Muc tieu cua de an nay gop phan thuc hien Nghi quyet sd 26 ve nong nghiep, ndng dan, ndng thon; gdp phan bao dam an ninh luong thuc, nang cao nang luc va hen ket "4 nha" nham[r]
Trang 1Thtrc tiln - Kinh nghiem Tpp chi C d n g s d n
SAN XUAT, TIEU THU LUA GAO
VA VAI TRO CUA "4 NHA"
VUNG DONG BANG SONG CU^U LONG
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'.< i;'rJ JHOll
LE VAN BANH - VU DINH QUAN
Thuc Men Nghi quyet sd 26-NQ/TW, ngdy 5-8-2008, cua Ban Chdp
hdnh Trung uong khda X ve ndng nghiep, ndng ddn, ndng thdn, gdp phdn
bdo ddm an ninh luong thuc, ndng cao ndng luc trong sdn xudt Ida gqo vd
lien ket "4 nhd" (Nhd nudc, nhd khoa hpc, nhd doanh nghiep, nhd sdn
xudt) nhdm bdo ddm an sinh xd hpi, ndng cao ddi sdng cho ndng ddn trdng
Ida vung ddng bdng sdng Cdu Lang mpt cdch ben viing ddi hdi cd nhiing
gidi phdp cdn cff, ddu tu thich ddng vd ddng bd
Nhiing van de dang dat ra
Theo du doan cda cac nha khoa hgc the
gidd, Viet Nam la mgt trong nam nudc se bi
anh hirdng nang ne nhat do bien ddi khi hau
toan cau nhu bao lu, khd ban, ngap man,
nhat la tac dgng cda sy dang cao muc nudc
bien Trong do, vung ddng bang sdng Cun
Long se bi anh hudng nang ne nhat, dien tich
dat trdng trgt se bi giam thieu do bi xam
nhap man Suy giam tai nguyen dat va nudc
tac dgng trye tiep den an ninh luong thuc
qudc gia Dien tich dat ndng nghiep, trong
do cd dat Ida nuoc ngay cang giam do nhu
cau cdng nghiep hda, dd tbi hda va chuyen
ddi CO cau san xuat Dy tinh nhu cau cho
phat trien ket cau ha tang cdng nghiep, dich
vu va do thi tu- nam 2009 den 2020 can
khoang 600.000 ha Trong dd phai su dung
dit trdng lua khoang 270.000 ha Dan sd
nudc ta tiep tuc tang nhanh, hien nay tren 85 trieu ngudd, du tinh den nam 2020 se dat tren
100 trieu ngudi va khoang 120 trieu ngudi sau nam 2030 Tat ca cac yeu to tren la nhung ap luc ldn cho nhiing nha hoach dinh chien luge an ninh luong thuc quoc gia Ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long c6 tdng dien tich khoang 3,96 trieu ha Rieng dien tich dit ndng nghiep chiem khoang 3,21 trieu ha Nhu vay, phan ldn dit dai cua ddng bing song Cuu Long la ndng nghiep, trong d6 dit trdng Ida chiem 1,85 trieu ha, dit trdng cay
an trai chiem khoang 0,22 trieu ha, dit trdng cay cong nghiep hing nam khoang 0,22 trieu
ha, dat danh cho nuoi trdng thuy san la 0,63 trieu ha, va khoang 0,39 trieu ha riing Nhd vao Igd the cua dilu kien tu nhien thich hgp cho cay lua, nen cay lua d ddng bing song
* TS, Vien truong Vien Liia dong bang song Ciru Long
Trang 2Thuc tien - Kinh nghiem T p p c h i C p n g s d n
Cuu Long vira la cay chu lyc vda la cay an
ninh lyong thuc cda qudc gia va cung clp Ida
gao cho thi tradng the gidd Dong bing sdng
Cdu Long cd dan sd bon 18 trieu nsudi
trong do co gan 80% dan sd d ndng thdn va
lam ndng nghiep - chd ylu la san xult Ida,
ngoai ra cdn Igd the ve thdy san, trai cay
Nhung den nay, san xult ndng nghiep d
vung nay cdn nhieu bat cap, ndng dan gap
nhieu rdi ro, thach thuc, nhu: thien tai, dich
benh, td chuc san xuat cdn nhd le, lien kit "4
nha" cdn yeu kem, khau tieu thy cdn nbilu
khd khan, v.v La vdng san xuat Ida gao
chinh nhung ndng dan trdng Ida van cdn
ngheo va gap nhieu khd khan nhat
Do vay, rat can cd giai phap pbat triln san
xuat ndng nghiep dn dinh va ben vung cho
vung nay nham bao dam an ninh luong thyc
qudc gia trong tbdi ky cdng nghiep hda, hien
dai hda va ban che thiet bai do anh budng
cua sy thay ddi khi hau toan can
Theo sd lieu cda Cue Trdng trgt (Bd
Ndng nghiep va Pbat trien ndng thdn), dinh
hudng dien ticb canh tac va san lygng Ida
ddng bang sdng Cuu Long den nam 2030
nhy sau:
Nam
2007
2010
2015
2020
2030
Dien tich
canh tac liia
(nghin ha)
1.893
1.880
1.830
1.800
1.780
Dien tich gieo trong (ngliin ha) 3.683 3.760 3.670 3.600 3.560
Nang suat (ta/ha)
50.6
52
56
58
59
San lucmg (nghin tan)
18.637 19.550 20.800 21.000 21.000
Thuan loi va thach thik
Trong cac nam qua, cdng tac khai hoang,
thuy lgi da md rgng dien tich trdng Ida; cdng
tac nghien cdu gidng da dua ra gidng Ida
ngin ngay, nang suit cao, chit lugng tdt
chdng chju sau benh, quy trinh canh tac hgp
ly, thay the gidng Ida mua 1 vu nang suat thap; cdng tac khuyen ndng da giup nang cao trinh do san xuat cda ba con ndng dan, V.V Nbd vay san lugng Ida vdng ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long da tang tdr 4,2 trieu tan nam 1976 len tren 20 trieu tan nam 2008, gdp phan quan trgng cho an ninh luong thyc qudc gia va chiem ty trgng tren 90% lugng gao xuat khau cda ca nudc
Tuy nhien, trong san xuat Ida gao hien nay van cdn nhieu thach thuc Nbung khd khan ve san xuat, tieu tbu Ida gao d ddng bang sdng Cdu Long the bien cu the la:
Thu nhdt, cdn thieu cac gidng Ida nang
suat va chat lugng cao, chdng chju dugc sau benh va thich nghi vdd dac thd timg tieu vdng sinb thai cda ddng bang sdng Cdu Long Thieu ngudn cung cap gidng tdt, bien cbi cd kboang tren 30% gidng cap xac nhan dugc sd dyng trong san xuat Ida Ndng dan san xuat Ida gap nhieu rdi ro do sau benh Id lyt, ban ban, nhiem man va nhat la thi tmdng tieu thy kbdng dn dinh
Thu hai mat bang ve trinh do san xuat,
ky nang va ky thuat chua cao, chua ddng deu (thieu kien thuc ve chuyen mdn, tieu chuan, chat lugng san pham, san xuat tbeo tieu chuan GAP, ) dan den chenh lech nang suat giiia cac hg san xuat Ida trong cdng mdt tinh, hoac giua tinh nay va tinh kia cdn kha cao; ndng dan san xuat nhd le, manh mdn va thieu td chuc, dan den san xuat kbdng ddng chat, kbdng dd lugng, khdng dung tbdi dilm
va kbdng dat gia tri cao
Thu ba, he thdng kho tang dung bao
quan, che bien luong thyc cdn nhieu bat cap, that thoat d khau tbu hoach va sau tbu hoach Ida cdn cao den 14% He thdng che bien xay xat chua ddng bd va cdng nghe da sd cdn d muc thap; he thdng bao quan tdn tru cdn qua
S6 810 (thang 4 nam 2010) 9 1
Trang 3Thuc tien - Kinh nghiem T p p c h i C p n g s d n
yeu chua bao dam yeu cau; he thdng kinh
doanh luong thuc da dugc xa hgi hda nhung
hoat dgng hieu qua chua cao, nhat la trong
xuat khau
Thu tu, ddng bang sdng Cdn Long la
vung trgng diem san xuat Ida gao bao dam
cho an ninh luong thuc va xuat khau, nhung
tu traoc den nay dau tu cho khu vyc con thap
va hieu qua chua cao vi thieu ddng bg, thieu
lien ket vung va vai trd tham gia cua "4 nha"
Thu ndm, ndng dan trdng Ida ngay cang
ngheo vi ly do phai ddi mat vdd nhieu khd
khan, chi tieu gia dinh ngay cang cao, thi
tmdng bap benh va gia ca cung khdng ty
dinh doat
Nghi Quylt sd 26-NQ/TW, ngay 5-8-2008
cua Ban Chap hanh Tmng uong khda X ve
nong nghiep, ndng dan va ndng thdn, se la
qudc sach kip thdi cho phat trien ndng
nghiep, bao dam an ninh luong thyc, dn
dinh san xuat va cai thien ddd sdng ndng
dan, cai thien ndng thdn trong bdi canh hgi
nhap qudc te De Nghi quyet thuc sy di vao
cugc sdng, rat can nhung giai phap sat vdi
thuc tien nham mang lai hieu qua de nang
cao ddd sdng ndng dan
Giai phap trong thoi gian toi
De phat trien ndng nghiep, ndng dan,
ndng thdn ddi hdi phai trien khai nhieu giai
pbap, rieng doi vdd cay Ida d vung ddng
bang sdng Cuu Long, giai phap " lien ket
vdng" va su tham gia cua "4 nha" la rat quan
trgng vi cac ly do:
- Dong bang sdng Cuu Long la vung
trgng diem an ninh luong thuc qudc gia
- Lien ket se giup thyc tbi cac ke hoach va
chien luge san xuat liia va an ninh luong
thuc den tan dia phuong
- Tim sy ddng thuan khdng nhung ngudn
luc nha nudc ma ca xa hoi de san xuat va tieu
thu nhim gia tang thu nhap cho nong dan cao nhat, dn dinh cugc sdng
- Hien tai, ddng bang sdng Cun Long cd nhieu mo hinh vdd su tham gia cua "4 nha" thanh cong rit cin thiet nhan rgng de phat trien san xult va tieu thu Thong qua su lien kit va tham gia nay thi hoat dgng trd thanh
he thdng, tir do giup Chinh phu dua ra cac chinh sach va co che phu hgp de phat trien Ida gao va tang thu nhap cho nong dan trong Ida trong vung
Nham gdp phan thuc hien tinh than Nghi quylt sd 26 cua Ban Chap hanh Tmng uong
va chien luge den nam 2020 - 2030 cua Chinh pbu ve van de an ninh luong thuc, duy tri dien lich san xuat lua, tang thu nhap cho ndng dan trong boi canh do tac dgng cua hgi nhap, dd thi hda lam mat dat san xuat, canh tranh khdc liet ve tbi tradng, rui ro cao do dich benh va thay doi khi hau, can cd giai phap thich hgp trong san xuat va tieu thu Ida gao thong qua lien ket viing vod su tham gia cua "4 nha" De giai quyet van de nay, Vien Lua ddng bang sdng Cuu Long cung vdd Tradng Dai hgc Can Tho phoi hgp dua ra de
an "Giai phap san xuat va tieu thu liia gao thdng qua lien ket vung va su tham gia cua
"4 nha" Muc tieu cua de an nay gop phan thuc hien Nghi quyet sd 26 ve nong nghiep, ndng dan, ndng thon; gdp phan bao dam an ninh luong thuc, nang cao nang luc va hen ket "4 nha" nham gia tang thu nhap cho ndng dan trdng Ida vung ddng bang song Cuu Long mgt each ben viing
Trade tien la lien ket cac don vi nghien cuu khoa hgc, nhu lien ket cua Vien vdi cac tradng dai hgc de: '' t
- Ung dung cac giai phap khoa hgc - cong nghe trong chgn tao giong nham tim ra giong Ida cho nang suat cao dn dinh, pham chat gao tdt, khang sau benh, nhat la ray nau
Trang 4Thuc tiln - Kinh nghiem T p p c h i C p n g s d n
benh vang lun, lun xoan la, dao dn va thich
nghi dieu kien tieu vdng sinb thai va thay ddi
khi hau toan cau
- Chuyen giao cac giai pbap ky thuat san
xuat Ida thich dng vdd hgi nhap kinh te va sy
bien ddi khi hau, ap dung cac tien bg khoa
hgc va cdng nghe cao trong san xuat Ida dl
dat nang suat cao, pham chat tdt, nang cao
gia tri san pham va lgi nhuan cho ndng dan
- Phat trien cac dang binb kinb te hgp tac
de thuan lgi cho dau tu, san xuat hang hda dd
ldn, de dang tiep can thi tradng va bao dam
diu ra, trong dd lien ket "4 nba" la khau mau
chdt dugc quan tam bang dau
- Nang cao nang lyc san xuat va canh
tranh Ida gao vung ddng bang sdng Cdn
Long td- khau djch vu dau vao, td chuc san
xuat, bao quan tdn trii, che bien va tieu thy
Ida gao, trong dd td chdc lien ket ndng dan
trong chudi cung ung Ida gao va xay dung
thuong hieu dugc dac biet chd y
D I thyc hien dl an "Giai phap san xult va
tieu thy Ida gao thdng qua lien ket vdng va
sy tham gia cda "4 nha" can thyc hien 4
nhdm giai phap nhy sau:
Mpt la, dng dung cac giai pbap khoa bgc
- cdng nghe trong chgn tao gidng Ida nang
suit cao dn dinh, pham chit gao tdt, khang
sau benh, chdng chiu dugc vdd dieu kien khd
khan nhu khd han, ngap lu, ngap man va
thich nghi dilu kien tilu vung sinh thai va
thay ddi khi hau vdng ddng bing sdng Cdn
Long
Phuong pbap lai tao trayin thdng van con
nguyen gia tri tao ra nhieu gidng Ida trien
vgng va phuc trang cac gidng Ida ban dia,
dac san cd tinh thich nghi cao vdi tdng dia
phuang Cac chd de chinh cda pbuong phap
nay bao gdm:
- Ung dung cdng nghi cao: ky thuat dot
biln; ky thuat vi nhan gidng: nudi cay md, tdi phin, tl bao; kbai thac uu the lai
- Ung dung cdng nghi sinh hpc: ky thuat
dau chuin phan^ td- DNA, protein, enzym; cdng nghe chuyen ghep gen ,
- Lai tgo vd chpn lpc truyin thong: chgn
tao cac gidng Ida thich nghi vdi dieu kien bat lgi sinh hgc (sau benh) va phi sinb hgc (ban, phen, man, thay ddi khi hau ) cdng nhu phuc trang cac gidng Ida ban dia, dac san
- Xd hpi hda cdng tdc nhdn gidng lua cho
ddng bing sdng Cdn Long nham giai qu^et vln dl thilu gidng tdt, hat gidng khde, gidng ehlt lugng cao dl gidp ndng dan san xuat Ida dat nang suit va ehlt lugng cao Hgp phan nay gdm 2 chd dl chinh: Thiet lap m p g ludi cdng ddng nhu cau lac bd/td san xuat gidng tai tit ca cac tinb ddng bang sdng Cdn Long nhim tap hgp ndng dan tien tien phuc vu cdng tac tbu nghiem cac gidng Ida da dugc ngbien cuu lai tao Ket bgp vdd can bd ky thuat dja phuong tap huan pbuong pbap chgn tao va san xuat gidng dat chat lugng tdt cho cac can lac bd, td san xuat gidng nham dap dng nhu cau gidng cda dia pbuang vdd chit lugng tdt va gia tbanb thap de cang nhieu ndng dan cd the tiep can duoc, lam tang dien tich san xuat Ida bang gidng tdt, bat gidng khde
Hai la, dng dung ky thuat san xuat Ida
thich dng vdi hdi nhap kinb te va sy bien ddi kbi bau de san xuat Ida nham nang cao gia tri san pham va lgi nhuan cho ndng dan
- Ky thudt canh tdc Ida bin vdng: Ap
dung cac ky thuat canh tac Ida ben viing nham bao dam nang suat cao, nang cao chat lugng va gia tri hang hda dap ung nbu cau thi tradng trong nudc va qudc te Ddng thdi chd trgng ca gidd hda trong quy trinh san xuat de giam gia thanh, giam cdng lao ddng, gia tang thu nhap cho ndng dan
S6 810 (thang 4 nam 2010) 9 3
Trang 5Thvrc tiln - Kinh nghiem Tpp chi C d n g s d n
- Ky thudt canh tdc bin vung tren nin ddt
lua tu- khau lam dit, gieo ciy, tudd tieu, cham
sdc: bdn phan, bao ve thuc vat; dng dung cac
tiln bg ky thuat: "3 giam 3 tang", "1 phai 5
giam", gieo sa ddng loat, ne ray, v.v
- Ky thuat canh tdc lua sinh thdi ben
vdng: Xay dung quy trinh canh tac ky thuat
tbeo tung nhdm giong, tieu vung sinh thai
Quy trinh GAP (Good Agricultural
Practices) dl dat Ida gao sach, chat lugng
cao
- Ung dung ca gidi hda trong sdn xudt
Ida, dung may mdc co gidd thich hgp cho
tiing vung sinh thai tii khau lam dat, txxin
tieu, gieo cay, cham sdc, thu hoach, phoi
say, bao quan, ton trii va che bien de lam
giam that thoat sau thu hoach, giam cdng lao
dgng va gia tang gia tri bang hda Day manh
nghien cdu, phat trien che bien Ida gao thanh
cac san pham gia trj cao, giam su le thugc
vao xuat khau kbi xuat khau khdng cd Igd,
san pham chinh va phu pham cua Ida gao se
la ngudn nguyen lieu cho nganh cdng nghiep
che bien, sinh hda nham tang them viec
lam cho xa bgi cung nhu gia tang gia tri cho
ngudn nguyen lieu quy gia va thiet yeu nay
Ba Id, td chd-c san xuat va lien ket trong
san xuat lua voi cac bien phap chu yeu nhu:
- Xdy dung kinh ti hap tdc trong sdn xudt
lua, tuy theo dieu kien tdng vung va tiing
noi, tiing budc binh thanh va xay dung cac
dang hinh kinb te hgp tac de thuan lgi cho
dau to, san xuat bang hda du ldn, de dang
tiep can tbi tradng va bao dam diu ra Cac
dang hinh hgp tac bao gdm: td nhdm, cau lac
bg; hgp tac xa; hen hiep cac hgp tac xa;
doanh nghiep ndng thdn; ndng trang, vung
chuyen canh
- Ndng cao ndng lite to chuc vd qudn ly
nhdm duy tri va md rgng cac dang hinh td
chu-c san xuat, hoat dgng cd hieu qua va
ngay cang phat trien, chu y phat trien kinh te
hd, viec nang cao nang luc to chiic va quan
ly cho ndng dan la rit cin thilt Nang cao nang luc td chu-c quan ly gom dao tao, tap huan nang cao nang lyc quan ly to nhom cho cac to, cau lac bg, hgp tac xa; tap huan nang cao nang luc quan ly kinh te cho cac hg ndng dan va cac td chiic nay
- Tdng cudng lien kit "4 nhd" la khau
mau chdt de giai quyet van de san xuat va tieu thu san phim cua nong dan trong xu the san xult hang hda hien nay va tuong lai
y V \ •
Nghien cihi hien trang lien ket nham de xuat cai tien de cac ben tham gia deu co Igd, tao mdi lien ket ben viing Lien ket tao dieu kien chia se thong tin va trach nhiem nhu thanh lap diin dan, ddi thoai, ky ket hgp dong bao tieu san pham de giai quyet van de thi tradng, tao co che va chinh sach phu hgp nham thuc day san xuat phat trien ben viing Dac biet chd y phat trien moi quan he chat che giiia nha nong san xuat va nha doanh nghiep
Bdn Id, phat trien thi truang Ida gao la
bien phap lau dai de kich thich va dn dinh san xuat, giam thieu rui ro cho nong dan va gia tang lgi nhuan Nhdm giai phap nay gdm
3 hgp phan chinh:
- Nghiin ciiu chudi gid tri sdn xudt lua
ggo nham nang cap cho cac thanh vien tham
gia, nang cap chuoi gia tri, bao dam chat lugng, tao co che can doi va phat huy tdi da lgi nhuan cua chuoi gia tri
- Xdy dung thuang hieu Ida ggo gidp
nong dan san xuat hudng den thi trudng, bao dam chat lugng, tang gia tri hang hoa va tang thu nhap
- Xdy dung hi thong cung cdp thong tin
thi trudng vd thong tin - qudng bd la rat can
thilt, gidp nong dan de dang quylt dinh san xult va cd ke hoach san xuat, dy doan dugc thi tradng, giam thieu rui ro do hang hoa du thu-a va rdt gia.Q