic ciia hai dang ddi lap nhau trong nghi vien Anh Rdi qua qua trinh lau dai dau t r a n h nghi trUdng, hai dang
dd da dan dan trd t h a n h cac chinh dang toan qud'c Vao the ky XIX hai dang ddi ten t h a n h dang Bao thu (nam 1833, tii dang Tories) va dang Tii do (nam 1839, tii dang Wigs) Hau het cac chinh dang d cac nUdc Bic Au
va Bic My deu hinh t h a n h theo each ndi sinh nhu vay
0 nudc My sau khi gianh dUdc ddc lap, trong Qud'c hdi xuat hien hai phai chinh tri chd'ng ddi n h a u la phai Hen bang va phan ddi lien bang Hien phap My khdng de cap den van de chinh dang Trong thdi ky dau lap qud'c, nhan dan My di iing vdi cac dang phai vi cho dd la sii de doa ddi vdi mpt chinh phu td't va ddi vdi trat tii cdng, dac biet la de phdng nhiing ngUdi theo phai Cdng hoa.® Khdng cd chinh khach nao dam cdng khai dinh liu den cac chinh dang Bdi, an tUdng
ve chinh dang da bi cudc huynh de tUdng t a n va hdn loan dien ra d nUdc Anh trudc dd lam cho hp khie'p sd Ho cung bi am anh bdi cac cudc chien
t r a n h tdn giao va chinh tri da tiing
Trang 6buy diet cac nen cdng hoa Hy Lap, La
Ma, Italia Dan chiing My thdi ky dd
nhin xa hdi la mdt tdng the hai hoa,
cac bd phan khac nhau trong xa hdi
Cling chia se vdi nhau nhiing Idi ich
chung ma cac nha lanh dac thdng thai
va trung thiic cd trach nhiem cham lo
thiic day Khi dd cac nha d m quyen
tu coi minh la dai dien cua nhan dan,
bat ky sii ddi lap nao mang tinh td
chiic deu dUdc xem la phan nghich
hoac sai lam NhUng nhiing ngUdi ddi
lap tap hdp thanh be dang lai cd ly
ciia hp: Hp td'cao nha d m quyen dang
liia bip nhan dan, phan bdi lai Idi ich
va sii tin tudng cua nhan dan Khi cac
chinh khach tien hanh mdt sd' thao
tac hudng den viec tao ra chinh dang
dau tranh chi mang tinh chdt tinh
the, tam thdi, hp khdng nghi r i n g hp
da tao ra cai bat bien, vinh h i n g cho
nen chinh tri va xa hdi My Liic dau
cac chinh dang hi tat ca mpi ngUdi
xem thudng, nhUng chiing van phat
trien r i m rd Nudc My dUa ra Tu
chinh an lan thU nhat bao dam quyen
tu do phat ngdn, hdi hpp Dd chinh la
mdt bao dam hien phap cho sii tdn tai
ciia chinh dang Khudn khd xay diing
Hien phap da tac ddng sau sic den
viec hinh thanh cac kieu thvfc hay loai
hinh chinh dang Thdi ky cao diem
nhat d My cd tdi tren 1500 chinh
dang.^ Khdi ngudn cac chinh dang lap
hien la trong cudc canh tranh trong
nghi vien My giiia A Hamilton va Th
Jefferson cudi nhiem ky cua
Washington Hamilton khi dd la Bd
trUdng Tai chinh Ong de xuat mdt
chUdng trinh phat trien kinh te day
tham vpng mang lai Idi ich cho tang
Idp giau cd nhUng gay nhieu tranh
cai Tinh the budc dng phai van ddng
cac nghi si trong Qud'c hdi ung hd chu
trUdng cua minh Tap hdp ddng minh
kha dn dinh ciia dng trong Qud'c hdi
My dan dan dUdc gpi la "nhiing ngUdi Hen bang" (FederaHsts) Nhdm nay td thai dp ung hd mdt chinh phii lien bang vutng manh Ong khdng biet
r i n g day chinh la cdng viec cua mdt dang lap phap nhu sau nay ngUdi ta
da nhan xet Cdn phe ben kia dUdc tap hdp dudi sii van ddng nghi trUdng tich ciic ciia Jefferson va Madison va
hp tu gpi minh la "nhiing ngudi cdng hoa" (Republicans) Thanh vien cua dang dUdc gpi la ngUdi dan chu - cdng hoa Nam 1820, hp dUdc gpi chinh thUc
la nhiing ngUdi Dan chu Day la chinh dang lau ddi nhat tren the gidi Trong thap nien thii hai cua the' ky XIX, nhUng ngUdi Dan chu da chie'm hau bet cac ghe' trong cac cd quan quyen liic nha nUdc, trong khi dang Lien bang hi that bai lien tie'p Trong nhUng nam Tdng thd'ng Monroe cam quyen, hau nhu khdng cd xung dot dang phai
va ngUdi ta gpi dd la ky nguyen cua tinh cam td't dep.^° Sang nhUng nam
50 va 60 ciia the ky XIX, hai lUc lUdng ddi lap nay da chuyen hda chinh thiic thanh dang Dan chu va dang Cdng hda nhu ta thay ngay nay
Xet ve pham vi xa hdi, ke tif cudc bau cii Tdng thd'ng My nam 1800, hinh thUc dang phai da vUdt khdi khudn khd nghi vien ma phat trien thanh cac chinh dang mang tinh dai chiing Bdi vi mpi cudc bau cii cac chiic vu trong cd quan lap phap cho de'n bau ccf tdng thd'ng deu diia tren cd
sd bau cii phd thdng Trong tranh cii,
ca hai dang deu chii trpng den viec Ilia chpn iing cif vien tii cap bang, vi cac thUdng nghi si deu la do cac nghi vien bang bau ra Canh tranh trong
b l u cii tdng thd'ng ciing budc cac dang phai rat coi trpng, vi hien phap quy dinh toan quyen ciia cac bang trong
Ilia chpn cii tri dodn va dai cd tri de
b l u ra tdng thd'ng Nhiing dai cii tri
Trang 724 SO 04-2010 CHAU MY N G A Y NAY
deu phai la nhiing ngudi xuat sac tii
dia phUdng va hp cd trach nhiem thao
luan ky lUdng vdi cac cii tri khac cung
bang trUdc khi bd phieu
NgUdi My dan tien de'n khdng ung
hd he thd'ng da dang ma chi ung hd he
thd'ng ludng ddng la n h I m tang tinh
canh tranh dan chu giiia hai dang,
chd'ng tinh trang ddc quyen ciia mdt
dang nao dd; ddng thdi tang cUdng tap
trung hoa y chi chinh tri, tranh sU rdi
loan do qua da dang ve chinh dang
Mdt net dac s i c trong van hoa
chinh dang d My la hien tUdng "lUdng
phan" ngay trdng ndi bd dang d m
quyen, cai ma cac nha nghien ciiu gpi
la he thdng ddng phdi thd hai hay he
thdng ddng phdi thdcdp.^^ Hien tUdng
nay xuat hien trong thdi ky cua
"nhUng tinh cam td't dep" dudi sU
thd'ng tri gan nhU tuyet ddi cua phe
Dan chu, khi nen chinh tri khdng cdn
xung dot giiia cac chinh dang Sii ket
thiic cudc dau t r a n h hudng ngoai lai
la khdi dau cua cudc chien chinh tri
hudng ndi, nghia la dau tranh trong
ndi bd dang d m quyen Vao thdi ky
dang cam quyen khdng cdn ddi thii,
mang ludi td chiic ciia dang bat d i u
reu ra, nay sinh sii cai va giiia ca
nhan va be phai, sii thieu gan bd vdi
dan chiing d h l u khap cac bang Vay
la mau thuan ndi bd cua dang anh
hudng tieu cUc den dan chiing, vi
ngUdi ta phat hien thay ty le cii tri di
bau ccf tdng thd'ng giam han xudng: tii
hdn 40% nam 1812 xudng cdn hdn
10% vao nam 1820.'^ Dudi cd che he
thd'ng ludng dang hay he thd'ng dang
phai thii nhat, de bao dam chpn dUdc
ngUdi xiing dang vao ghe tdng thd'ng,
doan nghi si cua cac dang tien hanh
cac phien hpp kin de cii iing cU vien
tdng thd'ng NhUng khi qud'c hpi chi
cdn dai bieu cua mpt dang n l m , thi
viec de cii iing cii vien cua dang ciing
ddng nghia vdi viec ngUdi dd se dUdng nhien trd t h a n h tdng thd'ng (vi khdng
cd ddi thii) Dieu dd ddi hdi sii ddng
t h u a n ciia dang NhUng tren thiic tien viec dat dUdc ddng t h u a n la rat khd khan bdi cd khdng it iing cii vien do cac nhdm khac n h a u de cii, vi the d i n de'n mau t h u i n npi bp NhiJng nghi si
cd uy tin chd'ng lai n h a u lien tap hdp liic lUdng dang ca ben trong va ben ngoai nghi vien de ung hd iing cii vien cua minh Hinh thiic quyet dinh iing
cii vien cua dang chinh la Hpi nghi
todn qudc cua ddng thay the cho cac
phien hpp kin trong pham vi nghi vien Chien t h i n g ngoan muc ciia Jackson nam 1828 va 1832 sau dd la mdt bai hpc bd ich ve gia tri cua td chiic chinh t r i ciing nhU ve phUdng thvfc chi phdi cua dang cam quyen ddi vdi bp may quyen liic n h a nUdc trong trUdng hdp chinh dang dpc quyen lanh dao
De di de'n hpi nghi toan qud'c liia chpn ling cvf vien tdng thd'ng duy nhat, cac chinh dang deu tien hanh canh t r a n h quyet liet giiia cac vfng cvf vien cua dang minh Cudc canh tranh giiia dng B Obama va ba H Clinton trong cudc b l u cvf Tdng thd'ng thii 44 nam 2008 vvfa qua la mot vi du sinh ddng va thii vi ve cd che dang thii cap cua nen dan chu chinh dang d My He thd'ng thvf cap trong dang cdn the hien dudi nhieu hinh thvfc khac nhau, nhU cac Hen minh Idi ich, cac lien minh ddi lap nhau ve quan diem tren cung mdt
v i n de d mpi cap tvf trung Udng den bang, dia phUdng Trong thdi ky chien
t r a n h Viet Nam, npi bp dang Dan chii chia t h a n h hai phe: phe ung hd cudc chien vdi cac dai dien Idi ich quan sii
va phe hoa binh gom dai dien cua gidi tri thiic tii do, tap hdp ddng dao cac
t i n g Idp Uu tii trong cac trUdng dai hpc My
Trang 8Ngoai ra, he thd'ng dang thd cap b
My cdn cd mdt dac trUng thii vi khac
cua chu nghia thiic dung My: sii du
ddi cho ngUdi ung hp Nghia la sau
khi die cvf mdt ghe lanh dao nao dd,
dac biet la ghe tdng thd'ng, ngUdi lanh
dao se danh ghe' nao dd trong bd may
quyen liic sao cho xiing dang vdi cdng
lao ddng gdp cua ngUdi da ung hd
minh Hp se trd thanh vay canh cd
ciing quan diem va Idi ich vdi minh
Dieu dd ciing cd nghia la, cd che
quyen liic chinh tri d My chap nhan
chii nghia cd hdi va tham vpng ciia cac
ca nhan trong khung canh Idi ich
chung cua tap the dang Dieu nay ta
thay rat hien nhien trong s i p xe'p
nhan sii ciia cac tdng thd'ng My sau
khi die cvf
Chinh ddng ngoai sinh ra ddi vao
khoang giiia the ky XIX trd di va nay
chie'm dai da sd' cac chinh dang tren
the' gidi Su ra ddi cac chinh dang
ngoai sinh hoan toan tUdng phan vdi
cac chinh dang ndi sinh Dd la cac
dang ra ddi ben ngoai cd qua lap
phap Liic dIu cac dang nay khdng cd
dai dien trong cd quan lap phap va
cac cd quan quyen liic khac, dd dd
chiu thua thiet ve quyen Idi Dieu dd
da budc dUa de'n viec cac bd phan dan
chiing dvfng ngoai le nay thie't lap len
chinh dang lam dai dien Idi ich ciia
minh va cdng cu de tranh dau gianh
quyen Idi chinh tri Cac dang nay nd
lUc canh tranh de chie'm vi tri trcng
nghi vien hay cd quan lap phap Vao
cudi the' ky XIX dau the ky XX d Chau
Au, dudi anh hudng cua hpc thuyet
Marx, da ra ddi hang loat chinh dang
ciia giai cap cdng nhan Dd la do xung
dot Idi ich giai cap bet svfc quyet liet
giiia giai cap vd san lam thue va giai
cap tu san bdc let Nam 1847, Marx
va Engels da thanh lap ra chinh dang
cdng san dau tien tren the gidi mang
ten Ddng minh nhiing ngUdi cdng san
va nam 1848 dUa ra ban Tuyen ngdn ciia dang Cdng san bat hu Thang 8 nam 1869 d Dvfc ra ddi chinh dang qud'c gia dau tien cua giai cap cdng
nhan la ddng Cong nhdn Ddn chu xd
hpi chd nghia Ddc Nam 1903, Lenin
d Nga da tach phai da sd' trong dang
Xa hdi Dan chu Nga thanh mdt chinh dang each mang - dang Cdng san/Bolshevich Nga Cac dang cdng nhan khac d Chau Au ciing da chuyen hda toan bd hoac mdt phan thanh cac chinh dang cdng san
Cac chinh dang dan tdc chu nghia nay sinh trong phong trao dau tranh giai phdng dan tdc ciing dUdc sinh ra theo each "ngoai sinh" nhU vay (vi du Qud'c dan dang cua lanh tu Nguyen Thai Hpc d Viet Nam) 6 phUdng Ddng, cac dang Cdng san d Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban, Viet Nam, ra ddi deu la san pham cua cudc dau tranh giai cap va dau tranh chd'ng ap bvfc dan tdc TrUdng hdp cac chinh dang phat xit ra ddi va trd thanh dang toan tri, ddc tai d Italia, Tay Ban Nha va Diic sau Chien tranh the gidi l l n thvf nhat ciing la do bdi canh khiing hoang kinh te chinh tri nhiing nam
1920-1930, la sii phan vfng ddi vdi he thd'ng quyen liic nha nUdc dUdng thdi trUdc nhu d u xa hdi Su ra ddi cua cac dang Xanh (green parties) vao thap nien 70 ciia the ky XX ciing b i t ngudn tif cudc dau tranh ciia nhUng ngUdi lo lang sU xudng cap ciia mdi trUdng sinh thai toan c l u bdi qua trinh cdng nghiep hda d cac nUdc cdng nghiep
Sau khi len d m quyen, cac chinh dang ngoai sinh thudng cd xu hudng toan tri, chuyen che vi mud'n thvfc thi nen chuyen chinh vdi cac ddi thu
n h I m thie't lap mdt trat tii chinh tri
xa hpi mdi theo cUdng linh cua minh Chi rat mudn ve sau nay, nhat la tvf
Trang 926 SO 04-2010 CHAU MY NGAY NAY thap nien 90 cua the ky XX trd di,
cvmg vdi svf tien hda cua tU duy dan
chu va nha nUdc phap quyen, tinh
chat quyet liet ddi khang giiia cac
chinh dang mdi suy giam d i n de
nhUdng chd cho ddi thoai hda binh Svf
loai trii che dp ddc dang va thie't lap
sii chung sd'ng hda binh giUa cac
chinh dang dUdc bid dam b I n g hien
phap va dao luat, trUdc het la d cac
qud'c gia dan chu va cdng nghiep phat
trien ke tvf sau Chien tranh the gidi
l l n thii II
Trong lich svf hinh thanh cac chinh
dang tren the gidi cdn nay sinh mdt
hien tUdng dac biet, mdt sd' chinh
dang cd quy md vUdt khdi bien gidi
qud'c gia, trd thanh mdt chinh ddng
qudc te (todn the gidi) hoac chinh
ddng ciia khu viic xuyen quoc gia, vi
du Qud'c te' cdng san I dUdi sU lanh
dao cua Marx va Engels, Qud'c te'cdng
san II (vdi sii thao tiing sau nay cua
Kautzky), Qud'c te cdng san III (ciia
Lenin) G i n day nhat, tvf nhUng nam
70 ciia the ky XX la cac chinh dang
Tay Au trong khudn khd cua Lien
minh chau Au EU: dang Nhan dan
chau Au (PEP), dang Xa hdi dan chu
chau Au (ESP) Hai chinh dang nay la
hai the Ivfc chu chdt trong Nghi vien
chau Au cua EU
Cd mdt hien tUdng d n lam sang td
trong nghien cvfu chinh dang d
phUdng Tay la, cac nUdc dd deu thee
che dp dan chu da dang, nhUng tai sao
thudng xuyen chi cd hai dang ndng cd't
ddi lap nhau va thay nhau d m
quyen, hoac dac biet hdn niia la, tai
sao mdt qud'c gia dan chu va da dang
ciic doan nhU nUdc My lai chi tdn tai
cd hai dang?
Tdm lai, ta cd the hinh dung mdt
each khai quat con dUdng dUa de'n svf
ra ddi cua chinh dang tren the gidi
nhu sau:
(1) P h a n hoa giai cap va xung dot Idi ich giai cap hoac Idi ich tap doan/nhdm Do dd quan chiing d n tap hdp liic lUdng t h a n h chinh dang de dau t r a n h gianh quyen liic nha nUdc (2) Quan he san xuat tU ban chu nghia (tU hiiu) ra ddi tvf trong long che dp phong kien Giai cap tU san bi giai cap phong kien chen ep, cam doan, trong khi nen san xuat tU ban vdi t u each cd sd kinh te cua chinh dang t u san lai dang dan Idn manh, xung ddt vdi bp may quyen liic nha nUdc phong kien Giai cap tU san dang len budc phai lien ket lai vdi nhau t h a n h mpt liic lUdng dau tranh lat dd che dp phong kien Dpi tien phong va h a t n h a n lanh dao giai cap
tu san chinh la chinh dang tU san lay quan he san xuat TBCN la ba dd cua minh Thu doan chinh tri cua giai cap tu san la giudng cao cac khau hieu dan chu, tvf do, binh dang, nhan quyen va dan quyen
(3) Trong giai doan tiep theo, svf truyen ba tU tUdng dan chu va xa hdi chu nghia lai la tien de tU tUdng de chinh dang cdng san va cdng nhan ra ddi va hoat ddng chd'ng lai chu nghia
tu ban Cudc dau t r a n h giiia hai y thiic he v i n cdn dang dien ra Trong cudc dau t r a n h dd, ca hai loai chinh dang - chinh dang cua giai cap cdng nhan va chinh dang cua giai cap tU san - deu xay dvfng cac nen tang triet hpc va he tU tUdng chinh thd'ng cua minh lam cdng cu cd ban de gianh va giii chinh quyen nha nUdc, dUdi cac hinh thvfc: cUdng linh, chu trUdng, he thd'ng chinh sach
(4) Nen dan chu hien dai chinh la dan chu chinh dang/dan chu dang phai Dac diem cd ban ciia he thd'ng chinh dang hien dai d cac nUdc phat trien la triet de t h u tieu bao liic trong cudc canh t r a n h gianh quyen liic nha
Trang 10nUdc Thay vao dd la dau tranh thdng
qua tuyen cvf, hda binh, ddi thoai va
thda hiep lan nhau
(5) Hien nay, mpi ca nhan chi cd
the tham gia chinh svf vdi tU each
dang vien cua mdt chinh dang nhat
dinh Neu khdng, ca nhan dd khdng
the cd cd hdi t h i n g Idi, vi thieu sii vmg
hd ciia ddng dao quan chiing Chinh
dang la chd diia cho cac ca nhan cd
tham vpng tham gia vao bp may
quyen liic nha nUdc de hpach dinh
chinh sach phii hdp vdi nguyen vpng
cua minh
(6) Ngay nay, tuyet dai da sd' qud'c
gia tren the gidi deu cd he thd'ng
chinh dang Chinh dang la mdt trong
ba cot tru cd ban cau thanh nen chinh
tri - xa hdi cua mpi qud'c gia hien dai:
Cong ddn, bp mdy quyen liic cong,
chinh ddng
(7) Mdi quan he giiia ba thvfc the
nay quyet dinh ban chat cua che dp xa
hdi, tinh dn dinh xa hdi va svf phat
trien cua dat nUdc Cac chinh dang dd
cd the la chinh dang ciic quyen, nhUng
ciing cd the la chinh dang dan chu
Trong cudc canh tranh gianh quyen
liic Nha nUdc, cac chinh dang cd the
thdng qua tuyen cvf, hoac ciing cd the
thdng qua each mang lat do He tU
tudng chinh tri cua cac chinh dang
het svfc da dang, dd cd the la quan
diem canh ta, ciing cd the la canh
hUu, va ciing cd the la trung dung
hoac khdng chap nhan he tU tudng
nao ca NhUng dii the nao thi chinh
dang da trd thanh mdt yeu to' quan
trpng khdng the thieu trong ddi sd'ng
chinh tri hien dai ciia cac qud'c gia
tren the' gidi Svf phat trien cua he
thd'ng chinh dang dUdc xem la mdt
tieu chi quan trpng cua qua trinh hien
dai hda va dan chii hda chinh tri va xa
hdi d khu viic Au-My
Tuy nhien d n thay ring, mdt chinh dang manh hay yeu trong cudc canh tranh gianh quyen liic khdng phu thupc hoan toan vao sd' lUdng
dang vien, ma phu thupc vdo npi dung
chinh sdch cua chinh ddng, tU cdch cua ddng vien, khoa hpc vd nghe thuat tranh cd, moi lien he vdi quan chdng
Cho nen ngUdi ta thay r i n g , mdt dang vdi hang trieu dang vien van that bai, cdn mdt dang chi cd mdt tram nghin dang vien van gianh dUdc da sd' phieu ciia cvf tri de gianh quyen lap chinh phii Chang han trUdng hdp dang Xa hdi va dang Cdng hda (Lien minh vi nen cdng hda) d Phap: dang Xa hdi cd sd' lUdng dang vien rat ddng dao, cd liic len tdi ca trieu dang vien, nhUng
cd rat it cd hdi d m quyen; cdn dang
Cdng hda (nay "gpi la Lien minh vi nen
cpng hba/VMF ciia dUdng kim Tdng
thd'ng N Sarkozy) chi cd tren 100 nghin dang vien, nhUng tdng thdi gian d m quyen dai hdn nhieu so vdi dang Xa hdi Phap Dien hinh nhat cho quy luat nay la sii len ngdi cua cac chinh dang dan chii mdi va svf bat liic cua cac dang d m quyen vdi hang trieu
dang vien va dan de'n sii sup do cua he
thd'ng cac nUdc xa hdi chu nghia d Ddng Au thdng qua b l u cvf dan chii Day la met trong nhiing bai hpc sau sac nhat cho tat ca cac chinh dang d m quyen hien nay ,
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1 Birch, A.: The Conceps and Theories of Modern Democracy London and New York Routledge 1993
2 Beyme, K v.: Pareien im Wandel (Cac chinh dang dang bien chuyen) Wiesbaden
2000
3 Deporte, A.W.: Europe between Superpowers The Enduring Balance Yale University Press, London 1979