djnh vao nhiJng chirc vu quan trgng trong chinh quyen mdi thi nhiing ngudi xuat than tir cac phien Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen chiem den 82 ngudi tuc chiem han 51.6%) tdng sd quan[r]
Trang 1QUYEN MINH TRj (1868-1912)
HUYNH PHUDNG ANH*
• •tuu ' i r : 1 T\
^ u ra ddi cua Chinh quyen Minh Trj
A J vao nam 1868 khdng chi danh dau
budc tien vugt bac cua Nhat Ban tir mdt
nudc phong kien tri tre, kem phat trien trd
thanh mdt cudng qudc hiing manh ma cdn
md ra mdt thdi ky thdng trj mdi ciia mdt the
lyc mdi: the lyc Tay Nam The luc Tay Nam
chinh la bdn phien (han) da cd vai trd to ldn
trong sy nghiep lat dd sy thdng trj ciia chinh
quyen Mac phu Tokugawa, khdi phuc lai
quyen lyc eho Thien Hoang Bdn phien dd
gdm Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen Sau
khi phong trao dao Mae gianh thang lgi hoan
toan, su anh hudng cua cac phien nay ngay
cang phat trien va md rdng trong he thdng
chinh quyen mdi Chinh vi dieu nay ma
nhieu ngudi ggi nd la Hanbatsu Seifu (Chinh
phii Phien phiet), chinh phu nam dudi sy
dieu khien cua ciia cac phien ma khdng ai
khac hon chinh la cac hiing phien Tay
Nam
1 Sir anh hirdng ciia cac cac phien Tay
Nam trong bo may dan sy ciia Chinh
quyen Minh Trj
Sau khi danh bai hoan toan Chinh quyen
Mac Phil, Thien hoang Minh Trj da hoan
toan khdi phuc lai quyen lyc ciia minh va trd
thanh ngudi dung dau nha nudc Tir thang 1
nam 1868, mdt chinh phii mdi da dugc hinh
thanh de trg giiip cho Thien hoang dieu hanh
dat nudc Trong tdng sd 162 ngudi dugc chi
djnh vao nhiJng chirc vu quan trgng trong chinh quyen mdi thi nhiing ngudi xuat than tir cac phien Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen chiem den 82 ngudi tuc chiem han 51.6%) tdng sd quan chirc trong chinh phu
Cu thi, Choshu cd 24 ngudi chiim 14,8%,
Satsuma cd 21 ngudi chiem \3%, Tosa cd 18 ngudi chiem 11,7% va cudi cimg la Hizen
vdi 22 ngudi chiem 13,6%^ '
Ve CO cau td chirc, dirng dau chinh phu Hanbatsu la mdt vj hoang than cd ten la Asisugawa Dudi dng nay la mdt co quan ggi la Gijo (Nghj Djnh ) bao gdm 10 ngudi vdi thanh vien la nhirng quy tdc trieu dinh
ma da img hd Thien hoang ehdng lai Mac Phii va nhtrng lanh chiia d cac dja phuang da dan dau phong trao dao Mac la Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen Nhirng Gijo cd vai trd nhu nhOng ngudi dirng dau cac ca quan dau nao cua chinh quyen Minh Trj Liic mdi thanh lap, sd lugng quy tdc trieu dinh trong
CO quan nay chiem kha ddng nhung sau do thi giam dan va thay vao do la nhiing ngudi den tir cac lanh dja Tay Nam nhu Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen Trong sd 22 ngudi dugc chi djnh lam Gijo trong 14 thang tiep theo thi quy tdc trieu dinh chi cdn 3 ngudi,
19 ngudi cdn lai den tir cac lanh dja dja phuang trong dd ngudi ciia bdn phien Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen chiem den
' Trung tam Nghien ciru Nhat Ban, Truang Dai hoc Khoa
hpc xa hoi va Nhan vSn Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh
"' J.Mark Ramseyer & Frances M Rosenbluth (1995),
The politics of Oligarchy, Cambridge Universty Press,
tr.l3
Trang 2Nghien ciiu khoa hgc
Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen chiim din
15 ngudi tlie hon 80%) Dudi Gijo la Sanyo
(Tham Dtt) vdi sd thanh vien liic dlu 19
ngudi sau dd tang dan len 102 ngudi Trong
sd 102 Sanyo nay thi 50 ngudi xult than tir
quy tde trieu dinh, 53 ngudi cdn lai xult than
tir cac phien d dja phuong trong dd Satsuma
va Choshu la 14 ngudi, cac phien Hizen,
Kumamoto, Aki, Okayama, Tottori la 16
ngudi, 15 ngudi tir cac phien Tosa, Uwajima,
Owari va Echizen Tam ngudi cdn lai xult
than tir cac phien khac nhung cd vai trd
khdng quan trgng*^\ Tir thang 8 nam 1885
thi Sanyo dugc thay the bang Sangi (Tham
Nghj) Khdng chi thay ddi ve ten ggi ma
quyen lyc ciing nhu trach nhiem ciia co quan
nay cung tang len rat nhieu Vao thdi diem
nay thi nhifng Sangi cd vai trd rat ldn Hg trd
thanh nhiing ngudi ban hanh va kiem soat
cac chinh sach cua qudc gia tren mgi ITnh
vuc Do sy tang cudng ve quyen lyc va sire
anh hudng nen sd thanh vien Sangi ciing
giam cdn 26 ngudi trong sd dd 9 ngudi tir
Satsuma, 7 ngudi tir Choshu, 4 ngudi tir
Hizen va 5 ngudi tir Tosa, chi cd mdt ngudi
la d ngoai bdn phien nay*'^' Nhirng ngudi cd
vai trd quan trgng nhat trong sd nhiing Sangi
la Saigo, Okubo (den tir Satsuma), Kido, Ilo
(din tir Choshu), Goto, Itagaki (din lir Tosa)
va Okuma (den tir Hizen)
Qua viec xem xet hai ca quan dirng dau
Chinh phu Minh Trj trong thdi ky dau,
chiing ta cd thi thly rd mdt dae diim la
trong ca hai ca quan Gijo va Sanyo sd ngudi
'^' Collected writings of W G Beasley (2001), Japan
Library and Edition Synapse, tr 74 ,,-,[,
'^* Collected writings of W G Beasley (2001), Japan
Library and Edition Synapse, tr 74
xuat than tir eac phien Tay Nam Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen liic nao ciing chiem
ti le cao Cd ba nguyen nhan chinh dan den
tinh trang nay la: Thit nhdt, cac phien nay la
nhirng dja phuong cd cdng rat ldn trong viec lat dd Chinh quyen Mac phii nen sau khi Chinh quyen Minh Trj dugc thiet lap thi hg dugc ban thudng nhiing chiic vu eao trong
chinh phil Thit hai, do mdi dugc thanh lap
nen Chinh quyen Minh Trj rat can nhirng quan chirc cd kien thiic sau rdng de quan ly dat nudc trong dd chinh quyen dac biet xem trgng nhirng ngudi da tirng di du hgc ve each thirc td chiic bd may hanh chinh, ve kinh te, chinh trj hay quan su d eac nudc phuang Tay Cd rat nhieu ngudi d cac phien Tay Nam da dap iing dugc yeu cau nay nen da
dugc trgng dung Thit ba, cac phien Satsuma,
Choshu, Tosa va Hizen la nhirng phien dau tien trong ca nudc lien hanh cai each kinh te, quan sy, chinh trj va da thanh cdng rye rd Nhii:ng phien nay da dua ra nhirng chinh sach cdng nghiep hda het siic thiet thyc va
CO hieu qua Chinh vi the de thyc hien phuang cham "Phu qudc cudng binh", lien hanh cdng nghiep hda - hien dai hda dat nudc, chinh quyen Minh Trj non Ire rat can nhirng kinh nghiem quy bau tir cac phien nay Cung vi the ma nhifng ngudi d cac phien Tay Nam dl dang tham nhap vao chinh phii
va dan dan nam giif nhifng chiic vu quan trgng Cd the ndi, chinh cac phien Tay Nam
da dua ra nhiing kieu mau dau tien giiip chinh quyen mdi xay dyng nha nudc ciing nhu tien hanh cac cudc cai each tren tat ca
cac ITnh vuc v ., •
Trang 3'^s\\' iv
Bang 1 : Thanh phan xuat than cua cac quan chirc trong chfnh quyen Minh Tri
stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Noi sinh
Choshu Hizen Satsuma Kyoto Tosa Fukui Shizuoka Okayama Kumamoto Wakayama Shonai Tokyo Shiga Mie Tokushima
s6
ngvol
24
22
21
19
18
6
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
Tile
(%)
14.8 13.6 13.0 11.7 11.7 3.7 3.1 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.2 1.2
Stt
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Noi sinh
Hiroshima Nagoya Mito Oita Mushashi Kanagawa Kumme Osaka Takanabe Echigo Sado Tochigi Niibam Ishikawa Harima Tong Cdng
S6 ngu'di
2
2
2
2
2
1 '
162
Tile
• (%)
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 100.0
Ngudn: J.Mark Ramseyer & Frances M Rosenbluth (1995), The politics of Oligarchy, Cambridge Universty Press, tr 113 M ;
Khdng nhimg cd siic anh hudng manh ddi vao nam 1885 vdi sd lugng thii tudng trong thdi ky dau Minh Trj, cac hiing phien xuat than tir cac phien Satsuma va Choshu Tay Nam cdn md rdng quyen luc ciia minh chiim ty le cao nlu khdng mudn ndi la tuyet trong giai doan tiep theo khi Ndi cac Nhat ra ddi
Trang 4Nghien ciiu khoa hgc
Bang 2: Thu tvt&ng Nhat tir nam 1885 din nam 1918
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Ho ten
Ito Hirobumi Kuroda Kiyotaka Yamagata Aritomo Matsukata Masayoshi Ito Hirobumi
Matsukata Masayoshi Ito Hirobumi
Okuma Shigenobu Yamagata Aritomo Ito Hirobumi Katsura Taro Saionji Kimmochi Katsura Taro Saionji Kimmochi Katsura Taro Yamamoto Gonnohyoe Okuma Shigenobu Terauchi Masatake
Noi sinh
Choshu Satsuma Choshu Satsuma Choshu Satsuma Choshu Hizen Choshu Choshu Choshu Kyoto Choshu Kyoto Choshu Satsuma Hizen Choshu
Nhiem ky
22/12/1885-30/4/1888 30/4/1888-24/12/1889 24/12/1889-6/5/1891 6/5/1891-8/8/1892 8/8/1892-18/11/1896 18/11/1896-12/1/1898 12/1/1898-30/6/1898 30/6/1898-8/11/1898 8/11/1898-19/10/1900 19/10/1900-2/6/1901 2/6/1901-7/1/1906 7/1/1906-14/7/1908 14/7/1908-30/8/1911 30/8/1911-21/12/1912 21/12/1912-20/2/1913 20/2/1912-16/4/1914 16/4/1914-9/10/1917 9/10/1916-29/9/1918
Qua bang thdng ke tren cd the thay la
trong tdng so thii tudng Nhat Ban tai vj trong
khoang thdi gian tir khi Ndi cac dau tien
dugc thanh lap vao nam 1885 cho den khi
kit thiic cudc Chiin tranh Thi gidi thu nhlt
vao nam 1918 thi han 98%) cd xult than tir
cac phien Tay Nam, trong dd cd nhiing
ngudi nlm giir chiic vu thii tudng trong rat
nhiiu nhiem ky nhu Ito, Kuroda,
Matsukata Chinh vi hai dja phuong
Satsuma va Choshu san sinh ra rat nhieu thii
tudng Nhat nen din din chiing da trd thanh
nhung viing dlt mang tinh chat "dja chinh
trj" ndi tiing Trong giai doan nay va ke ca
vl sau niia khi nhlc din cai ten Satsuma hay
Choshu, mgi ngudi dan Nhat dlu rlt kinh
trgng nl Khdng nhiing thi, nhung ngudi cd
que quan d nhung dja phuong nay dii lam
viec trong bit cu ITnh vuc nao ciing dugc
trgng dung va uu dai hon nhiing ngudi khac Nhirng ngudi dan d Satsuma va Choshu rat
ty hao ve danh tieng cua dja phuong minh Mdi nam hg deu td chuc nhiing ll hdi ldn mdt mat la dl tudng nhd nhiing vj anh hung
cd cdng, mat khac la de quang ba va phd tmong thanh thi eiia dja phuong minh
2 Stf anh hwdng cua cac hiing phien
Tay Nam trong bo may quan sv cua
Chinh quyen Minh Tri
Thi lyc Tay Nam khdng chi cd su anh hudng ldn trong bd may chinh quyen dan su
ma cdn chi phdi ca bd may quan sy trong giai doan Minh Tri Sau khi danh dd duge Mac phii vao nam 1868, chinh quyen mdi da
dh ra phuong cham "Phii qudc cudng binh"
va bat tay vao viec tiep nhan nhiing ky thuat quan sy tien tiin tir cac nudc phuang Tay
Do la nhirng phien hung manh ve quan su
Trang 5cdng vdi nhiing kinh nghiem cd dugc thdng
qua cae cudc cai each quan sy trong ndi bd
phien tmdc day, nhimg ngudi xult than tir
cac phien nhu Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa dugc
nam giu rat nhieu vj tri quan trgng trong bd
may quan sy qudc gia nhu Okuma Masujiro,
Yamagata Aritomo (Choshu), Saigo
Tsugimichi, Oyama Iwao (Satsuma) Nam
1872 Bd binh (hyobusho) dugc chia thanh
hai bd la Bd Luc quan va Bd Hai quan
Trong sudt thdi ky Minh Trj thi thi lyc
thdng trj ITnh vyc quan sy la Choshu vl luc
quan va Satsuma vl hai quan
2.1 Lite qudn
-Ndi the lyc Choshu chiim ITnh luc quan
Nhat Ban vao giila va cudi thdi ky Minh Trj
bdi vi phan ldn lyc lugng quan ddi dlu xult
than tir Choshu han Lyc lugng luc quan ciia
Chinh quyin Minh Trj vdn cd xult than tir
ddi quan Kiheitai ciia Choshu han trudc day
Sau khi Mac Phu bj tieu diet, nd trd thanh
quan ddi ndng cdt ciia chinh phu mdi Luc
quan dugc td chiic theo mau hinh ciia luc
quan Phd Thi lyc Choshu diiu khiin quan
ddi cd anh hudng ldn din chinh quyin dan
sy vao giila va cudi thdi ky Minh Trj Phln
ldn cac Bd trudng Luc quan Nhat Ban dlu
xuat than tir Choshu trong dd ndi bat nhlt la
Takashima Tomonoke, Katsura Taro,
Kodama Gentaro, Terauchi Masatake,
Tanaka Giichi va Uehara Yusaku Trong sd
nhiing ngudi nay, cd nhiiu ngudi dam nhan
chiic vu Bd tmdng Luc quan trong nhiiu
nhiem ky va ba trong sd hg sau nay da trd
thanh la thii tudng Nhat trong nhifng nam
1901-1928, dd chinh la Katsura Taro,
Terauchi Masatake va Tanaka Giichi
2.2 Hdi qudn ; , ,
Thi lyc Satsuma chiim ITnh hai quan Nhat Ban vao giCfa va cudi thdi ky Minh Trj chii yeu la do truyen thdng danh ca va di bien lau ddi ciia ngudi dan xii Satsuma ciing vdi nhifng chien cdng hao hiing ciia thiiy quan Satsuma trong cac tran hai chiin vdi quan Mac phii Trong cudc chiin tranh Boshin (Mau Than), hai quan Satsuma da nhieu lan danh bai hai quan cua Mac phii ciing vdi ddng minh ciia nd Do dd sau khi Chinh quyin Minh Trj dugc thiit lap thi chinh phii mdi da quylt djnh liy md hinh hai quan Anh ma Satsuma ap dung dl lam nin tang xay dyng Bg hai quan cua minh Nhiing
vj tudng danh thiiy tai ba ciia Satsuma theo
dd cung da trd thanh nhifng ngudi dirng dlu cac CO quan hai quan nhu Saigo Tsugumichi, Oyama Iwao, Yamamoto Gonohyoue, Kobayama Sukeori, Nire Kagenori
Ben canh dd thi trong thdi ky Minh Trj cdn cd 5 tdng tu lenh hai quan va 3 sT quan hai quan cap cao ngudi Satsuma dugc trao huan chuong Nguyen su hai quan dai tudng (7C^(ti^:^;'^#,), d p bac cao nhlt ciia gidi hai quan Nhat trong thdi ky Minh Trj
Khi nghien cifu bd may clm quyin cua
Bd Luc quan va Bd Hai quan Nhat trong giai doan Minh Trj thi chiing ta cd thi thly rd sir thay phien nhau clm quyin cua nhung ngudi xuat than tir cac phien Tay Nam, ddi vdi Bo Luc quan la phien Choshu cdn Bd Hai quan
la phien Satsuma Ly do cua tinh trang nay
la bdi vi trong bd may clm quyin cua hai bo nay hien huu mdt "truyin thdng" bit di bit djch Dd chinh la truyin thdng bao trg cho nhau giifa nhifng ngudi xult than tir Satsuma
hay Choshu dk duy tri su thdng trj cua thi
lyc Tay Nam Vi du tieu biiu nhlt la Yamagata Aritomo, ngudi dirng dlu Bg Luc
Trang 6Nghien citu khoa hoc
quan Nhat trong nhifng ngay mdi thanh lap
Sau khi Yamagata tir chiic, dng da nd lyc hit
minh dl bao trg cho ngudi k l nhiem do
chinh minh lya chgn Nhung ngudi lln lugt
dugc dng de cii vao chiic vu cua minh sau
khi v l huu nhu Katsura Taro, Komada
Gentaro, Terauchi Masatake va Tanaka
Giichi dlu la nhifng ngudi xult than tir
Choshu han, que huang ciia dng Viec nay
tuy bao dam sy thdng trj ciia thi lyc Choshu
trong gidi quan ddi nhung qua dd cung thi
hien linh ddc tai cao dd
* *
Tdm lai sau khi xem xet bd may dan sy va
quan su ciia Chinh quyin Minh Trj thi cd thi
thay rd mdt thyc te rang nhifng ngudi xult
than tir cac phien Tay Nam da chiim ITnh
hau het cac chiic vu quan trgng trong hai co
quan dau nao nay Do nam giii nhifng vj tri
quan trgng trong Chinh quyin Minh Trj nen
cac hiing phien Tay Nam cd nhiiu diiu kien
thuan lgi de gdp tay vao cdng cudc xay dyng
nha nudc mdi cung nhu trong cdng cudc cai
each kinh te, chinh trj, quan sy
Nam 1923 ngudi dugc bao trg cudi ciing
ciia Yamagata Aritomo la Tanaka Giichi da
hoan tat nhiem ky eudi ciing ciia minh vdi
cuong vj la Bd trudng Bd Luc quan Day
ddng thdi cung la sy kien danh dau thdi
diem ket thiic sy thdng trj ciia thi lyc
Choshu ddi vdi lyc lugng vu trang Nhat Ban
Ve phia Bd Hai quan thi nhifng bd trudng
xuat than tir phien Satsuma ciing da dan dan
dugc thay the bdi nhiing ngudi tdt nghiep tir
Han lam vien Hai quan hay Cao dang Hai
quan Truyen thdng bao trg cho nhau hay
thay phien nhau nlm quyin trong cac ca quan chinh phu cua thi lyc Tay Nam da cham dut
Cd thi ndi nhimg sy kien tren day la hdi chuong bao hieu thdi ky thdng trj ciia nhifng con ngudi xult than tir cac phien Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa va Hizen ddi vdi chinh quyin trung uong da kit thiic Tir thdi Taisho trd lai day tuy cung cd nhung nhan vat chinh trj ldn cd xult than tir Kagoshima (Satsuma), Yamaguchi (Choshu), Kochi (Tosa) hay Saga (Hizen) ndi len tren chinh trudng Nhat Ban nhung tan sd xult hien khdng nhiiu va
su anh hudng cung khdng dang kl Tuy nhien, "sy vang bdng mdt thdi" ciia nhifng vimg dat nay van mai mai in sau vao tam tri ciia ngudi Nhat d nhifng thi he sau
TAX LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Albert M.Craig (1961), Choshu in the
Meiji Restoration, Harvard University Press
2 Bemard S.S'iVoQrman," Bureaucratic
Development and the Structure of Decision -making in Japan: 1868 -1925", The Journal of
Asian studies Volume XXIX, No 2, Febmary
1970, p 347-362 • , '
3 E - Herbert Norman (2000), Japan's
Emergence as a modern state , Nxb Vancouver,
Toronto
4 Collected writings of W.G.Beasley (2001),
Japan Library and Edition Synapse
5 m-r.^%{\956), PJimMMW^, Iwanamu
6 fim^-^U{\912), m/Mn, Aoki Bunko
7 ffl4^t^(1995), 9^mm0f, Yoshikawa
Kobunkan " •
viv