mang khdng giio didu ndn phii van dyng sang tao. vi hpc thuydt Mac - Ldnin la mdt hpc thuydt md, vi vay trong qui trinh boat ddng thye tidn, nhung ngudi cdng sin Viet Nam se ty lam g[r]
Trang 1su* NGHIEP VA Tir TU'6^NG HO CHI MINH
^
QUAN DIEM HO CHI MINH
VE DAO TAO LY LUAN MAC - LENIN
TS CHU DlTC TINH*
dinh rang, "ddi vdi chiing ta, nhung
ngudi cich mang va nhan dan Viet Nam, chu
nghla Mae - Lenin khdng nhung la cii "cam
nang" than ky, khdng nhiing la cii kim ehi
nam ma edn li mat trdi soi sing con dudng
chimg ta di tdi thang lgi cudi cimg, di tdi chu
nghia xa hpi va chit nghTa cdng sin" Vi vay,
de lanh dao "phong trio cich mang ldi eudn
hing tridu ngudi", dd hoin thinh tdt cdng vide
each mang, vugt "nghin didu mudn loai phirc
tap, khd khan" va "dd can nhac mgi hoan einh
phirc tap, nhin rd cac mau thuan, dd giii quydt
dung cie van dd, thi chimg ta cang phai cd
gang hpc tap ly luan Mie- Ldnin"'
Trong sudt qua trinh boat ddng va lanh dao
cich mang, Hd Chi Minh dae biet quan tim
dgn vin dg dio tao ly luan cho dpi ngti ein bg,
ding vidn va dio tao cin bd ly luan, ddng thdi
khang dinh dd la mpt trong nhiing nhidm vy
trpng ydu eita Dang ta
Ddn vdi chii nghTa Mac-Ldnin, dgn vdi eon
dudng cim nudc theo cich mang vd sin, tren
hanh trinh trd ve Td quoc, diu tranh, thye
hidn khit vpng giai phdng dan tdc Ho Chi
Bao tang Hd Chi Minh
Mmh da chpn Quang Chau - Trung Qudc lam diem dtmg chin vi boat dgng (1924-1927) Tham nhuan quan diem ciia Ldnin: "Khdng
cd ly luan cich mang thi cting khdng thd eo phong trio cich mang Chi dang nao dugc mdt ly luan tidn phong hudng dan thi mdi c6 khi ning lim trdn vai trd chidn sT tign phong"^, Hd Chi Minh khdng chi nam viing
mi edn van dyng sing tao nhtrng nguydn ly ly luan ciia hpc thuydt Mic - Lenin vio didu kien
cu thg cua cich mang Viet Nam Hd Chi Mmh cd nhtmg viec lam can thiet chuan hi nhtmg tign dg vg chinh tri, tu tudng va td chirc cho sy ra ddi mpt ehinh ding vd sin kidu mtii
d Viet Nam, timg budc dua chit nghia Mic-Lenin - "chide cam nang than ky" den vdi nhung ngudi Viet Nam ydu nudc, de soi dudng, dan ldi nham "hinh dgng diing"
Chu trgng van de trang bi ly luan miexit cho ldp can bg cdt can diu tien eua cich mang Viet Nam, nhung bai giang eua Nguygn Ai Qudc
-Hd Chi Minh d ldp Huan luyen chinh tri (sau
dugc Hgi Liin hiep cdc ddn tgc bi dp bice A
Dong xuit ban thinh Dudng Kdch minh), nhtrng
bai vidt ciia Ngudi dang tren td bio Thanh Nien
-eo quan ngdn luan cua Hgi Viet Nam Cdch mang
Thanh nien vd nhung nguydn ly eua chii nghTa
Trang 2S\y NGHIEP VA TU' Tl/ONG H 6 CHi MINH
Mic - Lenin, vg dang Cdng sin, Quoc te Cdng
sin, eic td chirc thanh nidn, phu nir, vg phuong
phap van ddng quin chimg,v.v vi vide tmydn bi
chii nghTa Mic- Ldnin ve trong nudc da lam cho
phong trio cdng nhan vi phong trao ydu nude
ciia nhan dan ta phit tridn Idn mdt tam cao mdi
Anh sang ly luin cua hgc thuydt cich mang
"chin chinh nhit, chic chan nhit va cich menh
nhit" cimg phong trio "vd sin hoi" da gdp phan
dua phong trio cdng nhan phit tridn tir ty phit
Idn ty giic, dan dgn sy ra ddi cua cie td ehirc
cdng sin d Viet Nam
Thinh cdng ciia qua trinh truyen bi, sy
thim nhap chit nghTa Mic- Ldnin vao Viet
Nam; thanh cdng eiia Hgi nghi hgp nhdt cic
td chirc cdng sin, thinh lap Dang Cdng sin
Viet Nam vio miia Xuan nam 1930 da khang
dinh sy can thigt phii trang bi ly luan Mie
-Lenin cho nhiing ngudi Viet Nam ygu nudc
Chat lpc nhung nguygn ly co bin eiia bpc
thuygt Miexit, dting ngdn ngtr giin di dg higu
dat, diing phuong phip thich hgp dg truygn
bi, vira phii hgp thye tign, vira dip ung nhu
ciu ciia dan tdc dang ddi hdi, Hd Chi Minh
khdng chi trang bi cho nhung "hat gidng do"
ciia cich mang Viet Nam ly luan tidn tign cua
thdi dai, de hp "cd ly luan dan dudng", mi
con ddng thdi dio tao ldp "cin bd ly luan
chinh tri" dau tidn ciia Ding
Cd dang tidn phong lanh dao phong trio
each mang, song ttr thye td qui trinh tigp nhan,
ty hpc, dugc hpc vi van dyng vg chii nghTa Mic
- Lenin vio digu kien cy thg eiia Viet Nam,
ddng thdi thiu hidu siu sac vai trd eiia ly luin vi
sy can thiet phii ed ly luin soi dudng, "ly luan
nhu cii kim ehi nam, nd ehi phuong hudng cho
cbiing ta trong cdng vide thye td Khdng cd ly luan thi lung timg nhu nhim mit ma di" \ i
"lam mi khdng cd ly luan thi khdng khac gi di
md trong ddm tdi vira cham chap vira ha>- vip
vip", Uong Bdo cdo ngdy 18-2-1930 giri Quoc
td cdng sin, Hd Chi Minh viet: "sy hidu bidt ly luan vi chinh tri ciia cac ddng ehi An Nam rit thip, vide hpc tip vi dpe sich bao d thudc dia gin nhu khdng ed dugc"^ Ttr dd, Ngudi dd nghi Qudc td Cdng san cd kg hoach '"td chirc mdt ldp hpc d Hdng Kdng" dd bdi dudng ly luin Mic- Ldnin cho hp, tuy nhidn cdng viec dd chua thye hidn duge
Ttr thye td phong trio cich mang trong nude, Hd Chi Minh nhan dinh: "vi thidu kign thire ly luin, bude cac ddng chi ay phai md mim timg budc, ludn ludn vap vip vi thieu thdn", nen dd nghj "phai cung cap cho cac ddng ehi ay nhung kidn thirc tdi can thiet ve ly luan soi dudng, tao didu kidn dd ding cho cae ddng chi ay tidn hinh cdng tic""*, "bang each tao didu kien cho cic ddng chi tidp thu dugc nhung kign thirc so dang nhat mi mdi chidn sT ddu phii cd"^ Ngudi chi rd bien phap khac phyc nhung khd khan dd thdng qua vide dg nghi cho xuit ban nhung eudn sach nhd, don
giin, rd ring vi dd higu vigt vg Tuyen ngdn
Ddng Cong sdn, vg Ding Cdng san vi cic td
chirc ciia Ding, vd lieh sir cae td chirc Thanh nidn, Cdng hdi, ve Mic, Ang ghen, Lenin dg lim tii lieu huin luyen ly luan chinh tri cho cin bd dang vidn, giiip nhung ngudi cdng sin Viet Nam nang cao Uinh dp ly luin
Ly luan Mic - Lenin giup nhiing ngudi cdng san cd thd gicii quan khoa hpc, phuong phip lim vide bien chimg, cd dao dire each
TAP CHi LICH SU" D A N G - S6 4/2010 33
Trang 3SU" NGHIEP VA TU" TU-ONG H 6 CHI MINH
mang sang ngdi de quy tu, lanh dao quan
chiing, dd ximg dang vdi vai trd "tidn phong"
Hpc tap ly luan Mic - Ldnin, theo Hd Chi
Minh cang trd thanh cdng vide "can kip cita
Ding", khi nhung ngudi cpng sin cam quydn
vi "hpc tap chii nghTa cdn kem, cho ndn tu
tudng ciia nhigu cin bd va dang vidn chua
thuan thue, trinh dp ly luan edn non ndt"^
Theo Hd Chi Minh ly luan li vti khi tinh
thin quan trpng la rat can thidt ciia nhung
ngudi cich mang, dio tao ly luan Mie-Lenin
li mdt hinh thire nham nang cao sy giac ngp
ly tudng cich mang, cimg cd nidm tin, dd mdi
ngudi, mdi can bd, dang vidn vi dac bidt dpi
ngti nhung ngudi lam cdng tic ly luan ciia
Ding kidn dinh con dudng, kidn dinh myc
tidu: Ddc lap dan tdc vi CNXH
Dya trdn ndn ting ly luan cich mang, khoa
bpc dugc trang bi va khdng ngimg bd sung qua
thye tidn nhung ngudi cdng sin, die bidt la dpi
ngti cin bd ly luan ciia Ding khdng chi cd dii
ban ITnh, tri tud dd ximg dang vdi vai trd "lanh
dao", vai trd "cam quygn" mi cdn "phii lam
kigu mau vg mpi mat: tu titdng, dgo diec, loi ldm
viec''' Hd Chi Minh da chi rd rang ly luan each
mang khdng giio didu ndn phii van dyng sang
tao vi hpc thuydt Mac - Ldnin la mdt hpc
thuydt md, vi vay trong qui trinh boat ddng thye
tidn, nhung ngudi cdng sin Viet Nam se ty lam
giau tri thirc, nang cao trinh dp ly luin ciia minh
bang vide thudng xuydn "bd simg bang nhung
ly luan mdi nit ra tir thye tidn sinh ddng"^ Ttr
dd, hp tim ra quy luat vi nhtmg van dd ed tinh
quy luat cita each mang, khac phyc dugc nhtmg
sai lam trong chi dao thye tidn vi thidt thye ren
luyen dao dire each mang
Trudc thye trang "vi trinh do ly luan thap kem cho nen dimg Uudc nhidm vu cich mang ngay cang mdi, trong vide lanh dao Dang ta khdng khdi lung tung, khdng trinh khdi sai lam khuyet didm"^, Hd Chi Minh hieu rang dd kien dinh con dudng da lya chgn, kidn dinh myc tieu dgc lap dan tgc vi CNXH, de khdng phai "di md trong ddm tdi, vira cham chap vira hay vap vip" vi trinh sa vio co hdi, giao didu, tat yeu phai dio tao mot ddi ngti can bg ly luan cua Dang
Ddi vdi dgi ngii ein bg lam cdng tic ly luan ciia Dang, Hd Chi Minh ydu cau mdi ngudi trudc hdt phai hgc tap, thim nhuan vi phii van dyng va phat tridn ly luan Mac -Ldnin bang thye tidn sinh dgng Theo quan didm eiia Ngudi, dd lim trdn nhidm vu la ngudi cin bg ly luan ciia Ding, khdng chi hieu chu nghTa Mic- Ldnin, mi edn phii "hpc tip cii tmh than xir tri mpi vide, ddi vdi mpi ngudi va ddi vdi ban than minh; li hgc tip nhung chin ly phd bidn ciia chu nghia Mic-Lenin dd ip dung mdt cich sing tao vio hoin einh thye td eiia nude ta"'°, dd "hidu dugc quy luat phit tridn ciia cich mang Viet Nam, dinh ra dugc dudng ldi, phuong cham, budc
di cu thd eiia cich mang xa hpi ehii nghTa thich hgp vdi tinh hinh nudc ta""
Ngudi can bg ly luan khdng chi lay ly luan Mae - Ldnin la nen tang tu tudng, li kim chi nam cho hanh ddng, mi cdn phai nhan thirc sau sac vai trd, nhiem vu eiia minh, dd li:
"Ngudi huan luyen phai hgc them mdi thi mdi
lim dugc cdng viee huan luyen eiia minh Ngudi huan luyen nio ty cho la minh da bigt dil ei rdi, thi ngudi dd ddt nhat"'^ Vi vay, theo yeu ciu ciia Ngudi: ddi ngii ein bd ly
Trang 4s y NGHIEP VA TU" TU'ONG HO CHI MINH
luan phii khdng ngimg hgc hdi, tu dudng dao
dire cich mang, khdng ngimg lam giiu tri
thire, trinh do ly luin ciia minh bang "nhtmg
didu higu bigt quy biu cic ddi trudc dg lai"
va hgc tap mdt cich sing tao, linh boat kinh
nghiem ciia cic nudc anh em dg lim tot cdng
tie Ding giao phd cho minh Khdng thd dd
nhung ngudi lim cdng tic ly luin thidu byt
"nghidp vy", khdng theo kip sy phit tridn va
yeu ciu cua cich mang, Hd Chi Minh nhin
manh Ding phii cd kd hoach huan luyen chat
che, chu dio, phii ed td chirc, ed lanh dao siu
sit va ti mi, vi dac bidt "khdng ndn bim xin vd
cic khoin chi tidu trong vide huin luydn"'^
Hd Chi Minh nhan manh: "Dang ta td chire
trudng hpc ly luan cho ein bd Ii de nang eao
trinh dp ly luin ciia Ding ta dang giii quydt
su ddi hdi ciia nhidm vy cich mang vi tinh
hinh thye td ciia Ding ta, dd Ding ta cd thd
lam tdt hon cdng tie eiia minh, hoin thanh tdt
hon nhidm vy cich mang vT dai eiia minh"'"*
Vi Ngudi kdt luan: trii qua nhung thdi didm
budc ngoat cua cich mang Ding ludn vtmg
ving vugt qua mgi thir thich, mgi hidm nguy,
chinh li vi "chii nghTa Mic - Lenin da giiip
Ding ta vugt qua nhung tran thir thich ay"'^
Tham nhuan nhung didu Ldnin da viet:
"Khdng the li mdt nhi lanh dao tu tudng mi lai
khdng lim cdng tic ly luan , ciing nhu khdng
thd la mdt nha lanh dao tu tudng mi lai khdng
hucing cdng tic dd theo nhung nhu cau eiia sy
nghidp, mi lai khdng tuydn tmydn trong cdng
nhan nhung kdt luan ciia ly luan dd vi khdng
giup dd hp td ehirc nhau lai"'^, Hd Chi Minh
quan tim, coi trpng cdng tic dio tao cin bd ly
luan eiia Dang vi nhi trudng lam nhidm vu
quan Upng nay dugc mang tdn Ngudi, Trudng Nguygn Ai Qudc trudc diy va Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh ehinh qudc gia Hd Chi Minh ngiy nay Dinh sy quan tam dac biet dgn hoat ddng eiia Nha trudng, ldi can dan ciia Ngudi ddi vdi nhidm vu ciia Nha trudng, ddi vdi nhtmg cin bd dugc dio tao tai day: "Hpc de lam vide, lam ngudi, lam can bd" (9-1949) va 'trong Dang ta trinh dp ly luan cdn thip kem, khdng ai cd the ty xung minh li gidi ly luin"; "ndi chung ein bd ta ddu cam thiy nhugc diem eua minh li thieu ly luin, cho ndn deu cam thiy sy can thiet phii hpc tip ly luin vi ygu cau Dang phai td chirc hpc tip ly luin cho ein bd" (9-1957), v.v ludn cd y nghTa thdi sy vi trd thanh phuong cham hinh ddng ciia Nhi trudng
Dd ed mdt dpi ngti cin bd ly luan dip img ydu cau ngiy eing cao ciia sy nghiep each mang, ngoii vide dio tao theo quy chuin d he thdng trudng ldp trong nudc, dpi ngii ein bd
ly luin cdn phii dio tao, bdi dudng d nudc ngoai, vira dugc dio tao, bdi dudng theo trudng ldp, vira dugc ren luyen trong thye td,
vi qui trinh ty dio tao li eye ky quan trpng Bdi dd li ty bdi dudng, li qui trinh ty hpc tip
d mpi liic, mpi noi, hpc tir nhung thanh cdng
va qua nhung lan thit bai trong cdng tic de nit
ra nhiing bii bpc kinh nghidm cho bin than
Va dd thye hidn tdt nguydn tac do, theo Hd Chi Minh, phii ludn ty dio tao, bdi dudng, dong thdi dugc dao tao, bdi dudng theo kd hoach, theo frudng, ldp, theo bii ban vi dio tao mdt cich ed he thdng ttr thip ddn cao
Hd Chi Minh li ngudi ludn gan ly luin vdi thye tidn, dimg kinh nghiem trong thye tien de t)d sung cho ly luan Cuoc ddi Ngudi li mdt miu
Trang 5SU" NGHIEP VA TU' TUONG H 6 CHI MINH
myc ciia nha ly luin- thye hanh, sau sat thye tidn
va bidu dat ly luan thdng qua nhung bii ndi bii
phat bidu, bai vidt ngan gpa siie tich, dd hidu Tir
trii nghidm ciia ban than, Hd Chi Minh ddi hdi
can bg ly luin cua Dang phii gan ly luan vdi
thye tidn phii tham nhuan va quin triet sau sac
quan didm co ban: thdng nhat giira ly luan vi
thuc tidn li mdt nguydn tic co ban eiia ehii nghTa
Mic- Ldnin Dac biet, tir chi din ciia Ngudi:
"Vide hpc tap ly luin cua cie ddng chi khdng
phii nham bidn cae ddng chi thanh nhung ngudi
ly luin sudng ma nham lam the nao cho cdng tic
ciia cie ddng ehi tdt hon", "nham muc dich hpc
dd van dung chir khdng phii hpc ly luan vi ly
luin", "dimg ly luin da hpc dugc dd phan tich
nhung thang lgi va that bai trong cdng tic" ; tir
viec Ngudi ludn dat cdng tic giao dye ly luin
ehinh trong mdi lidn he trye tidp vdi vide thye
hidn vai trd lanh dao eiia Ding, nhung ngudi lam
cdng tie ly luan - nhtmg can bd ly luan ciia Dang
khdng chi dimg lai d vide khdng ngimg hpc tap
ly luin, mi edn phai kip thdi va nghiem tiic tdng
kdt thye te, nit ra nhung bai hgc, trgn co sd do
nang Ign thanh ly luin vi khdng ne tranh nhung
van de mdi tir cupc sdng
The gidi cd nhidu bidn ddi khdn ludng, tuy
nhidn "trong mpi bidn ddi cting cd mdt sd didu
quan trpng khdng hd thay ddi Dd li ly tudng
xa hdi chu nghTa, cic tu tudng nhan dao chii
nghTa, ty do, din chii va cdng bang xa hpi ma
Chii tjeh Hd Chi Minh, nha ydu nudc vT dai,
ngudi theo chii nghTa qudc td da cdng hidn trpn
ddi minh cho nhimg ly tudng do"''' Dd hoan
thanh vai trd ngudi can bd ly luan nhit thidt
phii hudng dan thye tidn, dd ngudi thy hudng
ly luan thay nd thidt thye, khdng the thidu trong
eudc sdng Dai hdi dai bidu toan qudc lan thir Vli (6-1991) cita Ding Cong sin Viet Nam quygt dinh: "Ding liy chii nghTa Mic - Lgnin
vi tu tudng Hd Chi Minh lam ndn ting tu tudng vi kim chi nam cho hinh ddng" Bdi vay, vin de dao tao ly luan co bin trong he thdng ly luan Mic - Lgnin, cich van dyng sang tao, cd hieu qui ly luan Mic - Lgnin eiia cac nudc, nhtmg thanh tyu ly luan mdi vi tu tudng
Hd Chi Minh cho ddi ngii can bd ly luin chinh tri ciia Dang theo nhtmg chi dan ciia Hd Chi Minh eing trd ndn can thidt hon bao gid het Nhung quan diem co ban ciia Hd Chi Minh
vd vai trd ciia ly luin Mic- Ldnin, ve sy can thidt phii dio tao dpi ngti can bg ly luan ciia Ding cho thay sy can thigt phii chu trgng hon nira cic khiu
vi quy trinh dio tao, bdi dudng cin bg ly luin; ve nhiem vy phii tang cudng nghign eiru thye tg de sdm nam bat dugc nhung van dd dang vi dy bao
se xiy ra, ddi hdi ly luan phii hudng dan; nhidm
vy tap trung nghien ciai ly luan vi nhung y kidn phan bien ttr co sd, cap nhat ddi sdng thye td ciia nhung van dd ly luan, gdp phan nit ngan tinh trang "ly luin thudng lac hiu hon thye tidn" ciia nhung ngudi lam cdng tic ly luan - cin bd ly luan Ben canh dd, Ding ciing phai quan tim ddn nhung nhan td mdi bd sung dpi ngu cin bd ly luan ciia Ding mpt cich vira can thidL vira hieu qui Mdt trong nhung bien phip dd chinh la thdng qua vide dinh ky td chire cic hinh thirc thi tim hidu vg ly luan Mie - Lgnin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh tir eo sd ddn Trung uong, dd tim ra nhimg hat nhan dien hinh, nhung ngudi cd khi nang, dam me nghidn ciru ly luan Mic - Lenin vi tu tudng Hd Chi Minh
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