So sanh tbi loai dan ea cua ngudi Viet va dan ea eiia ngudi Han ngoai mue dich thay dugc sir tuong dong, khac biet ve ndi dung, cdn nhim muc dich lam sang td hon ve nghe thual - nghe[r]
Trang 1so SANH DAN CA CUA NGUOI VIET VOI DAN CA
CUA NGUOI HAN
LinjTHiHdNGviir
y ^ a n ca cd ngudn gdc lir cudc sdng
^ ^ m u d n mau mudn ve cua ngudi binh
dan nen ndi dung, hinh thirc va chirc nang
cua dan ca rat phong phii, da dang Chiing ta
ed the lim thay trong nhieu nen van boa
nhiing bai dan ea ndi ve eude sdng cua ngudi
binh dan bang mdt thir ngdn ngir giau chat
tri tue, sdng ddng
Dan ca la cau ndi lao nen sir giao luu linh
cam giira ngudi vdi ngudi, la phuong thirc
ngudi dan hai nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc cd
the cam nban the gidi tu nhien va nban Ihire
xa hdi, giri gam uac mo ve mdt cudc sdng
hanh phiic, hy vgng vugl qua nhirng khd
khan
Trong qua Irinh nghien ciru, so sanh ve
dan ea eiia ngudi Viet vdi dan ea eiia ngudi
Han, chiing tdi chii yeu dua vao nhirng bai
dan ca ciia ngudi Han dugc Kim Hung Gyu
gidi thieu trong Tim hieu vdn hpc Trieu Tien
do Trin Hai Yin djch, day la ngudn tu lieu
hiiu ich giup chiing ldi trong qua Irinh
nghien ciiu
So sanh tbi loai dan ea cua ngudi Viet va
dan ea eiia ngudi Han ngoai mue dich thay
dugc sir tuong dong, khac biet ve ndi dung,
cdn nhim muc dich lam sang td hon ve nghe
thual - nghe thuat diin xudmg cua dan gian
hai nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc
1 Su tircng ddng ve noi dung va nghe thuat
Dan ca Viet Nam, Han Qudc cung nhu eae loai hinh nghe thuat khac duge sang tao
do nhu eau cua bien thue ddi sdng Ijch sir, xa hdi, nam trong quy dao sang lao nghe Ihuat ciia loai hinh trii' tinh dan gian eae dan ldc tren the gidi Dan ca ciia ngudi Viet va ngudi Han gan vdi nghi le phong lue bdi dan gian hai nude giri gam niem lin Idn vao cac lire lugng sieu nhien vao cac ldi ea khan nguyen, cau phuc, eau yen
Ngudi Viet cd nhung bai ca khan nguyen tdn tai dudi dang ddng dao nhu:
- Lgy trdi mua xudng Ldy nudc toi uong Ldy rupng toi edy Ldy ddy bdt cam
- Lgy ong ndng len Cho tre no chai Cho gid bdt ran Cho toi di edy''
Ngudi Han cung the hien mong mdi, khat vgng Ihudng ngay qua nhirng bai ea nghi le bat ta on eae dang lu nhien hay eau nguyen cac the lire sieu nhien de tan tung va ta on,
Quy ehi ca (Bai ea dau riia) la mdt trong
nhirng bai ca lieu bieu Bai ca nay chira dung ndi dung khan thiet eau mong, chd dgi ngudi
cai trj mdi: "Riia oi! Riia hdi! Ddu hay hien
' Thac sT, Khoa D6ng Phuang hpc - Trudng dai hpc D^
Lat
'" Le Chi Qug (Chii bien) (2001), Van hoc ddn gian Vi?t
Nam, Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, tr 218
Trang 2Nghien cdru khoa hpc
ra! Neu md khong hien, se nudng dn md "
Trong Van hpc sir Hdn Qudc (tir cd dai den
cudi thi ky XIX), tac gia da chi rd: "Quy ehi
ea Id bdi ea da the hien dirge tir tudng vd
tinh cam eua ddn ehung d vao thdi ky sdm
nhdt ".<^'
Do dugc sang tac theo phuong thirc
truyin mieng nen bai ca tren cd dj ban, dieu
nay thi hien qua thin thoai ve dat nude
Kaya Thin thoai Ddt nudc Kaya dugc gidi
thieu trong Truyen ed Hdn Quoc ed ldi cua
bai dan ea Quy chi ca ciing vdi Idi eau
nguyen ed dugc ngudi trj vi dat nudc tai
nang va dem lai cudc sdng hanh phiic eho
mudn dan nhung khdng hoan toan gidng nhu
ldi bai dan ca da ndi d tren: "Hay cho ddng
nude hien ra Neu khong de 16 ddng nude thi
ta se nudng dn "^'^K Sir xual hien bai ca da
kit hgp dugc nhilu ylu td than thoai va dj
ban cua nd cho thiy sir thay ddi trong qua
Irinh luu truyin Irong dan gian Dd ciing la
dac diim chung, xuat hien d cac the loai cua
van hgc dan gian hai nudc Viet Nam, Han
Qudc
Nhirng bai ca thdi vu cung dugc phd bien
rdng rai trong cdng ddng ngudi Viet sdng
chu ylu bing nghi trdng trgl, chan nudi,
phan anh tren nhirng net Idn tap quan lam an
eiia ndng dan Viet Nam Kinh nghiem trdng
trgl cac loai cay phii hgp vdi hoan canh thien
nhien va dac diim ciia cac loai cay trdng da
giiip ngudi Viet ed cudc sdng no am hon:
"Thdng tu di tau trdu bd,
De ta sdm sira lam mua thdng ndm
,(5)
Sang ngdy dem liia ra ngdm, Bao gid mpc mdm ta se vdt ra
Nhirng bai ca thdi vu phan anh tinh chat vit va cua lao dgng ndng nghiep, ea nggi tinh thin lao dgng can cii, chiu khd eiia ngudi dan va mdi bai deu an chiia ude mo ve mot cudc sdng sung liic Ngudi Han cung ed bai dan ca v l lao dgng san xuat, tieu bieu c6 bai do nhiimg ngudi lao ddng hat trong liic xay liia Bai ca nay cd sir ket hgp giira cdng viec, ddng tac va tinh cam ciia con ngudi vdi tinh yeu gia dinh, Ihl hien Idng hieu thao cua con cai ddi vdi cha me:
Tolk' kodong, ta dang xay liia, h 'ae Mae dii lua khong tot lam, hiae, Ddu tien Id mang bieu cha me, hiyahae Con lgi, mdi de dn, hiyahae
Canh xay Iiia cua ngudi xua rat vat va, met nhgc bdi each thiic cdn don gian, phai diing toan bd sire lire va sir kheo leo ciia ddi ban lay nhung khi cat len nhirng Idi ca thi cdng viec trd nen nhe nhang hon, hao hiing hon Nhirng ngudi eiing lam eiing hat eiing Ird nen gan bd va yeu thuong nhau ban Dieu dd chiing td nhirng bai dan ca hinh thanh va phat trien trong lao ddng, ddng thdi
ed tac dung trd lai ddi vdi lao ddng, khdng Ihl tach rdi vdi ddi sdng tinh than ciia ngudi Viel va ngudi Han
Theo Kim Hung Gyu dan ca Han Qudc dugc chia Ihanh hai loai: dan ca chirc nang
va dan ca phi chirc nang, trong do dan ca chiic nang la nhirng bai hat phu hga cho lao ddng san xuat, cac nghi le tdn giao va ru con Nhu vay, dan ca cua ngudi Han eiing cd
'^' Komisook, Jungmin, Jung Byiing Sul (2006) Van hoc
sir Han Qudc (tic Cd dgi din cudi The ky XIX), Nxb Dai
hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, tr 41
<''Sach dan tren, tr 42
-'"' Dang van Lung (Chu bien) (1998), Truyen cd Han
Qudc, Nxb van hod Dan tpc Ha Npi, tr 42
' " Ma Giang Lan - Le Chi Qui (Bien soan) (1997), Tuc
ngu, cau dd, ca dao, ddn ca Viet Nam Nxb Truimg D?i
hpc Tong hop Ha Npi, tr 418
''' Dang van Lung (Chii bien), Truydn c6 Han Quoc, Nxb
van hoa Dan tpc Ha Npi, tr 42
Trang 3Nghien cdru khoa hpc
nhii'ng bai hat ru Day la diem tuong ddng ve
ndi dung, ve cac loai bai ea eiia dan gian hai
nude Mac dii trong qua trinh nghien ciru,
chiing tdi chua ed mdt bai dan ea cu the vao
vl hat ru eiia ngudi Han dugc djch sang
liing Viet nhung qua nhan xet va sir phan
loai dan ca Han Qudc cua Kim Hung Gyu thi
chiing la cd them co sd de khang djnh: ngudi
Han ciing cd dan ca hat ru va day la net
luong ddng ve ndi dung vdi dan ea vdi
ngudi Viet
d Viet Nam, mdi dja phuomg cd mdt dieu
hat ru rieng nhung eiing chung chirc nang
Bang lan dieu em a va gigng hat am ap, nhe
nhang, nhiing bai hat ru nhanh chdng dua Ire
vao giie ngu yen binh Ndi dung eiia nhirng
bai dan ea nay trudc het la tinh cam yeu
Ihuomg eiia me, cua ba danh cho Ire Qua
nhiimg ldi ru, ngudi me cd the giri gam, thd
Id tam tu, tinh cam, nhirng niem vui, ndi
budn trong cudc sdng Do dd, lim hieu ve hat
m chinh la tim bilu v l nhirng cung bac linh
cam ciia ngudi me Ngudi me hat ru con
nhung cung la tu ru minh va khuyen ran
nhumg ngudi xung quanh:
"Bong bong me be eon sang,
Do dpc quan cam, do ngang khong cheo
Muon sang thi bac cdu kieu,
Mudn eon hay chir thi yeu ldy thdy
Di liln vdi nhiimg Idi hat Irong dan ca la
nhii'ng cii chi, ddng tac thi hien tinh cam
Khi bat ru thi ban lay nhe nhang dua ndi,
dua vdng - noi em be nam, mdi nhjp dua
triing vdi nhjp ldi hat de lao cam giac thoai
mai, nhe nhang cho tre Khi hat ru, hau het
chi ed mdt ngudi hat d l tre khdng bj chi phdi
"(7)
'" Ma Gianp Lan - Le Chi QuS (Bien soan) (1997) Tuc
nga, cdu do, ca dao, ddn ca Viet Nam, Nxb Tnr6mg Dai
bdi Sir khac nhau giu'a cac gigng bat Ldi bat ludn chira dung tinh cam tha thiet, nggt ngao Nhung khi hat nhiirng bai ea lao ddng thi cd thi mdt ngudi hat va nhilu ngudi hat Trong lao ddng, nhilu ngudi hat se ed tac dung cao hon mdt ngudi hat vi nd lam tang khdng khi vui tuoi, nhdn nhjp, tao cam giac thoai mai, lac quan va tang them sire manh
dl hoan thanh tdt cdng viec, ngoai ra, linh thin doan kit, gin bd, se chia ciing dugc nang cao Cho nen phuong thire didn xudng eae bai ea neu tren cua ngudi Viet va ngudi Han ludn tao an tugng
Hd gia gao cua ngudi Viel cho thay ngudi Viet xua ehii ylu gia gao chay tay cung gidng nhu ngudi Han xua xay liia bang tay dugc dl cap din trong bai ea dao da dan d Iren:
"Thiiu tay nen phdi edm chay,
Ho len ba tiing dd hay dirng cudi! "^^^
Hanh ddng gia gao eiia ngudi Viet hay xay liia, gia gao ciia ngudi Han dugc nay sinh diu tien do nhu ciu phdi hgp ddng tac, lam giam nhe sire lao ddng cua nhiimg ngudi Ihuc hien cdng viec gia gao, xay lua Nhung qua Ihdi gian, nd da van ddng theo xu hudng trir linh hda va deu ed phuong thire xudmg
-xd trong diin xudng Bai dan ea duge hat Irong luc xay lua, gia gao eua ngudi Han trong qua Irinh dien xudng, ngudi hat
thudng sii dung va lap di lap lai diep tir h 'ae, hiae, hiyahae; unghaeya
Unghae ya, Unghae ya
Nhanh len ndo, Unghae ya
Lua mgch ndy, Unghae ya
hpc Tong hpp Ha Npi, tr 248 '*' Sach din tren Tr 208
Trang 4Nghien citu khoa hpc^
Gia ndo,
Unghae ya
Hay chdm sdc,
Unghae ya
Ngudi gid trong ldng,
Unghae ya
Nhanh len ndo,
Unghae ya
Ho do!
Unghae ya
{Fori t 'ajak norae - Bai ca gia liia
mach)''''
Trong hat Dd ciia ngudi Viet khi dien
xudmg cd mdt lir dugc lap di lap lai chii yeu
la tir huay do, hudy do hoac hudy do hudy,
hugy do hudy, cdn Irong Quan hg Bac Ninh,
cac diep lir, diep ngii da lam cho ngudi hat
thi hien dugc lat ca nhiing tinh cam Ihiel
iha, sau nang eiia minh:
"Ngirdi oi! Ngirdi d dirng ve,
Ngirdi oi! Ngudi d dirng ve,
Ngudi ve em vdn (i i i i i)
(Co mdy) khoe (i) thdm
Doi ben (Id ben song nhu) vg' do
(Md ndy cung co a udt dam)
Udt dam (u) nhu mua
Ngudi oi! Ngudi d dirng ve, " '
Nhu vay ca ngudi Viet va ngudi Han deu
sii dung eae diep lir de lao nen am dieu, tinh
nhac mang sac thai rieng cua dan ca Cac
diep lir cd vj iri, y nghTa quan Irgng khdng
the thieu va qua dd ngudi nghe ed the nhan
biel dugc eae lan dieu dan ca cua tirng dia
phuong, viing mien khac nhau
2 Su khac biet ve noi dung va nghe
thuat
''' Kim Hung Gyu, Tim hieu Vdn hoc Trieu Tien, (Ban
djch cua Tran Hai Yen), tr 27
""' Vu Ngpc Phan (2000), Tiic ngu, ca dao, ddn ca Viel
Nam, Nxb Van hpc Ha Npi, tr 754
Mac dii tu lieu ve dan ca cua ngudi Han
ma chiing tdi cd duge de so sanh lim ra sir khac biel ve ndi dung va nghe thuat cua dan
ca ngudi Han va dan ca ngudi Viet cdn rat ban chi, tuy nhien chiing tdi ciing manh dan chi ra nhirng sir khac biet ve dan ea eiia hai dan ldc Viet - Han qua mdt sd dae diem lieu bieu nhu sau:
+ Tdm tir, tinh edm eua ddn gian dugc giri gdm qua ddn ea
Dan ca Viel Nam ndi nhieu ve tinh yeu nam nir Ngudi dan Viet Nam rat giau linh cam va diu thiet tha cd dugc hanh phiic trong yeu duomg Day ciing la dac diem eiia dan ca Han Qudc nhung so sanh bai dan ca hat trong liic xay lua, gia gao ciia ngudi Han vdi nhirng bai hd gia gao cua ngudi Viel thi lam lu, tinh cam eua dan gian Viel va dan gian Han dugc giri gam qua bai dan ea lai mang nhirng net khac biet
Hd gia gao phd bien vao nhiirng dem xong miia, roi rai, nhat la nhiing dem ed Irang, trong eae lang, cac xdm cua ngudi Viet xuat hien nhieu dam cdi gia vdi nhirng ldi ddi dap vui nhdn, tinh cam Mdi cdi hd thudng cd nam va ntr Hd gia gao bao gdm: hd mdi, hd gan, hd an tinh va hd xa each Tat ca deu la nhirng ldi cua trai gai ddi dap de thach ihire, lam quen, de trao nhau nhirng Idi hen ude, the hien sir gan bd sat son, niem lin va hy vgng Ndi chung, tinh yeu la de tai phd bien, chii yeu cua hd gia gao cua ngudi Viet Cac chang Irai, cd gai ndi den nhiing khd khan trong linh duyen, dd la sir cam doan cua cha me Thir thach va khd khan ay can
cd sir can dam, quyet tam ciia hai ben de vugl qua va den dugc ben bd hanh phuc
"Em thugng anh thdy me ngdm nghe, Cau, CO, chu, bde doi dong be thd trdi Thd trdi rdng dgng md tha trdi
Trang 5Nghien cim khoa hpc
Anh Ho em Hdn cung loi nhau ve """
Khac vdi nhii'ng bai hd gia gao eua ngudi
Viet, hai bai dan ea hat trong liie xay liia, gia
gao neu tren eiia ngudi Han khdng ndi tdi
tinh yeu ddi lira ma ndi den su hieu thao eua
eon cai ddi vdi cha me sir yeu thuong, quan
tam den nhumg ngudi xung quanh Dieu tdt
dep nhat ludn danh tang bd me, e i m ^ h i a se
vdi cdng ddng dd la tam long dang tran
trgng Qua day chiing ta hieu bom ve su anh
hudng eiia Nho giao trong ddi sdng tinh than
cua ngudi Han sau dam bon so vdi ngudi
Viet
+ Phugng thirc dien xudng
Ndi den dan ca la ndi den ba yeu Id eo
ban eau thanh: am nhac, ldi ca va phuang
thirc dien xudmg Dan ea eua ngudi Viet ed
hat Dd mang net tuong ddng vdi dan ca ciia
ngudi Han nhung cung cd nhieu khac biel,
dae biel la ve phuong thirc dien xudmg
Hal Dd dugc chia Ihanh Idi cdi hdt va con
hdt (hay ban nang) Cai hat do nam gidi dam
nhiem, dd la ngudi nam gidi duy nhat trong
loan bd cudc hat Con hat deu la nir Cai hat
va eon hat deu la nhirng trai thanh gai ljch
Cai hat Ihudng bat trudc do dd ed vai trd eiia
ngudi ITnh xudmg, cdn cac con hat la dan
ddng ea, ciing hat phu hga va lam ndi bat
eho cai hat:
"Cai:
Hoa tugi hong hanh,
Ket canh lien ehi
Con:
Lieu (hd) luc (d d a) dua bay,
Lgi them tot Idnh
Cai:
.»'U -'"
Oo'j
Vdng anh keu day, Khde khodi doi noi
Con: ^!i '- ':n(-' / ^-r;': :iu\-&A Ong (hd) diep (a hd a) dua bay,
Ld (ha) nam (ha) la nam nhi vdng "' '
Neu nhu dan ddng ea eua ngudi Viet trong hat Dd bat ehung mdt doan phu hga, mdi lan bat nhirng doan, nhirng eau khac nhau Ihi trong bat the eiia ngudi Han, mdt ngudi hat cau hat mang nghTa chinh edn cac Ihanh vien eua nhdm bat mdt diep khiic lap
di lap lai sudi bai hat Diep khuc nay khien eho cac bai bat trd nen de dang duge img dien hon
Ooru sangsadiya • "^ ^S Hoa xinh rue rd trong vudn, ff*'-•• 1< Ooru sangsadiya - i: :i-a • - : •' uv^' Bong tdn bong nd, thdy nghieng nghieng Ooru sangsadiya - '' i = • > Cdy CO thu trong virdn '•> "'Tid-; »•' <i Ooru sangsadiya ••''•' • • ; • i • Tua trdi tim ta, deu u sdu
{"Bdi hdt di edy ", dan ea viing Koeh'ang
phia Nam tinh Kyongsan)*''''
Diep khiic "Ooru sangsadiya" duge mdt
nhdm hat di bat lai sudt loan bai, dd la diem
khac biet vdi eon hdt hat nhirng doan khac nhau sau khi cdi hdt hat hel mdt doan trong
hat Dd ciia ngudi Viel
Cac lan dieu dan ca eiia ngudi Viet vdi phuomg thire dien xudmg co ban van don gian, nhe nhang Trong bat Dd, ngoai ddng tac gd senh hau nhu khdng van ddng gi, cac ban nang thudmg sii dung ddi tay eiing vdi chiec quat gan nhu ddng tac miia cheo Cdn khi bat quan hg, nir thudmg diing chiec ndn
( I I )
Ma Giang Lan - Le Chi Que (Bien soan) (1977), Tuc
ngu, cdu do, ca dao, ddn ca Vi^t Nam, Nxb Truong Dai
hpc Tong hgrp Ha Npi, tr 211
"-'Sach dan tren, tr 229 •_
' " ' Kim Hyung Gyu, Tim hieu Vdn hoc Trieu Tien, (Ban
djch cua Tran Hai Yen), tr 48-49
Trang 6Nghien citu khoa hpc
quai thao de the hien tinh cam Trong hd gia
gao chu yeu la phuong thirc xudng - xd
Nhung trong phuong thiic dien xudmg ciia
ngudi Han qua dj ban Quy chi ca dugc gidi
thieu trong than thoai Ddt nude Kaya thi
ngudi hat phai vira hat vira nhay miia, tire la
diing sir kheo leo cua ddi chan ben canh
nhiing ddng tac miia ciia ddi tay Nhu vay
phuang thiie dien xudmg ciia ngudi Han
mang tinh chat manh me hon
Ket luan
Khi sang tac nhirng bai dan ca, dan gian
Viet va dan gian Han da ket hgp Idi ea vdi
giai dieu mang tinh de nhd, de hieu va don
gian Ca ngudi Viet va ngudi Han deu cd
dan ca gan vdi nghi le, phong tuc, cd bai ca
thdi vu va nhirng bai hat ru, bai ea lao ddng
Trong dan ea cua dan gian hai dan too cdn sii
dung cac diep tir tao nen am dieu, tinh nhac
Dd la nhirng diem tuong ddng ve ndi dung,
nghe Ihuat
Neu nhu dan ca cita ngudi Viet chu yeu
hudng ve tinh yeu lira ddi thi dan ca cua
ngudi Han lai lap trung ca nggi sir hieu thao
eiia eon cai ddi vdi cha me, sir quan tam den
nhumg ngudi xung quanh Cac lan dieu dan
ca cua ngudi Viet vdi phuomg thire dien
xudng don gian, nhe nhang edn phuong thiic
dien xudng eiia ngudi Han lai mang tinh
chat manh me bdi xuat phat tir sir khac nhau
ve van hda cua hai nudc Viet Nam, Han
Qudc Van hda eiia ngudi Viet mang nhieu
tinh chat tinh cdn van hda ciia ngudi Han
mang nhieu tinh chat dpng cho nen tao nen
sir khac biet trong ndi dung, nghe thuat eiia
van hgc dan gian Viet - Han ndi chung,
nghe thuat dien xudng ndi rieng
Nhumg net tuong ddng va khac biet ve ndi
dung va nghe thuat ciia dan ca ngudi Viet va
dan ca ngudi Han chac chan rat can sir quan
lam, nghien ciiu hon niira ciia cac nha nghien ciiu trong tuong lai ,
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Nguyen Long Chau (2000), Tim hieu vdn hod Hdn Quoc, Nxb Giao due Ha Npi
2 Kim Hung Gyu (Tran Hai Yen djch), Tim hiiu vdn hpc Trieu Tien, Ban djch chua cdng bo
3 Trjnh Huy Hoa (bien djch) (2004), Ddi thogi vdi cdc nen vdn hod Trieu Tien, Nxb Tre,
TP.Hd Chi Minh
4 Dinh Gia Khanh (chu bien) (2001), Vdn hpc ddn gian Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi
5 Ma Giang Lan - Le Chi Que (bien soan),
Dinh Gia Khanh (gidi tbieu)(1977), Tuc ngir, cdu do, ca dao, ddn ca Viet Nam, Nxb Trudng
Dai hpc Tdng hgp Ha Ndi
6 Dang Van Lung (chii bien) (1998), Truyen
cd Hdn Quoc, Nxb Van hoa Dan tdc Ha Npi
7 Vu Ngpc Phan (2000), Tuc ngir, ca dao, ddn ca Viet Nam, Nxb Van hpc Ha Ndi
8 Le Hdng Phong (2001), Vdn hpc ddn gian Viet Nam (Bdi gidng torn tdt), (luu hanh npi bp),
Trudng Dai hpc Da Lat : '1 •
9 Le Chi Qui (chu bien) (2001), Vdn hoc ddn gian Viet Nam, Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha
Ndi, Ha Ndi
10.Komisook, Jungmin, Jung Byung Sul
(2006), Vdn hpc sir Hdn Quoc (tir co dgi den cuoi TK XIX), Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi,
Ha Npi
11 Nguyen Ba Thanh (1996), Tuang ddng vdn hod Viet Nam - Hdn Qudc, Nxb Van
hoa-Thdng tin Ha Ndi
i • M ' j ,